View source for Mary Sue

{{short description|Overly competent fictional character}}
{{about|the character type|the website|The Mary Sue|other uses|Mary Sue (given name)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{en-US|date=September 2020}}
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A '''Mary Sue''' is a type of [[character (arts)|fictional character]], usually a young woman, who is portrayed as free of weaknesses or [[character flaw]]s.{{r|OED 2017}} The character type has acquired a [[pejorative]] reputation in fan communities,{{r|Bacon-Smith p94|Turk p96|Milhorn p54}} with the label "Mary Sue" often applied to any [[heroine]] who is considered to be unrealistically capable.{{r|Turk p96}}

In Paula Smith's 1973 [[parody]] short story "A Trekkie's Tale", the character Mary Sue was written to satirize the type of idealized female characters that were widespread in ''[[Star Trek]]'' fan fiction at the time. These were often depicted as beautiful young women possessing special abilities or physical traits, universally beloved by the more established characters, and playing a central role in the story despite not appearing in the source material.{{r|Turk p96}}

Mary Sue stories are often written by [[adolescent]] authors{{r|Fazekas p240}}{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=100}} and may represent the author's [[self-insertion]] into the story,{{r|Turk p96|Barner p36|Hellekson p133}} both in [[fan fiction]] and commercially published fiction. Less commonly, a male character with similar traits may be labeled a "'''Gary Stu'''" or "'''Marty Stu'''".

== History ==
{{Quote box
 |quote  = 'Gee, golly, gosh, gloriosky,' thought Mary Sue as she stepped on the bridge of the Enterprise. 'Here I am, the youngest lieutenant in the fleet{{emdash}}only fifteen and a half years old.'
 |author = Paula Smith
 |source = "A Trekkie's Tale"<ref name="OED 2017">{{cite OED |term=Mary Sue, n. |id=56781947 |edition=3rd |date=March 2017}}</ref> 
 |width  = 50%
 |align  = right
}}

The Mary Sue character initially appeared in Paula Smith's 1973 short story "A Trekkie's Tale", published in Smith's and Sharon Ferraro's ''Star Trek'' [[fanzine]] ''Menagerie''.<ref name="Mansky 2019">{{cite magazine |last1=Mansky |first1=Jackie |title=The Women Who Coined the Term 'Mary Sue' |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/these-women-coined-term-mary-sue-180972182/ |magazine=Smithsonian |date=May 16, 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2023}}</ref> The story [[parodied]] idealized female characters that were common in [[fan fiction]].<ref name="Turk p96">{{cite book |first=Tisha |last=Turk |editor1-first=Karin |editor1-last=Kukkonen |editor2-first=Sonja |editor2-last=Klimek |title=Metalepsis in Popular Culture |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-025278-1 |date=2011 |pages=96–97 |doi=10.1515/9783110252804.83 |chapter-url=https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/eng_facpubs/2/ |chapter-format=PDF |chapter=Metalepsis in Fan Vids and Fan Fiction |via=University of Minnesota Morris}}</ref><ref name="Barner p36">{{cite book |last1=Barner |first1=Ashley J. |title=The Case for Fanfiction: Exploring the Pleasures and Practices of a Maligned Craft |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland & Co. |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-6877-2 |pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name="Walker 2011">{{cite journal |first=Cynthia W. |last=Walker |title=A Conversation with Paula Smith |url=https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/243/205 |journal=Transformative Works and Cultures |date=2011 |volume=6 |series=Special issue: Fan Works and Fan Communities in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Reagin, Nancy; Rubenstein, Anne (eds.) |doi=10.3983/twc.2011.0243 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Writer Joan Verba described these characters as having any or all of the following elements: being a young (or the youngest) [[Starfleet]] officer; being adored by the established characters such as [[Captain Kirk]], [[Mr. Spock]], and [[Dr. McCoy]]; possessing extraordinary abilities; winning extraordinary honors; and dying a [[hero]]ic death, after which she is universally mourned.{{r|Turk p96}}
In 1976, ''Menagerie''{{'}}s editors wrote:

{{quote|Mary Sue stories{{emdash}}the adventures of the youngest and smartest ever person to graduate from the academy and ever get a commission at such a tender age. Usually characterized by unprecedented skill in everything from art to zoology, including karate and arm-wrestling. This character can also be found burrowing her way into the good graces/heart/mind of one of the Big Three [Kirk, Spock, and McCoy], if not all three at once. She saves the day by her wit and ability, and, if we are lucky, has the good grace to die at the end, being grieved by the entire ship.<ref name="Byrd 1978">{{cite journal |first=Patricia |last=Byrd |title=Star Trek Lives: Trekker Slang |journal=American Speech |issn=0003-1283 |date=Spring 1978 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=52–58 |jstor=455340 |doi=10.2307/455340}}</ref>}}

Smith and Ferraro created the character to parody a recurring pattern found in author submissions to ''Menagerie'', in which a young woman would arrive on the [[Starship Enterprise|Starship ''Enterprise'']] and quickly win over the established characters. While the Mary Sue character did not originally have a specific gender, these submitted stories tended to be written by women. According to Smith and Ferraro, women made up most of the ''Star Trek'' fan base, unlike the larger [[science fiction]] fandom.{{r|Mansky 2019}}
Smith and Ferraro had initially considered other (male) names such as "Murray Sue" or "Marty Sue". Comparing the character to male proxies such as [[Superman]], Smith later said, "It was OK for [men] to have placeholder characters that were incredibly able".{{r|Mansky 2019}}

While originally used to describe fan fiction characterizations,<ref name="Lantagne 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Lantagne |first=Stacy M. |date=2011 |title=Better Angels of Our Fanfiction: The Need for True and Logical Precedent |journal=Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal |url=https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_comm_ent_law_journal/vol33/iss2/1 |volume=33 |issue=2 |page=171}}</ref> the term "Mary Sue" has been applied to characters and stories in commercially published fiction as well.{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=98}}<ref name="Cheeseman-Meyer 2012">{{cite web |last=Cheeseman-Meyer |first=Ellen |website=Tor.com |title=Mary Sue Fights Fascism: Diane Carey's ''Dreadnought!'' and ''Battlestations!'' |date=April 26, 2012 |url=https://www.tor.com/2012/04/26/mary-sue-fights-fascism-diane-careys-dreadnought-and-battlestations/}}</ref>
According to folklorist [[Camille Bacon-Smith]], the stories that represent the pure form of the Mary Sue character are "found in the ''Star Trek'' section of any bookstore",{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=98}} for example, cadet Piper, the protagonist of the 1986 ''Star Trek'' novel ''[[Dreadnought!]]'' by Diane Carey.{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|pp=98–99}}

"Mary Sue" can also refer to the fan fiction genre featuring such characters. These stories feature young, attractive, and exceptionally gifted female heroines who serve as the author's [[self-insertion]] into the story.<ref name="Hellekson p133">{{cite book |editor1-last=Hellekson |editor1-first=Karen |editor-link1=Karen Hellekson |editor2-last=Busse |editor2-first=Kristina |editor-link2=Kristina Busse |title=The Fan Fiction Studies Reader |date=2014 |publisher=University of Iowa Press |isbn=978-1-60938-227-8 |page=133}}</ref> They often resolve the conflict of the story, win the love of the other characters and die a heroic death at the end.{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=53}} Mary Sue stories are often written by [[adolescent]] authors. An author may create a new character based on themselves, or they may alter an established character's personality and interests to be more like their own.<ref name="Fazekas p240">{{cite book |last1=Fazekas |first1=Angie |last2=Vena |first2=Dan |editor1-last=Paszkiewicz |editor1-first=Katarzyna |editor2-last=Rusnak |editor2-first=Stacy |title=Final Girls, Feminism and Popular Culture |date=2020 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-31523-8 |pages=240–241 |chapter='What Were We—Idiots?' Re-evaluating Female Spectatorship and the New Horror Heroine with Catherine Hardwicke's ''Twilight''}}</ref>

Less commonly, male characters may be discussed in fan culture as personifying the same wish-fulfillment functions as the Mary Sue.{{r|Turk p96}} They are referred to by names such as "Larry Stu",<ref name="Frankel 2020">{{cite book |last1=Frankel |first1=Valerie Estelle |title=Star Wars Meets the Eras of Feminism: Weighing All the Galaxy's Women Great and Small |date=2020 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4985-8387-9 |page=179 |chapter=Rey, Maz, Rose, Leia, Holdo, and Phasma}}</ref> "Marty Stu", or "Gary Stu".{{r|Turk p96}} For example, fans have argued that in ''Star Trek'', the character [[James T. Kirk]] is a "Marty Stu".{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=97}}{{efn|Paula Smith has used the term "Wesley Sue" for such characters.<ref name="Walker 2011"/>}}
In a 2011 interview, Smith cited [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] and Superman as examples of male Mary Sues, arguing that such characters benefit the male audience's [[coming of age]].<ref name="Walker 2011"/>

== Analysis ==
The characteristics of idealization and self-insertion are usually cited by fans as hallmarks of a Mary Sue character.{{r|Barner p36}}
Gender studies researcher [[Catherine Driscoll]] writes that "the Mary Sue is generally associated with girl writers who have trouble distancing themselves from the source text enough to write about it rather than write themselves into it".<ref name="Driscoll 2006">{{cite book |last1=Driscoll |first1=Catherine |editor1-last=Hellekson |editor1-first=Karen |editor2-last=Busse |editor2-first=Kristina |title=Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet: New Essays |date=2006 |publisher=McFarland & Co. |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-0-7864-2640-9 |page=90 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322101220 |via=ResearchGate |chapter=One True Pairing: The Romance of Pornography and the Pornography of Romance}} Quoted in {{harvp|Turk|2011|p=97|ps=.}}</ref>
Writing in feminist popular culture magazine ''[[Bitch (magazine)|Bitch]]'', Keidra Chaney and Raizel Liebler describe the Mary Sue character as having "an uncanny resemblance to her creator{{emdash}}only stronger, wittier, sexier, friendlier, and without the glasses and bad skin".<ref name="Chaney 2006">{{cite magazine |first1=Keidra |last1=Chaney |first2=Raizel |last2=Liebler |title=Me, Myself, and I: Fan Fiction and the Art of Self-Insertion |magazine=Bitch |date=2006 |issue=31 |page=52 |issn=2162-5352 |id=Anniversary issue |url=https://works.bepress.com/raizelliebler/14/ |format=PDF}} Quoted in {{harvp|Turk|2011|p=97|ps=.}}</ref>

The suspicion that a Mary Sue character represents an author's self-insertion is often perceived by audiences as a sign of low artistic quality.{{r|Turk p96}}
Author [[Ann C. Crispin]] described the term "Mary Sue" as "a put-down, implying that the character so summarily dismissed is not a true character, no matter how well drawn, what sex, species, or degree of individuality".{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=98}}
Writer Valerie E. Frankel describes the term "Mary Sue" as [[sexist]] because it assumes no female character should be as powerful as Superman.{{r|Frankel 2020}}
Smith commented in 1980 that her intent was never "to put down all stories about inspiring females".{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=96}} 

Writing instructor Tisha Turk of [[Grinnell College]] states that "ultimately the reader, not the author, defines a Mary Sue".{{r|Turk p96}}
Angie Fazekas and Dan Vena write that such characters "provide an opportunity for teenage girls to write themselves into popular culture narratives as the heroines of their own stories".{{r|Fazekas p240}}
According to Jackie Mansky in ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'', some critics argue that "Mary Sues opened up a gateway for writers, particularly women and members of underrepresented communities, to see themselves in extraordinary characters".{{r|Mansky 2019}}

Bacon-Smith writes that Mary Sue stories are "central to the painful experience of a female fan's adolescence", especially for those who could not or would not remain intellectually or physically subservient to their male peers; they represent a combination of active protagonist with "the culturally approved traits of beauty, sacrifice, and self-effacement".{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=100}} In fan fiction versions, the protagonist traditionally dies at the end of the story; Bacon-Smith says this expresses the "cultural truth" that to enter womanhood in a male-dominated American society, one must kill the "active agent within [herself]"; Mary Sue thus embodies a "fantasy of the perfect woman", who exists to serve the needs of men while minimizing her own abilities.{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=102}}

== Cultural impact ==
<!--Please read WP:NOTEVERYTHING and MOS:POPCULT before adding pop-culture examples that lack support from independent, secondary sources-->

The Mary Sue figure has acquired a [[pejorative]] reputation in fan communities<ref>{{harvp|Turk|2011|p=96}}; {{harvp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=53}}</ref> as a character who is too perfect to be believable.<ref name="Milhorn p54">{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Milhorn |title=Writing Genre Fiction: A Guide to the Craft |publisher=Universal Publishers |location=Boca Raton, Fla. |date=2006 |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-1-58112-918-2}}</ref>
According to Bacon-Smith, the label is "the most universally denigrated genre in the entire canon of fan fiction"<ref name="Bacon-Smith p94">{{cite book |first=Camille |last=Bacon-Smith |title=Enterprising Women: Television Fandom and the Creation of Popular Myth |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |date=1992 |page=94 |isbn=978-0-8122-1379-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/enterprisingwome0000baco/page/94/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}} (Includes the full text  of "A Trekkie's Tale" on pages 94–96.)</ref> and may represent "self-imposed sexism" by limiting the qualities allowed for female characters.{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=97}}
Many fans (often male{{r|Mansky 2019}}) have applied the label "Mary Sue" to any fan fiction female character who is considered to be unrealistically capable or appealing.{{r|Turk p96}}

Bacon-Smith argues that fear of creating a "Mary Sue" may be restricting and even silencing to some writers.{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|pp=110–111}}
The ''Star Trek'' fanzine ''Archives'' has described "Mary Sue" paranoia as partly responsible for a lack of "believable, competent, and {{not a typo|identifiable-with}} female characters".{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|pp=110–111}}
During a discussion between female authors at ''Star Trek'' fan convention [[ClipperCon]] in 1987, one author stated, "Every time I've tried to put a woman in any story I've ever written, everyone immediately says, this is a Mary Sue".{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|pp=110–111}} 
At a 1990 panel discussion, participants "noted with growing dismay that {{em|any}} female character created within the [fan] community is damned with the term Mary Sue".{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|p=110}}
Editor Edith Cantor describes a fan author who feared their character was a "Mary Sue", although the author admitted she did not know what a "Mary Sue" was; Cantor writes, "just as every dog is allowed one bite, so every {{not a typo|Trekwriter}} should be allowed one Mary Sue", to be given "a sympathetic reading and critique, and perhaps returned to the author with the explanation that she is following a too-well-beaten path".{{sfnp|Bacon-Smith|1992|pp=96–97}}

Chaney and Liebler describe ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' character [[Wesley Crusher]] as a "quasi–Gary Sue", who is "a brilliant teen who always seems to discover the answers to problems and who is promoted to the crew of the Enterprise with no formal training".{{sfnp|Chaney|Liebler|2006|p=56}}

Gavia Baker-Whitelaw of ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' describes the fan fiction ''[[My Immortal (fan fiction)|My Immortal]]''{{'}}s main character, Ebony Dark'ness Dementia Raven Way, as "a Mary Sue protagonist who was clearly a glorified version of the author".<ref name="Baker-Whitelaw Jul 2013">{{cite news |last=Baker-Whitelaw |first=Gavia |date=July 29, 2013 |title=The worst 'Harry Potter' fanfic ever is now a hilarious webseries |work=The Daily Dot |url=http://www.dailydot.com/fandom/worst-harry-potter-fanfic-my-immortal-web-series/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612122150/http://www.dailydot.com/fandom/worst-harry-potter-fanfic-my-immortal-web-series/ |archive-date=June 12, 2016}}</ref>
The character [[Arya Stark]] from HBO's ''Game of Thrones'' series has been labeled a Mary Sue for her heroic role in the show's finale; frustration with this characterization inspired a response on the feminist website ''[[The Mary Sue]]'', which took its name as an effort to "re-appropriate" the term.{{r|Mansky 2019}}

Media studies researcher Christine Scodari says there is a tendency within [[slash fandom]] to apply the label "Mary Sue" to major female characters such as [[Nyota Uhura]], from the film ''[[Star Trek (2009 film)|Star Trek]]'' (2009), because of a perception that development of the female character takes away screen time from male characters.<ref name="Scodari 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Scodari |first1=Christine |title='Nyota Uhura is Not a White Girl': Gender, intersectionality, and Star Trek 2009's alternate romantic universes |journal=[[Feminist Media Studies]] |date=2012 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=335–351 |doi=10.1080/14680777.2011.615605 |issn=1468-0777}}</ref>
[[Twitter]] users have debated whether the [[Star Wars sequel trilogy|''Star Wars'' sequel trilogy]] features a Mary Sue in its protagonist, [[Rey (Star Wars)|Rey]], on the basis of Rey's seemingly natural skills as a mechanic, a fighter, a pilot, and a user of "[[The Force (Star Wars)|The Force]]", which draw admiration from the film's other main characters.<ref name="Framke 2015">{{cite web |first=Caroline |last=Framke |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/12/28/10672628/star-wars-force-awakens-rey-mary-sue |title=What is a Mary Sue, and does Star Wars: The Force Awakens have one? |website=Vox |location=New York |date=December 28, 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==

* {{anl|Author surrogate}}
* [[Competent man]] – Stock character in science fiction<!--Page redirects to [[Robert A. Heinlein]]-->
* {{anl|Girlboss}}
* {{anl|Goody Two-Shoes|''Goody Two-Shoes''}}
* {{anl|Ideal womanhood}}
* {{anl|Magical Negro}}
* {{anl|Manic Pixie Dream Girl}}
* {{anl|Pollyanna#Influence|''Pollyanna'' § Influence}}
* {{anl|Smurfette principle}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Bacon-Smith |first1=Camille |editor1-last=Hellekson |editor1-first=Karen |editor2-last=Busse |editor2-first=Kristina |title=The Fan Fiction Studies Reader |date=2014 |publisher=University of Iowa Press |isbn=978-1-60938-227-8 |pages=138–158 |chapter=Training New Members}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/1095 |title=Full record for Mary Sue n. |website=Science Fiction Citations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717071329/http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/1095 |archive-date=July 17, 2018}}
* {{cite journal |title=Mary Sue Gives Birth, Baby Undergoes Sex Change. The Role of ''Star Trek'' Fan Fiction in the Creation of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' |last=Gardner |first=David |url=http://www.irosf.com/q/zine/article/10034 |journal=The Internet Review of Science Fiction |date=March 2004 |volume=1 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605075530/http://www.irosf.com/q/zine/article/10034 |archive-date=June 5, 2010}}
* {{cite web |first=Pat |last=Pflieger |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190830062930/http://www.merrycoz.org/papers/MARYSUE.xhtml |archive-date=August 30, 2019 |title='Too Good To Be True': 150 Years Of Mary Sue |website=Merrycoz.org |url=http://www.merrycoz.org/papers/MARYSUE.xhtml |date=2001 |url-status=live |access-date=November 27, 2020}}
* Smith, Paula.  "A Trekkie's Tale". Reprinted in: {{cite book |editor-first=Johanna |editor-last=Cantor |chapter=Mary Sue, a Short Compendium |title=Archives V |publisher=Yeoman Press |location=Danvers, Mass. |date=Winter 1980 |page=34 |type=fanzine |issn= |isbn= |oclc=}}
* {{cite book |last=Verba |first=Joan Marie |title=Boldly Writing: A Trekker Fan & Zine History, 1967–1987 |url=http://www.ftlpublications.com/bwebook.pdf |date=2003 |edition=2nd |publisher=FTL Publications |location=Minnetonka, Minn. |isbn=978-0-9653-5754-8 |archive-date=April 11, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411084830/http://www.ftlpublications.com/bwebook.pdf |chapter=Part Two: Steady Growth (1972–1974)}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary inline}}

{{Fan fiction}}
{{Stock characters}}
{{Narrative}}
{{Aesthetics}}

[[Category:1970s neologisms]]
[[Category:1973 neologisms]]
[[Category:Author surrogates]]
[[Category:Fan fiction]]
[[Category:Fandom]]
[[Category:Female stock characters]]
[[Category:Literary archetypes]]
[[Category:Narratology]]
[[Category:Placeholder names]]
[[Category:Sex- and gender-related slurs]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms for women]]