View source for Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik

{{Short description|8th century Umayyad prince and military leader}}
{{other people||Maslama (disambiguation){{!}}Maslama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name            = Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
| image           =
| office          = [[Governor]] of [[al-Jazira (caliphal province)|al-Jazira]], [[Arminiya]] and [[Adharbayjan]]
| term1           = 709–721
| predecessor1    = [[Muhammad ibn Marwan]]
| successor1      = [[Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami]]
| monarch1        = {{plainlist|
* [[Al-Walid I]] ({{reign|705|715}})
* [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]] ({{reign|715|717}})
* [[Umar II]] ({{reign|717|720}})
* [[Yazid II]] ({{reign|720|724}})
}}
| term2           = 725–729
| predecessor2    = Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami
| successor2      = Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami
| monarch2        = {{plainlist|
* Yazid II
* [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham]] ({{reign|724|743}})
}}
| term3           = 730–732
| predecessor3    = Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami
| successor3      = [[Marwan II|Marwan ibn Muhammad]]
| monarch3        = Hisham
| office4         = [[List of Umayyad governors of Iraq|Governor of Iraq]]
| term_start4     = 720
| term_end4       = 721
| monarch4        = Yazid II
| predecessor4    = None{{efn|Iraq was subdivided under separate governors for [[Basra]] and [[Kufa]] in 717–720.{{sfn|Powers|1989|pp=75, 88, 126}} Before that period, it was governed as a single province under [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]] (military affairs) and [[Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman]] (fiscal affairs), in 715–717.{{sfn|Powers|1989|pp=29–30}}}}
| successor4      = [[Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari]]
| spouse          = Al-Rabab bint [[Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi]]
| children        =
| father          = [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]]
| mother          = Unnamed [[umm walad|slave concubine]]
| death_date      = 24 December 738
| death_place     = [[Bilad al-Sham]], [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
| residence       = [[Balis (Syria)|Balis]] <br> [[Hisn Maslama]]
| relatives       = [[Muhammad ibn Marwan|Muhammad]] (uncle) <br> Al-Walid I (brother) <br> Sulayman (brother) <br> Yazid II (brother) <br> Hisham (brother) <br> [[Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid]] (nephew) <br> Umar II (cousin) <br> Marwan ibn Muhammad (cousin)
| occupation      =
|module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes
  | allegiance = [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
  | serviceyears  = 705–732
  | commands =
  | battles_label =
  | battles = {{plainlist|
* [[Arab–Byzantine wars]] ([[Siege of Tyana]], [[Second Arab Siege of Constantinople]])
* [[Second Arab–Khazar War]]}}
  | awards =
  }}
}}
'''Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik''' ({{langx|ar|مسلمة بن عبد الملك|Maslama ibn ʿAbd al-Malik}}, in [[Greek language|Greek]] sources {{lang|grc|Μασαλμᾶς}}, ''Masalmas''; {{fl.|705}} – 24 December 738) was an [[Umayyad]] prince and one of the most prominent [[Arabs|Arab]] generals of the early decades of the 8th century, leading several campaigns against the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Khazar Khaganate]]. He achieved great fame especially for leading the [[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|last Arab siege]] of the Byzantine capital [[Constantinople]].

He launched his military career leading the annual summer raids against the Byzantines in [[Anatolia]]. By 709, he was governor over [[Qinnasrin]] (northern [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]]), the [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]] (Upper Mesopotamia), [[Arminiya|Armenia]], and [[Adharbayjan]], giving him control over the Caliphate's northern frontier. From this position, he launched the first Arab expeditions against the Khazars across the [[Caucasus]]. Maslama's brother, Caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]], appointed him to lead the campaign to capture Constantinople in 715, but it ended in disaster for the Arabs and he was ordered to withdraw by Sulayman's successor, [[Umar II]], in 718.

After his brother [[Yazid II]] ({{reign|720|724}}) came to power, Maslama was sent to suppress the revolt of [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]] in Iraq. Although successful, Maslama was recalled in 721, due to the Caliph's concerns over Maslama's growing power as [[governor of Iraq]]. Maslama was excluded from the line of succession because his mother was a [[umm walad|slave concubine]], but he secured the accession of his other brother, [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham]] ({{reign|724|743}}). Under Hisham, Maslama resumed the campaigns against the Byzantines and the Khazars, with mixed results. In 732, he was replaced by his cousin, the future caliph [[Marwan II]] ({{reign|744|750}}).

Maslama was granted extensive estates by his brothers, investing considerable sums to reclaim and develop agricultural lands in [[Balis (Syria)|Balis]], the [[Balikh River|Balikh]] valley, and the [[Mesopotamian Marshes|marshlands of southern Iraq]]. The estates were inherited by his descendants, but were mostly confiscated by the [[Abbasid dynasty]] after they [[Abbasid Revolution|toppled the Umayyads]] in 750. Nonetheless, out of respect for Maslama's battlefield reputation, his descendants were largely spared from the Abbasids' wide-scale persecutions of the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad family]].

== Family background ==
Maslama was a son of the [[Umayyad]] [[caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] ({{reign|685|705}}) and half-brother of the caliphs [[al-Walid I]] ({{reign|705|715}}), [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]] ({{reign|715|717}}), [[Yazid II]] ({{reign|720|724}}) and [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham]] ({{reign|724|743}}).{{sfn|ODB|loc="Maslama" (P. A. Hollingsworth)|p=1311}}<ref name="PmbZ">{{harvnb|Lilie|Ludwig|Pratsch|Zielke|2000|pages=190–191}}.</ref> Maslama himself was excluded from the line of succession as his mother was a [[umm walad|slave concubine]].{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}}{{sfn|Lammens|1987|p=394}} Around 691, Abd al-Malik arranged Maslama's marriage to al-Rabab, the daughter of the [[Qays]]i tribal chief [[Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi]], as part of the settlement to end Zufar's revolt against the Umayyads.{{sfn|Dixon|1971|pp=92–94}}

== First command in the northwestern frontier ==
=== Campaigns against the Byzantines ===
[[File:Arab-Byzantine frontier zone.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the Arab-Byzantine frontier zone]]
Maslama is first mentioned as leading, along with his nephew [[al-Abbas ibn al-Walid]], the annual summer campaign ({{Transliteration|ar|sa'ifa}}; pl. {{Transliteration|ar|sawa'if}}) against the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 705.{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}} His first major expedition was the [[Siege of Tyana|707–708 campaign]] against the Byzantine city of [[Tyana]] in southeastern [[Asia Minor]], which was launched in retaliation for the defeat and death of the distinguished general Maimun the [[Mardaite]] the year before. The siege lasted through winter and the Arab army faced great hardship, but after the Arabs defeated a Byzantine relief force in spring 708, the city surrendered.<ref name="PmbZ"/>{{sfn|Lammens|1987|p=394}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=341}} A few months later, in the summer, Maslama led another expedition into Asia Minor and defeated a Byzantine army near [[Amorium]], while in 709 he raided into the region of [[Isauria]].{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=341}}

In the same year, Maslama was appointed military governor of the [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]], [[Arminiya|Armenia]] and [[Adharbayjan]], succeeding his uncle [[Muhammad ibn Marwan]].{{sfn|ODB|loc="Maslama" (P. A. Hollingsworth)|p=1311}}{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}}{{sfn|Lammens|1987|p=394}}{{sfn|Haase|2006|p=54}} This he added to the post of governor of [[Jund Qinnasrin]] in northern [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]], which he already held during his father's reign.{{sfn|Crone|1980|p=125}} His governorship of Qinnasrin was not as well-documented by early Arabic chroniclers as his other posts.{{sfn|Bacharach|1996|p=34}} Together, command of these provinces effectively gave him complete control of the Caliphate's entire northwestern border. From this position he launched several campaigns against the Byzantines, devastating [[Galatia]] and sacking [[Amaseia]] in 712, and taking [[Melitene]] in 714.{{sfn|ODB|loc="Maslama" (P. A. Hollingsworth)|p=1311}}{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}}{{sfn|Lammens|1987|p=394}}

===War with the Khazars===
Maslama was also the first to establish the Caliphate's presence north of the [[Caucasus]], leading to the commencement of direct conflict with the [[Khazars]] (the [[Second Arab–Khazar War]]).{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=108}} Sources date the resumption of the conflict as early as 707 with a campaign by Maslama in [[Adharbayjan]] and up to [[Derbent]] (known in Arabic as Bab al-Abwab, 'Gate of Gates'). Further attacks on Derbent are reported by different sources in 708 by Muhammad ibn Marwan and the following year again by Maslama.{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|p=60}}

In 713/14, Maslama led an expedition which captured Derbent, reportedly after a resident showed him a secret underground passage.{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}}{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|p=203}} The Armenian historian [[Łewond]] claims that the Arabs, realizing that they could not hold the fortress, razed its walls.{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|p=203}} Maslama then drove deeper into Khazar territory. The Khazar {{Transliteration|otk|[[khagan]]}} confronted the Arabs at the city of Tarku but, apart from a series of single combats by [[mubarizun|champions]], the two armies did not engage for several days. The imminent arrival of Khazar reinforcements under the general [[Alp Tarkhan|Alp']] forced Maslama to quickly abandon his campaign and retreat to Iberia, leaving his camp with all its equipment as a ruse.{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|pp=203–205}}

The early Muslim sources generally credit Maslama with leading the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] in 713, though his nephew [[Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid]] is also cited as the leader that year.{{sfn|Gordon|Robinson|Rowson|Fishbein|2018|p=1002}}{{sfn|Hinds|1990|pp=213–214}} Leadership of the {{Transliteration|ar|sawa'if}} and the annual Hajj were both prestigious commands, which under the Umayyads were almost exclusively held by prominent members of the dynasty.{{sfn|Marsham|2009|pp=124–125}}

== Siege of Constantinople ==
{{main|Siege of Constantinople (717–718)}}
[[File:47-cropped-manasses-chronicle.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Arab attack on Constantinople, from the ''[[Manasses Chronicle]]'']]
From 715 Maslama was the leading general in the plans of his brother, Caliph Sulayman, to conquer the Byzantine capital, [[Constantinople]], as Sulayman himself was too ill to lead the campaign in person.{{sfn|Guilland|1959|pp=110–111}} Maslama led a huge army, which sources report to have numbered 120,000 men and 1,800 ships.{{sfn|Guilland|1959|p=110}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=346}} In late 715, the Arab vanguard crossed the [[Taurus Mountains]] into Byzantine territory, Maslama following in spring 716 with the main army and the fleet. The Arabs' plans were aided by the recurrence of civil strife, which [[Twenty Years' Anarchy|had plagued]] the Byzantines since 695; Emperor [[Anastasios II (emperor)|Anastasius II]] was overthrown by [[Theodosius III]] in 715, who was in turn opposed by the ''[[strategos]]'' of the [[Anatolic Theme]], [[Leo the Isaurian]]. Maslama hoped to use the divisions among the Byzantines for his own benefit and initiated contacts with Leo, but the latter used the negotiations to outwit the Arab general and occupied for himself the strategic city of Amorium, which Maslama had intended to use as his winter base. As a result, Maslama marched further west, to the coastlands of the [[Thracesian Theme]]. There he spent the winter, while Leo marched against Theodosius in Constantinople, which he entered in March 717.{{sfn|Guilland|1959|pp=111–114, 124–126}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|pp=344–345}}

In early summer 717, Maslama with his army crossed from Asia into Europe over the [[Dardanelles]], and proceeded to besiege Constantinople from land and sea. His navy, however, was soon neutralized by the use of [[Greek fire]], and as his army was unable to overcome the city's [[Theodosian Walls|land defences]], the siege continued into the winter, which was especially severe that year, with snow covering the ground for three months. Maslama had brought along many supplies, but they either soon ran out or were lost—Arab accounts make much of Leo tricking the Arab general yet again during negotiations into handing over or destroying a significant part of his hoarded supplies{{sfn|Brooks|1899|pp=24–28}}—and the army began to suffer from hunger and disease.{{sfn|Guilland|1959|pp=119–123}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|pp=346–347}}

In spring, reinforcements arrived in the form of two large fleets from [[Medieval Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Ifriqiya]], but a large part of their crews, who were mostly conscripted Christians, went over to the Byzantines, and Leo's navy managed to destroy or capture the Arab fleets. The Byzantines also defeated an Arab army marching to aid the besiegers through Asia Minor, while Maslama's men had to contend with attacks by the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgars]] as well, which cost them many men. The siege had clearly failed, and the new Caliph, [[Umar II]] ({{reign|717|720}}), ordered Maslama to retreat. On 15 August 718, after thirteen months of siege, the Arabs departed.{{sfn|Guilland|1959|pp=121–123}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|pp=347–349}}

== Governorship in Iraq ==
After his failure at Constantinople, Maslama was dispatched to [[Lower Mesopotamia|Iraq]] to quell the [[Kharijites]], an Islamic sect opposed to the Umayyads. Following Umar's death and the accession of his brother Yazid II in 720, he was tasked with suppressing the mass Iraqi revolt led by [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab]], whom he defeated and killed in August 720.{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}}<ref name="PmbZ"/>{{sfn|Lammens|1987|p=394}} As [[List of Umayyad governors of Iraq|governor of Iraq]], a major provincial office whose authority extended over the eastern half of the Caliphate, Maslama championed the Qays in their [[Qays–Yaman rivalry|factional conflict]] with the [[Yaman (tribal group)|Yaman]], whose interests Ibn al-Muhallab had represented. Maslama dismissed all the Yamani sub-governors of Iraq and the eastern provinces and voided all the orders Ibn al-Muhallab had issued while in office.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=135–137}} Maslama soon fell out of favour with the Caliph, who resented and feared his power as governor of Iraq, as well as his interference in the caliphal succession: Maslama favoured his brother Hisham over Yazid's son [[Al-Walid II|al-Walid]]. Yazid recalled Maslama from his post, ostensibly because he had failed to deliver his provinces' tax haul to the caliphal capital, [[Damascus]], and replaced him with Maslama's Qaysi protege, [[Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari]].{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}}{{sfn|Lammens|1987|p=394}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=87–88}}

==Second command in the northwestern frontier==
===Raids against Byzantium and the sack of Caesarea===
Maslama then disappears from the sources and re-emerges in 725, shortly after Yazid's death and the accession of Hisham, who sent Maslama to replace the veteran general [[al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami]] in the Caucasus front against the Khazars. Initially, however, Maslama was mostly active in the Byzantine front, and the war against the Khazars was delegated to [[al-Harith ibn Amr al-Ta'i]].{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=123}}{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|p=67}} In winter 725, Maslama led an expedition against Asia Minor from Melitene, which culminated in the sack of [[Caesarea Mazaca|Caesarea]] on 13 January 726. Along with the capture of [[Gangra]] by [[Abdallah al-Battal]] in 727, this was one of the major successes of Arab arms against the Byzantines in the 720s. A few months later, he also led the otherwise unremarkable northern {{Transliteration|ar|sa'ifa}} into Byzantine territory.{{sfn|ODB|loc="Maslama" (P. A. Hollingsworth)|p=1311}}<ref name="PmbZ"/>{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=120–121}}

===Fighting the Khazars, 727–728===
[[File:Map of the Caucasus, 740 CE.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the Caucasus region {{circa|740}}]]
Maslama's attention was then diverted to the Khazar front, where 726 had seen major Khazar invasions into Albania and Adharbayjan.{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|p=67}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=124}} Both sides escalated their commitment in 727: Maslama for the first time confronted the {{Transliteration|otk|khagan}} himself.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=124}} The Arabs took the offensive, probably reinforced with Syrian and Jaziran troops. Maslama recovered the Darial Pass and pushed into Khazar territory, campaigning there until the onset of winter forced him to return to Adharbayjan.{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=124}}

A second invasion in the following year, ended in what the historian [[Khalid Yahya Blankinship]] calls a "near disaster". Arab sources report that the Umayyad troops fought for thirty or forty days in the mud, with continuous rain, before defeating the {{Transliteration|otk|khagan}} on 17 September 728. The impact of their victory is questionable, however; Maslama was ambushed by the Khazars upon his return, and the Arabs abandoned their baggage train and fled through the Darial Pass to safety.{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|p=68}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=124–125}}

After this campaign, Maslama was replaced as governor yet again by al-Jarrah. Despite his energy, Maslama's campaigns failed to produce the desired results; by 729, the Arabs had lost control of northeastern Transcaucasia and were again on the defensive, with al-Jarrah having to defend Adharbayjan against a Khazar invasion.{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|p=68}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=125, 149}}{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|p=211}} He is then recorded by the Byzantine chronicler [[Theophanes the Confessor]] as having been responsible for the sack of the fortress of [[Charsianon]] in late 730, but Arab sources credit [[Mu'awiya ibn Hisham]] for this act.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=162}}

==Third command in the northwestern frontier==
In the Caucasus, the situation quickly deteriorated after Maslama's departure. While al-Jarrah campaigned north of the Caucasus, the Khazars swung behind him and attacked his main base, [[Ardabil]]. Hastening to relieve the city, al-Jarrah was defeated and killed, and his army practically annihilated in a [[Battle of Marj Ardabil|battle outside the city]] on 9 December 730.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=149–150}}{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|pp=69–70}}{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|pp=212–213}}

With Khazar detachments ranging unopposed as far as Mosul, Caliph Hisham again appointed Maslama as governor of Armenia and Adharbayjan to fight the Khazars. While Maslama was assembling his force, the veteran general [[Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi]] was sent to try and halt the Khazar advance. Sa'id was able to do more than that, defeating the dispersed Khazar forces, and recovering towns and prisoners.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=150–151}}{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|pp=70–74}}{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|pp=213–215}} Sa'id's unexpected success angered Maslama; Łewond writes that Sa'id had won the war and received what glory (and booty) there was to be had. Sa'id was relieved of his command in early 731 by Maslama and imprisoned at [[Qabala]] and Bardha'a, charged with endangering the army by disobeying orders, and was released only after the caliph intervened on his behalf.{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|p=215}}{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|pp=74–76}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=151}}

At the command of a large army, Maslama took the offensive. He restored the provinces of Albania to Muslim allegiance (after punishing the inhabitants of Khaydhan who resisted him) and reached Derbent, where he found a Khazar garrison of 1,000 men and their families.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=151}}{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|pp=76–77}} Leaving al-Harith ibn Amr al-Ta'i to keep watch there, Maslama advanced north. Although details of this campaign may be conflated in the sources with his earlier 728 campaign, he apparently took Khamzin, Balanjar, and Samandar before being forced to retreat after a confrontation with the main Khazar army under the {{Transliteration|otk|khagan}}. Leaving their campfires burning, the Arabs withdrew in the middle of the night and quickly reached Derbent in a series of forced marches. The Khazars shadowed Maslama's march south and attacked him near Derbent, but the Arab army (augmented by local levies) resisted until a small, elite force attacked the {{Transliteration|otk|khagan}}{{'}}s tent and wounded him. The Muslims, encouraged, then defeated the Khazars.{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|pp=77–79}}{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|pp=151–152}}{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|pp=216–217}}

===Re-foundation of Derbent===
[[File:Freitagsmoschee Derbent.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Friday Mosque of [[Derbent]] (Bab al-Abwab), dating to the city's re-foundation by Maslama]]
Taking advantage of his victory, Maslama poisoned the water supply of Derbent to drive the Khazar garrison out. He re-established the city as an Arab military colony ({{Transliteration|ar|[[amsar|misr]]}}), restoring its fortifications and garrisoning it with 24,000 troops, mostly from Syria, divided into quarters by their district ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jund]]}}) of origin.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=152}}{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|pp=79–80}}{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|p=217}} Leaving his relative [[Marwan II|Marwan ibn Muhammad]] (later the last Umayyad caliph, from 744 to 750) in command at Derbent, Maslama returned with the rest of his army south of the Caucasus for the winter.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=152}}{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|pp=79–80}}{{sfn|Artamonov|1962|p=218}}

Despite the capture of Derbent, Maslama's was apparently unsatisfactory to Hisham, who replaced his brother in March 732 with Marwan ibn Muhammad.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=152}}

==Retirement==
Maslama thereafter retired from public life, possibly to his extensive estates in northern Syria.{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}} He backed Hisham's attempts to install his son, [[Maslama ibn Hisham|Abu Shakir Maslama]], as his successor, in place of the heir apparent, Yazid II's son al-Walid.{{sfn|Marsham|2009|p=}} Maslama died on 24 December 738.{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}} With his death, Hisham lost a major supporter for his succession plans in the Umayyad family. Al-Walid acceded after Hisham's death in 743.{{sfn|Marsham|2009|pp=118–121}}

== Legacy ==
Maslama was among "the most celebrated generals of the Umayyad house", in the words of the historian [[Patricia Crone]].{{sfn|Crone|1980|p=125}} As the commander of the great assault on Constantinople and the "founder of Islamic Derbent",{{sfn|Rotter|1991|p=740}} for over twenty years in the early 8th century, Maslama was "one of the principal props of Umayyad power and a foremost actor on the stage of the East", according to the historian [[Douglas M. Dunlop]].{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|p=67}} His fame spread far and wide in the [[Muslim world]], and his exploits and chivalry passed into legend.{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|p=67}}

=== Legendary traditions ===
In later traditions, Maslama's fortification of Derbent was parallelized with the [[Walls of Derbent|similar efforts]] by the 6th-century Sasanian monarch [[Khosrow Anushirvan]] and even with [[Alexander the Great]]'s legendary '[[Gates of Alexander|Wall of Alexander]]', meant to keep [[Gog and Magog]] (here equated with the Khazars) at bay.{{sfn|Vacca|2017|pp=96–98}} His activity in the region ensured his continued presence in the traditions of North Caucasus Muslims. Thus, according to the 13th-century geographer [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]], Muslims went on pilgrimage to a mosque near Derbent where a sword reputed to have belonged to Maslama was kept in its [[mihrab]].{{sfn|Vacca|2017|p=26}}

Maslama's attempt to capture Constantinople in particular became celebrated in later Muslim literature, with several surviving accounts, mostly semi-fictional, in which the historical defeat was transformed into a sort of victory: Maslama was said to have departed only after symbolically entering the Byzantine capital on his horse accompanied by thirty riders; Leo received him with honour and led him to the [[Hagia Sophia]], where the emperor paid homage to the Arab general.{{sfn|Canard|1926|pp=99–102}}{{sfn|Guilland|1959|pp=130–131}} The tales of the siege influenced similar episodes in [[Arabic epic literature]], where Maslama appears associated with Abdallah al-Battal, another legendary Arab hero of the wars against Byzantium.{{sfn|Canard|1926|pp=112–121}}{{sfn|Guilland|1959|pp=131–132}} His campaign against Constantinople continued to provide inspiration to later Muslim authors, from the {{Transliteration|ar|Muhadarat al-Abrar}} ascribed to the 13th-century Andalusian mystic [[Ibn Arabi]], to the {{Transliteration|ar|khamsa}} of the 17th-century Ottoman poet Nargisi.{{sfn|Dunlop|1954|p=67}}

Furthermore, Byzantine tradition, as recorded in the 10th-century ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'', held that during the siege Maslama convinced the Byzantines to build Constantinople's first [[mosque]], near the city's ''[[Praetorium of Constantinople|praetorium]]''.<ref name="PmbZ"/> In reality, the mosque near the ''praetorium'' was most likely erected in about 860, as a result of an Arab embassy in that year. It survived down to the [[Sack of Constantinople (1204)|sack]] of the city by the [[Fourth Crusade]].{{sfn|Hasluck|1929|p=720}} Later [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] tradition also ascribed the building of the [[Arap Mosque]] (located outside Constantinople proper in [[Galata]]) to Maslama, although it erroneously dated this to around 686, probably confusing Maslama's attack with the [[First Arab Siege of Constantinople|first Arab siege]] in the 670s.{{sfn|Hasluck|1929|pp=718–720}}

=== Land development and reclamation projects ===
Several Umayyad princes were granted estates by the caliphs, usually land of little value, which the princes developed for profit.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=82}} Abd al-Malik or al-Walid I granted Maslama an estate at [[Balis (Syria)|Balis]] and its environs, where agriculture was rain-dependent.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=211}}{{sfn|Leisten|2009|p=377}} The previous inhabitants of Balis had fled the town during the early 7th-century [[Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest]] and it was re-settled by Syrian Arab tribal warriors who converted to Islam.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=211}} Upon his own initiative or per the inhabitants' request, Maslama revitalized the lands by digging a canal there, called Nahr Maslama after him, to irrigate its fields, and built a wall around Balis.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=20}} The estate was not subject to the land tax ({{Transliteration|ar|[[kharaj]]}}) paid by non-Muslims; it paid the minimal [[tithe]] ({{Transliteration|ar|ushr}}) to the state. Maslama collected one third of the remaining yield, the rest going to the inhabitants, who were effectively sharecroppers.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=21}}{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=214}}

An extensive former canal that was excavated near the site of [[Dibsi Faraj]] (medieval Qasirin), in the 1970s, has been identified with Nahr Maslama. The canal ran parallel to the Euphrates river, corresponding with medieval accounts tracing Nahr Maslama's route from Balis through Qasirin to the site of [[Siffin]] ([[Tell Abu Hureyra]]). The 8th-century [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ''[[Chronicle of Zuqnin]]'' mentions that Maslama built several villages and forts along the canal.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=82}} The early Muslim sources mention one fortified village he founded, Na'ura (Waterwheel), between Balis and [[Aleppo]], which has not been identified. It remained inhabited at least until the 10th century.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=89}} Between his frequent military campaigns and his other estates in Syria and the Jazira, it is unlikely Maslama spent significant time in Balis before his retirement. In his absence, the Umayyads at Balis were led by his brother [[Sa'id al-Khayr]].{{sfn|Leisten|2009|p=377}}

Maslama founded the dual site of [[Hisn Maslama]] and [[Bajadda]] on both sides of the [[Balikh River]] valley. There, he built a fortified compound and dug a canal, also known as Nahr Maslama, to transport water from the Balikh to a large cistern which supplied the new town, whose inhabitants were Muslim landed settlers. He granted Bajadda to one of his Qaysi lieutenants, [[Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami]], who further developed it.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=142}} Hisn Maslama, which Maslama probably used as one of his residences,{{sfn|Heidemann|2009|p=501}} was probably abandoned after the mid-9th century.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=142}}

Another of Maslama's major land reclamation projects was in the [[Mesopotamian Marshes|marshes of southern Iraq]]. There, frequent breaches of embankments caused mass flooding, which ruined the farmlands of the region. Al-Walid I would not fund the restoration of the farms due to the high cost, estimated to be 3,000,000 [[dirham]]s. Instead, Maslama volunteered to pay the sum in exchange for the Caliph granting him the land.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=20}} Maslama drained the marshes by digging a canal and brought farmers to cultivate the reclaimed lands, enabling his estates to prosper.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|pp=20–21}} According to the historian [[Hugh N. Kennedy]], Maslama "clearly recouped his investment, presumably from a share of the crops".{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=21}}{{efn|Maslama's estates in Iraq's marshlands were confiscated by the Abbasids after they took power in 749–750. They were granted to the Abbasid prince [[Dawud ibn Ali]] and were inherited by his descendants, from whom one of the Abbasid caliphs purchased them.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=22}}}}

=== Building works ===
The historian [[Jere L. Bacharach]] speculates that Maslama was the most likely founder of the [[Umayyad Mosque of Aleppo]], whose original construction is otherwise attributed to al-Walid I or Sulayman. Most of the present structure dates to the 12th–13th centuries. Bacharach bases his view on Maslama's governorship of Qinnasrin and his possible use of Aleppo as a base for the {{Transliteration|ar|sawa'if}}, for which a [[congregational mosque]] to serve the troops would have made sense.{{sfn|Bacharach|1996|p=34}} The Umayyad-era {{Transliteration|ar|[[wikt:qasr|qasr]]}} (castle) in Balis, a fortified residence with a canal and a wool production center, was possibly a construction by Maslama or Sa'id al-Khayr.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=97}} Maslama may have been responsible for some construction works in the town of [[Qinnasrin]].{{sfn|Bacharach|1996|p=34}} In Damascus, he had an [[iwan]] (enclosed hall) called after him alongside the residences of other Umayyad dynasts, including the caliphal [[Khadra Palace]], situated behind the [[Umayyad Mosque]].{{sfn|Haase|2006|p=55}}{{sfn|Flood|2001|pp=148–149, note 47}}

=== Descendants ===
Maslama's descendants inherited his estates and continued living in northern Syria after his death. In the aftermath of the [[Abbasid Revolution]], which toppled the Umayyads in 750, an Abbasid officer harassed Maslama's family and seized his fortified residence at Na'ura. The incident provoked the Qaysi allies of Maslama's family, led by Zufar ibn al-Harith's grandson [[Abu al-Ward]], to revolt against the Abbasids.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=89}} The revolt was soon after quashed and Maslama's estates were confiscated and transferred to the Abbasids.{{sfn|Robinson|2010|pp=235–236}}{{efn|The first [[Abbasid]] caliph, [[al-Saffah]] ({{reign|750|754}}), transferred Maslama's Balis estates to the Abbasid prince [[Sulayman ibn Ali al-Hashimi|Sulayman ibn Ali]]. They were inherited by the latter's son, [[Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Ali|Muhammad]], but were confiscated by Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] ({{reign|786|809}}), who bequeathed them to his son, the later caliph, [[al-Ma'mun]] ({{reign|813|833}}). They remained with al-Ma'mun's descendants at least into the late 9th century.{{sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=21}}}} Around the same time, a son of Maslama, Muhammad, raised a revolt in [[Harran]], but it was also suppressed.{{sfn|Robinson|2010|pp=234–235}}

The Abbasid caliphs were nonetheless sympathetic toward the memory of Maslama and toward his family.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=143}} This was probably due to Maslama's reputation as a sober Muslim and fame as a {{Transliteration|ar|[[ghazi (warrior)|ghazi]]}} (warrior) against the Byzantines.{{sfn|Haase|2006|pp=55–56}} His descendants remained in northern Syria, where several were still recorded in the sources around a century later.{{sfn|Robinson|2010|pp=234–235}} His grandson, [[Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Hisni]], a poet, was spared by Caliph [[al-Mahdi]] when the latter visited Hisn Maslama in 780, despite making a slight toward the Abbasids in verse.{{sfn|Eger|2017|p=143}} One of Maslama's descendants, [[Maslama ibn Ya'qub]], seized control of Damascus with the backing of Qaysi tribesmen and proclaimed himself caliph in {{circa|813}}, during the [[Great Abbasid Civil War]]. He was ousted shortly after and died in hiding.{{sfn|Cobb|2001|pp=61–63, 172}} A 10th-century descendant of Maslama,{{sfn|Uzquiza Bartolomé|1994|pp=420, 456}} [[Abu Bakr ibn al-Azraq]], was a prominent poet in the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and [[Caliphate of Cordoba|Umayyad Spain]].{{sfn|Makki|1968|p=21}}{{efn|Abu Bakr ibn al-Azraq lived in the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and was imprisoned in [[Mahdia]] on suspicion of spying for his Umayyad relatives who ruled [[al-Andalus|Muslim Spain]]. He escaped to the [[Caliphate of Cordoba|Umayyad caliphate in Spain]] in 954, later settled at the court of Caliph [[al-Hakam II]] ({{reign|961|976}}), and died in [[Cordoba, Spain|Cordoba]] in 995. He contributed significantly to the spread of Egyptian culture in Spain.{{sfn|Makki|1968|p=21}} His genealogy was traced to Maslama as follows: Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Hamid ibn Musa ibn al-Abbas ibn Muhammad ibn Yazid ibn Muhammad ibn Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik.{{sfn|Uzquiza Bartolomé|1994|pp=420, 456}}}}

{{chart top|Family tree of Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik|collapsed=yes}}
<div class="center">
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MARW | | | |MARW=[[Marwan I]] ({{reign|684|685}})|boxstyle_ MARW=background-color: #fcc;}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| AMLK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AAZ | | MUH |AMLK=[[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] ({{reign|685|705}})|MUH=[[Muhammad ibn Marwan|Muhammad]]|AAZ=[[Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan|Abd al-Aziz]]|boxstyle_ AMLK=background-color: #fcc;}}
{{Tree chart| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| WAL1 | | SUL | | | | MAS | | | | KHAYR | | YAZ2 | | HIS | | UMA2 | | MARW2 |MAS=Maslama|WAL1=[[Al-Walid I]] ({{reign|705|715}})|SUL=[[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]] ({{reign|715|717}})|KHAYR=[[Sa'id al-Khayr]]|YAZ2=[[Yazid II]] ({{reign|720|724}})|HIS=[[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham]] ({{reign|724|743}})|UMA2=[[Umar II]] ({{reign|717|720}})|MARW2=[[Marwan II]] ({{reign|744|750}})|boxstyle_ WAL1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_ SUL=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_ YAZ2=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_ HIS=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_ UMA2=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_ MAS=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_ MARW2=background-color: #fcc;}}
{{Tree chart| |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |!| | | |}}
{{Tree chart| ABB | | MUHMAS | | YAZMAS | | SAID | | SHAR | | WAL2 | | MASHIS |ABB=[[Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid|Al-Abbas]]|SAID=Sa'id|WAL2=[[Al-Walid II]] ({{reign|743|744}})|MASHIS=[[Maslama ibn Hisham|Maslama]]|YAZMAS=Yazid|MUHMAS=Muhammad|SHAR=Sharahil{{efn|Sharahil ibn Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik was imprisoned in [[Harran]] by Caliph [[Marwan II]] and was killed with other Umayyads while attempting to escape the prison in 750.{{sfn|Williams|1985|pp=167–168}}}}|boxstyle_ WAL2=background-color: #fcc;}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | MUHYAZ | | MUHSAI |MUHYAZ=Muhammad al-Hisni|MUHSAI=Muhammad}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | ALI |ALI=Ali}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | YAQ |YAQ=Ya'qub}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | AZRAQ | | | | | | MASYAQ |AZRAQ=Ibn al-Azraq|MASYAQ=Maslama}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
</div>
{{justify|
{{legend|#bfc|Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik}}
{{legend|#fcc|Umayyad caliphs}}
}}
{{chart bottom}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book | last = Artamonov | first = M. I. | author-link = Mikhail Artamonov (historian) | title = История хазар | language = ru | trans-title = History of the Khazars | publisher = Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа | location = Leningrad | year = 1962 | oclc = 490020276 }}
* {{cite book |first=Jere L. |last=Bacharach |author-link=Jere L. Bacharach |editor-last=Necipoğlu |editor-first=Gülru |editor1-link=Gülru Necipoğlu |title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World |chapter=Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage |volume=13 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |year=1996 |isbn=90-04-10633-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&pg=PA27 |pages=27–44}}
* {{The End of the Jihad State}}
* {{cite journal |last=Brooks |first=E. W. |title=The Campaign of 716–718 from Arabic Sources |journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |volume=XIX |publisher=The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies |year=1899 |pages=19–33 |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofhelleni19soci#page/18/mode/2up|doi=10.2307/623841 |jstor=623841|s2cid=163360931 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Canard |first=Marius |author-link=Marius Canard |title=Les expéditions des Arabes contre Constantinople dans l'histoire et dans la légende |journal=[[Journal Asiatique]] |number=208 |year=1926 |pages=61–121 |language=fr |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k933084/f65 |issn=0021-762X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cobb |first1=Paul M. |title=White Banners: Contention in 'Abbasid Syria, 750–880 |date=2001 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=0-7914-4879-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2C6KIBw4F9YC}}
* {{Slaves on Horses}}
* {{cite book |last=Dixon |first='Abd al-Ameer 'Abd |year=1971 |title=The Umayyad Caliphate, 65–86/684–705: (a Political Study) |publisher=Luzac |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiPNl429iuEC |isbn=978-0718901493 }}
* {{cite book |first=Douglas M. |last=Dunlop |author-link=Douglas M. Dunlop |title=The History of the Jewish Khazars |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1954 |oclc=459245222}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eger |first1=A. Asa |title=The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange among Muslim and Christian Communities |date=2017 |orig-year=2015 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=New York and London |isbn=978-1-78453-919-1 |edition=Paperback}}
* {{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbar Barry |title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture |date=2001 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Boston and Köln |isbn=90-04-11638-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5f8kxIyykQC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Matthew S. |last2=Robinson |first2=Chase F. |last3=Rowson |first3=Everett K. |last4=Fishbein |first4=Michael |title=The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-35621-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHxTDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last=Guilland |first=Rodolphe |author-link=Rodolphe Guilland |title=L'Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717–718)|journal=Études byzantines|year=1959|pages=109–133|language=fr |publisher=Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris |location=Paris |oclc=603552986}}
* {{cite book |last1=Haase |first1=Claus-Peter |editor1-last=Kennedy |editor1-first=Hugh |title=Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden and Boston |isbn=90-04-14713-6 |url= |chapter=The Excavations at Madīnat al-Fār/Ḥiṣn Maslama on the Balikh Road |pages=54–60}}
* {{cite book |last=Hasluck |first=F. W. |title=Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Volume II |chapter=LVII. The Mosques of the Arabs in Constantinople |year=1929 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/chrstianityandis032586mbp#page/n373 |pages=717–735}}
* {{cite book |last=Heidemann |first=Stefan |authorlink=Stefan Heidemann |editor1-last=Bartl |editor1-first=Karin |editor2-last=Moaz |editor2-first=Abd al-Razzaq |title=Residences, Castles, Settlements. Transformation Processes from Late Antiquity to Early Islam in Bilad al-Sham Proceedings of the International Conference held at Damascus, 5–9 November 2006 |pages=517–538 |chapter=Settlement Patterns, Economic Development and Archaeological Coin Finds in Bilad al-Sham: the Case of the Diyar Mudar – The Process of Transformation from the 6th to the 10th Century A.D. |year=2009 |publisher=Verlag Marie Leidorf |location=Rahden}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari |volume=23 |url={{Google Books|XEsflZBlADwC|plainurl=y}}}}
* {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|ref={{harvid|ODB}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy |editor1-last=Donner |editor1-first=Fred |editor2-last=Conrad |editor2-first=Lawrence I. |editor1-link=Fred Donner |editor2-link=Lawrence Conrad |title=The Articulation of the Early Islamic State Structures |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon and New York |isbn=978-0-860-7872-11 |pages=135–150 |chapter=Elite Incomes in the Early Islamic State}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Maslama |first=H. |last=Lammens |authorlink=Henri Lammens |encyclopedia=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume V |editor-first=Martijn Theodoor |editor-last=Houtsma |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |year=1987 |isbn=90-04-08265-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA394 |page=394}}
* {{cite book |last1=Leisten |first1=Thomas |editor1-last=Bartl |editor1-first=Karin |editor2-last=Moaz |editor2-first=Abd al-Razzaq |title=Residences, Castles, Settlements. Transformation Processes from Late Antiquity to Early Islam in Bilad al-Sham Proceedings of the International Conference held at Damascus, 5–9 November 2006 |date=2009 |publisher=Verlag Marie Leidorf |location=Rahden |pages=377–394 |chapter=For Prince and Country(side) – the Marwanid Mansion at Balis on the Euphrates}}
* {{PMBZ | volume=A3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtLm7NLZJ5wC&pg=PA190 |title=Maslama ibn 'Abd al-Malik (# 4868) | pages=190–191 |ref={{sfnref|Lilie|Ludwig|Pratsch|Zielke|2000}} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Makki |first1=Mahmud Ali |title=Ensayo sobre las aportaciones orientales en la España musulmana: y su influencia en la formación de la cultura hispano-árabe [Essay on the Eastern Contributions in Muslim Spain: and their influence in the Formation of the Hispano-Arab Culture] |date=1968 |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Islámicos |location=Madrid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHAJAQAAIAAJ |language=Spanish}}
* {{cite book |last1=Marsham |first1=Andrew |title=The Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire |date=2009 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-2512-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOaqBgAAQBAJ}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=24}}
* {{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Chase F. |authorlink=Chase F. Robinson |editor1-last=Suleiman |editor1-first=Yasir |title=Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand |date=2010 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-3738-6 |pages=226–251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRirBgAAQBAJ |chapter=The Violence of the Abbasid Revolution}}
* {{EI2 |volume=6 |title=Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān |first=G. |last=Rotter |page=740 |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/maslama-b-abd-al-malik-b-marwan-SIM_5020}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shaban |first1=M. A. |title=Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600–750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation |date=1971 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-08137-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TEFMYRxteB4C}}
* {{A History of the Byzantine State and Society}}
* {{cite book |last1=Uzquiza Bartolomé |first1=Aránzazu |editor1-last=Marín |editor1-first=Manuela |title=Estudios onomástico-biográficos de Al-Andalus: V |date=1994 |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |location=Madrid |isbn=84-00-07415-7 |pages=445–462 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTvD7V9qbUIC&pg=PA458 |chapter=Otros Linajes Omeyas en al-Andalus |language=Spanish}}
* {{cite book | last = Vacca | first = Alison | title = Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = New York | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-1-107-18851-8}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=27}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Borrut |first1=Antoine |title=Entre mémoire et pouvoir: L'espace syrien sous les derniers Omeyyades et les premiers Abbassides (v. 72–193/692–809) | trans-title = Between Memory and Power: The Syrian Space Under the Last Umayyads and the First Abbasids (v. 72–193/692–809) |year=2011 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden and Boston |isbn=978-90-04-18561-6 |pages=229–282 | chapter-url={{gbooks|TuB5DwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes|page=229}} |language=French |chapter=La fabrique des héros omeyyades: Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik, le héros combattant | trans-chapter = The Making of Umayyad Heroes: Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik, the Fighting Hero}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maslama Ibn Abd Malik}}
[[Category:738 deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Arab generals]]
[[Category:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Sons of Umayyad caliphs]]
[[Category:Umayyad governors of Arminiya]]
[[Category:Umayyad governors of Iraq]]
[[Category:Umayyad governors of Qinnasrin]]
[[Category:Umayyad people of the Arab–Byzantine wars]]
[[Category:Umayyad people of the Arab–Khazar wars]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]