View source for Media of Hong Kong

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Update|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Demographics and Culture of Hong Kong}}

Hong Kong's media consists of several different types of communications of mass media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, websites and other online platforms.

==Overview==
Hong Kong is home to many of Asia's biggest media entities and remains one of the world's largest film industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16517764|title=Hong Kong territory profile – Overview|publisher=BBC News|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/3650337.stm#media|archive-date=3 August 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The loose regulation over the establishment of a newspaper makes Hong Kong home to many international media such as the ''[[Asian Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'', and publications with anti-Communist backgrounds such as ''[[The Epoch Times]]'' (which is funded by [[Falun Gong]]). It also once had numerous newspapers funded by [[Kuomintang]] of [[Taiwan]] but all of them were terminated due to poor financial performance.  The [[Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong]] publishes ''[[Kung Kao Po]]'', a weekly newspaper. Until the increased repression of freedom of expression in Hong Kong following the passing of the [[2020 Hong Kong National Security Law|national security law]]  in 2020, ''Apple Daily'' being the most read newspaper in the city; it was eventually forced to disband in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adintime.hk/en/blog/the-most-widely-read-magazine-and-newspaper-in-hong-kong--n96|title=The most widely-read Magazine and Newspaper in Hong Kong|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124211737/https://adintime.hk/en/blog/the-most-widely-read-magazine-and-newspaper-in-hong-kong--n96|url-status=live}}</ref> Traditional PRC government-friendly journals, ''[[Ta Kung Pao]]'' and ''[[Wen Wei Po]]'', are owned by the [[Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|Central Government Liaison Office]].<ref name=nextmedia19106286/> In December 2015, the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' – Hong Kong's newspaper of record – was acquired by the [[Alibaba Group]], with the declared aim of promoting an alternative pro-China narrative to international media.<ref name=20151213asiasentinel/>

The freedom of press nominally is protected by the Hong Kong Bill of Rights,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/eng_boro1.html|title=Hong Kong Bill of Rights|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225103505/http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/eng_boro1.html|archive-date=25 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> in contrast to the rest of the People's Republic of China, where control over media is pervasive under the [[General Administration of Press and Publication]]. However, this freedom has been in decline since the [[transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong]] in 1997, and further still since the passing of the [[2020 Hong Kong National Security Law]]. Before 2020, Hong Kong enjoyed "real press freedom" and ranked second in Asia after Japan in the [[Press Freedom Index]], although it has been rapidly declining. Different views over topics sensitive in mainland China, such as the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|1989 democracy movement culminating in the massacre of protestors in Tiananmen Square]], [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) rule, and democracy are still dynamically discussed among the media. Many books banned in China, such as the memoir of [[Zhao Ziyang]], a former CCP party leader who stepped down in 1989, were able to be published in Hong Kong,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2016/01/22/my-personal-vendetta-interview-hong-kong-publisher-bao-pu/|title='My Personal Vendetta': An Interview with Hong Kong Publisher Bao Pu|first=Ian|last=Johnson|date=22 January 2016 |access-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124023820/http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2016/01/22/my-personal-vendetta-interview-hong-kong-publisher-bao-pu/|archive-date=24 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> until the crackdowns on free expression from 2020.

As of 31 December 2023, Hong Kong had:<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2024 |title=Hong Kong: The Facts |url=https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/media.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729162527/https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/media.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2024 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=GovHK}}</ref>
*Daily newspapers: 90 <!--Number somehow does not add up despite official statistics-->
**Chinese-language dailies: 61
**English-language dailies: 11
**Bilingual dailies: 14
**Japanese dailies: 3
* [[Periodical literature|Periodicals]] (Including electronic newspapers): 376

As of June 2024, Hong Kong had:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of the Communications Authority - Key Communications Statistics |url=https://www.ofca.gov.hk/en/news_info/data_statistics/key_stat/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729163609/https://www.ofca.gov.hk/en/news_info/data_statistics/key_stat/index.html |archive-date=29 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.ofca.gov.hk}}</ref>
*Television services licensees: 34
**Domestic free television programme licensees: 3
**Domestic pay television programme licensees: 1
**Non-domestic television programme licensees: 9
*Government radio-television stations: 1
*Commercial radio stations / Sound broadcasting licensees: 2

==Law==

===Media authorities===
Formerly, three statutory bodies regulated media in Hong Kong, with another statutory body acting as an independent broadcaster:
*[[Hong Kong Broadcasting Authority]] (BA) regulates broadcasters in Hong Kong by licensing and penalties according to the Broadcasting Regulation.
*[[Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority]] (TELA) is responsible for monitoring television and radio broadcasting to secure proper standards.
*[[Office of the Communications Authority|Telecommunications Authority]], (OFCA) the regulatory agency which applied held legislative power over antitrust, spectrum allocation and telecommunications legislation.
*[[Radio Television Hong Kong]] operates as an independent government broadcaster with 7 radio channels and 3 television channels, whilst also producing programmes for public dissemination.

In 2012, BA, OFCA and TELA were merged into one to form the new [[Communications Authority]], which combined all the functions of its three predecessor organisations in one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coms-auth.hk/en/about_us/message/index.html|title=Communications Authority - Welcome Message|website=www.coms-auth.hk|access-date=2019-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008231252/https://www.coms-auth.hk/en/about_us/message/index.html|archive-date=8 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Non-Governmental bodies:

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011075533/http://presscouncil.org.hk/en/web_index.php Press Council] was established in July 2000. The objective of the council is to promote the professional and ethical standards of the newspaper industry, defend press freedom, and deal with public complaints against local newspapers. It is an independent organisation.<ref>Presscouncil.org.hk "[http://www.presscouncil.org.hk Presscouncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928163147/http://www.presscouncil.org.hk/ |date=28 September 2003 }}." ''Hong Kong Press Council.'' Retrieved on 5 May 2007.</ref>

===Media regulation===
[[Freedom of the press]] and publication are enshrined in Article 27 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]], Hong Kong's mini-constitution, and are also protected by the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (ICCPR) under Article 39 of the Basic Law.

There is no law called "media law" in Hong Kong. Instead, the media are governed by [[statutory law]]s. In brief, there are 31 Ordinances that are directly related to mass media. Six of which are highlighted below.

*''Registration of Local Newspapers Ordinance (Cap. 268)'', provides for the registration of local newspapers and news agencies and the licensing of newspaper distributors.
*''Books Registration Ordinance (Cap. 142) (Cap. 106)'', provides for the registration and preservation of copies of books first printed, produced or published in Hong Kong.
*''Telecommunications Ordinance (Cap. 106)'', makes better provision for the licensing and control of telecommunications, telecommunications services and telecommunications apparatus and equipment.
*''Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance (Cap. 390)'' controls and classifies articles which consist of or contain material that is obscene or indecent. Obscene Articles Tribunals are established to determine whether an article is obscene or indecent.
*''Broadcasting Authority Ordinance (Cap. 391)'', provides for the establishment and functions of a Broadcasting Authority.
*''Broadcasting Ordinance (Cap. 562)'', licenses companies to provide broadcasting services and regulate the provision of broadcasting services by licensees.

The rest of the Ordinances are of less importance since they do not aim at regulating mass media, but some of their provisions do affect the operation of media organisations and also the freedom of press.

The passing of ''Bill of Rights Ordinance (BORO)'' in 1986 strengthened the protection of fundamental human rights like press freedom or [[freedom of speech]]. This has been reflected in the loosening of control over mass media. Laws that violate the principle of press freedom are gradually amended. For example, section 27 of Public Order Ordinance, which criminalised the publishing of false news, was repealed in 1989.

Nonetheless, there are still concerns among the media sector that some existing laws may still undermine the freedom of the press and publication, e.g. ''Official Secrets Ordinance (Cap. 521)'' and ''Public Order Ordinance (Cap. 245)''.

==Media==
[[File:CGLOHK media vert.jpg|thumb|400px|Schema of media control by the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong]]

===Television===
{{main|Television in Hong Kong}}
Hong Kong has three broadcast television stations, [[ViuTV]], [[HOY TV]] and [[TVB]]. The latter, launched in 1967, was the territory's first [[free-to-air]] commercial station, and is currently the predominant TV station in the territory. Paid cable and satellite television have also been widespread. The production of Hong Kong's soap drama, comedy series and variety shows have reached mass audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world.  Many international and pan-Asian broadcasters are based in Hong Kong, including [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]'s [[Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific|STAR TV]]. Hong Kong's terrestrial commercial TV networks, [[CBN Asia|Christian Broadcasting Network of Hong Kong]] and [[Television Broadcasts Limited|TVB]] can also be seen in neighbouring [[Guangdong]] and Macau (via cable).

However, [[Asia Television]], Hong Kong's first TV station, has seen a gradual decline in production quality and [[Audience measurement|audience rating]] in recent years and faces financial difficulties. Its false report of death of [[Jiang Zemin]] severely damaged its credibility.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chow|first1=Vivienne|last2=Nip|first2=Amy|last3=Cheung|first3=Tony|date=1 April 2015|title=Exco troubled broadcaster ATV's application to renew free-to-air licence|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1753424/troubled-broadcaster-atvs-future-line-exco-meets-discuss-licence|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402021459/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1753424/troubled-broadcaster-atvs-future-line-exco-meets-discuss-licence|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 April 2015, Hong Kong's [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive Council]] gave notice that ATV's terrestrial television licence would not be renewed and that it would instead end on 1 April 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zheng|first1=Anjie|last2=Steger|first2=Isabella|date=1 April 2015|title=Hong Kong's Oldest TV Station, ATV, to shut down|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongs-oldest-tv-station-atv-to-shut-down-1427890831|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401150437/http://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongs-oldest-tv-station-atv-to-shut-down-1427890831|archive-date=1 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> RTHK and newcomer [[HKTVE]] (owned by [[Richard Li]]'s [[PCCW]] which also owns the IPTV service [[Now TV (Hong Kong TV channel)|Now TV]]) took over the frequencies of ATV since 2 April 2016. In May 2017, Fantastic Television (now named HOY TV) started its free-to-air broadcast.

===Radio===
{{main|List of radio stations in Hong Kong}}
*[[Radio Television Hong Kong]] (RTHK) – government-funded, operates eight networks in Cantonese, Mandarin and English
*[[Commercial Radio]] (CR) – operates CR1, CR2 networks in Cantonese and mediumwave (AM) English-language station AM 864
*[[Metro Radio Hong Kong]] (MRHK) – operates Metro Showbiz, Metro Finance and English-language Metro Plus

=== Book publishers ===
Sino United Publishing, formed in 1988 through merger of some of the historic publishing agencies, is Hong Kong's largest integrated publishing group. It has an estimated 80% share of the book publishing market.<ref name=scmp1732853>Lam, Jeffie (8 March 2015). [https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1732853/beijing-criticised-publication-new-series-anti-occupy-books "Hong Kong book giant in censorship row after returning title"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203923/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1732853/beijing-criticised-publication-new-series-anti-occupy-books |date=2 April 2015 }}. ''South China Morning Post''.</ref><ref name=nextmedia19106286>{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20150409/19106286|title=中聯辦掌控聯合出版集團 擁三大書局兼壟斷發行 議員指涉違《基本法》|date=9 April 2015|work=Apple Daily|location=Hong Kong|language=zh|access-date=4 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162815/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20150409/19106286|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It is Hong Kong's largest Chinese-language publishing group, has 51 retail outlets in the territory,<ref name=scmp1732853/> and is wholly owned by [[LOCPG|Central Government Liaison Office]], which also owns newspaper titles ''Ta Kung Pao'' and ''Wen Wei Po''.<ref name=nextmedia19106286/><ref name="20150409ejinsight">{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150409-basic-law-violation-seen-as-locpg-tightens-grip-on-hk-publishers/|title=Basic Law violation seen as LOCPG tightens grip on HK publishers|author=Betsy Tse|date=9 April 2015|work=EJ Insight|access-date=4 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223103125/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150409-basic-law-violation-seen-as-locpg-tightens-grip-on-hk-publishers/|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Newspapers===
{{main|List of newspapers in Hong Kong}}
According to independent surveys conducted by [[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]], ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' and ''[[Ming Pao]]'' are the most trusted newspapers in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.com.cuhk.edu.hk/ccpos/en/research/Credibility_Survey%20Results_2010_ENG.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223120003/http://www.com.cuhk.edu.hk/ccpos/en/research/Credibility_Survey%20Results_2010_ENG.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Chinese language newspapers ''[[Headline Daily]]'', ''[[Oriental Daily News]]'', ''[[Apple Daily]]'' and ''[[Sun Daily]]'' have the highest shares in the Hong Kong newspaper market, while the ''[[Hong Kong Economic Times]]'' is the best-selling financial newspaper. ''[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]'', a free tabloid with a mass market strategy, is the most widely circulated English newspaper by a significant margin. Its rival, ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', Hong Kong's newspaper of record,<ref name=20151213asiasentinel/> has the most paid subscribers among English-language papers in Hong Kong. Since its purchase by Malaysian tycoon Robert Kuok's Kerry Media ''The South China Morning Post'' has {{Citation needed span|text=gradually become pro-China, pro-establishment|date=March 2023|reason=SCMP has always been pro-establishment, and what does it mean to be “pro-China”? SCMP is both a Chinese newspaper and blocked in most of China, exceptions being Hong Kong and Macau. Due to the inherent contradictions of its position, and the contradictory nature between its predicament and statement here, this claim needs a reference in a reliable source.}} publication. It was announced on 11 December 2015 that [[Alibaba Group]] would acquire the ''South China Morning Post'' from Robert Kuok, who has owned it since 1993.<ref name=20151213asiasentinel>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/alibaba-buys-south-china-morning-post-counter-western-bias/|title=Alibaba Buys HK's SCMP to Counter 'Western Bias'|work=Asia Sentinel|date=13 December 2015 |access-date=18 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217140641/http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/alibaba-buys-south-china-morning-post-counter-western-bias/|archive-date=17 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Alibaba said that the acquisition was made out of the desire to improve China's image in light of the western bias of the journal.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/business/dealbook/alibaba-scmp-south-china-morning-post.html|title=Alibaba Buying South China Morning Post, Aiming to Influence Media|date=12 December 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110113435/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/business/dealbook/alibaba-scmp-south-china-morning-post.html|archive-date=10 January 2017|url-status=live}}<!--Chinese version is at https://cn.nytimes.com/business/20151211/c11scmp/ , linked from https://archive.today/20151211141743/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/business/dealbook/alibaba-scmp-south-china-morning-post.html?_r=0 --></ref> The latest to join the newspaper scene is ''[[HK01]]'', which launched in March 2016.  As a Hong Kong–based advocacy media, HK01 are dedicated to disrupting discussion with interactive multimedia storytelling through the Web, print and physical space. Readers can take advantage of its in-depth reporting and all-round analysis in current affairs, local stories and lifestyle features that will help them evolve into critical thinkers.

===Magazines===
{{incomplete list|date=December 2015}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[bc magazine]]''
*''BENCHMARK Magazine''
* ''[[BOOM Magazine]]'' 
* ''[[Capital (Hong Kong magazine)|Capital]]'' 
* ''[[Capital CEO]]'' 
* ''[[Capital Entrepreneur]]'' 
* ''[[CAZBuyer]]''
* ''[[Cheng Ming Magazine]]'' 《爭鳴》 (1977–2017<ref name=HKFPendof>[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20171010165212/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/10/03/hong%2Dkong%2Dbased%2Danti%2Dcommunist%2Dmagazines%2Dcheng%2Dming%2Dtrend%2Dcease%2Dpublication%2D40%2Dyears/ Hong Kong-based anti-Communist magazines Cheng Ming and The Trend cease publication after 40 years], HKFP, 3 October 2017</ref>)
* ''[[CarPlus]]'' 
* ''[[City Magazine (HK)|City Magazine]]'' 
* ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan Hong Kong]]'' 
* ''[[CUP Magazine]]''
* ''[[East Touch]]'' 
* ''[[East Week]]''
*''Echelon''
* ''[[Elle (magazine) |Elle Hong Kong]]'' 
* ''[[Elle Men|Elle Men Hong Kong]]'' 
* ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire Hong Kong]]'' 
* ''[[ExperiXonl 中文商業雜誌月刊]]'' 
* ''Face''
* ''Fashion & Beauty''
* ''[[Harper's Bazaar|Harper's Bazaar Hong Kong]]'' 
* ''HIM'' 
* ''[[HK Magazine]]''
* ''[[Jessica (magazine)|Jessica]]'' 
* ''Jet'' 
* ''[[JMen]]'' 
* ''[[L'Officiel|L'Officiel Hong Kong]]'' 
* ''[[Marie Claire]]''
* ''[[Marketing Magazine]]'' 
* ''[[Men's Uno]]'' 
* ''[[Ming Pao Weekly]]''
* ''[[MRRM]]'' 
* ''[[New Monday]]'' 
* ''[[Next Magazine (Chinese magazine)|Next Magazine]]''
* ''[[PCM]]'' 
* ''[[PIPELINE]]'' 
* ''[[Prestige Hong Kong]]'' 
* ''[[Sai Kung & Clearwater Bay Magazine|Sai Kung Magazine]]''
* ''[[San Po Yan]]'' 
* ''Spiral'' 
* ''[[Sudden Weekly]]''
* ''[[Tatler Asia|Tatler Hong Kong]]''
* ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out Hong Kong]]''
* ''[[Travel + Leisure|Travel + Leisure Southeast Asia, Hong Kong & Macau]]''
* ''[[The Trend]]'' (1978–2017<ref name=HKFPendof/>)
* ''[[Vogue Hong Kong]]'' 
* ''[[Men's Vogue|Vogue Man Hong Kong]]'' 
* ''[[The Young Reporter]]''{{Div col end}}

=== Public space media ===
*[[RoadShow]]
*[[Newsline Express]]

=== Online media ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* ''[[Stand News]]'' (立場新聞) (Chinese) '''(Service ceased)'''
* ''[[Hong Kong Citizen News]]'' (眾新聞) (Chinese) '''(Service ceased)'''
* ''[[HK01]]'' (香港01) (Chinese)
* ''[[Truth Media Hong Kong]]'' (TMHK) (Chinese)
* ''[[Initium Media]]'' (端傳媒) (Chinese)
* ''[[The News Lens]]'' (關鍵評論網) (Bilingual news in English & Chinese)
* ''[[EJInsight]]'' – English service of the [[Hong Kong Economic Journal]] 
* ''[[Inkstone News]]'' (English)
* ''[[EP21.org]]'' (網政21)(Chinese)  '''(Service ceased)'''
* ''[[HK Magazine]] / Asia City Media Group''
* ''[[HIRADIO HK]]'' (係播網絡電台)(Chinese/English)  '''(Service suspend)'''
* [https://thehoneycombers.com/hong-kong/ Honeycombers Hong Kong] (English, Chinese)
* ''[https://harbourtimes.com/ Harbour Times]'' (English) 
* ''[[Hong Kong Free Press]]'' (English) 
* ''[[Hong Kong In-media]]'' (香港獨立媒體網) (Chinese) 
* ''[[Hong Kong Television Network]]'', online, since HK Government controversially denied a terrestrial broadcast licence in 2013
* ''[[House News]]'' (主場新聞)  '''(Service ceased on 26 July 2014)'''
* ''"[[IBHK]]"(香港網絡廣播電台) / Online radio station. (Cantonese)''
* ''[[Localiiz]]'' (English)
* ''[https://drastic.social/ Drastic Social]'' (English, Chinese)
* ''[[CORPHUB]]'' 
*  [http://www.thebeat.asia/ The Beat Asia] (English)
* ''[http://www.lifestyleasia.com/ Lifestyle Asia]'' (English)
* ''[[Local Press]]'' (本土新聞) (Chinese) 
* ''[[HKgolden news]]'' (高登新聞) (Chinese)
* ''[[Open Radio Hong Kong]]'' (開台)(Chinese) 
* ''[[Passion Times]]'' (熱血時報) (Chinese)
* ''[[People's Radio Hong Kong]]'' (香港人民廣播電台)(Chinese)  '''(Service ceased)'''
* ''[[Post 852]]'' (852 郵報) (Chinese) 
* ''[[ExperiXon中文商業雜誌]]'' (ExperiXon 中文商業雜誌) (Chinese) 
* [http://www.sassyhongkong.com/ Sassy Hong Kong] (English)
* [http://www.sassymamahk.com/ Sassy Mama Hong Kong] (English)
* ''[[TALKONLY.net]]'' (講台)(Chinese)
* ''[[The Real Hong Kong News]]'' (English) 
* ''[[United Social Press]]'' (社媒) (mostly Chinese) 
* ''[[VJ Media]]'' (Chinese) 
* [http://www.paritymediahk.com/ Parity Media HK] (社衡媒體) (Chinese)
* [https://www.lifenewshk.com/ Lifenews HK 生活提案事務所] (Chinese)
* [https://saucemedia.net// SAUCE Media HK] (Chinese)
* [https://playeahk.com/ PlaYeah 玩嘢！] (Chinese)
}}

==Media organisations==
* [[FactWire]] – a non-profit [[news agency]] '''(disbanded)'''
* [[Next Media]]
* [[Sing Tao News Corporation Limited]]
* [[SCMP Group]]
* [[Sino United Publishing]] &ndash; Hong Kong's largest Chinese publishing group, which has 51 retail outlets in the territory.<ref name=scmp1732853/>

== Media freedom ==
{{See also|Freedom of the press in Hong Kong}}
Although media freedom in Hong Kong is theoretically guaranteed by a bill of rights, the perceived freedom of the Hong Kong media according to the World Press Freedom Index ranks 148th out of 180 countries in 2022, having slid from 18th place in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Erin |title=Hong Kong plunges to 148th in world press freedom rankings |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/3/hong-kong-drops-to-148th-place-in-annual-press-freedom-rankings |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=2022-05-02 |title=World Press Freedom Day: Hong Kong nosedives in press freedom ranking - below Cambodia, Somalia, Sri Lanka |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2022/05/03/world-press-freedom-day-hong-kong-nosedives-in-press-freedom-ranking-below-cambodia-somalia-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP |language=en-GB}}</ref> Concerns have been brought about by a number of factors and high-profile incidents affecting the media. Pundits and journalists alike have been alarmed at the erosion of journalists' ability to report the news in an objective manner. Journalists have complained about sensitive news stories critical of the government that they have been under undisguised pressure to change or soften.<ref name=20150127insight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150127-ifj-reporters-harassed-media-manipulated-during-protests/|title=IFJ: Reporters intimidated, media manipulated during protests|work=EJ Insight|access-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128111749/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150127-ifj-reporters-harassed-media-manipulated-during-protests/|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> There has also been pressure on organisations including major financial institutions to pull advertising from newspapers that take a pro-democracy or anti-government stance, and the [[knife attack on Kevin Lau|brazen attack on a respected newspaper editor]];<ref name=bbc26478495/> All told, the incidence of censorship, political pressure to self-censor and intimidation is increasing, according to [[PEN American Center]] and the International Federation of Journalists.<ref name=bbc26478495>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26478495|title=Is Hong Kong's media under attack?|date=11 March 2014 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407221158/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26478495|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=20150116insight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150116-press-freedom-in-hk-under-threat-us-writers-group/|title=Press freedom in HK under threat: US writers group|work=EJ Insight|access-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625093301/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150116-press-freedom-in-hk-under-threat-us-writers-group/|archive-date=25 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=20150117NYT>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/17/world/asia/press-freedom-in-hong-kong-under-threat-report-says.html|title=Press Freedom in Hong Kong Under Threat, Report Says|date=17 January 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229021048/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/17/world/asia/press-freedom-in-hong-kong-under-threat-report-says.html|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=chinapost427507/> The Hong Kong Journalists Association noted that there were at least 28 attacks on journalists covering the [[Umbrella Revolution]].<ref name=20150117NYT/> The aggressive moves made by publishing houses controlled by Sino United Publishing against independent publishers particularly since the [[2014 Hong Kong protests|2014 protests]], the unexplained disappearance in 2015 of four individuals linked to an independent publisher of sensitive books, as well as the acquisition of Hong Kong's newspaper of record by Alibaba Group all increased fears of political encroachment on press freedom by parties closely linked to the communist regime.<ref name="The New York Times"/><ref name="scmpnewwave">Lam, Jeffie (8 March 2015). "Beijing 'behind new wave of anti-occupy books'". Publishing &ndash; ''South China Morning Post''.</ref><ref name="20150309ejinsight">{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150309-book-publisher-says-its-being-targeted-by-china-backed-sellers/|title=Book publisher says it's being targeted by China-linked sellers|work=EJ Insight|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113707/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150309-book-publisher-says-its-being-targeted-by-china-backed-sellers/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/09/hong-kong-publishers-gui-haiming-lu-bo-zhang-zhiping-lin-rongji-missing-china|title=Four Hong Kong publishers known for books critical of Chinese regime missing|author=Ilaria Maria Sala|work=The Guardian|date=9 November 2015 |access-date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207012926/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/09/hong-kong-publishers-gui-haiming-lu-bo-zhang-zhiping-lin-rongji-missing-china|archive-date=7 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/12/14/10077974/alibaba-buys-scmp-china-image|title=Alibaba buys South China Morning Post to 'improve China's image'|author=Sam Byford|date=14 December 2015|work=The Verge|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423034909/http://www.theverge.com/2015/12/14/10077974/alibaba-buys-scmp-china-image|archive-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2003 Article 23 controversy===
{{further|Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003}}
In 2003, the government attempted to implement the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]] which prohibits crimes against national security and [[sedition]]. The [[National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003]] states that it is a legal offense for media to be seditious and disclose national secrets, but the vague definition led to concerns that it may become a political tool for accusing dissidents' voices, as has happened in Mainland China.

The bill caused a significant public outrage and a [[Hong Kong 1 July marches#2003|mass demonstration of 500,000 people]], forcing the government to withdraw the bill and　several cabinet members to step down.

=== Booksellers disappearances ===
{{main|Causeway Bay Books disappearances}}
The disappearances of five Hong Kong people related to an independent publisher and bookstore in October to December 2015 precipitated an international outcry. The unprecedented disappearance of a person in Hong Kong, and the bizarre events surrounding it, shocked the city and crystallised international concern over the possible abduction of Hong Kong citizens by [[Chinese public security bureau]] officials and their likely [[extraordinary rendition|rendition]], and the violation of several articles of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]] and the [[one country, two systems]] principle.<ref name=20160105nytimes>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/world/asia/mighty-current-media-hong-kong-lee-bo.html?_r=0|title=Disappearance of 5 Tied to Publisher Prompts Broader Worries in Hong Kong|date=5 January 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321220848/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/world/asia/mighty-current-media-hong-kong-lee-bo.html?_r=0|archive-date=21 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=20160107guardianpull>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/07/hong-kong-bookshops-pull-politically-sensitive-titles-after-publishers-vanish|title=Hong Kong bookshops pull politically sensitive titles after publishers vanish|author=Ilaria Maria Sala|work=The Guardian|date=7 January 2016|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202140935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/07/hong-kong-bookshops-pull-politically-sensitive-titles-after-publishers-vanish|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=20160105ejinsightunanswered>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20160105-unanswered-questions-about-the-missing-booksellers/|title=Unanswered questions about the missing booksellers|work=EJ Insight|date=5 January 2016|access-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111214122/http://www.ejinsight.com/20160105-unanswered-questions-about-the-missing-booksellers/|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There is widespread suspicion that they are under detention in mainland China.<ref name=20160107guardianpull/>

=== 2020 Apple Daily arrests ===
Following the promulgation of the National Security Law in Hong Kong, ''[[Apple Daily]]'' owner [[Jimmy Lai]] was arrested for alleged as part of an investigation into an online group that canvassed foreign countries to sanction Hong Kong. On the same day activist [[Agnes Chow]] was arrested over NSL offences. The paper announced its closure on 23 June 2021.<ref name=nytimes_20210623_world>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/world/asia/apple-daily-hong-kong.html |title=Apple Daily, Pro-Democracy Newspaper in Hong Kong, Says It Will Close |first1=Austin |last1=Ramzy |first2=Tiffany |last2=May |date=23 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623091504/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/world/asia/apple-daily-hong-kong.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The arrests are perceived as acts of suppression on the freedom of press in Hong Kong by the Chinese and HKSAR government.

==Controversies==

===Credibility===
Ethical studies have been conducted by four journalism groups ([[Hong Kong Journalists Association]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeway.org.hk/hkja/ |title=Welcome to Hong Kong Journalists Association |access-date=2003-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031001181912/http://www.freeway.org.hk/hkja/ |archive-date=1 October 2003 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Hong Kong News Executives' Association]], [[Hong Kong Federation of Journalists]], [[Hong Kong Press Photographers' Association]]). They could not deny the fact that the mass media were suffering decreasing respect of Hong Kong citizens. Journalism was no longer seen as a respectable profession. The public had little trust in newspapers. People are actually attributing different motives to journalists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsang|first=Stephanie Jean|date=2020-06-01|title=Issue stance and perceived journalistic motives explain divergent audience perceptions of fake news|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884920926002|journal=Journalism|volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=823–840 |language=en|doi=10.1177/1464884920926002|s2cid=225870518 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> While readers who are pro-government sees journalists advocating their personal views to be producing fake news, readers who are anti-government sees journalists defending power to be producing fake news. The news industry attributed this phenomenon to the citizens' complaints about the decreasing ethics of journalists.

Stories were exaggerated often violating [[privacy]]. A study was conducted by [[Hong Kong Journalists Association]] in early 2007 to find that 58.4% of journalists in Hong Kong considered that the degree of [[freedom of speech]] had decreased since the [[Handover of Hong Kong|handover]] in 1997. Furthermore, nearly 60% of the interviewed journalists also thought that more self-censorship had been practised then than 1997.<ref>HJKja. "[http://www.hkja.org.hk/press_free/survey/Press%20Release_Eng.pdf HKja]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." ''Article.'' Retrieved on 26 April 2007.</ref> Thirty percent of media workers participating in the survey admitted to having self-censored, and some forty percent knew of colleagues who had practised self-censorship. The chairman of the HKJA pointed out that after this self-censorship of media is related to political and economic pressures traceable linked to the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). She suggested that many media owners are representatives of the National People's Congress, have investments or eye investment opportunities in the mainland and are reluctant to jeopardise the political relationship.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

===Yellow journalism===
On 19 October 1998, a woman killed her two young children by pushing them out of a window from a high-rise building and then jumped to kill herself. The husband [[:zh:陳健康事件|Chan Kin Hong]] was widely reported to have little remorse on their death, saying he has "high libido" but his wife lost sexual drive after giving a birth to the latest baby and he had to visit prostitutes regularly. He also met another woman and planned to have his new life.

He caused a significant public outcry. Some days later, [[Apple Daily]] published a front-page photograph showing Chan with two prostitutes soon after his family's deaths. It was later revealed that the newspaper had paid Chan to pose for the photograph and the newspaper subsequently published a front-page apology.

This incident and other concerns over increasingly aggressive news coverage and paparazzi in the intensive media battles for readers and viewers began widespread public discussions regarding press practices and accompanying ethical concerns that continue to this day over issues of privacy, responsible reporting and journalistic standards.<ref name=juicy>Michael Wong, [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=44670&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19981111&sear_year=1998 "Lai in front-page apology for Apple's juicy widower stories"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062014/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=44670&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19981111&sear_year=1998 |date=22 May 2011 }}, ''The Standard'', 11 November 1998</ref>

===Invasion of privacy===
{{main|Gillian Chung#2006 Nude picture incident}}
In August 2006, [[Gillian Chung]] of the local pop duo [[Twins (band)|Twins]] filed a writ against ''[[Easy Finder]]'' Magazine for publishing photos of her changing backstage at a concert in [[Malaysia]]. This raised another media ethics and aggressive [[paparazzi]] concern. And again, the magazine sold well, printing two runs of the magazine, selling out twice.

The Hong Kong Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority received 2875 complaints regarding the revealing photos and the incident was referred to the Obscene Articles Tribunal for further action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rawstory.com/news/2006/Hong_Kong_magazine_to_be_prosecuted_11022006.html|title=Hong Kong magazine to be prosecuted in pop star pictures row|work=The Raw Story|access-date=27 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410184944/http://rawstory.com/news/2006/Hong_Kong_magazine_to_be_prosecuted_11022006.html|archive-date=10 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 November 2006, Easy Finder lost its appeal against an obscenity ruling on the published article and pictures.<ref>[http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-eastasia.asp?parentid=56865 HONG KONG: Twin photograph ruling upheld] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012012947/http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-eastasia.asp?parentid=56865 |date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> The appeal panel upheld the judgement, declaring the article "obscene", and saying it was a "calculated act of selling sexuality which is corrupting and revolting".{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

=== Violent assault on editor ===
{{main|Knife attack on Kevin Lau}}
Kevin Lau, who had been chief editor of [[Ming Pao]] until January 2014, was attacked in the morning of 26 February 2014 as he was about to take breakfast at a restaurant in Sai Wan Ho, Hong Kong. He was seriously injured in a targeted knife attack. Journalists and press of the world saw the attack as an attack on [[press freedom]]. Thousands of people, led by leading journalists, attended a rally to denounce violence and intimidation of the media.<ref name=20140303HKS>Siu, Beatrice (3 March 2014). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=11&art_id=143071&sid=41713438&con_type=3&d_str=20140303&fc=10 "Pressing the point"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205120956/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=11&art_id=143071&sid=41713438&con_type=3&d_str=20140303&fc=10 |date=5 February 2015 }}. ''The Standard''.</ref>

=== Siege of ''Apple Daily'' and attacks aimed at media owner ===
During the Umbrella revolution in 2014, anti-occupation protesters besieged the headquarters of [[Next Media]], publisher of ''[[Apple Daily]]''. They accused the paper of biased reporting.<ref>Qi Luo (14 October 2014). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=150350&sid=43156301&con_type=1&d_str=20141014&isSearch=1&sear_year=2014 "Apple gets taste of own medicine"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018155441/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=150350&sid=43156301&con_type=1&d_str=20141014&isSearch=1&sear_year=2014 |date=18 October 2014 }}. ''The Standard''.</ref> Masked men among the protesters prevented the loading of copies of ''Apple Daily'' as well as ''[[The New York Times]]'' onto delivery vans.<ref>{{cite web|title=蘋果又被圍紐約時報發行亦受阻|trans-title=Apple Daily and The New York Times blocked|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/breaking/20141014/53014588|date=13 October 2014|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015035526/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/breaking/20141014/53014588|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Apple Daily'' sought a court injunction and a High Court judge issued a temporary order to prevent any blocking of the entrance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.now.com/home/local/player?newsId=114924&home=1|title=高院接受蘋果日報臨時禁制令禁阻出入通道|trans-title=High Court accepts injunction plea from Apple Daily to ban blocking passageways|date=13 October 2014|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315050924/http://news.now.com/home/local/player?newsId=114924&home=1|archive-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 November, media tycoon [[Jimmy Lai]] was the target of an offal attack at the occupied Admiralty site by three men, who were detained by volunteer marshalls for the protest site.<ref name=ts-offal>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=151372&sid=43354957&con_type=1&d_str=20141113&fc=4 |title=Offal attack on Lai as trio pelt tycoon with pig guts |last1=Staff Reporter |access-date=30 November 2014 |work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]] |date=13 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113100230/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=151372&sid=43354957&con_type=1&d_str=20141113&fc=4 |archive-date=13 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name=bp-rotten>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/asia/442962/rotten-offal-hits-hk-media-tycoon |title=Rotten offal hits HK media tycoon |last1=AFP |access-date=30 November 2014 |work=Bangkok Post |date=12 November 2014}}</ref> The offices of Next Media and the home of Jimmy Lai, who controls the group, were fire-bombed in mid January 2015.<ref name=chinapost427507>AFP (27 January 2015). [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/local-news/hong-kong/2015/01/27/427507/Hong-Kong.htm Hong Kong media 'manipulated': report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114824/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/local-news/hong-kong/2015/01/27/427507/Hong-Kong.htm |date=28 January 2015 }}. ''China Post''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/firebombs-thrown-at-jimmy-lais-home-and-company-in-hong-kong/?gwh=57A3DC913D8AD50015B1CBDD52F0B5B1&gwt=pay|title=Firebombs Thrown at Jimmy Lai's Home and Company in Hong Kong|first=Austin|last=Ramzy|date=12 January 2015 |access-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402230656/http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/firebombs-thrown-at-jimmy-lais-home-and-company-in-hong-kong/?gwh=57A3DC913D8AD50015B1CBDD52F0B5B1&gwt=pay|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2015 Policy address controversy ===
In the opening and concluding parts of his 2015 policy address, CY Leung attacked University of Hong Kong Students' Union publication, ''Undergrad'', for allegedly advocating independence and self-determination for Hong Kong. He also criticised another HKU publication, from 2013, entitled ''Hong Kong Nationalism''.<ref>Cheng, Kevin; Wong, Hilary (16 January 2015). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=153305&sid=43698808&con_type=3&d_str=20150116&isSearch=1&sear_year=2015 "CY trades barbs with democrats over free speech"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626231558/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=153305&sid=43698808&con_type=3&d_str=20150116&isSearch=1&sear_year=2015 |date=26 June 2015 }}. ''The Standard''</ref> He was criticised by pan-democrats and commentators for using the high-profile public address in an unprecedented attempt to undermine free speech and theoretical academic discussion by effectively declaring discussion of the topic "taboo".<ref>Benitez, Mary Ann; Lau, Kenneth (15 January 2015). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=153239&sid=43693702&con_type=3&d_str=20150115&isSearch=1&sear_year=2015 'Fallacies' in HKU magazine blasted.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626234207/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=153239&sid=43693702&con_type=3&d_str=20150115&isSearch=1&sear_year=2015 |date=26 June 2015 }} ''The Standard''.</ref> The number two and number three government officials, Carrie Lam and John Tsang respectively, distanced themselves from Leung, suggesting that Leung's controversial criticism of the magazines was personal and written by Leung himself; Leung insisted it was a team effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150116-carrie-lam-john-tsang-undergrad-remarks-cy-leungs-own-views/|title=Carrie Lam, John Tsang: Undergrad remarks CY Leung's own views|work=EJ Insight|access-date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210123609/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150116-carrie-lam-john-tsang-undergrad-remarks-cy-leungs-own-views/|archive-date=10 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sino United returns controversy ===
In January 2015, following CY Leung's attack on a compilation book entitled ''Hong Kong Nationalism'', [[Joint Publishing]], Chongwa, and Commercial Press &ndash; all owned by [[Sino United Publishing]] &ndash; de-listed the title.<ref name="scmp1732853"/> Hong Kong media reported that Sino had published and was distributing at least five anti-Occupy titles, and its stores were displaying these prominently, whereas popular books on the Umbrella movement by pro-democracy authors had been banished from their shelves.<ref name="scmpnewwave"/> In March 2015, Up Publications, a small independent publishing house, complained that it was suddenly and unexpectedly faced with a large number of returns from the three main subsidiaries of Sino.<ref name="20150309ejinsight"/> Twenty titles were affected by the returns, to the serious detriment to the finances of Up Publications; many of the titles returned were not politically themed. The publisher was allegedly told by a bookshop source that its stance in the [[2014 Hong Kong protests|2014 occupation]] and its publishing of books supportive of the [[Umbrella Movement]] were responsible.<ref name=scmp1732853/> Although no reason was given for the returns, political motives were suspected as two of the delisted books about the occupation were strong sellers at independent bookshops.<ref name=scmp1732853/><ref name="20150309ejinsight"/>

==See also==
{{portal|border=no|Hong Kong|China|Cities|Asia}}
*[[Newspapers of China]]
*[[Censorship in Hong Kong]]
*[[Communications in Hong Kong]]
*[[Freedom of the press in Hong Kong]]
*[[Media of the People's Republic of China]]
*[[List of defunct media due to Hong Kong national security law]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Chan|first=Yuen-ying|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-971X.00182|title=The English-language media in Hong Kong|journal=[[World Englishes]]|date=2003-01-10|volume=19|issue=3|pages=323–335|doi=10.1111/1467-971X.00182|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite web | last=Leung | first=Hillary | title=HK court overturns media watchdog warning that RTHK show 'insulted' police | website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP | date=4 Sep 2024 | url=https://hongkongfp.com/2024/09/04/hong-kong-appeals-court-overturns-media-watchdogs-2020-warning-that-rthk-show-insulted-police/ | access-date=6 Sep 2024}}
{{Hong Kong topics}}
{{Television in the People's Republic of China}}
{{Chinese-language radio}}
{{Asia topic|Media of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Media Of Hong Kong}}
[[Category:Mass media in Hong Kong| ]]