View source for Maund (unit)

{{Short description|Traditional unit of mass}}
{{for|people with the surname|Maund (surname)}}
[[File:Edai kal (1 manu).jpg|thumb|right|250px|A one maund weighing stone of the [[Madras Presidency]]]]
[[File:Bengalpresidency 1858.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The vast extent of the [[Bengal Presidency]] (shown here in 1858) facilitated the adoption of the standard of 100&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|Troy pounds]] for the maund throughout [[British India]].]]
The '''maund''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔː|n|d}}), '''mun''' or '''mann''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: {{lang|bn|মণ}}; [[Urdu]]: {{lang|ur|من}}) is a traditional [[Units of measurement|unit]] of [[mass]] used in [[British India]], and also in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran|Persia]], and [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]:<ref name="OED">{{citation | contribution = maund | title = [[Oxford English Dictionary|A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles]] | volume = 6B | year = 1908 | page = 250}}.</ref> the same unit in the [[Mughal Empire]] was sometimes written as '''''mann''''' or '''''mun''''' in English, while the equivalent unit in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Central Asia]] was called the ''[[batman (unit)|batman]]''. At different times, and in different South Asian localities, the mass of the maund has varied, from as low as 25&nbsp;pounds (11&nbsp;kg) to as high as 160&nbsp;pounds (72&nbsp;kg): even greater variation is seen in Persia and Arabia.<ref name="Prinsep">{{citation | last = Prinsep | first = James | year = 1840 | title = Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYGAAAAQAAJ | edition = 2nd | location = Calcutta | publisher = Bishop's College Press | pages = 84–90}}.</ref><ref name="Doursther">{{citation | last = Doursther | first = Horace | title = Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KAibOR651tkC | location = Brussels | publisher = Hayez | year = 1840 | pages = 259–63}}.</ref> One maund in Pakistan is measured as 40kg.

==History==

In British India, the maund was first standardized in the [[Bengal Presidency]] in 1833, where it was set equal to 100&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|Troy pounds]] (82.28&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lbs.]] [[Avoirdupois|av.]]). This standard spread throughout the [[British Raj]].<ref name="ImpGaz">{{citation | contribution = Introductory notes | contribution-url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_007.gif | year = 1909 | title = [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] | volume = 1 | page= xi}}.</ref> After the independence of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], the definition formed the basis for [[metrication]], one maund becoming '''exactly 37.3242&nbsp;[[kilograms]]'''.<ref name="sizes.com">{{citation | title = maund | url = http://www.sizes.com/units/maund.htm | publisher = Sizes.com | accessdate = 2010-02-12}}.</ref><ref>Schedule 1 to the Standard Weights and Measures Act (No.&nbsp;89 of 1956).</ref> A similar metric definition is used in [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]. Throughout Bangladesh, one মণ/mun/mann is 40&nbsp;kg. In Nepal's southern plains one Mann equals 40 kilograms and is generally used to measure agricultural output.

The Old English, 'maund' may also be the origin of Maundy Thursday. As a verb, 'maund' :  to beg; as a noun, 'a maund' : a small basket held out for alms.

==South Asia==
{{British Indian units of mass}}

=== Delhi Sultanate ===

During the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], 1 ''mann'' was roughly equivalent to 15 kg.<ref>{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra |title=History of Medieval India: 800–1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |year=2014 |orig-year=2007 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |page=103 }}</ref>

===Mughal Empire===
Prinsep (1840) summarizes the evidence as to the weight of the ''mun'' (later "maund") during the reign (1556–1605) of [[Akbar the Great]],<ref name="mun">{{citation | last = Prinsep | first = James | year = 1840 | title = Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYGAAAAQAAJ | edition = 2nd | location = Calcutta | publisher = Bishop's College Press | page = 81}}.</ref> which comes from the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' written by the [[vizier]] [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] (anglicized as "Abul Fuzl"). The principal definition is that the ''mun'' is forty ''[[Seer (unit)|seers]]''; and that each ''seer'' is thirty ''[[Dam (unit)|dams]]''.
:1 ''mun'' = 40 ''seers'' = 1200 ''dams''
The problem arises in assigning the values of the smaller units. 

The section of the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' that defines the ''mun'' also defines the ''dam'' as five ''[[Tank (unit)|tanks]]''. A separate section defines the ''tank'' as twenty-four ''[[ruttee]]s''. However, by the 19th&nbsp;century, the ''tank'' was no longer a uniform unit across the former Mughal territories: Prinsep quotes values of 50&nbsp;grains (3.24&nbsp;g) in [[Dharwad|Darwar]], 72&nbsp;grains (4.67&nbsp;g) in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and 268&nbsp;grains (17.37&nbsp;g) in [[Ahmednagar|Ahmednugur]].<ref name="mun"/> 

The ''jilály'', a square [[silver]] [[rupee]] coin issued by Akbar, was said by the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' to be {{frac|11|1|4}}&nbsp;''[[masha (unit)|mashas]]'' in weight: surviving ''jilály'' and other Mughal rupee coins weigh 170–175&nbsp;[[Grain (unit)|Troy grains]] (11.02–11.34&nbsp;g), so the ''masha'', defined as eight ''ruttees'', would be about {{frac|15|1|2}}&nbsp;grains (1&nbsp;g). ''Masha'' weights sent back to London in 1819 agree with this value.<ref>{{citation | last = Prinsep | first = James | year = 1840 | title = Useful tables, forming an appendix to the Journal of the Asiatic Society: part the first, Coins, weights, and measures of British India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYGAAAAQAAJ | edition = 2nd | location = Calcutta | publisher = Bishop's College Press | pages = 17–18}}.</ref> This basis gives a ''mun'' of {{frac|34|3|4}}&nbsp;lb. av. (15.75&nbsp;kg). One ''Koni'' was 4 muns.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=O2WSRW2t3XYC&dq=koni+mughal+weight&pg=PA73 Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh]</ref>

However, in yet another section of the ''Ain-i-Akbari'', the ''dam'' is said to be "twenty ''mashas'' seven ''ruttees''": using this definition would imply an [[Imperial units|Imperial mass]] of about 47&nbsp;lb. av. (21.3&nbsp;kg) for the ''mun''. Between these two values, the maund in Central India was often found to be around 40&nbsp;lb. av. (18&nbsp;kg) in the [[East India Company]] survey of 1821.

A Maund was 55.5 British pounds mass under Akbar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Narang|first1=Kirpal Singh|last2=Gupta|first2=Hari Ram|title=History of the Pubnab, 1500-1858|edition=2nd.|year=1969|publisher=U.C. Kapur|location=Delhi|page=181}}</ref>

===Nineteenth century===
[[File:IGI1908India1837a.jpg|thumb|right|[[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] is shown in pink on this 1837 map. The Madras Presidency is in the southeast, the Bombay Presidency is in the west and the Bengal Presidency is in the northeast.]]
{{quotation|The maund of India may as a ''genus'' be divided into four different ''species'': 
#That of Bengal, containing 40 seers, and averaging about 80 lbs. avoir.
#That of Central India (Malwa, Ajmeer, &c.) generally equal to 40 lbs. avoir. and containing 20 seers (so that the seer of this large portion of the continent assimilates to that of Bengal.)
#The maund of Guzerat and Bombay, equal to {{frac|1|4}} cwt. or 28 pounds and divided into 40 seers of smaller grade.
#The maund of Southern India, fixed by the Madras government at 25 lbs. avoir.
There are, however many other varieties of maund, from 15 to 64 seers in weight; which it is unnecessary to particularize.|Prinsep (1840), p.&nbsp;77}}

Prinsep's values for the maund come from a survey organized by the [[East India Company]] in 1821. The Company's agents were asked to send back examples of the standard weights and measures used in the places they were stationed, and these were compared with the English standards in London by [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Patrick Kelly]], the leading British metrologist of the time. The results were published as an appendix to the second edition of Kelly's ''Universal Cambist'' (1831), and later as a separate book entitled ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832).

It will be seen from Kelly's results below that Prinsep's generalizations are only partially correct. The [[Gujarat]] maund is more closely related to the Central Indian maund than to the standardized Bombay maund, except in the town of [[Anjar, India|Anjar]], except that it is divided into 40&nbsp;seers instead of 20 as was found in [[Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)|Malwa]].

====Central India and Gujarat====
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right
 |alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be approximately 40 lb. av. (18 kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |caption = The towns where the maund was found to be approximately 40&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] (18&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |places=
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=02|lon_deg=72|lon_min=35|position=left|label=Ahmadābād|label|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=00|lon_deg=72|lon_min=52|label=Amod|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=07|lon_deg=73|lon_min=07|label=Bārdoli|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=18|lon_deg=73|lon_min=12|position=left|label=Baroda|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=42|lon_deg=72|lon_min=58|position=right|label=Broach|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=15|lon_deg=75|lon_min=46|position=right|label=Calicut|}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=18|lon_deg=72|lon_min=37|label=Cambay|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=50|lon_deg=73|lon_min=43|label=Doongurpoor|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=35|lon_deg=72|lon_min=48|label=Hānsot|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=25|lon_deg=75|lon_min=32|position=right|label=Indore|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=03|lon_deg=72|lon_min=48|label=Jambusar|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=25|lat_min=11|lon_deg=75|lon_min=50|position=right|label=Kota|}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=00|lon_deg=69|lon_min=57|position=right|label=Kumbharia|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=09|lon_deg=73|lon_min=16|label=Kurod|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16|lat_min=10|lon_deg=81|lon_min=08|position=right|label=Masulipatam|}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=24|lat_min=02|lon_deg=75|lon_min=05|position=right|label=Mundissor|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=36|lon_deg=73|lon_min=00|label=Okalesur|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=11|lon_deg=75|lon_min=47|position=right|label=Oujein|}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=24|lat_min=02|lon_deg=74|lon_min=47|label=Pertabgurh|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=19|lon_deg=75|lon_min=04|label=Rutlam|label_size=0}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21|lat_min=10|lon_deg=72|lon_min=50|position=left|label=Surat|}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=45|lon_deg=75|lon_min=29|position=left|label=Tellicherry|}}
	{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17|lat_min=42|lon_deg=83|lon_min=15|position=right|label=Vizagapatam|}}
}}
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right
 |alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be more than 130 lb. av. (59 kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |caption = The towns where the maund was found to be more than 130&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] (59&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |places=
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=19|lat_min=44|lon_deg=79|lon_min=11|position=right|label=Chanadore}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=35|lon_deg=76|lon_min=04|position=left|label=Dewas}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=20|lat_min=12|lon_deg=73|lon_min=50|position=left|label=Dindoor}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=43|lon_deg=75|lon_min=19|position=left|label=Jamkhair}}
<!--Roombharee-->
}}

{| class="wikitable" <!--align=right style="margin:0 0 0 0.5em;"-->
|-
! rowspan=2 | Place<ref group="note" name="place">Kelly's transliterations of place names have been retained, but the transliterations of names of districts have been updated where possible.</ref>
! rowspan=2 | Sub-<br/>division
! colspan=3 | [[Imperial units|Imperial]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Metric system|Metric]]<br/>[[Kilogram|kg]]
|-
! [[Pound (mass)|lb.]]
! [[Ounce|oz.]]
! [[Dram (unit)|dr.]]
|-
| [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadābād]], in Gujarat
| 40 seers
| align=right | 42
| align=right | 4
| align=right | 13
| align=right | 19.817 
|-
| [[Amod, Gujarat|Amod]], in Broach
| 40 seers
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 12
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Anjar, India|Anjar]]'', in Cutch
| 40 seers
| align=right | 27
| align=right | 3
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Berasia|Bairseah]]'', in Malwa
| 40 seers
| align=right | 77
| align=right | 1
| align=right | 12
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Bardoli|Bārdoli]], in Surat
| {{frac|39|3|4}} seers, 2 [[Paisa|pice]]
| align=right | 37
| align=right | 4
| align=right | {{frac|4|3|4}}
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Bharuch|Broach]], in Gujarat
| 40 seers
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 12
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Vadodara|Baroda]]'', in Gujarat
| 42 seers
| align=right | 44
| align=right | 9
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Khambhat|Cambay]]'', in Gujarat
| 40 seers
| align=right | 37
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Chandur, Maharashtra|Chanadore]], Central Provinces
| 64 seers
| align=right | 149
| align=right | 12
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Dewas]]'', in Malwa
| 64 seers
| align=right | 137
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 2
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Dungarpur|Doongurpoor]], in Rajputana
| 40 seers
| align=right | 50
| align=right | 1
| align=right | 14
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Hansot|Hānsot]], in Broach
| 40 seers, "market"
| align=right | 38
| align=right | 9
| align=right | 9
| align=right | 
|-
| 42 seers, for oil
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 6
| align=right | 
|-
| 40 ''pergunna'' seers
| align=right | 39
| align=right | 3
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Indore]]'', in Malwa
| 20 seers, for grain
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 6
| align=right | 
|-
| 40 seers, for opium
| align=right | 81
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 12
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Jambusar]], in Broach
| 40 seers, "market"
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 6
| align=right | 4
| align=right | 
|-
| 42 seers, for cotton
| align=right | 42
| align=right | 6
| align=right | 9
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]'', in Rajputana
| 40 seers
| align=right | 30
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Kumbhariya, Surat district|Kumbharia]], in Surat
| 40 seers 8 pice
| align=right | 37
| align=right | 13
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Kurod]], in Surat
| 40 seers 15 pice
| align=right | 37
| align=right | 15
| align=right | {{frac|8|1|2}}
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)|Malwa]]''
| 20 seers
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 7
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Mandsaur|Mundissor]]'', in Malwa
| 15 seers
| align=right | 34
| align=right | 4
| align=right | {{frac|4|1|2}}
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Ankleshwar|Okalesur]], in Broach
| 40 seers
| align=right | 38
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 13
| align=right | 
|-
| 40 seers, "''pergunna''"
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 6
| align=right | 13
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Rajgarh (Madhya Pradesh)|Omutwara]]'', in Malwa
| 28 seers
| align=right | 54
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Ujjain|Oujein]]'', in Malwa
| {{frac|16|7|8}} seers
| align=right | 33
| align=right | 5
| align=right | 13
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pertabgurh]], in Ajmer
| 20 seers
| align=right | 38
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 14
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Ratlam|Rutlam]]'', in Malwa
| 20 seers
| align=right | 40
| align=right | 7
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Surat]], in Gujarat
| 40 seers
| align=right | 37
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| colspan=6 | Source: [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Kelly]]'s ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832)<ref name="Prinsep"/>
|-
|}

====Bombay Presidency====
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right
 |alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be approximately 28 lb. av. ({{frac|12|3|4}} kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |caption = The towns where the maund was found to be approximately 28&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] ({{frac|12|3|4}}&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |places=
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=08|lon_deg=70|lon_min=01|position=top|label=Anjar}}
<!--Anjengo-->
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=15|lat_min=51|lon_deg=74|lon_min=33|position=right|label=Belgaum}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=58|lon_deg=72|lon_min=50|position=left|label=Bombay}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=09|lat_min=59|lon_deg=76|lon_min=16|position=left|label=Cochin}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=12|lat_min=52|lon_deg=74|lon_min=53|position=left|label=Mangalore}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=28|lon_deg=73|lon_min=48|position=right|label=Poona}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=08|lat_min=53|lon_deg=76|lon_min=36|position=left|label=Quilon}}
}}
{| class="wikitable" <!--align=right style="margin:0 0 0 0.5em;"-->
|-
! rowspan=2 | Place<ref group="note" name="place"/>
! rowspan=2 | Sub-<br/>division
! colspan=3 | [[Imperial units|Imperial]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Metric system|Metric]]<br/>[[Kilogram|kg]]
|-
! [[Pound (mass)|lb.]]
! [[Ounce|oz.]]
! [[Dram (unit)|dr.]]
|-
| [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]]
| 40 seers
| align=right | 78
| align=right | 15
| align=right | 12
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]''
| 40 seers
| align=right | 74
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 
|-
| ''[[Belgaum]]''
| 44 seers
| align=right | 26
| align=right | 3
| align=right | 15
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| 40 seers
| align=right | 28
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Karwar|Carwar]], in Kanara
| 42 seers
| align=right | 26
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Dindori, Maharashtra|Dindoor]]
| 64 seers
| align=right | 157
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Pune District|Dukhun Poona]]
| {{frac|12|1|2}} seers, for [[ghee]], etc.
| align=right | 24
| align=right | 10
| align=right | {{frac|4|1|3}}
| align=right | 
|-
| 14 seers, for metals
| align=right | 27
| align=right | 9
| align=right | {{frac|9|2|3}}
| align=right | 
|-
| 48 seers, for grain
| align=right | 94
| align=right | 9
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Goa]] (Portuguese)
| —
| align=right | 24
| align=right | 12
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Jamkhed|Jamkhair]], in Ahmednagar
| 64 seers
| align=right | 147
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Jalna (city)|Jaulnah]], in Hyderabad
| 40 seers
| align=right | 80
| align=right | 2
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Honavar|Onore]], in Kanara
| 40–44 seers
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Pune|Poona]]
| {{frac|12|1|2}} seers, for [[ghee]], etc.
| align=right | 24
| align=right | 10
| align=right | {{frac|4|1|3}}
| align=right | 
|-
| 14 seers, for metals
| align=right | 27
| align=right | 9
| align=right | {{frac|9|2|3}}
| align=right | 
|-
| 48 seers, for grain
| align=right | 94
| align=right | 9
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Roombharee]], in Ahmednagar
| 64 seers
| align=right | 160
| align=right | 13
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| colspan=6 | Source: [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Kelly]]'s ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832)<ref name="Prinsep"/>
|-
|}

====Madras Presidency====
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right
 |alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be approximately 25 lb. av. ({{frac|11|1|3}} kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |caption = The towns where the maund was found to be approximately 25&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] ({{frac|11|1|3}}&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |places=
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=12|lat_min=58|lon_deg=77|lon_min=34}}<!--Bangalore-->
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=15|lat_min=09|lon_deg=76|lon_min=56|position=right|label=Bellary}}
<!--Carwar-->
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=01|lon_deg=76|lon_min=58|position=left|label=Coimbatoor}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=15|lat_min=18|lon_deg=73|lon_min=57|position=left|label=Goa}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17|lat_min=25|lon_deg=78|lon_min=28|position=right|label=Hyderabad}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=13|lat_min=05|lon_deg=80|lon_min=16|position=right|label=Madras}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=09|lat_min=48|lon_deg=78|lon_min=06|position=right|label=Madura}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=12|lat_min=52|lon_deg=74|lon_min=53|position=left|label=Mangalore}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=10|lat_min=46|lon_deg=79|lon_min=50|position=right|label=Negapatam}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=14|lat_min=17|lon_deg=74|lon_min=27|position=left|label=Onore}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=56|lon_deg=79|lon_min=50|position=right|label=Pondicherry}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=28|lon_deg=73|lon_min=48|position=left|label=Poona}}
<!--Sankeridroog-->
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=12|lat_min=25|lon_deg=76|lon_min=42}}<!--Seringapatam-->
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=10|lat_min=49|lon_deg=78|lon_min=41}}<!--Trichinopoly-->
}}

{| class="wikitable" <!--align=right style="margin:0 0 0 0.5em;"-->
|-
! rowspan=2 | Place<ref group="note" name="place"/>
! rowspan=2 | Sub-<br/>division
! colspan=3 | [[Imperial units|Imperial]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Metric system|Metric]]<br/>[[Kilogram|kg]]
|-
! [[Pound (mass)|lb.]]
! [[Ounce|oz.]]
! [[Dram (unit)|dr.]]
|-
| [[Anchuthengu|Anjengo]], in Travancore
| —
| align=right | 28
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Bangalore]], in Mysore
| 40 seers
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Bellary]], in Madras
| 48 seers
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 6
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], in Malabar
| 68 seers
| align=right | 34
| align=right | 11
| align=right | 11
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Kochi, India|Cochin]], in Malabar
| {{frac|42|1|2}} seers
| align=right | 27
| align=right | 2
| align=right | 11
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Coimbatore|Coimbatoor]], in Mysore
| 40 seers
| align=right | 24
| align=right | 1
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Kolachal|Colachy]], in Travancore
| 125 pollums
| align=right | 18
| align=right | 12
| align=right | 13
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in Madras
| 12 seers, "''kucha''"
| align=right | 23
| align=right | 13
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| 40 seers, "''pucka''"
| align=right | 79
| align=right | 6
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Chennai|Madras]]
| 40 seers, or 8 vis
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Madurai|Madura]], in Carnatic
| 39.244 seers
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Mangalore]]
| 46 seers, "market"
| align=right | 28
| align=right | 2
| align=right | 4
| align=right | 
|-
| 46 seers, "Company's"
| align=right | 28
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 13
| align=right | 
|-
| 40 seers, for sugar
| align=right | 24
| align=right | 7
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatam]], in Madras
| "''kucha''"
| align=right | 35
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| "''pucka''"
| align=right | 80
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Nagapatnam|Negapatam]], in Carnatic
| 41.558 seers
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| 8 vis
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 14
| align=right | {{frac|5|1|2}}
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Kollam|Quilon]], in Travancore
| 25 old Dutch pounds
| align=right | 27
| align=right | 5
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Sankaridrug|Sankeridroog]], in Carnatic
| 41.256 seers
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]]
| 40 seers, "''kucha''"
| align=right | 24
| align=right | 4
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]], in Malabar
| 64 seers
| align=right | 32
| align=right | 11
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]], in Coromandel
| 68 Danish pounds
| align=right | 74
| align=right | 12
| align=right | 9.6
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Travancore]], in Madras
| —
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 0
| align=right | {{frac|6|1|2}}
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichinopoly]], in Carnatic
| 13.114 seers
| align=right | 25
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam]], in Madras
| "''kucha''"
| align=right | 35
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| "''pucka''"
| align=right | 80
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 
|-
| colspan=6 | Source: [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Kelly]]'s ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832)<ref name="Prinsep"/>
|-
|}
Maund was known as '''Mudi''' in [[Tulu language]]

====Bengal====
{{Location map+|India|width=250|float=right
 |alt = Locations of the towns where the maund was found to be approximately 80 lb. av. (36 kg) in the 1821 East India Company survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |caption = The towns where the maund was found to be approximately 80&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb. av.]] (36&nbsp;[[Kilogram|kg]]) in the 1821 [[East India Company]] survey, superimposed onto a map of modern India.
 |places=
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=19|lat_min=05|lon_deg=74|lon_min=44|position=left|label=Ahmednugur}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=19|lat_min=47|lon_deg=75|lon_min=17|position=right|label=Aurungabunder}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=38|lon_deg=77|lon_min=26|position=right|label=Bairseah}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=34|lon_deg=88|lon_min=22|position=left|label=Calcutta}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17|lat_min=25|lon_deg=78|lon_min=28}}<!--Hyderabad-->
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=25|lon_deg=75|lon_min=32|position=left|label=Indore}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=19|lat_min=50|lon_deg=75|lon_min=53|position=left|label=Jaulnah}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23|lat_min=13|lon_deg=90|lon_min=38|position=right|label=Luckipoor}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16|lat_min=10|lon_deg=81|lon_min=08|position=right|label=Masulipatam}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=18|lat_min=28|lon_deg=73|lon_min=48|position=bottom|label=Poona}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11|lat_min=02|lon_deg=79|lon_min=50|position=right|label=Tranquebar}}
   {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17|lat_min=42|lon_deg=83|lon_min=15|position=right|label=Vizagapatam}}
}}

{| class="wikitable" <!--align=right style="margin:0 0 0 0.5em;"-->
|-
! rowspan=2 | Place<ref group="note" name="place"/>
! rowspan=2 | Sub-<br/>division
! colspan=3 | [[Imperial units|Imperial]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Metric system|Metric]]<br/>[[Kilogram|kg]]
|-
! [[Pound (mass)|lb.]]
! [[Ounce|oz.]]
! [[Dram (unit)|dr.]]
|-
| [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
| 40 seers
| align=right | 82
| align=right | 4
| align=right | {{frac|9|1|7}}
| align=right | 
|-
| [[Chandpur District|Luckipoor]], in Bengal
| as Calcutta
| align=right | 82
| align=right | 4
| align=right | {{frac|9|1|7}}
| align=right | 
|-
| colspan=6 | Source: [[Patrick Kelly (metrologist)|Kelly]]'s ''Oriental Metrology'' (1832)<ref name="Prinsep"/>
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sizes.com/units/maund.htm Sizes.com]
*[https://onlcalc.online/man-to-kg-calculator/ Maund to Kg Calculator]
*[http://www.sizes.com/units/maund_india.htm The maund in India] (historical values)

[[Category:Customary units in India]]
[[Category:Units of mass]]