View source for Massimo D'Alema

{{short description|Italian politician (born 1949)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = 
| name                = Massimo D'Alema
| image               = Massimo D’Alema (8812707342) cropped.jpg
| office              = [[Prime Minister of Italy]]
| president           = [[Oscar Luigi Scalfaro]]<br />[[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]]
| deputy              = [[Sergio Mattarella]]
| term_start          = 21 October 1998
| term_end            = 26 April 2000
| predecessor         = [[Romano Prodi]]
| successor           = [[Giuliano Amato]]
| office2             = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Italy]]
| term_start2         = 17 May 2006
| term_end2           = 8 May 2008
| primeminister2      = Romano Prodi
| predecessor2        = [[Giulio Tremonti]]
| successor2          = [[Angelino Alfano]]
| office3             = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister3      = Romano Prodi
| term_start3         = 17 May 2006
| term_end3           = 8 May 2008
| predecessor3        = [[Gianfranco Fini]]
| successor3          = [[Franco Frattini]]
| office4             = Vice-President of the [[Socialist International]]
| president4          = [[António Guterres]]<br />[[George Papandreou]]
| term_start4         = 29 October 2003
| term_end4           = 29 August  2012
| term_start5         = 11 September 1996
| term_end5           = 7 November 1999
| president5          = [[Pierre Mauroy]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin | cont = yes | Party political offices
| titlestyle          = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed               = yes
| office              = President of the [[Democrats of the Left]]
| term_start          = 6 November 1998
| term_end            = 14 October 2007
| predecessor         = Giglia Tedesco Tatò
| successor           = ''Position abolished''
| office1             = Secretary of the Democrats of the Left
| term_start1         = 12 February 1998
| term_end1           = 6 November 1998
| predecessor1        = ''Position established''
| successor1          = [[Walter Veltroni]]
| office2             = Secretary of the [[Democratic Party of the Left]]
| term_start2         = 1 July 1994
| term_end2           = 12 February 1998
| predecessor2        = [[Achille Occhetto]]
| successor2          = ''Position abolished''
| office3             = Secretary of the [[Italian Communist Youth Federation]]
| term_start3         = 3 April 1975
| term_end3           = 12 June 1980
| predecessor3        = [[Renzo Imbeni]]
| successor3          = Marco Fumagalli
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin | cont = yes | Parliamentary offices
| titlestyle          = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed               = yes
| office              = Chair of the [[COPASIR|Parliamentary Committee for the Security of the Republic]]
| term_start          = 26 January 2010
| term_end            = 15 March 2013
| predecessor         = [[Francesco Rutelli]]
| successor           = [[Giacomo Stucchi]]
| order1              = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start1         = 28 April 2006
| term_end1           = 14 March 2013
| constituency1       = [[Apulia (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Apulia]]
| term_start2         = 2 July 1987
| term_end2           = 19 July 2004
| constituency2       = [[Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto constituency (1946–1994)|Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto]]<br>(1987–1994)<br>[[Casarano]] (1994–2004)
| order3              = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| term_start3         = 20 July 2004
| term_end3           = 27 April 2006
| constituency3       = [[Southern Italy (European Parliament constituency)|Southern Italy]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1949|4|20|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Rome]], Italy
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]] (1963–1991)<br />[[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]] (1991–1998)<br />[[Democrats of the Left|DS]] (1998–2007)<br />[[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]] (2007–2017)<br />[[Article One (political party)|Art.1]] (2017–2023)
| spouse              = Linda Giuva
| children            = 2
| height              =
| alma_mater          =
| website             = {{URL|http://www.massimodalema.it}}
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Massimo D'Alema voice.ogg|title=Massimo D'Alema's voice|type=interview|description=D'Alema talks about democracy<br />Recorded 20 March 2024}}
}}

'''Massimo D'Alema''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmassimo daˈlɛːma}}; born 20 April 1949) is an Italian politician and journalist who was the 53rd [[prime minister of Italy]] from 1998 to 2000.<ref name="Novelli 2000">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Novelli|first=Claudio|date=2000|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/massimo-d-alema_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|title=D'Alema, Massimo|encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Italiana|language=it|volume=VI Appendice|access-date=26 July 2023|via=Treccani}}</ref> He was [[Deputy Prime Minister of Italy]] and [[Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 2006 to 2008.<ref name="Treccani 2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/massimo-d-alema/|title=D'Alèma, Massimo|website=Treccani|language=it|date=2018|access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> D'Alema also served for a time as national secretary of the [[Democratic Party of the Left]] (PDS).<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/> Earlier in his career, D'Alema was a member of the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI) and was the first former [[Communist party]] member to become prime minister of a [[NATO]] country and the only former PCI prime minister of Italy.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/> Due to his first name and for his dominant position in the [[left-wing]] coalitions during the [[Second Republic (Italy)|Second Republic]], he is referred to as ''Leader Maximo'' ("Maximum Leader").<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2009/04/20/news/un-leader-maximo-senza-partito-1.37067242/|title=Un leader Maximo senza partito|work=La Stampa|language=it|date=20 April 2009|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sorgi|first=Marcello|date=27 January 2010|url=https://www.lastampa.it/opinioni/editoriali/2010/01/27/news/d-alema-il-lider-maximoche-non-tramonta-mai-1.37029663/|title=D'Alema, il Lider Maximo che non tramonta mai|work=La Stampa|language=it|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Olivieri|first=Maria Teresa|date=31 July 2017|url=http://www.avantionline.it/2014/07/ue-un-posto-per-il-leader-maximo-dalema/|url-status=dead|title=Ue, un posto per il leader maxi o D'Alema|work=Avanti!|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180828/http://www.avantionline.it/2014/07/ue-un-posto-per-il-leader-maximo-dalema/|archive-date=23 September 2015|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> He is also the author of several books.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/>

A member of the PCI since 1963, D'Alema was a member of the party's central committee and then of the leadership and party secretariat; from 1975 to 1980, he was also secretary of the [[Italian Communist Youth Federation]] (FGCI).<ref name="Atlante 2020">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/atlante/autori/d_alema_massimo.html|title=Massimo D'Alema|magazine=Atlante|language=it|date=2020|access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> He was supportive of [[Achille Occhetto]]'s turning point that dissolved the PCI and established the PDS, and he presided over the establishment of [[The Olive Tree (Italy)|The Olive Tree]] coalition that won the [[1996 Italian general election]] and the transformation of the PDS into the [[Democrats of the Left]] (DS) in 1998, the same year he became prime minister.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/> A member of Italy's [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] from 1987 to 2004 and then from 2006 to 2013, he was also a [[member of the European Parliament]] from 2004 to 2006. He joined the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] (PD) upon its foundation in 2007. He opposed [[Matteo Renzi]]'s secretariat and was contrasted with the [[Renziani]] wing within the party, which he left in 2017 to become a founder of [[Article One (political party)|Article One]].<ref name="Treccani 2018"/>

== Early life and education ==
D'Alema was born in [[Rome]] on 20 April 1949,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.camera.it/cartellecomuni/leg16/include/contenitore_dati.asp?tipopagina=&deputato=d29400&source=%2Fdeputatism%2F240%2Fdocumentoxml%2Easp&position=Deputati\La%20Scheda%20Personale&Pagina=Deputati/Composizione/SchedeDeputati/SchedeDeputati.asp%3Fdeputato=d29400&Nominativo=D'ALEMA%20Massimo|url-status=dead|title=D'Alema Massimo – PD|publisher=Chamber of Deputies|language=it|date=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723040044/http://nuovo.camera.it/29?shadow_deputato=29400|archive-date=23 July 2012|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> the son of {{ill|Giuseppe D'Alema|it|Giuseppe D'Alema}}, a [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] in the [[Italian resistance movement]] within the [[Patriotic Action Groups]] and [[communist]] politician, and Fabiola Modesti.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/altrimondi/catalogodeiviventi09/scheda_personaggio.shtml?lettera=d&id=5|title=D'Alema Massimo – Altri Mondi|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it|date=2007|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> He joined the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI) at the age of 14 and began his political career in [[Pisa]], where he was studying [[philosophy]].<ref name="Novelli 2000"/> He was praised as ''enfant prodige'' by the then PCI leader [[Palmiro Togliatti]] and took part to the [[protests of 1968]], alongside his friend [[Fabio Mussi]].<ref name="Mossetti 2018">{{cite web|last=Mossetti|first=Paolo|date=14 March 2018|url=https://thevision.com/politica/massimo-dalema/|title=D'Alema, e anche oggi si governa domani|website=The Vision|language=it|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Italian Communist Youth Federation ===
In 1975, D'Alema was elected national secretary of the [[Italian Communist Youth Federation]] (FGCI). It was during this period that D'Alema and [[Walter Veltroni]] met each other, and with him a dualism would form, without any public attacks. Years later, Veltroni recounted: "Massimo came from the party to more severely lead a rebel FGCI, I was more attentive to the movements."<ref name="Martini 2022">{{cite web|last=Martini|first=Fabio|date=4 December 2022|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/politica/2022/12/04/news/dalema_veltroni_sinistra_italiana-10832195/|title=Dopo mezzo secolo la sinistra italiana è ancora lì: D'Alema vs Veltroni|website=HuffPost Italia|language=it|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> In 1983, he became regional secretary of the PCI's Apulian federation.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/> The then PCI leader [[Enrico Berlinguer]] sent D'Alema in China to improve relations with the [[Chinese Communists]] after the arrest of the [[Gang of Four]] in 1976, and D'Alema followed Berlinguer in Moscow for the funeral of [[Yuri Andropov]] in 1984.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/>

During the 1980s, the PCI's road to government did not succeed. To the press who reported a significant drop in membership, D'Alema replied that it was not only a problem of the PCI or of Italy but concerned all mass parties in the Western world, citing [[Christian Democracy]] (DC) and the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI), the then main parties of government. He said: "I would like to know how many members the DC and the PSI have ... who escape this discussion not because they too do not have problems of this type, but simply because they are not transparent. And yet we are."<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/> According to D'Alema, the other parties registered through the distribution of card packages, while the PCI had a modern form of individual and voluntary registration. In the meantime, there was the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the turning point of the Bolognina.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/>

From 1988 to 1990, D'Alema was the director of ''[[L'Unità]]'', formerly the official newspaper of the PCI, which subsequently became the newspaper of the DS. A journalist by profession, he also wrote for ''Città futura'' and ''[[Rinascita]]''.<ref name="Atlante 2020"/> It is recounted that D'Alema hated other journalists and that this was reciprocal, due to his word of scorn and haughtiness, allegations that he always denied.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/> One notable case was a 1995 interview with [[Lucia Annunziata]], which was sensational for its lucidity regarding the relationship between the powers that be and Italian media information. He explained how the press had lost its historical references, namely a solid political system, which guaranteed clarity of alignment, and how what he described as the new anarchy that emerged bore the sign of the "unqualified destructuring of the political democracy".<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/> He was asked "Do the 'powers that be' play the shambles of politics?", to which he replied: "There is no doubt. Information has been a formidable tool that has contributed to the disintegration and loss of authority of political power. No political power can survive information that spies on him through the keyhole as he goes to the toilet."<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/> Despite his criticism of the mass media, D'Alema came to accept the change of times and accepted invitations to ''[[Porta a Porta]]'' and was a host of [[Gianni Morandi]]'s show, where he sang "[[C'era un ragazzo che come me amava i Beatles e i Rolling Stones]]". He and Morandi had met at the [[association football]] charity match between politicians and journalists.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/>

=== From the Italian Communist Party to the Democrats of the Left ===
D'Alema entered the PCI's national secretariat in 1986 and supported the transformation into the [[Democratic Party of the Left]] (PDS), which was launched by [[Achille Occhetto]] and made official by the [[Rimini]] party congress in February 1991. He was a notable member of the PCI, the bulk of which in 1991 became the PDS and in 1998 formed the [[Democrats of the Left]] (DS). It was during this period in the late 1980s and early 1990s that D'Alema found his first political enemies, who gave vitriolic interviews, such as the reformist {{ill|Napoleone Colajanni (politician)|lt=Napoleone Colajanni|it|Napoleone Colajanni (1926)}}, who criticized D'Alema and Occhetto for their lack of vision upon reaching the highest party positions.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/> In the past, the selection went through hunger, debates in assembly, and the police of Scelba when communists were persecuted. In the post-war years, a qualified young communist flowed into the PCI for whom the communist militia coincided with a lifestyle choice. D'Alema embodied an anthropological turning point, where the [[Leninist]] concept of professional revolutionaries was rejected in favour of salaried party executives comparable to public administrators and union officials.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/>

[[File:D'alema-prodi-berlusconi.jpg|thumb|right|220px|D'Alema with [[Romano Prodi]] and [[Silvio Berlusconi]] in 1996]]
1994 saw the PCI tradition of the sole candidate for the party secretariat, the leader designated from above, broken. After Occhetto's resignation, D'Alema announced his candidacy to succeed him. When he learned that Veltroni would also do so, he entered [[Claudio Petruccioli]]'s studio and told him: "I will certainly be elected, but have you thought what would happen if Veltroni were elected? With my opposition, it wouldn't last two months."<ref name="Martini 2022"/> As the PDS secretary, D'Alema attempted to normalize relations with [[Silvio Berlusconi]], who later broke it, for institutional reforms.<ref name="Cazzola 2022"/> Following the loss of the PDS and Occhetto-led [[Alliance of Progressives]] in the [[1994 Italian general election]], D'Alema supported the creation of [[The Olive Tree (Italy)|The Olive Tree]] coalition that opened up to centrist and moderate forces, whether secular or Catholic.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/> In the internal life of the party, mostly during its transition from PCI to PDS, he stressed that its roots in [[Marxism]] should be renovated, with the aim to create a modern Western European [[social-democratic]] party. He was a member of Italy's [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] since 1987 and president of the PDS parliamentary group from 1992 to 1994. In July 1994, he became its national secretary and surpassed Veltroni, his direct competitor, in the votes of the national council. Under his leadership, the PDS conducted a tough opposition against the [[first Berlusconi government]] (May 1994 – January 1995), and then became part of the [[majority government]] that supported the subsequent [[Dini government]] (January 1995 – May 1996), including the [[Italian People's Party (1994)|Italian People's Party]] and the [[Lega Nord|Northern League]], among others.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/>

The same year of the DS foundation, succeeding [[Romano Prodi]], D'Alema became [[Prime Minister of Italy]] as the leader of The Olive Tree coalition founded by Prodi and supported by D'Alema that, also thanks to the support of the [[Communist Refoundation Party]] (PRC), which was founded by those who were opposed to the dissolution of the PCI, had won the [[1996 Italian general election]];<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/> it was the first general election win for progressives.<ref name="Martini 2022"/> The first prime minister born after Italy became a republic in 1946, he was the first former Communist party member to become prime minister of a [[NATO]] country; he remains the only former PCI member to become prime minister.<ref name="Cazzola 2022">{{cite web|last=Cazzola|first=Giuliano|date=5 December 2022|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/blog/2022/12/05/news/perche_il_paragone_dalema_vs_veltroni_di_martini_non_e_sostenibile-10837685/|title=Sulla presunta riedizione dell'eterna sfida a sinistra fra D'Alema e Veltroni|website=HuffPost Italia|language=it|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> Committed to institutional reforms during the [[first Prodi government]], he was first elected president of a bicameral commission for constitutional reforms in February 1997 and began the development of the PDS into a new unitary force that would aggregate further personalities and organizations from the socialist, secular, and left-wing Catholic area. In February 1998, the start of the formation process of the DS, which was led by D'Alema, was concluded with the merge of the PDS, the [[Labour Federation (Italy)|Labour Federation]], the [[Movement of Unitarian Communists]], the [[Social Christians]], and exponents of the republican left.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/> D'Alema became prime minister when the PRC retired its support of Prodi's government, and led to a new centre-left government, including the [[Democratic Union for the Republic]] and the [[Party of Italian Communists]], the latter being a split from the PRC in disagreement over the fall of Prodi's government.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/>

=== Centre-left coalition governments ===
==== Prime Minister of Italy ====
D'Alema became prime minister thanks to [[Francesco Cossiga]] and part of the right-wing opposition, after the crisis of the first Prodi government.<ref name="Cazzola 2022"/> A month after becoming prime minister, D'Alema left the secretariat of the DS to Veltroni and assumed the presidency of the party.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/> The [[first D'Alema government]] continued on the path of financial recovery and privatization, as well as the reform of the welfare state. The differences within the majority were accentuated with the formation of the new grouping of [[Democrats (Italy)|The Democrats]], which were linked to Prodi and [[Antonio Di Pietro]] and that often made the government's path bumpy, and also forced to deal with a difficult situation on the international level, as Italy took part in the [[NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] in 1999.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/>

[[File:Elezione Ciampi.jpg|thumb|left|D'Alema with President [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]] in 1999]]
D'Alema supported Italy's commitment in the [[NATO]] air intervention against the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] in favour of [[Kosovo]] (March–June 1999).<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/> The intervention was also supported by [[Silvio Berlusconi]] and the right-wing opposition, while some of those further to the left, such as the PRC, strongly contested it. The government suffered setbacks at the [[1999 European Parliament election in Italy]], which was held in June, and new tensions in the majority led in December 1999 to his government’s resignation and the establishment of the [[second D'Alema government]], in which greater weight was given to The Democrats.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/>

Both as party leader and prime minister, D'Alema argued for a long time with [[Sergio Cofferati]], the then powerful and undisputed leader of the [[CGIL]] trade union. About labour issues, he said: "Precisely if we want to push forward a labour policy, we must have the courage of a work of renewal. ... I felt Cofferati, even unlike on other occasions, more closed and deaf. We feel challenged by reality to a necessary critical reflection. Mobility, flexibility, are above all a fact of reality. And even something which corresponds to a different way, in the new generation, of looking at work and at one's relationship with work."<ref name="Cazzola 2022"/> At the 1997 party congress, he unexpectedly attacked the CGIL. He said: "Mobility and flexibility are above all a fact of reality ... we must build new and more flexible networks of representation and protection. If we don't put ourselves on this ground, we will represent more and more only a segment of the world of work."<ref name="Martini 2022"/> Additionally, he promoted a Florence conference on the [[Third Way]], in the presence of two personalities far from the tradition of the Italian left: [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Tony Blair]].<ref name="Martini 2022"/>

In the 1998 assembly of the General States of the political left in 1998, D'Alema launched the Cosa 2, a political construction site for a new federative party of the left that would unite the former PCI, socialists, and Christian reformers. Apart from the name change to the DS,  its symbol (the rose of [[European socialism]] instead of the PCI/PDS [[hammer and sickle]] at the foot of the oak) were changed. At the 2001 party congress, D'Alema supported the candidacy for the secretariat of [[Piero Fassino]] against [[Giovanni Berlinguer]] at the head of a minority motion promoted and supported by Cofferati and the CGIL. In a twist of fate, D'Alema was the only centre-left party secretary, alongside [[Matteo Renzi]], to be opposed by the CGIL and its leaders. Because of this, coupled with support from its opponents on the political right, D'Alema was subjected to criticism not only because of his character but of his policy.<ref name="Cazzola 2022"/> They reminded of the farewell to the permanent job and the dominated relationship with Cofferati, sympathy for the Palestinians, that "Bye-bye Condi" directed on the telephone to the then United States secretary of state, [[Condoleezza Rice]], in order to be heard by journalists, the communist pride, and that Berlusconi's conflict of interest never approved in five years of government and that "Mediaset heritage to defend", which was pronounced during the normalization phase with Berlusconi.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/>

[[File:Sposettiedalema.jpg|thumb|right|D'Alema  with the then senator Ugo Sposetti]]
In 1999, D'Alema managed to summon five other heads of state and government to Florence: Clinton, Blair, [[Lionel Jospin]], [[Gerhard Schroeder]], and [[Fernando Cardoso]], among other personalities, from [[Hillary Clinton]] to Prodi, who was the then president of the [[European Commission]]. In those years, D'Alema followed the Third Way and invited entrepreneurs to grow, invest, and get rich. He urged them to report the obstacles encountered in their path so that the government could "get them out of the way".<ref name="Cazzola 2022"/> At the 1999 congress of the [[Federation of the Greens]], D'Alema outlined what would later become the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] (PD). He did not believe in that project because he was convinced that Italy is a structurally right-wing country, that in a [[majoritarian system]] an ex-Communist party alone would never be able to govern, and that even if it succeeded in doing so, the Italian media information system would end up destroying it.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/> Following the defeat in the [[2000 Italian regional elections]], which were held in April, he left the offices of prime minister and president of the DS. In December 2000, he became president of the DS. At the second national congress of the party held in [[Pesaro]] in November 2001, he was confirmed to the party presidency.<ref name="Treccani 2018"/>

==== European Parliament and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs ====
[[File:D'Alema et Rice.jpg|thumb|left|220px|D'Alema with U.S. Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] in 2006]]
Since the [[2004 European Parliament election in Italy]], D'Alema was a [[member of the European Parliament]] for [[Southern Italy (European Parliament constituency)|Southern Italy]] with the DS, as part of the [[Party of European Socialists]] (PES) group, and sat on the [[European Parliament]]'s [[Committee on Fisheries]] and the [[European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs]] until April 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/it/28431/MASSIMO_D'ALEMA/history/6|title=6ª legislatura – Massimo D'Alema|language=it|publisher=European Parliament|date=2018|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> when he stood down following his election to the Chamber of Deputies in Italy.<ref name="Treccani 2018"/> Following Prodi's win in the [[2006 Italian general election]], D'Alema was initially tipped to become [[president of Italy]] once the Chamber of Deputies reconvened. D'Alema himself stepped back, endorsing the official candidate of [[The Union (Italy)|The Union]], [[Giorgio Napolitano]], who was ultimately elected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dell'Omo|first=Marco|date=12 January 2015|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/speciali/corsa_al_colle/2015/01/12/quirinale-2006-ci-prova-dalema-ma-la-spunta-napolitano-_e9666f99-7e9e-4f16-a826-0118a391e070.html|title=Quirinale: 2006, ci prova D'Alema ma la spunta Napolitano|language=it|agency=ANSA|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> Immediately following the April 2006 election, D'Alema was proposed as the future [[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|president of the Chamber of Deputies]]. The PRC strongly pushed for its leader, [[Fausto Bertinotti]], to become the next president.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2006/04/28/news/bertinotti-voti-a-d-alema-un-giochino-della-destra-1.37158368/|title=Bertinotti: 'Voti a D'Alema un giochino della destra'|work=La Stampa|language=it|date=28 April 2006|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> After a couple of days of heated debate, D'Alema stepped back to prevent a fracture between the parties, an act that was applauded by his allies. As a result, Bertinotti was elected president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ronda|first=Serenella|date=25 August 2018|url=https://www.agi.it/politica/presidenti_camera_fini_boldrini_casini_bertinotti_pivetti_violante-3625974/news/2018-03-14/|title=C'è una maledizione che incombe sui presidenti della Camera (per chi ci crede)|language=it|agency=AGI|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> That same month, D'Alema was appointed as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Italy]] and [[Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs]] in the [[second Prodi government]].<ref name="Treccani 2018"/>

[[File:Massimo D'Alema ONU.jpg|thumb|right|180px|D'Alema in 2007]]
As the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, D'Alema pushed for a foreign policy of peace in the Mediterranean world.<ref name="Treccani 2018"/> In September 2006, he expressed his solidarity to the [[Palestinian people]] while calling an end to all violence. He launched an appeal to "all Palestinian groups" to "listen to [[Abu Mazen]], put an end to the rocket attacks against Israel, free the Israeli corporal kidnapped last June, and work to put an end to the violence that has caused so much suffering to the Palestinian people" due to Israeli retaliation;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lastampa.it/esteri/2006/09/08/news/d-alema-e-con-i-palestinesi-1.37147342/|title=D'Alema è con i palestinesi. Il ministro ai gruppi armati: 'Però basta con le violenze'|work=La Stampa|language=it|date=8 September 2006|access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> in May 2021, he reiterated that while aggression from [[Hamas]] is unacceptable, "there is a lack of truth in the way this tragedy is being addressed. ... [We need to] try to understand in some depth how a crisis of this kind explodes, why Hamas and the [[Islamists]] have become so strong."<ref>{{cite news|last=Preziosi|first=Daniela|date=15 May 2021|url=https://www.editorialedomani.it/politica/italia/dalema-allamico-letta-due-popoli-due-stati-e-solo-politically-correct-ojbdhwc6|title=D'Alema all' 'amico Letta': 'Due popoli due stati è solo politically correct'|work=Domani|language=it|access-date=27 July 2023|trans-quote='Between the sea and the Jordan live millions of people, roughly half Jews half Arabs. With a difference. Jews live in large modern cities, Arabs mostly surrounded by barbed wire, turrets, machine guns.' The Palestinians are divided into 'Israeli Arab citizens' who however 'live in a Jewish state, are second-class citizens with fewer rights' and the Palestinians 'who live under occupation'.}}</ref> He served in those posts until Prodi's government fell and Berlusconi's [[The People of Freedom]] (PdL) prevailed in the [[2008 Italian general election]]. D'Alema was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies in this election as part of the newly formed PD.<ref name="Treccani 2018"/> The DS was one of the main founding parties of the PD, and D'Alema himself was a protagonist of the constituent phase.<ref name="Treccani 2018"/> When Veltroni became the new leader of the PD, two D'Alema's organizations hostile to factionalism sprang up: the Red Association and Red TV. In response, D'Alema clarified: "I don't intend to annoy Veltroni!"<ref name="Martini 2022"/> After fourteen months, Veltroni resigned as the party secretary, and the two organizations dissolved themselves.<ref name="Martini 2022"/>

=== Mitrokhin Commission ===
In November 2006, the new [[Italian Parliament]] with a [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|centre-left coalition]] majority instituted a commission to investigate the [[Mitrokhin Commission]] for allegations that it was manipulated for political purposes.<ref>{{webarchive |date=30 Sep 2007 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185650/http://today.reuters.it/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2006-11-28T141548Z_01_DIG850609_RTRIDST_0_OITTP-COPACO-MITROKHIN.XML}}</ref> The Mitrokhin Commission, which was established in 2002 by the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]] majority closed in 2006 with a majority and a minority report, without reaching shared conclusions, and without any concrete evidence given to support the original allegations of [[KGB]] ties to Italian politicians contained in the [[Mitrokhin Archive]]. The centre-right coalition-led commission was criticized as politically motivated, as it was focused mainly on allegations against opposition figures.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stille|first=Alexander|date=11 December 2006|url=<!--http://www.slate.com/id/2155274-->https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/12/the-secret-life-of-mario-scaramella.html|url-status=live|title=The Secret Life of Mario Scaramella|website=Slate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123906/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2006/12/the_secret_life_of_mario_scaramella.html|archive-date=20 September 2018|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>

November 2006 saw the publication of telephone interceptions between the chairman of the Mitrokhin Commission, [[Forza Italia]] senator [[Paolo Guzzanti]], and Scaramella. In the wiretaps, Guzzanti made it clear that the true intent of the Mitrokhin Commission was to support the hypothesis that Prodi would have been an agent financed or in any case manipulated by Moscow and the KGB.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/11_Novembre/30/mitrokhin.shtml|title='Così la Mitrokhin indagava su Prodi'|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|date=30 November 2006|access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unita.it/view.asp?IDcontent=61474 |url-status=dead|title=Mitrokhin, la magistratura indaga, l'Udc prende le distanze|work=L'Unità|language=it|date=1 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090954/http://www.unita.it/view.asp?IDcontent=61474|archive-date=29 September 2007|access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> According to the opposition, which submitted its own minority report, this hypothesis was false, and the purpose of the commission was therefore to discredit opposition politicians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Mitrokhin/documenti/x4088.pdf|title=Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta concernente il 'dossier Mitrokhin' e l'attività di'intelligence italiana – Relazione di minoranza sull'attività istruttoria svolta sull'operazione Impedian|language=it|publisher=Italian Parliament|date=16 December 2004|access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> In the wiretaps, Scaramella had the task of collecting testimonies from some ex-agents of the Soviet secret service refugees in Europe to support these accusations; he was later charged for [[calumny]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Popham|first=Peter|date=28 December 2006|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2108215.ece|url-status=dead|title=Scaramella questioned in Rome over arms trafficking allegations|work=The Independent|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906205842/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2108215.ece|archive-date=6 September 2008|access-date=24 January 2007}}</ref> In a December 2006 interview given to the television program ''La storia siamo noi'',<ref>{{cite episode|url=http://www.lastoriasiamonoi.rai.it/puntata.aspx?id=266|url-status=dead|title=Licenza di uccidere?|series=La storia siamo noi|language=it|date=December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213061752/http://www.lastoriasiamonoi.rai.it/puntata.aspx?id=266|archive-date=13 February 2007|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref> colonel ex-KGB agent Oleg Gordievsky, whom Scaramella claimed as his source, confirmed the accusations made against Scaramella regarding the production of false material relating to D'Alema, Prodi, and other Italian politicians,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/2006/11/sezioni/esteri/putin-spia-avvelenata/intervista-limarev/intervista-limarev.html|title='Il gruppo della Mitrokhin voleva Prodi e D'Alema'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=27 November 2006|access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> and underlined their lack of reliability.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bonini|first1=Carlo|last2=D'Avanzo|first2=Giuseppe|date=7 December 2006|url=https://www.repubblica.it/2006/12/sezioni/esteri/caso-litvinenko-2/scaramella-testa-prodi/scaramella-testa-prodi.html|title=L'ex spia del Kgb su Scaramella 'Un bugiardo, voleva rovinare Prodi'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

=== From the Democratic Party to Free and Equal ===
[[File:Massimo D'Alema - Prato 1.jpg|thumb|D'Alema during a [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] meeting in May 2009]]
In 2010, D'Alema was elected president of the [[Parliamentary Committee for the Security of the Republic]] (COPASIR), a position he held until 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/person/massimo-dalema/|title=Massimo D'Alema|publisher=European Leadership Network|date=2018|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> and of the Foundation of European Progressive Studies (FEPS).<ref name="Treccani 2018"/> In 2012, when the PD experimented American-style primaries, D'Alema wanted to defend the old party traditions, and he disagreed with the idea to convert the historic workers' party to the practices of [[Barack Obama]]'s politics as supported by Veltroni.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/> Since 2013, he was within the left-wing minority of the PD, alongside [[Pierluigi Bersani]], [[Pippo Civati]], and [[Roberto Speranza]], to [[Matteo Renzi]] and the [[Renziani]]. His followers and those close to the position of D'Alema are known as ''dalemiani''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/dalemiano_%28Neologismi%29/|title=Dalemiano|encyclopedia=Il Vocabolario Treccani – Neologismi|language=it|location=Rome|publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute|date=2008|access-date=27 July 2023|via=Treccani}}</ref> ''Dalemiani'' criticize the PD's Veltroanian Charter. ''Dalemiani'' support a party with an [[anti-capitalist]] aspiration, in contrast to the majoritarian aspirations, akin to Britain and the United States, and the reform and amelioration of capitalism.<ref name="Martini 2022"/> They opposed the proposed Renzi's reforms for the [[2016 Italian constitutional referendum]], whose defeat caused the end of Renzi as prime minister and its reforms of the party from old politics. In 2017, in opposition to Renzi's policies and leadership, he was one of the founders of the left-wing split from the PD, [[Article 1 – Democratic and Progressive Movement]] (Art.1), which became part of the centre-left political movement called [[Free and Equal (Italy)|Free and Equal]] (LeU).<ref name="Treccani 2018"/> In the words of Francesco Cundari, author of the book ''Déjà-vu'', in which he recounts twenty-five years of the Italian left, "[i]f on the one hand Veltroni and D'Alema can be reproached for a certain oligarchic conception of the party and of politics, on the other hand they should be recognized that in this way even the internal conflicts of that leadership group have never taken the form of tribal wars, as happened in the Democratic Party from the time of the Bersani–Renzi primary onwards."<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/> According to Cundari, more than Renzi, it was the importation of the American party model that marked its definitive split.<ref name="Mossetti 2018"/>

In the [[2018 Italian general election]], D'Alema was not elected a member of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] in the [[single-member constituency]] for LeU.<ref>{{cite news|last=Casadio|first=Giovanna|date=5 March 2018|url=https://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni2018/2018/03/05/news/flop_di_leu_civati_e_d_alema_fuori_dal_parlamento-190501805/|title=Flop di Leu, Civati e D'Alema fuori. Grasso: 'Andiamo avanti, pronti a confronto con Di Maio'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Oggiano|first=Francesco|date=5 March 2018|url=https://www.vanityfair.it/news/politica/2018/03/05/risultati-elezioni-politiche-2018-massimo-d-alema-puglia|title=E nella sua Puglia D'Alema arrivò ultimo|magazine=Vanity Fair Italia|language=it|access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> Since the 2018 general election, D'Alema, like Veltroni, left the political scenes and became an opinion leader.<ref name="Martini 2022"/> D'Alema became an Extraordinary Professor at [[Link Campus University]], and continued his work as president of the Italianieuropei Foundation (since 2000) and director of the magazine of the same name,<ref name="Atlante 2020"/> which he founded in 1998.<ref name="Treccani 2018"/> During a party reunion in 2019 to celebrate his 70 years, D'Alema paraphrased [[Vladimir Putin]]'s quote about the [[Soviet Union]], and said: "Whoever wants to restore communism is brainless, whoever doesn't remember it is heartless... and I'm deeply sentimental."<ref>{{cite news|last=Casadio|first=Giovanna|date=7 May 2019|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2019/05/07/news/d_alema_70_compleanno_sinistra-225697770/|title=Sinistra riunita per i 70 anni di Massimo D'Alema: 'Chi non ricorda il comunismo è senza cuore'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2023 PD leadership election]], some commentators argued that the contest between [[Stefano Bonaccini]] and [[Elly Schlein]] was remiscent of that of D'Alema and Veltroni, respectively;<ref name="Martini 2022"/> in response, it was argued that Bonaccini did not possess the finesse and cynicism of D'Alema and that Veltroni, who said that he was never a communist, imported the American model of party politics.<ref name="Cazzola 2022"/> During the first meeting of the constituent committee of 87 wise men appointed by [[Enrico Letta]] with the task of rewriting the PD's Manifesto of Values for a new PD in 2022, the D'Alema–Veltroni contrasting visions came back, as Art.1 later merged into the PD in 2023. While they were not part of it, their followers were; exponents of the internal left wing, both old ([[Andrea Orlando]]) and new (Speranza) followed D'Alema's criticism of the [[neoliberal]] hegemony, on the crisis that would invest the formula of [[liberal democracy]] plus market economy that, for D'Alema and his followers, entered into a deep and dramatic crisis.<ref name="Martini 2022"/> Around the same period, he relaunched his call for an alliance between the PD and the [[Five Star Movement]] (M5S).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/politica/2022/10/05/news/massimo_dalema_i_dirigenti_del_pd_non_hanno_rapporti_con_la_realta_dove_prendono_il_caffe_la_mattina-10348713/|title=D'Alema rilancia l'asse Pd-M5S: 'I dirigenti dem non hanno rapporti con la realtà, dove prendono il caffé la mattina?'|website=HuffPost Italia|language=it|date=5 October 2022|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> About the M5S leader [[Giuseppe Conte]] and the M5S, which he said that he did not vote for in the [[2022 Italian general election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2022/10/05/pd-m5s-massimo-dalema|title=Massimo D'Alema: 'Non ho votato M5S, ma serve alleanza con Conte'|website=Sky TG24|language=it|date=5 October 2022|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> D'Alema said: "It is voted for by workers and people in economic difficulty much more than the Democratic Party. A part of the progressives chose him."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2022/11/dalema-conte/|title=<!--Affinità bipopuliste {{!}}-->Per D'Alema, Conte non ha del tutto sbagliato a far cadere il governo Draghi|website=Linkiesta|language=it|date=3 November 2022|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>

== European politics and foreign policy views ==
[[File:Συνάντηση Αντιπροέδρου Κυβέρνησης και ΥΠΕΞ Ευ. Βενιζέλου με πρώην Π-Θ της Ιταλίας Massimo D’Alema (12362344233).jpg|thumb|left|D'Alema with [[Evangelos Venizelos]]]]
D'Alema was briefly a [[member of the European Parliament]] from 2004 to 2006. Since 2003, he has been a member of the scientific committee of [[Michel Rocard]] and [[Dominique Strauss-Kahn]]'s association ''A gauche en Europe'' ("A Left in Europe"). He still figures on the European scene; he signed the [[George Soros]] letter ("As Concerned Europeans") and called for a stronger [[European integration]].<ref>{{cite news|url=<!--http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7d85abd2-f353-11e0-b11b-00144feab49a.html#axzz1gJxuDu9D-->https://www.ft.com/content/7d85abd2-f353-11e0-b11b-00144feab49a|title=As concerned Europeans we urge eurozone leaders to unite|work=Financial Times|date=12 October 2011|access-date=<!--1 July 2013-->27 July 2023}}</ref> Three year after the peace-keeping role in the 2006 Israeli–Lebanon war and beyond, D'Alema became one of the favourite candidates for the charges of president of the [[European Council]], [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]], or [[General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union]], without being appointed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Giovinazzo|first=Domenico|date=23 July 2014|url=https://www.eunews.it/2014/07/23/dalema-and-juncker-the-quest-for-a-fil-rouge-in-the-match-for-appointments/|title=D'Alema and Juncker, the quest for a fil rouge in the match for appointments|website=Eunews|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> Since 30 June 2010, D'Alema is the president of the Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS), the [[European political foundation]] of the PES.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://feps-europe.eu/news/7-massimo-d-alema-elected-as-first-president-of-feps/|url-status=live|title=Massimo D'Alema elected as first President of FEPS|publisher=Foundation for European Progressive Studies|date=30 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023150510/http://www.feps-europe.eu/en/president-massimo-d-alema|archive-date=23 October 2012|access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> He was a friend of the Italian Freemason and banker Vincenzo De Bustis.<ref>{{cite news|last=Statera|first=Alberto|date=27 November 2007|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2007/11/27/massoneria-fratelli-litigiosi-costretti-alla-tregua.html|url-status=live|title=Massoneria I fratelli litigiosi costretti alla tregua|work=La Repubblica|language=it|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161214013932/http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2007/11/27/massoneria-fratelli-litigiosi-costretti-alla-tregua.html|archive-date=14 December 2016|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref>

While Italian Foreign Minister in the second Prodi government, D'Alema took a proactive diplomatic stance during the [[2006 Lebanon War]]. Italy led negotiations with the Israeli foreign minister [[Tzipi Livni]] and was proposed by Israel to head the multinational peacekeeping mission [[Unifil]]. The dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the centre-right coalition opposition that it could prove a kamikaze mission, with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed [[Hezbollah]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/753518.html|url-status=dead|title=Italy to send up to 3,000 troops to Lebanon, largest pledge so far|work=Haaretz|date=22 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901034954/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/753518.html|archive-date=1 September 2006|access-date=22 August 2006}}</ref> He pledged Italy's willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=24 August 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/24/world/middleeast/24cnd-force.html?hp&ex=1156478400&en=46313588d9065f6f&ei=5094&partner=homepage|title=France Pledges More Troops to Lebanon|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref> In November 2013, ahead of the [[2014 European Parliament election]], he said: "We cannot ignore what the eurosceptics are saying. We must take it into account. But the problem is how to answer their arguments and how to offer an answer. I believe politics should provide solutions – otherwise, it becomes propaganda."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/interview/d-alema-we-cannot-ignore-what-the-eurosceptics-are-saying/|title=D'Alema: 'We cannot ignore what the eurosceptics are saying'|website=Euractivc|date=28 November 2013|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>

D'Alema has been an advisor and mediator in the weapon's traffic from [[Italy]] to [[Colombia]].<ref>[https://www.la7.it/100minuti/video/vendita-armi-alla-colombia-la-risposta-di-dalema-sono-caduto-in-un-agguato-probabilmente-ordito-dai-05-05-2025-594675 Vendita di armi alla Colombia: la risposta di D'Alema], [[w:La7|La7]] (May 5, 2025)</ref>

== Personal life ==
D'Alema is married to Linda Giuva, a professor at the [[University of Siena]], and has two children, Giulia and Francesco.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/speciale/2003/papa/gallerie/w_dalema99/pagine/000E50C2.htm|title=Un Papa fra due millenni|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=2003|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Giacobino|first=Andrea|date=8 August 2023|url=https://www.affaritaliani.it/economia/la-madeleine-la-moglie-di-d-alema-lascia-la-figlia-si-prende-la-cantina-853827.html|title=Cantina Le Madeleine, la moglie di D'Alema lascia: alla figlia le sue quote|website=Affaritaliani.it|language=it|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bincher|first=Fosca|date=22 July 2023|url=https://www.open.online/2023/07/22/consulenze-massimo-d-alema-immobiliare/|title=Le consulenze di Massimo D'Alema rendono meno. Ora l'ex leader politico si butta sull'immobiliare|website=Open|language=it|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> D'Alema's passions include [[association football]], and he is a supporter of [[AS Roma]], which he compared to the [[political left]], and said "we who are not used to winning the big games, we trained to suffer and unprepared to rejoice. We remember the defeats, with the fear that there will always be [[1984 European Cup final|penalties to miss in a European Cup final]]."<ref name="Carotenuto 2018">{{cite web|last=Carotenuto|first=Angelo|date=11 October 2018|url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/2018/10/11/news/torna_d_alema_e_parla_di_calcio_la_roma_e_come_la_sinistra_-300974486/|title=Torna D'Alema e parla di calcio: 'La Roma è come la sinistra'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> [[Giulio Andreotti]], the former prime minister of Italy, made him heir for life to the presidency of the Roma parliamentary group at [[Montecitorio]]. About other Italian [[football clubs]], D'Alema said: "I admire [[Juventus FC|Juve]] but, when they play, I always support the others. [[Armando Cossutta|Cossutta]] made me sympathize with [[Inter Milan|Inter]] by telling me it was called Internazionale. I like [[Gianni Rivera|Rivera]] from [[AC Milan|Milan]]. I was the only one to defend him, making him undersecretary in my government. A serious one. Of his [[Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup)|4–3 against Germany]] he said: I only put my foot in, [[Roberto Boninsegna|Boninsegna]] did everything."<ref name="Carotenuto 2018"/>

== Electoral history ==
{|class=wikitable style="width:58%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
|-
!width=12%|Election
!width=25%|House
!width=30%|Constituency
!width=5% colspan="2"|Party
!width=12%|Votes
!width=12%|Result
|-
![[1987 Italian general election|1987]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto constituency (1946–1994)|Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
|[[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
|115,784
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
![[1992 Italian general election|1992]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto constituency (1946–1994)|Lecce–Brindisi–Taranto]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Democratic Party of the Left}}" |
|[[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]]
|30,819
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
![[1994 Italian general election|1994]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Casarano]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Democratic Party of the Left}}" |
|[[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]]
|24,018
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
![[1996 Italian general election|1996]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Casarano]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Democratic Party of the Left}}" |
|[[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]]
|38,077
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
![[2001 Italian general election|2001]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Casarano]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Democrats of the Left}}" |
|[[Democrats of the Left|DS]]
|38,204
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
![[2004 European Parliament election in Italy|2004]]
|[[European Parliament]]
|[[Southern Italy (European Parliament constituency)|Southern Italy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Democratic Party (Italy)}}" |
|[[United in the Olive Tree|Ulivo]]
|836,707
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
![[2006 Italian general election|2006]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Apulia constituency (1994–2006)|Apulia]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Democratic Party (Italy)}}" |
|[[The Olive Tree (Italy)|Ulivo]]
|–{{efn|name=fn1|D'Alema was elected in a [[closed list]] proportional representation system.}}
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
![[2008 Italian general election|2008]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[Apulia (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Apulia]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Democratic Party (Italy)}}" |
|[[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]]
|–{{efn|name=fn1}}
|{{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
![[2018 Italian general election|2018]]
|[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
|[[Nardò]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Free and Equal (Italy)}}" |
|[[Free and Equal (Italy)|LeU]]
|10,552
|{{nowrap|{{cross|15}} '''Not elected'''}}
|}
{{notelist}}

=== First-past-the-post elections ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|-
!colspan=6|1994 Italian general election ([[Italian Chamber of Deputies|C]]): [[Casarano]]
|-
!colspan=2|Candidate
!Coalition
!Party
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Alliance of Progressives}}"|
|align=left|'''Massimo D'Alema'''
|align=left|[[Alliance of Progressives|Progressives]]
|[[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]]
|'''24,018'''
|'''34.80'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Segni Pact}}"|
|align=left|Lorenzo Emilio Ria
|align=left|[[Pact for Italy]]
|[[Segni Pact|PS]]
|20,908
|30.29
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pole of Freedoms}}"|
|align=left|Massimo Basurto
|align=left|[[Pole of Good Government]]
|[[Forza Italia (1994)|FI]]
|20,652
|29.92
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politicians)}}"|
|align=left|Others
|
|
|3,437
|4.98
|-
|align=left colspan=4|'''Total'''
|'''69,015'''
|'''100.0'''
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Turnout 
|'''75,660'''
|'''77.94'''
|-
|align=left colspan=6|Source: [https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=27/03/1994&tpa=I&tpe=L&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=21&levsut1=1&levsut2=2&ne1=21&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&ms=S&ne2=2111&lev2=11&unipro=uni Ministry of the Interior]
|}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|-
!colspan=6|1996 Italian general election ([[Italian Chamber of Deputies|C]]): [[Casarano]]
|-
!colspan=2|Candidate
!Coalition
!Party
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|The Olive Tree (Italy)}}"|
|align=left|'''Massimo D'Alema'''
|align=left|[[The Olive Tree (Italy)|The Olive Tree]]
|[[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]]
|'''38,077'''
|'''55.75'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pole for Freedoms}}"|
|align=left|Luciano Sardelli
|align=left|[[Pole for Freedoms]]
|[[Forza Italia (1994)|FI]]
|30,218
|44.25
|-
|align=left colspan=4|'''Total'''
|'''68,295'''
|'''100.0'''
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Turnout 
|'''74,404'''
|'''74.42'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|The Olive Tree (Italy)}}"|
|align=left colspan=5|[[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|Centre-left]] hold
|-
|align=left colspan=6|Source: [https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=21/04/1996&tpa=I&tpe=L&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=21&levsut1=1&levsut2=2&ne1=21&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&ms=S&ne2=2111&lev2=11&unipro=uni Ministry of the Interior]
|}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|-
!colspan=6|2001 Italian general election ([[Italian Chamber of Deputies|C]]): [[Casarano]]
|-
!colspan=2|Candidate
!Coalition
!Party
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|The Olive Tree (Italy)}}"|
|align=left|'''Massimo D'Alema'''
|align=left|[[The Olive Tree (Italy)|The Olive Tree]]
|[[Democrats of the Left|DS]]
|'''38,204'''
|'''51.49'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|House of Freedoms}}"|
|align=left|Alfredo Mantovano
|align=left|[[House of Freedoms]]
|[[Forza Italia (1994)|FI]]
|33,666
|45.37
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Tricolour Flame}}"|
|align=left|Leonardo Tunno
|
|[[Tricolour Flame|FT]]
|870
|1.17
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Italy of Values}}"|
|align=left|Pantaleo Gianfreda
|
|[[Italy of Values|IdV]]
|839
|1.13
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Radicals}}"|
|align=left|Roberto Mancuso
|
|[[Bonino List|LB]]
|622
|0.84
|-
|align=left colspan=4|'''Total'''
|'''74,201'''
|'''100.0'''
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Turnout 
|'''79,169'''
|'''75.99'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|The Olive Tree (Italy)}}"|
|align=left colspan=5|[[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|Centre-left]] hold
|-
|align=left colspan=6|Source: [https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=13/05/2001&tpa=I&tpe=L&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=21&levsut1=1&levsut2=2&ne1=21&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&ms=S&ne2=2111&lev2=11&unipro=uni Ministry of the Interior]
|}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|-
!colspan=6|2018 Italian general election ([[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|S]]): [[Nardò]]
|-
!colspan=2|Candidate
!Coalition
!Party
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Five Star Movement}}"|
|align=left|'''[[Barbara Lezzi]]'''
|align=left|
|[[Five Star Movement|M5S]]
|'''107,722'''
|'''39.88'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-right coalition}}"|
|align=left|Luciano Cariddi
|align=left|[[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|Centre-right]]
|[[Union of the Centre (2002)|UDC]]
|95,081
|35.20
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Centre-left coalition}}"|
|align=left|[[Teresa Bellanova]]
|align=left|[[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|Centre-left]]
|[[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]]
|46,891
|17.36
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Free and Equal (Italy)}}"|
|align=left|Massimo D'Alema
|align=left|[[Free and Equal (Italy)|Free and Equal]]
|[[Article One (political party)|MDP]]
|10,552
|3.91
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politicians)}}"|
|align=left|Others
|
|
|9,881
|3.65
|-
|align=left colspan=4|'''Total'''
|'''270,127'''
|'''100.0'''
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Turnout 
|'''282,226'''
|'''70.51'''
|-
|align=left colspan=6|Source: [https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=S&dtel=04/03/2018&tpa=I&tpe=L&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=16&levsut1=1&lev2=2&levsut2=2&levsut3=3&ne1=16&ne2=162&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=S&ms=S&ne3=1623&lev3=3 Ministry of the Interior]
|}

== Political career ==
=== Party politics ===
* 1975–1980: National Secretary of the [[Italian Communist Youth Federation|FGCI]]
* 1981–1986: Regional Secretary of the [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]] in [[Apulia]]
* 1986–1989: Editor of the daily newspaper ''[[L'Unità]]''
* 1986–1992: Member of the [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]/[[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]] national secretariat
* 1992–1994: Chairman of the PDS members of Parliament
* 1994–1999: Leader of the PDS/[[Democrats of the Left|DS]]
* Since 1996: Vice-chairman of the [[Socialist International]]
* 1998–2007: Chairman of the DS

=== Institutional politics ===
* 1970–1976: [[Town councillor]] of [[Pisa]]
* 1985–1987: Regional councillor of [[Apulia]]
* 1987–2004: Chairman of the PCI/PDS/DS parliamentary group
* 1987–2013: Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
* 1996–1998: Chairman of the Committee for Constitutional Reform
* 1998–2000: [[Prime Minister of Italy]]
* 2006–2008: [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]

=== Awards ===
* [[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|50px]] Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France), 18 December 2001.<ref>{{cite news|last=Longo|first=Alessandra|date=18 December 2001|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/12/18/alema-la-legion-onore-sa-rispettare.html|title=A D'Alema la Legion d'onore. Sa rispettare gli avversari|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[File:CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|50px]] Grand Cross Knight of the [[Order of Merit (Chile)|Order of Merit]] (Chile), 2005.<ref>{{cite news|last=Corrias|first=Pino|date=7 September 2011|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/09/07/il-vice-conte-maxalla-cortedi-papa-ratzinger/155779/|title=Il vice-conte Max alla corte di papa Ratzinger|work=Il Fatto Quotidiano|language=it|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[File:VAT Order of Pope Pius IX GCross BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cross Knight of the [[Order of Pope Pius IX]] (Vatican City), 20 November 2006.<ref>{{cite news|last=Corrias|first=Pino|date=7 September 2011|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/09/07/il-vice-conte-maxalla-cortedi-papa-ratzinger/155779/|title=Il vice-conte Max alla corte di papa Ratzinger|work=Il Fatto Quotidiano|language=it|access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[File:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 2nd Class BAR.svg|50px]] Grand [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]] (Austria), 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlament.gv.at/dokument/XXIV/AB/10542/imfname_251156.pdf|title=Aufstellung aller durch den Bundespräsidenten verliehenen Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich ab 1952|language=de|publisher=Austrian Parliament|date=23 April 2012|access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* Supreme awards from Palestine and South Korea.

== Books ==
D'Alema published many books, several of which with [[Mondadori]], which is controlled by [[Fininvest]], the family holding company of [[Silvio Berlusconi]], whose first government he staunchly opposed.<ref name="Novelli 2000"/><ref name="Treccani 2018"/>
* ''La crisi del paese e il ruolo della gioventù. Comitato Centrale della FGCI 26-27 gennaio 1976. Relazione del Compagno Massimo D'Alema'' ("The Country's Crisis and the Role of Youth: Central Committee of the FGCI 26–27 January 1976. Report by Comrade Massimo D'Alema"). 1976.
* ''La formazione politica in un moderno partito riformatore'' ("Political Formation in a Modern Reform Party"). Edited with Franco Ottaviano. Rome: Togliatti Institute. 1988.
* ''Il partito nelle aree metropolitane'' ("The Party in the Metropolitan Areas"). Edited with Sandro Morelli. Rome: Togliatti Institute. 1988.
* ''Dialogo su Berlinguer'' ("Dialogue on Berlinguer"). With [[Paul Ginsborg]]. Florence: [[Giunti Editore|Giunti]]. 1994. {{ISBN|88-09-20545-6}}.
* ''Un paese normale. La sinistra e il futuro dell'Italia'' ("A Normal Country: The Left and Italy's Future"). With [[Gianni Cuperlo]] and {{ill|Claudio Velardi|it|Claudio Velardi}}. Milan: Mondadori. 1995. {{ISBN|88-04-40847-2}}.
* ''Progettare il futuro'' ("Shaping the Future"). Edited with Gianni Cuperlo and Claudio Velardi Milan: [[Bompiani]]. 1996. {{ISBN|88-452-2883-5}}.
* ''La sinistra nell'Italia che cambia'' ("The Left in the Changing Italy"). Milan: [[Feltrinelli (publisher)|Feltrinelli]]. 1997. {{ISBN|88-07-47013-6}}.
* ''La grande occasione. L'Italia verso le riforme'' ("The Great Chance: Italy Towards Reforms"), Milan: Mondadori. 1997. {{ISBN|88-04-42161-4}}.
* ''Parole a vista'' ("Words on Sight"). Edited by {{ill|Enrico Ghezzi|it}}. Milan: Bompiani. 1998. {{ISBN|88-452-3777-X}}.
* ''Kosovo. Gli italiani e la guerra'' ("Kosovo: Italians and War"). Interview with [[Federico Rampini]]. Milan: Mondadori, 1999, {{ISBN|88-04-47302-9}}.
* ''Oltre la paura'' ("Beyond Fear"). Milan: Mondadori. 2002. {{ISBN|88-04-51206-7}}.
* ''La politica ai tempi della globalizzazione'' ("Politics in the Time of Globalization"). San Cesario di Lecce: Manni. 2003. {{ISBN|88-8176-391-5}}.
* ''A Mosca, l'ultima volta. Enrico Berlinguer e il 1984'' ("In Moscow, the Last Time: Enrico Berlinguer and 1984"). Rome: Donzelli. 2004. {{ISBN|88-7989-905-8}}.
* ''Il mondo nuovo. Riflessioni per il Partito democratico'' ("The New World: Reflections for the Democratic Party"). Rome: Italianieuropei. 2009. {{ISBN|978-88-89988-23-7}}.
* ''Controcorrente. Intervista sulla sinistra al tempo dell'antipolitica'' ("Countercurrent: Interview on the Left at the Time of Anti-Politics"). Edited by [[Giuseppe Caldarola]]. Rome: Laterza. 2013. {{ISBN|978-88-420-9612-2}}.
* ''Non solo euro. Democrazia, lavoro, uguaglianza. Una nuova frontiera per l'Europa'' ("Not Just Euros: Democracy, Labour, Equality. A New Frontier for Europe"). Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino. 2014. {{ISBN|978-88-498-4104-6}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Baccetti|first=Carlo|date=1997|title=Il PDS. Verso un nuovo modello di partito?|language=it|location=Bologna|publisher=Il Mulino|isbn=978-8-8150-5715-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Fasanella|first=Giovanni|date=1999|title=D'Alema|language=it|location=Milan|publisher=Dalai Editore|isbn=978-8-8808-9720-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Rapisarda|first=Alberto|date=1996|title=Massimo D'Alema|language=it|location=Rome|publisher=Viviani|isbn=978-8-8799-3064-2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|last=Verzichelli|first=Luca|date=December 1998|title=Carlo Baccetti, Il Pds. Verso un nuovo modello di partito?, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997, pp. 285, £ 30.000, Isbn 88-15-05715-3|journal=Italian Political Science Review<!--Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica-->|language=it|volume=28|issue=3|pages=569–570|doi=10.1017/S0048840200026290|issn=0048-8402|doi-access=free}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{official website}}
* {{CIDOB|europa/italia/massimo_d_alema}}
* {{MEP}}
* {{Declaration of financial interests of the 6th term|28431_06-07-2004.PDF|it}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-media}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gerardo Chiaromonte]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director of ''[[L'Unità]]''|years=1988–1990}}
{{s-aft|after=Renzo Foa}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Achille Occhetto]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Secretary of the [[Democratic Party of the Left]]|years=1994–1998}}
{{s-non|reason=Party abolished}}
|-
{{s-new|party}}
{{s-ttl|title=Secretary of the [[Democrats of the Left]]|years=1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Walter Veltroni]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Giglia Tedesco Tatò}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the Democrats of the Left|years=1998–2007}}
{{s-non|reason=Party abolished}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Romano Prodi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Italy]]|years=1998–2000}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Giuliano Amato]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Giulio Tremonti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Prime Minister of Italy]]<br>With [[Francesco Rutelli]]|years=2006–2008}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Angelino Alfano]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Gianfranco Fini]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=2006–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Franco Frattini]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{navboxes
|title = Massimo D'Alema
|list =
{{Prime Ministers of Italy}}
{{Deputy Prime Ministers of Italy}}
{{Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs}}
{{D'Alema I Cabinet}}
{{D'Alema II Cabinet}}
{{Prodi Cabinet}}
{{secretary of the Democrats of the Left}}
}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Alema, Massimo}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Article One (political party) politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (Italy) MEPs]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (Italy) politicians]]
[[Category:Democrats of the Left MEPs]]
[[Category:Democratic Party of the Left politicians]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Italy]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Italy]]
[[Category:Italian Communist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Italian socialists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:MEPs for Italy 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rome]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Italy]]
[[Category:L'Unità editors]]
[[Category:University of Pisa alumni]]