View source for Materials informatics

'''Materials informatics''' is a field of study that applies the principles of [[informatics (academic field)|informatics]] and data science to [[materials science]] and engineering to improve the understanding, use, [[material selection|selection]], development, and discovery of materials. The term "materials informatics" is frequently used interchangeably with "data science", "machine learning", and "artificial intelligence" by the community. This is an emerging field, with a goal to achieve high-speed and robust acquisition, management, analysis, and dissemination of diverse materials data with the goal of greatly reducing the time and risk required to develop, produce, and deploy new materials, which generally takes longer than 20 years.
<ref>{{cite journal
| last1       = Mulholland
| first1      = Gregory
| last2      = Paradiso
| first2     = Sean
| date       = 23 March 2016
| title      = Perspective: Materials informatics across the product lifecycle: Selection, manufacturing, and certification
| journal    = APL Materials
| volume     = 4
| issue = 5
| pages      = 053207
| doi        = 10.1063/1.4945422
| bibcode = 2016APLM....4e3207M
| doi-access= free
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rickman|first1=J.M.|last2=Lookman|first2=T.|last3=Kalinin|first3=S.V.|date= 15 April 2019|title=Materials informatics: From the atomic-level to the continuum|journal=Acta Materialia|language=en|volume=168|pages=473–510|doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2019.01.051|bibcode=2019AcMat.168..473R|osti=1875378 |s2cid=127078420|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frydrych|first1=K.|last2=Karimi|first2=K.|last3=Pecelerowicz|first3=M.| last4=Alvarez|first4=R.|last5=Dominguez-Gutiérrez|first5=F.J.|last6=Rovaris|first6=F.|last7=Papanikolaou|first7=S.|date= 2 October 2021|title=Materials Informatics for Mechanical Deformation: A Review of Applications and Challenges
|journal=Materials|language=en|volume=14|issue=19 |pages=5764|doi=10.3390/ma14195764|pmid=34640157 |pmc=8510221 |bibcode=2021Mate...14.5764F |doi-access=free }}</ref>
This field of endeavor is not limited to some traditional understandings of the relationship between materials and information. Some more narrow interpretations include [[combinatorial chemistry]], [[Process Modeling|process modeling]], materials databases, [[materials data management]], and [[product life cycle management]]. Materials informatics is at the convergence of these concepts, but also transcends them and has the potential to achieve greater insights and deeper understanding by applying lessons learned from data gathered on one type of material to others. By gathering appropriate [[Meta (prefix)|meta]] data, the value of each individual data point can be greatly expanded.

== Databases ==

Databases are essential for any informatics research and applications. In material informatics many databases exist containing both empirical data obtained experimentally, and theoretical data obtained computationally. Big data that can be used for machine learning is particularly difficult to obtain for experimental data due to the lack of a standard for reporting data and the variability in the experimental environment. This lack of big data has led to growing effort in developing machine learning techniques that utilize data extremely data sets. On the other hand, large uniform database of theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations exists. These databases have proven their utility in high-throughput material screening and discovery.
Some common DFT databases and high throughput tools are listed below:

*	Databases: MaterialsProject.org, MaterialsWeb.org ([[University of Florida]])
*	HT software: Pymatgen, MPInterfaces

==Beyond computational methods?==
The concept of materials informatics is addressed by the [[Materials Research Society]]. For example, materials informatics was the theme of the December 2006 issue of the ''MRS Bulletin''. The issue was guest-edited by John Rodgers of Innovative Materials, Inc., and David Cebon of [[Cambridge University]], who described the "high payoff for developing methodologies that will accelerate the insertion of materials, thereby saving millions of investment dollars."

The editors focused on the limited definition of materials informatics as primarily focused on computational methods to process and interpret data.  They stated that "specialized informatics tools for data capture, management, analysis, and dissemination" and "advances in computing power, coupled with computational modeling and simulation and materials properties databases" will enable such accelerated insertion of materials.

A broader definition of materials informatics goes beyond the use of computational methods to carry out the same experimentation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informaticsresearch.net/17.html |title=informaticsresearch.net |accessdate=2007-03-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429194941/http://www.informaticsresearch.net/17.html |archivedate=2007-04-29 }}</ref> viewing materials informatics as a framework in which a measurement or computation is one step in an information-based learning process that uses the power of a collective to achieve greater efficiency in exploration. When properly organized, this framework crosses materials boundaries to uncover fundamental knowledge of the basis of physical, mechanical, and engineering<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Papanikolaou|first1=S.|date= 27 May 2019|title=Microstructural inelastic fingerprints and data-rich predictions of plasticity and damage in solids
|journal=Computational Mechanics|language=en|volume=66|pages=141–154|doi=10.1007/s00466-020-01845-x|arxiv=1905.11289 |s2cid=254038042 }}</ref> properties.

==Challenges==
While there are many who believe in the future of informatics in the materials development and scaling process, many challenges remain. Hill, et al., write that  "Today, the materials community faces serious challenges to bringing about this data-accelerated research paradigm, including diversity of research areas within materials, lack of data standards, and missing incentives for sharing, among others. Nonetheless, the landscape is rapidly changing in ways that should benefit the entire materials research enterprise."<ref>{{cite journal
| last1       = Hill
| first1      = Joanne
| last2      = Mulholland
| first2     = Gregory
| last3 = Persson
| first3 = Kristin
| last4 = Seshadri
| first4 = Ram
| last5 = Wolverton
| first5 = Chris
| last6 = Meredig
| first6 =Bryce
| date  = 4 May 2016
| title      = Materials science with large-scale data and informatics: Unlocking new opportunities
| journal    = MRS Bulletin
| volume     = 41
| issue = 5
| pages      = 399–409
| doi        = 10.1557/mrs.2016.93
| bibcode = 2016MRSBu..41..399H
| doi-access= free
}}</ref>
This remaining tension between traditional materials development methodologies and the use of more computationally, machine learning, and analytics approaches will likely exist for some time as the materials industry overcomes some of the cultural barriers necessary to fully embrace such new ways of thinking.

==Analogy from Biology==
The overarching goals of bioinformatics and systems biology may provide a useful analogy. Andrew Murray of [[Harvard University]] expresses the hope that such an approach "will save us from the era of "one graduate student, one gene, one PhD".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.100md.com/html/DirDu/2007/02/17/37/06/78.htm|title = Stories of Cells : The American Society for Cell Biology San Francisco(基础医学)}}</ref> Similarly, the goal of materials informatics is to save us from one graduate student, one alloy, one PhD. Such goals will require more sophisticated strategies and research paradigms than applying data-science methods to the same tasks set currently undertaken by students.

==See also==
*[[Material selection]]
*[[Structural bioinformatics]]
*[[Data mining]]
*[[Cheminformatics]]

==External links==
* Primary Journals: [https://www.oaepublish.com/jmi Journal of Materials Informatics (Editor-in-Chief: Tong-Yi Zhang)], [https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/mids Materials Informatics and Data Science (Editor-in-Chief: Yaroslava G. Yingling)]
* [http://materialstechnology.tms.org/icme/icmeHome.asp ICME community] on [http://materialstechnology.tms.org/TECpage.asp MaterialsTechnology@TMS]
* [http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0703/peurrung/peurrung-0703.html The Material Informatics Workshop: Theory and Application] (March 2007 JOM-e issue on M.I.)
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369702105711238 K. Rajan, Materials informatics, Materials Today, Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2005, Pages 38-45], {{ISSN|1369-7021}}, {{doi|10.1016/S1369-7021(05)71123-8}}.
* May 2016 APL Materials Issues on Materials Genome/Materials Informatics—[http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/aplmater/4/5 P. Littlewood and C.L. Phillips, APL Materials, Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2016]
* [https://www.xresearch.biz/shop/material-informatics-market Material Informatics Industry Outlook to 2030]

==References==
{{reflist}}

* Chapter 5: The Importance of Data [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309097150/html/35.html] in ''Going to Extremes: Meeting the Emerging Demand for Durable Polymer Matrix Composites'' [http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11424.html]
* MRS Bulletin: Materials Informatics, Volume 31, No. 12.[http://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/sec_subscribe.asp?CID=7324&DID=181667]

{{Branches of materials science}}
{{Informatics}}

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[[Category:Materials science]]
[[Category:Information science]]