View source for Mayor of Toronto

{{Short description|Political office}}
{{About|the office|text=For a list of mayors of Toronto and heads of its former municipalities, see [[List of mayors of Toronto]], [[List of reeves and mayors of the former municipalities in Toronto]] and [[Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto]]}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Mayor
| body = Toronto
| insignia = Toronto, City of.svg
| insigniacaption = Municipal logo
| insigniasize = 
| image = REUNIÓN CON LA ALCALDESA DE TORONTO, OLIVIA CHOW, 04 DE MARZO DE 2024 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Olivia Chow]]
| incumbentsince = July 12, 2023
| style = {{plainlist|
* [[Worship (style)|His/Her Worship]]
* [[Mayor]] (informal)
}}
| member_of = [[Toronto City Council]]
| reports_to = 
| seat = [[Toronto City Hall]]
| appointer = [[Direct election]]
| termlength = 4 years;
| formation = March 6, 1834 (historic)<br />December 1, 1998 (current)
| inaugural = {{nowrap|[[William Lyon Mackenzie]]}} (historic)<br />[[Mel Lastman]] (post-amalgamation)
| salary = [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]202,948.20<ref name="ber" />
| website = {{URL|http://www.toronto.ca/mayor}}
| termlength_qualified = renewable
| department = [[Municipal government of Toronto|City of Toronto]]<br />Office of the Mayor
| constituting_instrument = ''[[City of Toronto Act]]''
| flag = 
| flagborder = 
| flagsize = 
| flagcaption = 
| deputy = [[Deputy Mayor of Toronto|Deputy Mayor]]
}}
{{Politics of Toronto}}

The '''mayor of Toronto''' is the head of [[Toronto City Council]] and chief executive officer of the [[Municipal government of Toronto|municipal government]]. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits.<ref name="ome" /> While in office, mayors are styled ''[[Worship (style)|His/Her Worship]]''.<ref name="foa" />

[[Olivia Chow]] has served as the 66th and current mayor of Toronto since July 12, 2023, after winning the [[2023 Toronto mayoral by-election|2023 by-election]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=Statement from Toronto City Clerk |url=https://www.toronto.ca/news/statement-from-toronto-city-clerk/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=City of Toronto |language=en-CA}}</ref>

==Role and authority==
The role and powers of the mayor of Toronto are set out in the 1997 ''[[City of Toronto Act]]'', an Ontario statute, and its update in 2006. It outlines the mayor's role as head of council and [[chief executive officer]] of the [[City of Toronto (government)|City of Toronto]]. In September 2022, the province passed legislation known as the ''[[Strong Mayors, Building Homes Act|Strong Mayors, Building More Homes Act, 2022]]'', followed by the ''Better Municipal Governance Act, 2022'', both of which expanded the [[Executive (government)|executive power]] of the mayor.

As head of council, the mayor is responsible for ensuring business is carried out efficiently during council meetings. This has been delegated to the [[speaker of Toronto City Council]], however, the mayor retains the ability to take over as chair during council meetings.<ref name="legd" /> Items can be added by the mayor directly to city council's agenda without going through a committee.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, the mayor also holds [[Ex officio member|''ex officio'' membership]] on all council committees, chairs the Executive Committee, Striking Committee and the Civic Appointments Committee. The mayor has the power to appoint the chairs of other city committees as well as the deputy mayor.<ref name="legd" /><ref name=":1" /> With the consent of the mayor, another member of council may take the mayor's place on committees. The head of council is also responsible for declaring states of emergency in the city.<ref name="roles" /><ref name="sum" /><ref name="mlg" />

Before the passage of the ''Strong Mayors Act'', Toronto's government operated on what has been described as a "weak-mayor" system where all powers were vested in Council as a whole. In order to advance policy objectives, the mayor had to act as a consensus builder.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The ''Strong Mayors Act'' shifted Toronto's government structure into one which resembles a "[[strong-mayor]]" system, assigning several administrative powers to the mayor which were previously held by City Council or an officer of the city.<ref name=":3" />

The ''Strong Mayors Act'' expands the mayor's role in managing City Council's committee system and the overall organization of the city. Much of the work of the council is done in committees. The mayor sets out this structure by creating and dissolving committees, appoints their chairs and vice-chairs (this is a power that was delegated by council before 2022), and assigning their functions.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Without the need for a motion by council, city staff can also be directed by the mayor to produce reports, develop policy and provide advice for city council to consider.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />

The mayor is also responsible for determining the organizational structure of the city. This includes the ability to create or dissolve city divisions, and appoint or terminate executive staff such as the city manager (who is the chief administrative officer) and the heads of city divisions.<ref group="NB">The mayor's power to hire and dismiss city staff do not apply to certain officials including: the city clerk or deputy clerk, the treasurer or deputy treasurer, the integrity commissioner, the ombudsman, the auditor general, the chief building official, the [[Chief of the Toronto Police Service|chief of police]], the [[Toronto Fire Services|fire chief]], and the [[Toronto Public Health|medical officer of health]].</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

Developing the annual budget of the City of Toronto is another key function of the mayor. Previously, the power to set the budget was a function of city council, which was assigned to the Budget Committee, allowing the mayor to exercise significant influence on the budget process.<ref name=":0" /> The power to draft the annual city budget is now assigned to the mayor. The mayor proposes the budget to council, which can adopt it or propose amendments.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

Certain powers of the mayor can only be exercised in order to "advance provincial priorities",<ref name=":2" /> as outlined in the ''Better Municipal Governance Act'', the ''Strong Mayors Act'' and through regulation.<ref name=":3" /> While city by-law allows the mayor to add items directly to council's agenda, this power is expanded by the ''Strong Mayors Act'', which asserts that the mayor can do so to advance a provincial priority, irrespective of council's procedural by-law.<ref name=":2" /> The mayor is also granted a [[veto]], which would allow an override of a city council decision if it is not consistent with a provincial priority, however, council can override the mayor's veto with a [[Supermajority|two-thirds majority vote]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The ''Better Municipal Governance Act'', which was passed shortly after the ''Strong Mayors Act'' further expands this power, allowing the mayor to pass a by-law for the purpose of advancing a provincial priority with one-third support on council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ontario passes law boosting ‘strong mayor’ powers in Toronto, Ottawa {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9335065/ontario-passes-law-boosting-strong-mayor-powers-toronto-ottawa/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Benzie |first=Robert |date=2022-12-08 |title=Doug Ford increases controversial ‘strong-mayor’ powers for Toronto and Ottawa |url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/provincial/2022/12/08/the-strong-mayor-just-got-even-stronger-toronto-mayor-john-tory-can-now-pass-bylaws-with-just-one-third-support-of-city-council-thanks-to-premier-doug-ford.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Toronto Star |language=en}}</ref> The provincial priorities are set by the [[Executive Council of Ontario]] (provincial cabinet), through issuing regulations.<ref name=":2" />

== Deputy mayor ==
{{Main|Deputy Mayor of Toronto}}
City councillors may be appointed by the mayor to exercise statutory powers assigned to the mayor, or on an honorary basis.
{| class="wikitable"
!Portrait
!Deputy mayor
!Term began
!Area represented/policy role
!Constituency as councillor
!
|-
|[[File:Ausma Malik - Friends of Roxton Road Parks - Environment Day (14061869349) (cropped).jpg|111x111px]]
|[[Ausma Malik]]
|August 10, 2023 
|Statutory deputy mayor; Toronto and East York
|[[Ward 10 Spadina—Fort York]]
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|[[File:Paul Ainslie portrait, 2010 (S2311 fl3151 it0001).jpg|111x111px]]
|[[Paul Ainslie]]
|May 21, 2025
|Non-statutory; Scarborough
|[[Ward 24 Scarborough—Guildwood]]
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|[[File:Colle web 2 - Sep 00.jpg|108x108px]]
|[[Michael Colle]]
|August 10, 2023
|Non-statutory; North York
|[[Ward 8 Eglinton—Lawrence]]
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH -->
|[[Amber Morley]]
|August 10, 2023
|Non-statutory; Etobicoke
|[[Ward 3 Etobicoke—Lakeshore]]
|<ref name=":6" />
|}
=== Statutory deputy mayor ===
The first deputy mayor performs the statutory roles and functions assigned to the "deputy mayor" as defined in various chapters of the municipal code.<ref name="clerk" /> The first deputy mayor is a member of council who is appointed to the role by the mayor, and assists him/her as vice-chair of the executive committee and acts as mayor when the mayor is away, ill or the office of the mayor is vacant. The deputy mayor has all the rights, power and authority of the mayor, save and except the "by-right-of-office powers" of the mayor as a member of a community council.<ref name="legd" />

==== Role of mayor vacancy ====
When the office of Mayor of Toronto is vacant, the deputy mayor assumes limited mayoral powers which are granted to the mayor by city council, to ensure city business can continue to be carried out. This includes acting as the city's chief executive officer, representing the city, and special privileges during council sessions. The deputy mayor also assumes responsibility for the administrative management of the mayor's office.<ref name=":5" />

The deputy mayor does not become "acting" or "interim" mayor, nor does the deputy mayor assume the "strong-mayor" powers, which are granted by the province to the head of council, a role which remains vacant.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=Five things to know following the abrupt resignation of John Tory |url=https://www.cp24.com/news/five-things-to-know-following-the-abrupt-resignation-of-john-tory-1.6276636 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=CP24 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Non-statutory deputy mayors ===
In 2014, city council approved the creation of three additional non-statutory deputy mayor positions. Non-statutory deputy mayors are members of council, appointed by the mayor, who advise him/her on local issues and represent him/her at events and ceremonies. Each (along with the first deputy mayor) represent a geographic area of the city, and are responsible for a specific policy role. The deputy mayors and the mayor meet each month to discuss efforts to bring the city together.<ref name="npc" />

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2022}}
From 1834 to 1857 Alec was the president of Kenya, and again from 1867 to 1873, Toronto mayors were not elected directly by the public. Instead, after each annual election of aldermen and councilmen, the assembled council would elect one of their members as mayor. For all other years, mayors were directly elected by popular vote, except in rare cases where a mayor was appointed by council to fill an unexpired term of office. Prior to 1834, Toronto municipal leadership was governed by the [[chairman of the General Quarter Session of Peace]] of the [[Home District Council]].

Through 1955 the term of office for the mayor and council was one year; it then varied between two and three years until a four-year term was adopted starting in 2006. (See [[List of Toronto municipal elections]].)

The City of Toronto has changed substantially over the years: the city [[Annexation|annexed]] or [[Amalgamation (politics)|amalgamated]] with neighbouring communities or areas 49 times from in 1883 to 1967.<ref name="hayes" /> The most sweeping change was in 1998, when the six municipalities comprising [[Metropolitan Toronto]]—[[East York]], [[Etobicoke]], [[North York]], [[Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[York, Toronto|York]], and the [[Old Toronto|former city of Toronto]]–and its [[regional government]] were amalgamated into a single City of Toronto (colloquially dubbed the "[[merger (politics)#Canada|megacity]]") by an act of the [[Ontario|provincial]] government. The newly created position of mayor for the resulting [[Census divisions of Ontario|single-tier]] mega-city replaced all of the mayors of the former Metro municipalities. It also abolished the office of the [[Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto|Metro chairman]], which had formerly been the most senior political figure in the Metro government before amalgamation. Since the creation of the "megacity" of Toronto, its mayor has been elected by the largest single-member electorate in Canada.

Fourteen out of the first 29 mayors were lawyers, and 58 of Toronto's 64 mayors (up to Ford) have been Protestant, white, English-speaking, Anglo-Saxon, property-owning males.<ref name="mal" /> There have been two women (Hall and Rowlands) and three Jewish mayors (Phillips, Givens<ref name="gm" /> and Lastman).

[[Art Eggleton]] is the longest-serving mayor of Toronto, serving from 1980 until 1991. Eggleton later served in federal politics from 1993 until 2004, and was appointed to the [[Senate of Canada]] in 2005. [[David Breakenridge Read]] held the post of mayor of Toronto for the shortest period. Read was mayor for only fifty days in 1858.

No Toronto mayor has been removed from office. Toronto's 64th mayor, [[Rob Ford]], lost a [[Rob Ford conflict of interest trial|conflict of interest trial]] in 2012, and was ordered to vacate his position; but the ruling was stayed pending an appeal, which Ford won to remain in office.<ref name="ctv" /><ref name="onsc" /> Due to [[Timeline of Rob Ford video scandal|his substance abuse admission and controversy in 2013]], Council stripped him of many powers on November 15, transferring them to the deputy mayor.<ref name="strippedofpower" /> From May until July 2014, Ford took a leave of absence from the mayoralty to enter [[drug rehabilitation]].

==Post-amalgamation mayors of Toronto==
{{main|List of mayors of Toronto}}
The current City of Toronto was formed in 1998 from the [[Amalgamation of Toronto|amalgamation of Metro Toronto]] and its constituent municipalities. The following is a list of mayors of the current post-amalgamation Toronto.

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%; width:100%;"
|-
! width="4em" |No.
! width="75px"| Photo
! Mayor
! width="10em"| Terms of office
! Took office
! Left office
! Statutory Deputy Mayor
|-  align="center"
| 62 || [[File:Mel Lastman (S2311 fl1616 it0042).jpg|75px]] || {{sortname|Mel|Lastman}}|| align="center" | 2 || January 1, 1998 || November 30, 2003 
|| [[Case Ootes]]
|- align="center"
| 63 || [[File:David Miller, Remembrance Day 2009 Toronto (S2311 fl2662 it0057) (cropped 3-4).jpg|75px]]  || {{sortname|David|Miller|David Miller (Canadian politician)}}|| align="center" | 2 || December 1, 2003 || November 30, 2010 || [[Joe Pantalone]]
|- align="center"
|64 || [[File:Rob Ford 2013 parade.jpg|75px]]  || {{sortname|Rob|Ford}}|| align="center" | 1 || December 1, 2010 || November 30, 2014 || {{Plainlist|[[Doug Holyday]] (2010–2013) 
[[Norm Kelly]] (2013–2014)}}
|- align="center"
|65 || [[File:Mayor John Tory in Toronto at the Good Friday Procession - 2018 (27264606888) (cropped).jpg|75px]]  || {{sortname|John|Tory}}|| align="center" | 3 || December 1, 2014 || February 17, 2023 
|| {{Plainlist|[[Denzil Minnan-Wong]] (2014–2022)
[[Jennifer McKelvie]] (2022–2023)}}
|- align="center"
|colspan="7"|''Office vacant February 17 – July 12, 2023''
|- align="center"
|66
|[[File:Olivia Chow at Mayoral Candidates Roundtable 2014 (cropped).jpg|alt=Olivia Chow|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|[[Olivia Chow]]
|1
|July 12, 2023
|—
|| {{Plainlist|[[Jennifer McKelvie]] (2023)<br/>[[Ausma Malik]] (2023—present)}}
|}


==See also==
{{Portal|Canada}}
* [[Toronto City Council]]

== Notes ==
<references group="NB"></references>

==References==
{{reflist|1=30em|refs=

<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=These are the new powers the Ford government wants to give Toronto’s mayor |url=https://www.cp24.com/news/these-are-the-new-powers-the-ford-government-wants-to-give-toronto-s-mayor-1.6021846 |website=CP24 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref>

<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Ryan Patrick |date=October 5, 2022 |title=How will Toronto and Ottawa's new 'strong mayor' powers work? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-ottawa-strong-mayor-1.6597520 |website=[[CBC News]]}}</ref>

<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Mascarin |first=John |last2=Bilas |first2=Jennifer |date=2022-09-12 |title=Strong Mayors – Shifting the Municipal Governance Model |url=https://www.airdberlis.com/insights/publications/publication/strong-mayors-shifting-the-municipal-governance-model |website=Aird & Berlis LLP |language=en |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref>

<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=ST2.1 - Mayor Chow - Councillors and Committees |url=https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2023/st/comm/communicationfile-171732.pdf |website=City of Toronto}}</ref>

<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=2014-07-24 |title=City of Toronto Act, 2006, S.O. 2006, c. 11, Sched. A |url=https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06c11 |website=Ontario.ca |language=en |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref>

<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=City of Toronto mayoral transition process |url=https://www.toronto.ca/news/city-of-toronto-mayoral-transition-process/ |website=City of Toronto |language=en-CA |access-date=2023-02-16}}</ref>

<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=ST2.1 - Mayor Chow - Councillors and Committees |url=https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2023/st/comm/communicationfile-171732.pdf |website=City of Toronto}}</ref>

<ref name="ber">{{cite web |date=2017-08-22 |title=Budgets and Expense Reports |url=https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/council/budgets-and-expense-reports/ |website=City of Toronto |language=en-CA |access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref>

<ref name="clerk">{{cite web|url=https://www.toronto.ca/311/knowledgebase/kb/docs/articles/city-clerks-office/secretariat/deputy-mayor-council-speaker-deputy-speaker.html|title=Deputy Mayor – Council Speaker – Deputy Speaker|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190523011812/https://www.toronto.ca/311/knowledgebase/kb/docs/articles/city-clerks-office/secretariat/deputy-mayor-council-speaker-deputy-speaker.html|archive-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

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<ref name="ctv">{{cite news |publisher=CTV News |url=http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/toronto-mayor-rob-ford-to-appeal-his-ouster-1.1053601 |title=Toronto Mayor Rob Ford to appeal his ouster |access-date=2013-02-16 |date=November 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129095944/http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/toronto-mayor-rob-ford-to-appeal-his-ouster-1.1053601 |archive-date=November 29, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="dem">{{cite web |url=https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/95d7-covid-19-order-mayor-chapter-59-2020-03-23.pdf |title=City of Toronto Declaration of Emergency |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330174828/https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/95d7-covid-19-order-mayor-chapter-59-2020-03-23.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> -->

<ref name="foa">{{cite web |date=2018-03-27 |title=How to Address the Mayor & Dignitaries |url=https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/awards-tributes/forms-of-address/ |website=City of Toronto |language=en-CA |access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref>

<ref name="gm">{{cite news |title=Givens Mayor by Unanimous Vote |newspaper=The Globe & Mail |date=November 26, 1963 |author=Globe Staff |location=Toronto |page=1}}</ref>

<ref name="hayes">{{cite book |author=Derek Hayes |title=Historical Atlas of Toronto |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-55365-290-8 |pages=90–91}}</ref>

<ref name="legd">{{cite web|url=https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/municode/1184_027.pdf|title=City of Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509201316/https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/municode/1184_027.pdf|archive-date=2019-05-09|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="mal">{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontomayoralrace/article/745194--toronto-s-mayors-scoundrels-rogues-and-socialists |title=Toronto's mayors: Scoundrels, rogues and socialist |author=Mark Maloney |work=Toronto Star |date=January 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111153536/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontomayoralrace/article/745194--toronto-s-mayors-scoundrels-rogues-and-socialists |archive-date=January 11, 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=September 4, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="mlg">{{cite web|title=My local government it's for me|url=https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/9998-MyLocal_Government-Book_Apr12_spread.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="npc">{{cite news |last=Alcoba |first=Natalie |date=2015-01-24 |title=John Tory's plan 'to bring the city together': Four deputy mayors — one from each region of Toronto |language=en |work=National Post |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/toronto/john-torys-plan-to-bring-the-city-together-four-deputy-mayors-one-from-each-region-of-toronto |access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref>

<ref name="ome">{{cite web |title=AMO – Ontario Municipal Elections |url=http://www.amo.on.ca/AMO-Content/Municipal-101/Municipal-Elections |website=www.amo.on.ca |access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref>

<ref name="onsc">{{cite CanLII|litigants=Magder v. Ford|link=|year=2013|court=onsc|num=263|parallelcite=113 OR (3d) 241|date=2013-01-25|courtname=auto}}</ref>

<ref name="roles">{{cite web |title=The Roles of the Mayor and City Council |url=https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/94af-roles-of-the-mayor-city-council-learning-guide-brochure.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190523032852/https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/94af-roles-of-the-mayor-city-council-learning-guide-brochure.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="star17">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2017/10/06/mayor-john-tory-names-ana-bailao-as-new-deputy-mayor-and-joe-mihevc-as-poverty-reduction-advocate.html |title=Mayor John Tory names Ana Bailao as new deputy mayor and Joe Mihevc as poverty reduction advocate |newspaper=The Toronto Star |date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726145724/https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2017/10/06/mayor-john-tory-names-ana-bailao-as-new-deputy-mayor-and-joe-mihevc-as-poverty-reduction-advocate.html |archive-date=2019-07-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> -->

<ref name="strippedofpower">{{cite news |last=Mendleson |first=Rachel |title=Rob Ford stripped of power as mayor by Toronto council |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2013/11/18/rob_ford_stripped_of_power_as_mayor_by_toronto_council.html |access-date=2013-11-18 |newspaper=The Toronto Star |date=November 18, 2013 |author2=Peter Edwards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207133159/http://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2013/11/18/rob_ford_stripped_of_power_as_mayor_by_toronto_council.html |archive-date=December 7, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="sum">{{cite web|title=2020 Program Summary Office of the Mayor|url=https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/9829-2020-Public-Book-Mayor-V1.pdf}}</ref>

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}}

== Further reading ==

* Graham, K. (2018). ''[https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7704&context=etd Leading Canada's Cities? A Study of Urban Mayors]''. [[University of Western Ontario]].

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.toronto.ca/mayor/}}

{{TorMayors}}
{{Toronto Government}}
{{Toronto}}

[[Category:Mayors of Toronto| ]]
[[Category:Toronto City Council]]
[[Category:1834 establishments in Canada]]