View source for Martini–Henry

{{Short description|British breech-loading single-shot lever-actuated rifle and derivatives}}
{{For|the Australian racehorse|Martini-Henry (horse)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Martini–Henry
| image              = Martini-Henry m1871 - England - AM.032017.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = A Martini–Henry in the collections of the [[Swedish Army Museum]]
| origin             = United Kingdom
| type               = [[Service rifle]]<br />[[Shotgun]] (Greener Prison Variant)
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = yes
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1871–1918
| used_by            = See ''[[#Users|Users]]''
| wars               = [[British Empire|British colonial wars]]<br />[[Perak War]]<br />[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]<br />[[Argentine Civil Wars]]<br />[[Herzegovina Uprising (1875–1878)]]<br />[[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]<br />[[War of the Pacific]]<br />[[Anglo-Zulu War]]<br />[[First Italo-Ethiopian War]]{{sfn|McLachlan|2011|p=35}}<br />[[North-West Rebellion]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.militaria-history.co.uk/articles/the-martini-henry-rifle/ | title=The Martini Henry Rifle| date=20 January 2020 |author=John Norris |website=Militaria & History |publisher=Warners Group Publications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203001957/https://www.militaria-history.co.uk/articles/the-martini-henry-rifle/ |archive-date=3 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<br />[[Greco-Turkish War (1897)]]<br />[[First Boer War]] <br />[[Second Boer War]]<br />[[Balkan Wars]]<br />[[World War I]]<br />[[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)]]<br />[[The Troubles]]<br />[[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)]]{{sfn|Isby|1986|pages=81–83}}{{sfn|Bakken|2016|page=381}}(limited)<br />[[Nepalese Civil War]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[Friedrich von Martini]]
| design_date        = 1870
| manufacturer       = Various
| unit_cost          = ~[[£sd|£2/2/–]]=£{{£sd|l=2|s=2}} (late 1880s)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1891/feb/03/magazine-rifle | work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] | date=3 February 1891 | title=MAGAZINE RIFLE.   }}</ref>
| production_date    = 1871–1889
| number             = approx. 500,000–1,000,000
| variants           = Martini–Henry Carbine<br />Greener Prison Shotgun<br />Gahendra rifle
<!-- Specifications -->| weight             = {{convert|8|lb|7|oz|kg|2}} (unloaded), {{convert|9|lb|4.75|oz|kg|2}} (with sword bayonet)
| length             = {{convert|49|in|mm|0}}
| part_length        = {{convert|33.22|in|mm|0}}
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->| cartridge          = .577/450 Boxer-Henry<br /> [[.577/450 Martini–Henry]]<br />[[.303 British]]<br />11.43×55R (Ottoman)<br />11.43×59R (Romanian)<br />[[7.65x53mm Argentine|7.65×53]] (Ottoman)
| action             = Martini [[Falling Block]]
| rate               = 12 rounds/minute
| velocity           = {{convert|1300|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Smith-Christmas|2014| pp= 86–91, 108 & 109}}
| range              = {{convert|400|yd|m|abbr=on}}
| max_range          = {{convert|1900|yd|m|abbr=on}}
| feed               = Single-shot
| sights             = Sliding ramp rear sights, fixed-post front sights
}}

The '''Martini–Henry''' is a [[breech-loading]] single-shot [[rifle]] with a [[lever action]] that was used by the [[British Army]]. It first entered service in 1871, eventually replacing the [[Snider–Enfield]], a muzzle-loader converted to the cartridge system. Martini–Henry variants were used throughout the [[British Empire]] for 47 years. It combined the dropping-block action first developed by Henry O. Peabody (in his [[Peabody action|Peabody rifle]]) and improved by the Swiss designer [[Friedrich von Martini]], combined with the [[polygonal rifling]] designed by Scotsman [[Alexander Henry (gun maker)|Alexander Henry]].

Though the Snider was the first breechloader firing a metallic cartridge in regular British service, the Martini was designed from the outset as a breechloader and was both faster firing and had a longer range.{{sfn|Smith-Christmas|2014| pp= 86–91, 108 & 109}}

The Martini–Henry was copied on a large scale by [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] gunsmiths. Their weapons were of a poorer quality than those made by [[Royal Small Arms Factory]], Enfield, but accurately copied down to the proof markings. The chief manufacturers were the Adam Khel [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridi]], who lived around the [[Khyber Pass]]. The British called such weapons "[[Khyber Pass Copy|Pass-made rifles]]".

== Overview ==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
[[Image:Snider-Martini-Enfield Cartridges.JPG|thumb|right|(From left to right): A [[.577 Snider]] cartridge, a [[Zulu War]]–era rolled [[Cartridge brass|brass foil]] [[.577/450 Martini–Henry]] Cartridge, a later drawn brass .577/450 Martini–Henry cartridge, and a .303 British Mk VII SAA Ball cartridge]]
[[Image:Martini Henry Action Parts.jpg|thumb|right|The disassembled Martini–Henry action.]]

In the original chambering, the rifles fired a round-nosed, tapered-head .452-inch, soft hollow-based lead bullet, wrapped in a [[Cast bullet#Paper-patched bullets|paper patch]] giving a wider diameter of .460 to .469-inch; it weighed 485 [[Grain (unit)|grains]].{{sfn|Smith-Christmas|2014| pp= 86–91, 108 & 109}} It was crimped in place with two cannelures (grooves on the outside neck of the case), ahead of two fibre card or mill board disks, a concave beeswax wad, another card disk and cotton wool filler. This sat on top of the main powder charge inside initially a rimmed brass foil [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]], later made in drawn brass.

The cartridge case was paper lined so as to prevent the chemical reaction between the black powder and the brass. Known today as the .577/450, a bottle-neck design with the same base as the .577 cartridge of the [[Snider–Enfield]]. It was charged with 85 grains (5.51 g) of Curtis and Harvey's No.6 coarse black powder,{{sfn|Smith-Christmas|2014| pp= 86–91, 108 & 109}} notorious for its heavy recoil.{{sfn|Morris|1994|p=297}} The cartridge case was ejected to the rear when the lever was operated.

The rifle was {{convert|49|in|mm|0}} long, the steel barrel {{convert|33.22|in|mm|0}}. The Henry patent [[rifling]] produced a heptagonal barrel with seven grooves with one turn in {{convert|22|in|mm|0}}. The weapon weighed {{convert|8|lb|7|oz|kg|2}}. A sword [[bayonet]] was standard issue for non-commissioned officers; when fitted, the weapon extended to {{convert|68|in|mm|0}} and weight increased to {{convert|10|lb|4|oz|kg|2}}.

The standard bayonet was a [[Socket bayonet|socket-type spike]], either converted from the older Pattern 1853 (overall length {{convert|20.4|in|mm|0}}) or newly produced as the Pattern 1876 (overall length {{convert|25|in|mm|0}}), referred to as the "lunger".{{sfn|Morris|1994|p=297}} A bayonet designed by [[Francis Charteris, 10th Earl of Wemyss|Lord Elcho]] was intended for chopping and other sundry non-combat duties, and featured a double row of teeth so it could be used as a saw; it was not produced in great numbers and was not standard issue.

The Mk II Martini–Henry rifle, the most numerous modification adopted in 1877,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.martinihenry.org/index.php?route=product/product&path=61_59&product_id=54 | title=Martini Henry Rifle MkII }}</ref> as used in the Zulu Wars, was sighted to {{convert|1800|yd|m}}. At {{convert|1,200|yd|m}}, 20 shots exhibited a mean deflection from the centre of the group of {{convert|27|in|cm|0}}, the highest point on the trajectory was {{convert|8|ft|m|2}} at {{convert|500|yd|m}}. In 1879, Mk III rifle was adopted, which had minor design updates as well as more interchangeable parts with Martini-Henry carbine.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.martinihenry.org/index.php?route=product/product&path=61_59&product_id=51 | title=Martini Henry Rifle MkIII }}</ref>
	
In late 1870s British military was looking forward to unify ammunition for its rifles and machine guns (they were both .45 caliber, but different cartridges). The .577/.450 turned out to be poorly suited to the hopper feed as well as existing box magazines due to a very pronounced bottleneck, so in 1881 the Gatling cartridge was tried in Martini-Henry rifles.<ref name=".4xpl">{{Cite web | url=https://www.cartridgecollector.net/4-inch-experimental-cartridge | title=.4 Inch EXPERIMENTAL CARTRIDGE &#124; Cartridgecollector.net }}</ref> However, in parallel developing a new cartridge with a lighter approximately .4 inch bullet was considered since 1880, and after its design was settled on in 1885 a new variant of the rifle for it was approved in April 1886, designated Enfield Martini .4-inch Pattern A.<ref name=".4xpl" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.martinihenry.org/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=78 | title=Enfield Martini .402" Mk1 Rifle Pattern A }}</ref> It incorporated several minor improvements such as a safety catch, was gradually phased in to replace the Martini–Henry with over 21000 produced overall. The replacement was planned to be gradual, to use up existing stocks of the old ammunition. A year later a modified Pattern B was approved with tens of thousands more produced.<ref name=".4xpl" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.martinihenry.org/index.php?route=product/product&path=61_59&product_id=55 | title=Enfield Martini .402" Mk1 Rifle Pattern B }}</ref>

However, before this was complete, the decision was made to replace the Martini–Henry rifles with the [[.303 British|.303]] calibre [[bolt-action rifle|bolt-action]] [[magazine (firearms)|magazine]] [[Lee–Metford]], which gave a considerably higher maximum rate of fire. Consequently, to avoid having three different rifle calibres in service, the Enfield–Martinis were withdrawn, converted to 0.45 calibre, and renamed Martini–Henry Mk IV "A", "B" and "C" pattern rifles. Some 0.303 calibre [[Black powder|black-powder]]  [[carbine]] versions were also produced, known as the [[Martini–Metford]], and even 0.303 calibre cordite carbines, called [[Martini–Enfield]]s (the former name for the type of action and the latter name for the pattern of rifling).

During the Martini–Henry's service life the British Army was involved in a large number of colonial wars, most notably the [[Anglo-Zulu War]] in 1879. The rifle was used in the [[Battle of Isandlwana]], and by the company of the 2nd Battalion, [[24th Regiment of Foot]] at the [[battle of Rorke's Drift]], where 139 British soldiers successfully defended themselves against several thousand Zulus. The weapon was not completely phased out until 1904.

The rifle suffered from cartridge-extraction problems during the Zulu War, mostly due to the thin, weak, pliable foil brass cartridges used: they expanded too much into the rifle's chamber on detonation, to the point that they stuck or tore open inside the rifle's chamber. It would eventually become difficult to move the breech block and reload the rifle, substantially diminishing its effectiveness, or rendering it useless if the block could not be opened. After investigating the matter, the British Army Ordnance Department determined the fragile construction of the rolled [[brass]] cartridge, and fouling due to the black-powder propellant, were the main causes of this problem.

To correct this, the weak rolled brass cartridge was replaced by a stronger drawn brass version, and a longer loading lever was incorporated into the MK-IV to apply greater torque to operate the mechanism when fouled.{{sfn|Smith-Christmas|2014| pp= 86–91, 108 & 109}} These later variants were more reliable in battle, although it was not until smokeless nitro powders and copper-jacketed bullets were tried out in these rifles in the 1920s that accuracy and 100% reliability of cartridge case extraction was finally achieved by Birmingham ammunition makers ([[Kynoch]]). English hunters on various safaris, mainly in Africa, found the Martini using a cordite charge and a 500-grain full-metal-jacketed bullet effective in stopping large animals such as hippopotamus up to 80 yards away.

The nitro based/shotgun powders were used in Kynoch's .577/450 drawn-brass Martini–Henry cartridge cases well into the 1960s for the commercial market, and again were found to be very reliable and, being smokeless, eliminated fouling issues. The powder's burning with less pressure inside the cartridge case prevented the brass cases from sticking inside the rifle's chamber (because they were not expanding as much as the original black-powder loads did).

The rifle remained a popular competition rifle at [[National Rifle Association (United Kingdom)|National Rifle Association]] meetings, at [[Bisley, Surrey]], and (NRA) Civilian and Service Rifle matches from 1872 to 1904, where it was used up to 1,000 yards using the standard military service ammunition of the day. By the 1880s the .577/.450 Boxer Henry round was recognised by the NRA as a 900-yard cartridge, as shooting the Martini out to 1,000 yards or ({{frac|3|4}} of a mile) was difficult, and took great skill to assess the correct amount of windage to drop the 485 grain bullet on the target. But by 1904 more target shooters were using the new .303 cal. cartridge, which was found to be much more accurate, and thus interest in the .577/450 fell away, to the point that by 1909 they were rarely used at Bisley matches, with shooters favouring the later [[Lee–Enfield]] bolt action magazine rifles.{{sfn|Greener|1910|p=}}

In 1879, however, it was generally found that in average hands the .577/450 Martini–Henry Mk2, although the most accurate of the Martinis in that calibre ever produced for service life, was really only capable of hitting a man-size target out to 400 yards. This was due to the bullet going subsonic after 300 yards and gradually losing speed thereafter, which in turn affected consistency and accuracy of the bullet in flight. The 415-grain Martini Carbine load introduced in 1878 shot better out to longer ranges and had less recoil when it was fired in the rifles, with its reduced charge of only 75 grains of Curtis & Harvey's. It was found that, while the rifle with its 485 grain bullet shot point of aim to 100 yards, the carbine load when fired in the rifles shot {{convert|12|in|cm|0}} high at the same range, but then made up for this by shooting spot-on out to {{convert|500|yd}}.{{sfn|Calver|2009|p=}} These early lessons enabled tactics to be evolved to work around the limitations of this large, slow, and heavy calibre during the Zulu War. During most of the key battles, such as Rorke's Drift and the [[Battle of Ulundi]], the order to volley fire was not given until the Zulus were at or within 400 yards.

The ballistic performance of a .577/450 is somewhat similar to that of an American .45/70 Government round, as used prolifically throughout the American Frontier West and by buffalo hunters, though the .577/450 has more power due to its extra 15 grains of black powder inside the cartridge case. It is clear from early medical field surgeons' reports that at 200 yards the rifle really came into its own, and inflicted devastating and horrific wounds on the Zulus in the [[Anglo–Zulu War]].{{sfn|Greaves|2003|p=}} The MK2 Martini's sights are marked to 1,800 yards, but this setting was only ever used for long-range mass volley firing to harass an artillery position or a known massed cavalry position, prior to a main fight, and to prevent or delay infantry attacks. A similar "[[volley sight|drop volley sight]]" whereby the rifle's bullets were dropped long range onto the target was employed on the later .303 Lee–Enfield rifles of WW1, which had a graduation lever sight calibrated up to 2,800 yards.

The Nepalese produced a close copy of the British Martini–Henry incorporating certain [[Westley Richards]] improvements to the trigger mechanism but otherwise very similar to the British Mark II.  These rifles can be identified by their Nepalese markings and different receiver ring.  A noticeably different variant incorporating earlier Westley Richards ideas for a flat-spring driven hammer within the receiver in lieu of the coil-spring powered striker of the von Martini design, known as the Gahendra rifle, was produced locally in [[Nepal]].{{sfn|Walter|2006|pp=147-148}} While generally well-made, the rifles were produced substantially by hand, making the quality extremely variable. Though efforts were being made to phase out these rifles, presumably by the 1890s, some 9000 were still in service in 1906.{{sfn|Walter|2006|pp=147-148}}

The Martini–Henry saw service in World War I in a variety of roles, primarily as a Reserve Arm, but it was also issued (in the early stages of the war) to aircrew for attacking [[observation balloon]]s with newly developed [[incendiary ammunition]], and aircraft. Martini–Henrys were also used in the African and Middle Eastern theatres during World War I, in the hands of Native Auxiliary troops.

=== Greener shotgun ===
A shotgun variant known as the ''[[W. W. Greener|Greener]] Police Gun'', ''Greener EG'' (for "Egyptian Government"), or the ''Greener Prison Shotgun'' was chambered in a 14.5-gauge {{fraction|2|7|8}}-inch (18×73mm) full-length brass shell used only by this gun. That would make the weapon useless to anyone who stole it, as no other cartridge could be loaded.{{sfn|Cushman|2007}} It was used by prison guards and police in Egypt, Burma, India, and Australia.<ref>{{cite web | last=Eger | first=Chris | title=The Greener Police Shotgun: Engineered gun control? | publisher=Guns.com | date=2017-05-20 | url=https://www.guns.com/news/2017/05/20/the-greener-police-shotgun-engineered-gun-control | access-date=2020-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622161534/https://www.guns.com/news/2017/05/20/the-greener-police-shotgun-engineered-gun-control |archive-date=22 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Over 60,000 had been produced by the time production ended in the 1960s.<ref name=":1">{{cite book | last=Greener | first=Graham | title=Greener Story: The History of the Greener Gunmakers and Their Guns | publisher=Quiller Press, Limited | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-899163-54-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxzwPQAACAAJ | access-date=2020-06-21 }}</ref>

The gun was originally designed to replace the [[Egyptian National Police|Egyptian police's]] obsolete Martini–Henry rifles, which they usually loaded with brass shot-shells. The Mark I/14 ("14" for the gun's gauge), first produced in 1918, had a full wooden stock and a large metal nosecap over the muzzle. The Mark II/14 lacked the nosecap and had a full hunting-style stock. It was discovered that criminals in Egypt were jury-rigging shotguns they had captured or stolen by wrapping common civilian 16-gauge shells with thick paper to allow them to fit the bore. Greener responded in 1932 by coming up with a redesigned gun and new shell design to prevent this. The Mark III/14 Shotgun had a three-pronged firing pin and its cartridge had a unique recessed primer well (much like that of the Lebel rifle) to prevent the firing of standard shells. The cartridge also had a bottle-necked tapered wall and corresponding shotgun breech that would prevent the insertion of other shells. In addition to the cocking indicators found on military Martini-Henry rifles, the Police Gun features a safety lever that automatically engages when cocked.

An example can be seen at the [[Royal Armouries Museum]] in [[Leeds]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cybershooters.org/Royal%20Armoury/Greener.JPG |title= Greener Prison Shotgun|author=<!--Not stated--> |access-date=18 November 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:Greener GP Mk.1 and Mk.II.jpg|thumb|A Greener GP Mark I and Mark II, note the difference in finish, safety lever, and takedown screw.]]
Greener also used the Martini action for the GP ("General Purpose") single-barreled shotgun firing standard 12-bore {{fraction|2|1|2}} or {{fraction|2|3|4}}-inch ammunition, which was a staple for gamekeepers and rough shooters in Britain. The GP was built from 1922 to 1964 by W. W. Greener, and from 1965 to the 1980s by Webley & Scott.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Royce |date=6 August 2019 |title=The Greener GP Shotgun |url=https://www.ssaa.org.au/?ss_news=the-greener-gp-shotgun |website=Sporting Shooters' Association of Australia}}</ref> The front end of the receiver is split and the barrel is secured via a takedown screw, which enables the barrel to be removed by rotating it 90 degrees after loosening the screw.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PB_I7Hc2Acc |title=The Greener GP |language=en |access-date=2024-05-02 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Unlike the Martini-Henry or the EG, the GP does not feature a cocking indicator but retains the automatic safety. 

Two models of the GP were produced, Mark I and II, with the only major exterior difference being a bulkier safety lever and reversing the takedown screw's orientation. Internally, the Mark II employs circlips to retain various pins instead of keeper screws, and as a result the internals are not interchangeable with the Mark I due to the design change done to accommodate the circlips.<ref name=":1" /> As the receivers were made in batches and assembled at a later date, it is not unusual to find an earlier serial block receiver mated to a barrel exhibiting more modern proof markings. By default, the GP is offered with a standard 12-bore (.729" or 18.52mm) barrel with a fixed, full choke (.035" or 0.889mm constriction), but other bore/choke configurations such as .719" (18.26mm) barrels are available upon request. Barrel lengths vary from 26" to 32" and other features such as slings and checkering are optional extras.<ref name=":0" />

===Greener harpoon gun===
[[Image:Greener-Martini Light Harpoon Gun.JPG|thumb|right|Greener-Martini Light Harpoon Gun.]]

W. W. Greener also used the Martini action to produce the Greener-Martini Light [[Speargun|Harpoon Gun]] used for whaling, and also for commercial harvest of tuna and other large fish.<ref name="peashooter85.com" /> The gun fired a [[.38 Special|.38]] [[Blank (cartridge)|blank cartridge]] to propel the harpoon. A special barrel—effectively a hollow tube that acted as a spigot—and stock were fitted to accommodate the harpoon and to lower weight.

===Ottoman, Romanian, and Boer Republics Peabody–Martini–Henry rifles===
Unable to purchase Martini–Henry rifles from the British because their entire production was going to rearming British troops, The [[Ottoman Empire]] purchased weapons identical to the Mark I from the [[Providence Tool Company]] in Providence, Rhode Island, United States (the manufacturers of the somewhat similar [[Peabody action|Peabody rifle]]), and used them effectively against the Russians in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]].<ref name="militaryrifles.com" />{{sfn|Achtermeier|1979|pp=12-21}} Ottoman outlaws and folk heroes such as [[Hekimoğlu]] famously used the rifle during his raids on landowners.<ref>Yüksel, Ayhan – Eşkıya Hekimoğlu İbrahim'in 'Aynalı Martin' Tüfeği, Hürriyet Tarih 27 Kasım 2002, s. 20 – 21.</ref> The rifle is referred to as ''Aynalı Martin'' in the Ottoman Empire and is featured in several famous [[Turkish folk music|folk songs]].

[[File:Martini-Henry M1879 - Romania - AM.032832.png|thumb|Romanian Martini–Henry M1879]]
Beginning in 1879, Romania decided to replace its old model 1867 Peabody rifles with the Martini–Henry rifles. An order was made to [[Steyr Arms|Steyr]] for 130,000 rifles which were delivered into the early 1880s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KN-oJ_5Gy7UC&pg=PA28|title=Girding for Battle: The Arms Trade in a Global Perspective, 1815-1940|author=Donald J. Stocker |author2=Jonathan A. Grant |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|date=2003|page=28|isbn=978-0-275-97339-1 }}</ref> These rifles were also used in the [[First World War]], with 142,906 rifles and 8,724 carbines being registered in service on 15 August 1916.<ref>{{cite book|title=România în războiul mondial: 1916-1919|url=http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/142287|language=ro|author=Ministerul Apărării Naționale Marele Stat Major Serviciul istoric|date=1934|volume=I|chapter=Documente–Anexe|page=41}}</ref>

Significant numbers of the basic design, with variations, were also produced for the Boer Republics, both in Belgium and, via Westley Richards, in Birmingham, as late as the late 1890s. During the [[Second Boer War]], many of the Boers used the Martini–Henry rifle, since over 34,000 of these had been purchased.{{sfn|Davitt|1902|p=66}}

==Operation of the Martini action==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
[[Image:Martini henry lock section.png|thumb|right|Section of Martini–Henry lock.]]
[[Image:Martini henry rifle 0213.png|thumb|right|Martini–Henry rifle.<br />A: ready for loading.<br />B: loaded and ready to fire.]]
The lock and breech are held to the stock by a metal bolt (A). The breech is closed by the block (B) which turns on the pin (C) that passes through the rear of the block. The end of the block is rounded to form a [[Knuckle joint (mechanical)|knuckle joint]] with the back of the case (D) which receives the force of the recoil rather than the pin (C).

Below the trigger-guard the lever (E) works a pin (F) which projects the tumbler (G) into the case. The tumbler moves within a notch (H) and acts upon the block, raising it into the firing position or allowing it to fall according to the position of the lever.

The block (B) is hollowed along its upper surface (I) to assist in inserting a cartridge into the firing chamber (J). To fire the cartridge the block is raised to position the firing mechanism (K) against the cartridge. The firing mechanism consists of a helical spring around a pointed metal striker, the tip of which passes through a hole in the face of the block to impact the percussion-cap of the inserted cartridge. As the lever (E) is moved forward the tumbler (G) revolves and one of its arms engages and draws back the spring until the tumbler is firmly locked in the notch (H) and the spring is held by the rest-piece (L) which is pushed into a bend in the lower part of the tumbler.

After firing, the cartridge is partially extracted by the lock. The extractor rotates on a pin (M) and has two vertical arms (N), which are pressed by the rim of the cartridge pushed home into two grooves in the sides of the barrel. A bent arm (O), forming an 80° angle with the extractor arms, is forced down by the dropping block when the lever is pushed forward, so causing the upright arms to extract the cartridge case slightly and allow easier manual full extraction.

As well as British service rifles, the Martini breech action was applied to shotguns by the Greener company of Britain, whose single-shot "EP" riot guns were still in service in the 1970s in former British colonies. The Greener "GP" shotgun, also using the Martini action, was a favourite rough-shooting gun in the mid-20th century.  The Martini action was used by [[Birmingham Small Arms|BSA]] and latterly BSA/Parker Hale for their series of "Small Action Martini" small bore target rifles that were in production until 1955.

== Comparison with contemporary rifles ==
{{Comparison of 1880s rifles}}

==Users==
*{{flag|Afghanistan}}: It was seen in use by some Afghan tribesmen as late as the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|Soviet invasion]].{{sfn|Isby|1986|pages=81–83}} Early in 2010 and 2011, [[United States Marines]] recovered at least three from various [[Taliban]] weapons caches in [[Marjah]].{{sfn|Chivers|2010}}
*{{flag|Argentina}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unidades y armas durante el sitio de Buenos Aires de 1880 |url=http://www.legionitaliana.com.ar/FuerzasSitioBuenosAires1880.PDF}}</ref>
*{{flag|Bolivia}}<ref>Esposito, Gabriele,  Armies of the War of the Pacific 1879-83: Osprey Publishing (2016)</ref>
*{{flag|British Empire}}:{{sfn|Bakken|2016|page=381}} There were four main marks of the Martini–Henry rifle produced: Mark I (released in June 1871), Mark II, Mark III, and Mark IV. There was also an 1877 [[carbine]] version with variations that included a Garrison Artillery Carbine, an Artillery Carbine (Mark I, Mark II, and Mark III), and smaller versions designed as training rifles for military cadets. The Mark IV Martini–Henry rifle ended production in 1889, replaced by the [[Lee–Metford]], but it remained in service throughout the [[British Empire]] until the end of the [[First World War]].
*{{flag|Chile}}
*{{flag|Khedivate of Egypt}}{{sfn|McLachlan|2011|page=44}}
*{{flag|Ethiopian Empire}}: Captured during the [[Egyptian-Ethiopian War]],{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} later used during the [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]]{{sfn|McLachlan|2011|page=35}}
*{{flag|Kingdom of Greece}}
*[[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]<ref name="abcroi19a2">{{Cite book |last=Ó Faoleán |first=Gearóid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C-NDwAAQBAJ&pg=Pt89 |title=A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969-1980 |date=2019 |publisher=Irish Academic Press |isbn=978-1-78537-245-2 |language=en}}</ref>
*{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
*{{flag|Peru}}
*{{flag|Rhodesia}}<ref name="Locke 1995 p. 113">Locke & Cooke, ''Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia 1965-80'' (1995), p. 113.</ref> 
*{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}
*{{flag|Siam}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siamese Thai: Military Rifle cartridges. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Siamese+Thai:+Military+Rifle+cartridges.-a0342772783 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Mahdi movement in Sudan.svg}} [[Mahdist Sudan]]: Captured from Egyptian forces.{{sfn|McLachlan|2011|page=44}}
*[[Ulster Volunteers]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firearms of the Irish Civil Wars part 1: the Unionist: the prospect of Home Rule terrified the Protestants of the north, and they prepared to resist it by employing a very unusual collection of arms. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Firearms+of+the+Irish+Civil+Wars+part+1:+the+Unionist:+the+prospect...-a0204318793 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[British military rifles]]
*[[Swinburn–Henry]]
*[[Martini–Enfield]] – the [[.303 British|.303 calibre]] version of the Martini–Henry
*[[Martini Cadet]] – Cadet [[target shooting]] rifle

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=



<ref name="peashooter85.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.peashooter85.com/post/91307704832/the-greener-martini-light-harpoon-gun-during|title=Lock, Stock, and History, The Greener – Martini Light Harpoon Gun, During...|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070301/http://www.peashooter85.com/post/91307704832/the-greener-martini-light-harpoon-gun-during|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="militaryrifles.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryrifles.com/Turkey/TPeabMar.htm|title=Turkish Peabody Martini|date=March 18, 2001|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127002809/http://www.militaryrifles.com/Turkey/TPeabMar.htm|archive-date=2015-11-27}}</ref>

}}

=== General sources===
{{Refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Achtermeier |first=William O. |url=http://www.militaryrifles.com/Turkey/PeabStory/PeabodyStory.htm |title=The Turkish Connection: The Saga of the Peabody-Martini Rifle |magazine=Man at Arms Magazine |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=12–21 |id=5557 |date=1979 |access-date=3 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106023334/http://www.militaryrifles.com/Turkey/PeabStory/PeabodyStory.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012 }}
* {{cite book |last=Calver |first=Richard E. |title=The Home Loader |date=2009 }}
* {{cite web |last=Chivers |first=C. J. |date=10 December 2010 |title=One Way to Retire an Old Rifle |url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/10/rifles-of-advanced-age-remain-in-use-in-afghanistan/ |department=At War |work=[[The New York Times]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Conrad |first=Joseph |date=1902 |title=Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether |chapter=Heart of Darkness |publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons |location=London |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/YouthHeartOfDarknessTheEndOrTheTether/page/n121}}
* {{cite book |last=Corbett |first=Jim |date=1944 |title=Man Eaters of Kumaon |url=https://archive.org/details/maneatersofkumao029903mbp/page/n25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London }}
* {{Cite web |last=Cushman |first=Dave |title=Greener Police Shotgun Cartridge and Weapon |publisher=dave-cushman.net |date=26 January 2007 |access-date=30 October 2019 |url=http://www.dave-cushman.net/shot/greenerpolice.html }}
* {{cite book |last=Davitt |first=M. |year=1902 |title=The Boer Fight for Freedom |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |url=https://archive.org/details/boerfightforfre00davigoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/boerfightforfre00davigoog/page/n83 66] }}
* {{cite book |last=Greaves |first=Adrian |title=Rorke's Drift |url={{google books |id=2xQJQwS1LkUC |plainurl=yes |keywords=Martini Henry}} |year=2003 |publisher=Cassell |isbn=978-0-304-36641-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Greener |first=William Wellington |title=The Gun & Its Development |edition=9th |date=1910 |publisher= Cassell and Co|location= London|url=https://archive.org/details/gunitsdevelopmen00greerich}}
* {{cite book |last=McLachlan |first=Sean |title=Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896: The Italian Disaster in Ethiopia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pli3CwAAQBAJ |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-84908-458-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Manning |first=Stephen |title=The Martini-Henry Rifle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZmjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-78096-507-9 }}
* {{Cite web |last=McGivering |first=John |title=The Man Who Would be King—Notes on the Text |publisher=kiplingsociety.co.uk |date=6 February 2017 |access-date=30 October 2019 |url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_wouldbeking_notes.htm }}
* {{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Donald R. |title=The Washing of the Spears |date=1994 |publisher=Random House |location=London |isbn=978-0-7126-6105-8 |edition=Third }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Smith-Christmas |first1=Kenneth L. |year=2014 |title=Icon of an Empire: The Martini-Henry |journal=[[American Rifleman]] |volume=162 |issue=November |publisher=National Rifle Association of America }}
* {{cite book |last=Walter |first=John |title=Rifles of the World |publisher=Krause Publications |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA147 |edition=3rd |location=Iola, WI |isbn=0-89689-241-7 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Isby |first1=David |title=Russia's War in Afghanistan |date=15 June 1986 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-0-85045-691-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bakken |first1=Gordon Morris |title=The World of the American West [2 volumes]: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |date=12 December 2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-2860-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RfOEAAAQBAJ |access-date=2 September 2023 |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

=== Further reading ===
{{Refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Gunmaking", 1905 edition
* {{cite book |author=The Executive Committee|title=Official Report of the Calcutta International Exhibition, 1883–84: Compiled Under the Orders of the Executive Committee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA676|volume=II|year=1885|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |location=Calcutta }}
* {{cite book |last=Skennerton |first=Ian |title=Small Arms Identification Series No 15: .450 & .303 Martini Rifles and Carbines |year=2002 |publisher= Arms & Militaria Press|isbn=0-949749-44-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Suciu |first1=Peter |journal=Military Heritage |date=August 2005 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=24–7 |title=The versatile Martini-Henry rifle was a mainstay of the British Empire during Queen Victoria's numerous 'little' wars |url=http://www.militaryheritagemagazine.com/2005/aug/col-militaria.html |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819054235/http://militaryheritagemagazine.com/2005/aug/col-militaria.html |archive-date=19 August 2007  }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Martini-Henry}}
* {{youTube|id=29FvLUdos64|title= Martini–Henry Cavalry Carbine Mk I}}
* [http://www.svartkrutt.net/articles/vis.php?id=11 .577/.450 Martini–Henry Rifles]
* [http://www.martinihenry.com/ martinihenry.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080213225105/http://www.antiquestopic.com/martini-metford-mkiv-1886/ Martini Metford MkIV 1886]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAxKFLh61Yc Greener Harpoon Gun]

{{VictorianEraBritishWeapons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martini-Henry}}
[[Category:British Army equipment]]
[[Category:Early rifles]]
[[Category:Rifles of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:North-West Mounted Police]]
[[Category:Royal Irish Constabulary]]
[[Category:Single-shot rifles]]
[[Category:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Hunting rifles]]
[[Category:Anglo-Zulu War]]