View source for Marrakesh

{{short description|City in Marrakesh–Safi, Morocco}}
{{other uses|Marrakesh  (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Marrakesh
| native_name        = {{lang|ar|مراكش}}
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities in Morocco|Prefecture-level city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|border = infobox
|total_width = 300
|image1 = Pavillon Menaragärten.jpg
|caption1 = [[Menara Gardens]] and the [[Atlas Mountains]]
|image2 = MoroccoMarrakech KoutoubiaMosqueTop.jpg
|caption2 = [[Kutubiyya Mosque]]
|image3 = Blue villa in Majorelle garden (2845770484).jpg
|caption3 = [[Majorelle Garden]]
|image4 = Bab Agnaou.jpg
|caption4 = [[Bab Agnaou]]
|image5 = Badi Palace DSCF6501.jpg
|caption5 = [[El Badi Palace]]
|image6 = Djemaa el Fna.jpg
|caption6 = [[Jemaa el-Fnaa]]
}}
| image_shield       = 
| shield_size        = 
| map_caption        = Map of Marrakesh
| pushpin_map        = Morocco#Africa
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Marrakesh within Morocco
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Morocco]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Morocco|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Marrakesh-Safi]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Provinces of Morocco|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_name2  = Marrakesh
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Fatima Ezzahra El Mansouri]]
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = 1070
| founder            = [[Abu Bakr ibn Umar]]
| area_total_km2     = 
| population_as_of   = 2024
| population_total   = 1002697
| population_footnotes = <ref name="b910">{{cite web | title=Marrakech (Marrakech, Marrakech | website=Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information | date=2024-09-01 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/morocco/marrakechsafi/marrakech/35101000__marrakech/ | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_urban   = 1,085,330
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="h113">{{cite web | title=Marrakech Population 2025 | website=World Population Review | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/morocco/marrakech | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref>
| population_metro   = 1152691
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="q588">{{cite web | title=Stats in the city visualisation | website=Global Human Settlement | url=https://human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu/ucdb2024visual.php | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref>
| population_rank    = [[List of cities in Morocco|4th in Morocco]]{{refn|The [[Haut Commissariat au Plan|High Commission for Planning]] defines the city of Marrakesh as comprising the municipality of Méchouar-Kasba and the five ''[[Administrative divisions of Morocco|arrondissements]]'' of Annakhil, Gueliz, Marrakech-Médina, Ménara and Sidi Youssef Ben Ali.<ref name=citydefn>{{cite web |url=http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/165548/ |title=Note de présentation des premiers résultats du Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat 2014 |language=fr |publisher=[[Haut Commissariat au Plan|High Commission for Planning]] |page=8 |date=20 March 2015 |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107134710/http://www.rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/165548/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}
| population_demonym = Marrakshi
| demographics_type1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)]]
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Year
| demographics1_info1 = 2024
| demographics1_title2 = Total (Metro)
| demographics1_info2 = $10.6&nbsp;billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web |title=TelluBase—Morocco Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series) |url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase-factsheet-mar.pdf |publisher=Tellusant |access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Per capita
| demographics1_info3 = $10,000
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| coordinates        = {{coord|31|37|48|N|8|0|32|W|region:MA|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 466
| elevation_ft       = 
| elevation_max_m    = 
| elevation_max_ft   = 
| elevation_min_m    = 
| elevation_min_ft   = 
| website            = {{URL|https://www.ville-marrakech.ma/|ville-marrakech.ma}}
| footnotes          = {{Notelist}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
  | Official_name = Medina of Marrakesh
| Location=
 | Type = Cultural
  | Criteria      = i, ii, iv, v
  | ID            = 331
  | Year          = 1985
  | child         = yes
  | area          = 1,107 ha
}}
| official_name      = 
}}

'''Marrakesh''' or '''Marrakech''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|æ|k|ɛ|ʃ|,_|ˌ|m|ær|ə|ˈ|k|ɛ|ʃ}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/marrakech?showCookiePolicy=true|title=Marrakech or Marrakesh|access-date=24 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.|archive-date=9 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209222519/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/marrakech?showCookiePolicy=true|url-status=live}}</ref> {{langx|ar|مراكش|murrākuš}}, {{IPA|ar|murraːkuʃ|pron}}) is the fourth-largest city in [[Morocco]].<ref name=citydefn/> It is one of the four [[imperial cities of Morocco]] and is the capital of the [[Marrakesh-Safi]] [[Regions of Morocco|region]]. The city lies west of the foothills of the [[Atlas Mountains]].

The city was founded circa 1070 by [[Abu Bakr ibn Umar]] as the capital of the [[Almoravid dynasty]]. The Almoravids established the first major structures in the city and shaped its layout for centuries to come. The red [[Walls of Marrakesh|walls of the city]], built by [[Ali ibn Yusuf]] in 1122–1123, and various buildings constructed in red sandstone afterwards, have given the city the nickname of the "Red City" or "Ochre City". Marrakesh grew rapidly and established itself as a cultural, religious, and trading center for the [[Maghreb]]. After a period of decline, Marrakesh regained its status in the early 16th century as the capital of the [[Saadian dynasty]], with sultans [[Abdallah al-Ghalib]] and [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] embellishing the city with an array of sumptuous monuments. Beginning in the 17th century, the city became popular among [[sufism|Sufi]] pilgrims for its [[Seven Saints of Marrakesh|seven patron saints]] who are buried here. In 1912, the [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Protectorate in Morocco]] was established and [[T'hami El Glaoui]] became Pasha of Marrakesh and generally held this position until the independence of Morocco and the reestablishment of the monarchy in 1956.

Marrakesh comprises an old fortified city packed with vendors and their stalls. This [[medina quarter]] is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] and contains the [[Jemaa el-Fnaa]] square, a large number of [[souks]] (markets), the [[Kutubiyya Mosque]], and many other historic and cultural sites. The city serves as a major economic center and tourist destination. Real estate and hotel development in Marrakesh have grown dramatically in the 21st century. Marrakesh is particularly popular with the French, and numerous French celebrities own property in the city.

Marrakesh is served by [[Menara International Airport|Ménara International Airport]] and by [[Marrakesh railway station]], which connects the city to [[Casablanca]] and northern Morocco. Marrakesh has several universities and schools, including [[Cadi Ayyad University]]. A number of Moroccan football clubs are here, including [[Najm de Marrakech]], [[KAC Marrakech]], [[Mouloudia de Marrakech]] and [[Chez Ali Club de Marrakech]]. The [[Marrakesh Street Circuit]] hosts the [[World Touring Car Championship]], [[Auto GP]] and [[FIA Formula Two Championship (2009–2012)|FIA Formula Two Championship]] races.

==Etymology==
The exact meaning of the name is debated.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=948}} One possible origin of the name Marrakesh is from the [[Berber language|Berber]] (Amazigh) words ''amur (n) akush'', which means "Land of God".{{sfn|Nanjira|2010|p=208}} According to historian Susan Searight, however, the town's name was first documented in an 11th-century manuscript in the [[Qarawiyyin]] library in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], where its meaning was given as "country of the sons of Kush".{{sfn|Searight|1999|p=378}} The word ''mur''{{Sfn|Egginton|Pitz|2010|p=11}} is used now in Berber mostly in the feminine form ''tamurt''. The same word "mur" appears in [[Mauretania]], the North African kingdom from antiquity, although the link remains controversial as this name possibly originates from μαύρος ''mauros'', the [[ancient Greek]] word for "dark".{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=948}} The common English spelling is "Marrakesh",{{sfn|de Cenival|1991|p=588}}{{sfn|Cornell|1998|p=15}} although "Marrakech" (the [[French language|French]] spelling) is also widely used.{{sfn|Nanjira|2010|p=208}} The name is spelled ''Mṛṛakc'' in the [[Berber Latin alphabet]], ''Marraquexe'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], ''Marrakech'' in Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=RAE|last2=RAE|title=Marrakech {{!}} Diccionario panhispánico de dudas|url=https://www.rae.es/dpd/Marrakech|access-date=2020-09-07|website=«Diccionario panhispánico de dudas»|language=es|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093401/https://www.rae.es/dpd/Marrakech|url-status=live}}</ref> A typical pronunciation in [[Moroccan Arabic]] is ''merrākesh'' ({{IPA|/mərra:kəʃ/}}) with [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] on the second syllable.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16DfjwEACAAJ&q=georgetown+moroccan+arabic |title=The Georgetown Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Arabic-English, English-Arabic |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-62616-331-7 |editor-last=Maamouri |editor-first=Mohamed |pages=584 (see xxv-xxvi for discussion of vowels) |language=en}}</ref>

From medieval times until around the beginning of the 20th century, the entire country of Morocco was known as the "Kingdom of Marrakesh", as the kingdom's [[History of Morocco|historic]] capital city was often Marrakesh.{{sfn|de Cenival|1991|p=593}}{{sfn|Gottreich|2007|p=10}} The name for Morocco is still "Marrakesh" to this day in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] as well as many other South Asian languages. Various European names for Morocco (Marruecos, Marrocos, Maroc, Marokko, etc.) are directly derived from the name ''Murrākush''. Conversely, the city itself was in earlier times simply called ''Marocco City'' (or similar) by travelers from abroad. The name of the city and the country diverged after the [[Treaty of Fez]] divided Morocco into a [[French protectorate in Morocco]] and [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco]], and the old interchangeable usage lasted widely until about the interregnum of [[Mohammed Ben Aarafa]] (1953–1955).<ref name="IbpUSA2006">{{cite book |title=Morocco Country Study Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GjrAeMS1dIC&pg=PA23|access-date=29 June 2013|date=1 April 2006|publisher=International Business Publications|isbn=978-0-7397-1514-7|page=23|archive-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626185538/http://books.google.com/books?id=8GjrAeMS1dIC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter episode set in motion the country's return to independence, when Morocco officially became {{lang|ar|المملكة المغربية}} (''al-Mamlaka al-Maġribiyya'', "The Maghreb Kingdom"), its name no longer referring to the city of Marrakesh. Marrakesh is known by a variety of nicknames, including the "Red City" ({{Langx|ar|المدينة الحمراء|translit=Al-madīnat al-ḥamrā'|links=no}}), the "Ochre City" and "the Daughter of the Desert", and has been the focus of poetic analogies such as one comparing the city to "a drum that beats an [[Africa]]n identity into the complex soul of Morocco."{{sfn|Rogerson|Lavington|2004|p=xi}}

==History==
{{main|History of Marrakesh|Timeline of Marrakesh}}
The Marrakesh area was inhabited by [[Berbers|Berber]] farmers from [[Neolithic]] times, and numerous stone implements have been unearthed in the area.{{sfn|Searight|1999|p=378}} Marrakesh was founded by [[Abu Bakr ibn Umar]], chieftain and second cousin of the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] king [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] (c. 1061–1106).{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=59–64}}{{sfn|Gerteiny|1967|p=28}} Historical sources cite a variety of dates for this event ranging between 1062 (454 in the [[Hijri year|Hijri calendar]]), according to [[Ibn Abi Zar]] and [[Ibn Khaldun]], and 1078 (470 AH), according to [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]].{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=61}} The date most commonly used by modern historians is 1070,{{Sfnm|1a1=Deverdun|1y=1959|1p=59–63|2a1=Messier|2y=2010|2p=180|3a1=Abun-Nasr|3y=1987|3p=83|4a1=Salmon|4y=2018|4p=33|5a1=Wilbaux|5y=2001|5p=208|6a1=Bennison|6y=2016|6p=22, 34|7a1=Lintz|7a2=Déléry |7a3=Tuil Leonetti|7y=2014|7p=565}} although 1062 is still cited by some writers.{{Sfnm|1a1=Bloom|1a2=Blair|1y=2009|1loc="Marrakesh"|2a1=Naylor|2y=2009|2p=90|3a1=Park|3a2=Boum|3y=2006|3p=238}} 

[[File:Almoravid dinar 1138 631905.jpg|thumb|Gold [[Almoravid dinar]] minted during the reign of [[Ali ibn Yusuf]]|left]]
The Almoravids, a Berber dynasty seeking to reform Islamic society, ruled an [[emirate]] stretching from the edge of [[Senegal]] to the centre of [[Spain]] and from the Atlantic coast to [[Algiers]].{{Sfn|Bennison|2016}} They used Marrakesh as their capital and established its first structures, including mosques and a fortified residence, the Ksar al-Hajjar, near the present-day [[Kutubiyya Mosque]].{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=56–59}} These Almoravid foundations also influenced the layout and urban organization of the city for centuries to come. For example, the present-day [[Jemaa el-Fnaa]] originated from a public square in front of the Almoravid palace gates, the ''Rahbat al-Ksar'',{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=143}}<ref name="Skounti-2006">{{Cite book|last1=Skounti|first1=Ahmed|url=https://www.academia.edu/4139227|title=La Place Jemaa El Fna: patrimoine immatériel de Marrakech du Maroc et de l'humanité|last2=Tebaa|first2=Ouidad|publisher=Bureau de l’UNESCO pour le Maghreb|year=2006|location=Rabat|pages=25–27|language=fr|access-date=May 12, 2019|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093440/https://www.academia.edu/4139227|url-status=live}}</ref> and the major souks (markets) of the city developed roughly in the area between this square and the city's main mosque, where they remain today.{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=115}} The city developed the community into a trading centre for the [[Maghreb]] and sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name="International2005">{{cite journal|title=The Rotarian|journal=Rotary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14|access-date=9 October 2012|date=July 2005|publisher=Rotary International|page=14|issn=0035-838X|archive-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626185600/http://books.google.com/books?id=DjMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14|url-status=live}}</ref> It grew rapidly and established itself as a cultural and religious centre, supplanting [[Aghmat]], which had long been the capital of [[Haouz]]. [[Al-Andalus|Andalusi]] craftsmen from [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Cordoba]] and [[Seville]] built and decorated numerous monuments, importing the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Cordoban Umayyad]] style characterised by carved domes and [[Multifoil arch|cusped arches]].{{sfn|Searight|1999|p=378}}{{sfn|Lehmann|Henss|Szerelmy|2009|p=292}} This Andalusian influence merged with designs from the Sahara and West Africa, creating a unique style of architecture which was fully adapted to the Marrakesh environment. Yusuf ibn Tashfin built houses, minted coins, and brought gold and silver to the city in caravans.{{sfn|Searight|1999|p=378}} His son and successor, [[Ali ibn Yusuf|Ali Ibn Yusuf]], built the [[Ben Youssef Mosque]], the city's main mosque, between 1120 and 1132.{{Sfn|Bloom|Blair|2009|pp=111–115}}{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|pp=223–224}} He also fortified the city with [[Walls of Marrakesh|city walls]] for the first time in 1126–1127 and expanded its water supply by creating the underground water system known as the [[Qanat|''khettara'']].{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=85-87, 110}}{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=224}}
[[File:Review of reviews and world's work (1890) (14743799896).jpg|thumb|[[Bab Agnaou]], the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]]-era gate of the [[Kasbah of Marrakesh|Kasbah]] (photo {{Circa|1890}})]]
In 1125, the preacher [[Ibn Tumart]] settled in [[Tin Mal]] in the mountains to the south of Marrakesh, founding the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] movement. This new faction, composed mainly of [[Masmuda]] tribesmen, followed a [[Almohad doctrine|doctrine of radical reform]] with Ibn Tumart as the ''[[mahdi]]'', a messianic figure. He preached against the Almoravids and influenced a revolt which succeeded in bringing about the fall of nearby [[Aghmat]], but stopped short of bringing down Marrakesh following an [[Battle of al-Buhayra|unsuccessful siege]] in 1130.{{sfn|Searight|1999|p=378}} Ibn Tumart died shortly after in the same year, but his successor [[Abd al-Mu'min]] took over the political leadership of the movement and [[Capture of Marrakesh (1147)|captured Marrakesh in 1147]] after a siege of several months.{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=60, 70}} The Almohads purged the Almoravid population over three days and established the city as their new capital.{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=307}} They went on to take over much of the Almoravids' former territory in Africa and the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. In 1147, shortly after the city's conquest, Abd al-Mu'min founded the Kutubiyya Mosque (or Koutoubia Mosque), next to the former Almoravid palace, to serve as the city's new main mosque.{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=241}} The Almoravid mosques were either demolished or abandoned as the Almohads enacted their religious reforms.{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=307}} Abd al-Mu'min was also responsible for establishing the [[Menara gardens|Menara Gardens]] in 1157, while his successor [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf|Abu Ya'qub Yusuf]] (r. 1163–1184) began the [[Agdal Gardens]].{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=224, 246}}<ref name="Navarro-2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Navarro|first1=Julio|last2=Garrido|first2=Fidel|last3=Almela|first3=Íñigo|date=2017|title=The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part 1: History|url=|journal=Muqarnas|volume=34|issue=1|pages=23–42|doi=10.1163/22118993_03401P003}}</ref> [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur|Ya'qub al-Mansur]] (r. 1184–1199), possibly on the orders of his father Abu Ya'qub Yusuf, was responsible for building the [[Kasbah of Marrakesh|Kasbah]], a citadel and palace district on the south side of the city.{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=321, 343}}{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=243-244}} The Kasbah housed the center of government and the residence of the [[Caliphate|caliph]], a title borne by the Almohad rulers to rival the eastern [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. In part because of these various additions, the Almohads also improved the water supply system and created water reservoirs to irrigate their gardens.{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=246-247}} Thanks to its economic, political, and cultural importance, Marrakesh hosted many writers, artists, and intellectuals, many of them from [[Al-Andalus]], including the famous philosopher [[Averroes]] of [[Cordoba, Spain|Cordoba]].{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=265}}<ref name="Daiber-2009">{{Cite book|last=Daiber|first=Hans|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=2009|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|location=|pages=|chapter=Ibn Rushd, Abū Muḥammad|issn=1873-9830|editor-last2=Krämer|editor-first2=Gudrun|editor-last3=Matringe|editor-first3=Denis|editor-last4=Nawas|editor-first4=John|editor-last5=Rowson|editor-first5=Everett}}</ref>

[[File:MoorandChristianBattle.png|thumb|Detail of the [[Cantigas de Santa Maria|''Cantiga de Santa Maria'']] #181. The cantiga #181 depicts the successful 1261–62 defence of Marrakesh by Almohad ruler [[Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada|Al-Murtada]] (with help from Christian militias) from the siege laid on by Marinid ruler [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq|Abu Yusuf]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30218/CEM-008-009.001-Art%EDculo-005.pdf;jsessionid=5F7B068A8C27E573E69C2E8561889CAF?sequence=1|journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Medievales y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas|volume=8-9|pages=183–192|year=1983|first=Jesús|last=Montoya|title=El frustrado cerco de Marrakech (1261–1262)|publisher=[[University of Granada|Universidad de Granada. Servicio de Publicaciones]]|issn=1132-7553|language=es|access-date=2021-05-31|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215255/https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30218/CEM-008-009.001-Art%EF%BF%BDculo-005.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D5F7B068A8C27E573E69C2E8561889CAF?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The death of [[Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph|Yusuf II]] in 1224 began a period of instability. Marrakesh became the stronghold of the Almohad tribal sheikhs and the ''ahl ad-dar'' (descendants of [[Ibn Tumart]]), who sought to claw power back from the ruling Almohad family. Marrakesh was taken, lost and retaken by force multiple times by a stream of caliphs and pretenders, such as during the brutal seizure of Marrakesh by the Sevillan caliph [[Abd al-Wahid II|Abd al-Wahid II al-Ma'mun]] in 1226, which was followed by a massacre of the Almohad tribal sheikhs and their families and a public denunciation of Ibn Tumart's doctrines by the caliph from the pulpit of the [[Kasbah Mosque (Marrakech)|Kasbah Mosque]].{{Sfn|de Cenival|1991|p=592}} After al-Ma'mun's death in 1232, his widow attempted to forcibly install her son, acquiring the support of the Almohad army chiefs and Spanish mercenaries with the promise to hand Marrakesh over to them for the [[looting|sack]]. Hearing of the terms, the people of Marrakesh sought to make an agreement with the military captains and saved the city from destruction with a sizable payoff of 500,000 dinars.{{Sfn|de Cenival|1991|p=592}} In 1269, Marrakesh was conquered by the Marinids, a Zenata tribe who overran the Almohads in Morocco. While Marrakesh remained a major city, it lost its capital status to Fez and underwent a period of relative decline.{{Sfn|de Cenival|1991|p=593}}

[[File:Badi, palác, Marrákeš, 2025 (15).jpg|thumb|left|[[El Badi Palace]], built by the [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadi]] sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] (16th century)]]
In the early 16th century, Marrakesh again became the capital of Morocco. After a period when it was the seat of the [[Hintata]] emirs, it reestablished its status during the reigns of the [[Saadian dynasty|Saadian]] sultans [[Abdallah al-Ghalib]] and [[Ahmad al-Mansur]].{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=358–416}}{{Sfn|Salmon|2016}} Under the Saadian dynasty, Marrakesh experienced a new golden age.{{Sfn|de Cenival|1991|p=594}}{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=460–461}} Thanks to the wealth amassed by the sultans, it was embellished with sumptuous palaces while its ruined monuments were restored. [[El Badi Palace]], begun by Ahmad al-Mansur in 1578, was made with costly materials including marble from Italy.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=392–401}}{{sfn|Salmon|2016|pp=250–270}} The palace was intended primarily for hosting lavish receptions for ambassadors from Spain, England, and the Ottoman Empire, showcasing Saadian Morocco as a nation whose power and influence reached as far as the borders of [[Niger]] and [[Mali]].<ref name="Communications1996">{{cite journal|title=Orange Coast Magazine|journal=Orange Coast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46|access-date=16 October 2012|date=February 1996|publisher=Emmis Communications|page=46|issn=0279-0483|archive-date=25 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525235623/http://books.google.com/books?id=wP0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref> 

[[File:Le Tour du monde-01-p213.jpg|thumb|Litography depicting the city of Marrakesh, in 1860 by [[Évremond de Bérard]].]]
For centuries Marrakesh has been known as the location of the tombs of Morocco's [[Seven Saints of Marrakesh|seven patron saints]] (''sebaatou rizjel''). When [[sufism]] was at the height of its popularity during the late 17th-century reign of [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Ismail]], the festival of these saints was founded by [[Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi]] at the request of the sultan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dar-sirr.com/Patron_Saints_of_Marrakech.html|title=The Patron Saints of Marrakech|access-date=28 June 2013|publisher=Dar-Sirr.com|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051258/http://www.dar-sirr.com/Patron_Saints_of_Marrakech.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The tombs of several renowned figures were moved to Marrakesh to attract pilgrims, and the pilgrimage associated with the seven saints is now a firmly established institution. Pilgrims visit the tombs of the saints in a specific order, as follows: [[Sidi Yusuf ibn Ali Sanhaji|Sidi Yusuf Ali Sanhaji]] (1196–97), a leper; [[Cadi Ayyad ben Moussa|Qadi Iyyad]] or [[qadi]] of [[Ceuta]] (1083–1149), a theologian and author of [[Ash-Shifa bi ta'rif huquq al-mustafa|Ash-Shifa]] (treatises on the virtues of [[Muhammad]]); [[Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti|Sidi Bel Abbas]] (1130–1204), known as the patron saint of the city and most revered in the region; [[Muhammad al-Jazuli|Sidi Muhammad al-Jazuli]] (1465), a well known Sufi who founded the Jazuli brotherhood; [[Abdelaziz al-Tebaa]] (1508), a student of al-Jazuli; [[Abdallah al-Ghazwani]] (1528), known as Moulay al-Ksour; and [[Al-Suhayli|Sidi Abu al-Qasim Al-Suhayli]], (1185), also known as Imam al-Suhayli.{{sfn|de Cenival|1991|p=591}}{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001}} Until 1867, European Christians were not authorized to enter the city unless they acquired special permission from the sultan; east European Jews were permitted.{{sfn|Gottreich|2007|p=10}}

During the early 20th century, Marrakesh underwent several years of unrest. After the premature death in 1900 of the grand vizier [[Ba Ahmed]], who had been designated regent until the designated sultan [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abd al-Aziz]] became of age, the country was plagued by anarchy, tribal revolts, the plotting of feudal lords, and European intrigues. In 1907, Marrakesh caliph [[Moulay Abd al-Hafid]] was proclaimed sultan by the powerful tribes of the High Atlas and by [[Ulama]] scholars who denied the legitimacy of his brother, Abd al-Aziz.{{sfn|Loizillon|2008|p=50}} It was also in 1907 that Dr. Mauchamp, a French doctor, was murdered in Marrakesh, suspected of spying for his country.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, General Editor. Entry for 'Marrakesh'. [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]] (1910).</ref> France used the event as a pretext for sending its troops from the eastern Moroccan town of [[Oujda]] to the major metropolitan center of Casablanca in the west. The French colonial army encountered strong resistance from [[Ahmed al-Hiba]], a son of Sheikh [[Ma al-'Aynayn]], who arrived from the Sahara accompanied by his nomadic Reguibat tribal warriors. On 30 March 1912, the French Protectorate in Morocco was established.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bibliographic Set (2 Vol Set). International Court of Justice, Digest of Judgments and Advisory Opinions, Canon and Case Law 1946 – 2011|date=June 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_L23IXwnFQC&pg=PA117|access-date=7 July 2013|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-04-23062-0|page=117|archive-date=25 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525233121/http://books.google.com/books?id=q_L23IXwnFQC&pg=PA117|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Sidi Bou Othman]], which saw the victory of the French Mangin column over the al-Hiba forces in September 1912, the French seized Marrakesh. The conquest was facilitated by the rallying of the Imzwarn tribes and their leaders from the powerful Glaoui family, leading to a massacre of Marrakesh citizens in the resulting turmoil.{{sfn|Barrows|2004|p=73}}

[[File:Thami El Glaoui.jpg|thumb|right|[[T'hami El Glaoui]], [[Pasha]] of Marrakesh (1912 to 1956)]]
[[T'hami El Glaoui]], known as "Lord of the Atlas", became Pasha of Marrakesh, a post he held virtually throughout the 44-year duration of the Protectorate (1912–1956).{{sfn|Lehmann|Henss|Szerelmy|2009|p=84}} Glaoui dominated the city and became famous for his collaboration with the general residence authorities, culminating in a plot to dethrone Mohammed Ben Youssef (Mohammed V) and replace him with the Sultan's cousin, [[Ben Arafa]].{{sfn|Lehmann|Henss|Szerelmy|2009|p=84}} Glaoui, already known for his amorous adventures and lavish lifestyle, became a symbol of Morocco's colonial order. He could not, however, subdue the rise of nationalist sentiment, nor the hostility of a growing proportion of the inhabitants. Nor could he resist pressure from France, who agreed to terminate its Moroccan Protectorate in 1956 due to the launch of the [[Algerian War]] (1954–1962) immediately following the end of the [[Indochina War|war]] in [[Indochina]] (1946–1954), in which Moroccans had been conscripted to fight in [[Vietnam]] on behalf of the French Army. After two successive exiles to [[Corsica]] and [[Madagascar]], Mohammed Ben Youssef was allowed to return to Morocco in November 1955, bringing an end to the despotic rule of Glaoui over Marrakesh and the surrounding region. A protocol giving independence to Morocco was then signed on 2 March 1956 between French Foreign Minister Christian Pineau and M’Barek Ben Bakkai.{{sfn|Hoisington|2004|p=109}}

[[File:Gueliz, Marrakesh, Morocco - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|The Gueliz district in Marrakech was established outside the old city during the [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Protectorate]] period (after 1912).]]
Since the independence of Morocco, Marrakesh has thrived as a tourist destination. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the city became a trendy "[[Hippies|hippie]] mecca". It attracted numerous western rock stars and musicians, artists, film directors and actors, models, and fashion divas,{{sfn|Christiani|2009|p=38}} leading tourism revenues to double in Morocco between 1965 and 1970.<ref>{{cite book|title=MEED.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gthHAAAAYAAJ|page=324|access-date=8 July 2013|year=1971|publisher=Economic East Economic Digest, Limited|archive-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626185536/http://books.google.com/books?id=gthHAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]], [[The Beatles]], [[The Rolling Stones]] and [[Jean-Paul Getty]] all spent significant time in the city; Laurent bought a property here and renovated the Majorelle Gardens.{{Sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=8}}{{sfn|Howe|2005|p=46}} Expatriates, especially those from France, have invested heavily in Marrakesh since the 1960s and developed many of the ''[[Riad (Morocco)|riad]]s'' and palaces.{{Sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=8}} Over the following decades, the demographic importance of the historic medina declined, due to much of it being converted from residential housing to commercial properties as well as due to the general expansion of the city beyond its traditional areas. In 1984, about 51% of the city's population lived in the medina, whereas only 22% did in 2004.{{Sfn|Bigio|2012|pp=206–207}} 

[[United Nations]] agencies became active in Marrakesh beginning in the 1970s, and the city's international political presence has subsequently grown. In 1985, [[UNESCO]] declared the old town area of Marrakesh a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], raising international awareness of the cultural heritage of the city.{{sfn|Shackley|2012|p=43}} In the 1980s, [[Patrick Guerand-Hermes]] purchased the {{Convert|30|acre}} [[Ain el Quassimou]], built by the family of [[Leo Tolstoy]].{{Sfn|Howe|2005|p=46}} On 15 April 1994, the [[Marrakesh Agreement]] was signed here to establish the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organisation]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/untc//Pages//doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201867/volume-1867-I-31874-English.pdf|title=Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (with final act, annexes and protocol). Concluded at Marrakesh on 15 April 1994|access-date=13 July 2013|publisher=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512072412/http://treaties.un.org/untc/Pages/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201867/volume-1867-I-31874-English.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and in March 1997 Marrakesh served as the site of the [[World Water Council]]'s first World Water Forum, which was attended by over 500 international participants.{{sfn|Academie de droit|2002|p=71}}

In the 21st century, property and real estate development in the city has boomed, with a dramatic increase in new hotels and shopping centres, fuelled by the policies of [[Mohammed VI of Morocco]], who aims to increase the number of tourists annually visiting Morocco to 20&nbsp;million by 2020. In 2010, a major gas explosion occurred in the city. On 28 April 2011, [[2011 Marrakesh bombing|a bomb attack took place in the Jemaa el-Fnaa square]], killing 15 people, mainly foreigners. The blast destroyed the nearby Argana Cafe.<ref name="BBC0411">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13226117|title=Morocco: Marrakesh bomb strikes Djemaa el-Fna square|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=28 April 2011|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520174816/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13226117|url-status=live}}</ref> Police sources arrested three suspects and claimed the chief suspect was loyal to [[Al-Qaeda]], although [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] denied involvement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-attack-qaeda-idUSTRE7462FB20110507|title=Qaeda denies involvement in Morocco cafe bomb attack|date=7 May 2011|access-date=29 June 2013|publisher=Reuters|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318080655/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-attack-qaeda-idUSTRE7462FB20110507|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2016 the city hosted the [[2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference]].<ref name="UN.org">{{cite web|date=13 November 2016|title=MARRAKECH: Dozens of heads of State and Government to attend UN climate conference|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/11/marrakech-dozens-of-heads-of-state-and-government-to-attend-un-climate-conference/|access-date=14 May 2019|publisher=[[United Nations]]|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706212431/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/11/marrakech-dozens-of-heads-of-state-and-government-to-attend-un-climate-conference/|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2023, the city was affected by [[2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake|a deadly earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 September 2023 |title=Deadliest quake in decades leaves thousands dead in Morocco |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230909-at-least-296-people-killed-in-morocco-powerful-earthquake |work=France 24 |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909093919/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230909-at-least-296-people-killed-in-morocco-powerful-earthquake |url-status=live }}</ref> From October 9 to October 15, 2023, the city hosted the [[Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMF, World Bank hold meetings in Morocco weeks after devastating quake |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/imf-world-bank-hold-meetings-in-morocco-weeks-after-devastating-quake |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010160148/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/imf-world-bank-hold-meetings-in-morocco-weeks-after-devastating-quake |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=IMF Managing Director Arrives in Marrakech for Annual Meetings |url=https://en.hespress.com/72283-imf-managing-director-arrives-in-marrakech-for-annual-meetings.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015164943/https://en.hespress.com/72283-imf-managing-director-arrives-in-marrakech-for-annual-meetings.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Pavillon Menaragärten.jpg|thumb|In winter, the [[Atlas Mountains]] are typically covered in snow and ice.]]
The city is located in the [[Tensift River]] valley,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tanouti|first1=Oumaima|last2=Molle|first2=François|date=2013|title=The Reappropriation of Water in Overexploited Basins: The Case of the Tensift Basin (Morocco)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283795410|journal=Études rurales|volume=192|issue=2|pages=79–96|doi=10.4000/etudesrurales.9902|via=|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-01-27|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093420/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283795410_The_reappropriation_of_water_in_overexploited_basins_The_Case_of_the_Tensift_Basin_Morocco|url-status=live}}</ref> with the Tensift River passing along the northern edge of the city. The [[Ourika River]] valley is about {{convert|30|km}} south of Marrakesh.{{sfn|Searight|1999|p=407}} The city has expanded north from the old centre with suburbs such as Daoudiat, Diour El Massakine, Sidi Abbad, Sakar and Amerchich, to the southeast with Sidi Youssef Ben Ali, to the west with Massira and Targa, and southwest to M'hamid beyond the airport.<ref name="GM">{{cite map|title=Maps|publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> On the P2017 road leading south out of the city are large villages such as [[Douar Lahna]], [[Touggana]], [[Lagouassem]], and [[Lahebichate]], leading eventually through desert to the town of [[Tahnaout]] at the edge of the [[High Atlas]], the highest mountainous barrier in North Africa.<ref name="GM"/> The average elevation of the snow-covered High Atlas lies above {{convert|3000|m}}. It is mainly composed of [[Jurassic]] [[limestone]]. The mountain range runs along the Atlantic coast, then rises to the east of Agadir and extends northeast into Algeria before disappearing into [[Tunisia]].{{Sfn|Clark|2012|pp=11–13}}

[[File:Ourika.jpg|thumb|The [[Ourika River]] valley]]
=== Climate ===
Marrakesh features a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with long, hot dry summers and brief, mild to cool winters. Average temperatures range from {{Convert|12|C|F}} in the winter to {{Convert|26|-|30|C|F}} in the summer.<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG__I/FM/60230.TXT
| title = Marrakech (Marrakesh) Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = January 26, 2016
| archive-date = June 8, 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200608012601/http://ftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/FM/60230.TXT/
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The relatively wet winter and dry summer precipitation pattern of Marrakesh mirrors precipitation patterns found in [[Mediterranean Climate|Mediterranean climates]]. However, the city receives less rain than is typically found in a Mediterranean climate, which results in a semi-arid climate classification.

Between 1961 and 1990 the city averaged {{convert|281.3|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually.<ref name="NOAA"/> Barrows says of the climate, "The region of Marrakesh is frequently described as desert in character, but, to one familiar with the [[Southwestern United States|southwestern parts of the United States]], the locality does not suggest the desert, rather an area of seasonal rainfall, where moisture moves underground rather than by surface streams, and where low brush takes the place of the forests of more heavily watered regions. The location of Marrakesh on the north side of the [[Atlas Mountains|Atlas]], rather than the south, prevents it from being described as a desert city, and it remains the northern focus of the Saharan lines of communication, and its history, its types of dwellers, and its commerce and arts, are all related to the great south Atlas spaces that reach further into the [[Sahara desert]]."{{sfn|Barrows|2004|p=74}}

{{Weather box|location = Marrakesh, Morocco ([[Menara International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1900–present
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 30.1
|Feb record high C = 34.3
|Mar record high C = 37.0
|Apr record high C = 41.3
|May record high C = 44.4
|Jun record high C = 46.9
|Jul record high C = 49.6
|Aug record high C = 48.6
|Sep record high C = 44.8
|Oct record high C = 39.8
|Nov record high C = 35.2
|Dec record high C = 30.9
|year record high C = 49.6
|Jan high C = 19.1
|Feb high C = 20.7
|Mar high C = 23.6
|Apr high C = 25.7
|May high C = 29.4
|Jun high C = 33.6
|Jul high C = 37.7
|Aug high C = 37.4
|Sep high C = 32.5
|Oct high C = 28.5
|Nov high C = 23.1
|Dec high C = 20.1
|year high C = 27.6
|Jan mean C = 12.5
|Feb mean C = 14.2
|Mar mean C = 17.0
|Apr mean C = 19.0
|May mean C = 22.3
|Jun mean C = 25.8
|Jul mean C = 29.2
|Aug mean C = 29.3
|Sep mean C = 25.6
|Oct mean C = 22.1
|Nov mean C = 16.9
|Dec mean C = 13.7
|year mean C = 20.6
|Jan low C = 5.9
|Feb low C = 7.6
|Mar low C = 10.3
|Apr low C = 12.4
|May low C = 15.2
|Jun low C = 17.9
|Jul low C = 20.6
|Aug low C = 21.1
|Sep low C = 18.6
|Oct low C = 15.7
|Nov low C = 10.7
|Dec low C = 7.3
|year low C = 13.6
|Jan record low C = -3.6
|Feb record low C = -3.0
|Mar record low C = 0.4
|Apr record low C = 2.8
|May record low C = 6.8
|Jun record low C = 9.0
|Jul record low C = 10.4
|Aug record low C = 6.0
|Sep record low C = 10.0
|Oct record low C = 1.1
|Nov record low C = 0.0
|Dec record low C = -1.6
|year record low C = -3.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 25.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 25.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 35.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 26.3
|May precipitation mm = 10.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 3.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 2.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 4.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 15.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 19.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 29.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 24.2
|year precipitation mm = 221.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 3.0
|Feb precipitation days = 3.7
|Mar precipitation days = 4.7
|Apr precipitation days = 2.9
|May precipitation days = 1.5
|Jun precipitation days = 0.6
|Jul precipitation days = 0.3
|Aug precipitation days = 0.8
|Sep precipitation days = 1.3
|Oct precipitation days = 2.4
|Nov precipitation days = 3.8
|Dec precipitation days = 4.1
|year precipitation days = 29.1
|Jan humidity = 65
|Feb humidity = 66
|Mar humidity = 61
|Apr humidity = 60
|May humidity = 58
|Jun humidity = 55
|Jul humidity = 47
|Aug humidity = 47
|Sep humidity = 52
|Oct humidity = 59
|Nov humidity = 62
|Dec humidity = 65
|year humidity = 58
|Jan sun = 230.1
|Feb sun = 216.5
|Mar sun = 252.8
|Apr sun = 270.2
|May sun = 303.1
|Jun sun = 359.7
|Jul sun = 330.4
|Aug sun = 315.1
|Sep sun = 266.8
|Oct sun = 251.5
|Nov sun = 228.9
|Dec sun = 226.6
|year sun = 
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (sun 1981–2010)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231005032237/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/MARRAKECH_60230.csv
| archive-date = 5 October 2023 
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/MARRAKECH_60230.csv
| title = Marrakech Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 5 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=WMOCLINOOld>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-I/Morocco/WMO_Normals_ASCII_60230.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 10 November 2021
| archive-date = 11 November 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211111003524/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-I/Morocco/WMO_Normals_ASCII_60230.csv
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (record highs for February, April, May, September and November, and humidity),<ref name = DWD>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_602300_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Marrakech / Marokko
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = January 26, 2016
| archive-date = March 27, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190327132654/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_602300_kt.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref>  Meteo Climat (record highs and record lows for June, July and August only)<ref name = meteoclimat>{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1557
| title = Station Menara
| publisher = Météo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = October 14, 2016
| archive-date = November 17, 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181117124910/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1557
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Marrakesh
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#FFFF34;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.1
|-
!Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|5
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|7
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|8
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|9
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|6
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|4
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|7.3
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/morocco/marrakesh-climate |title=Marrakesh, Morocco - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123948/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/morocco/marrakesh-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==== Climate change ====
A 2019 paper published in ''[[PLOS One]]'' estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Marrakesh in 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Bir Lehlou]] in [[Western Sahara]]. The annual temperature would increase by {{convert|2.9|C-change|F-change}}, and the temperature of the coldest month by {{convert|1.6|C-change|F-change}}, while the temperature of the warmest month would increase by {{convert|7|C-change|F-change}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108082440/https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414131223/https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Water ===
Marrakesh's water supply relies partly on groundwater resources, which have lowered gradually over the last 40 years, attaining an acute decline in the early 2000s. Since 2002, groundwater levels have dropped by an average of 0.9 m per year in 80% of Marrakesh and its surrounding area. The most affected area experienced a drop of 37 m (more than 2 m per year).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Analy |first1=Mohammed |last2=Laftouhi |first2=Nour-Eddine |date=January 2021 |title=Groundwater Depletion in an Urban Environment under Semiarid Climate and Persistent Drought–City of Marrakesh (Morocco) |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=22 |pages=3253 |doi=10.3390/w13223253 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3253A }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the 2014 census, the population of Marrakesh was 928,850 against 843,575 in 2004. The number of households in 2014 was 217,245 against 173,603 in 2004.<ref name="census">{{cite web| url = http://rgph-2014.hcp.ma/attachment/562303/| title = 2014 Morocco Population Census}}</ref><ref name="Pop">{{cite web|url=http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf |title=Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004 |publisher=Haut-commissariat au Plan, Lavieeco.com |access-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724191316/http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:SOFITEL HOTEL MARRAKECH MOROCCO APRIL 2013 (8709735037).jpg|thumb|right|Sofitel Hotel, April 2013]]
Marrakesh is a vital component of the economy and culture of Morocco.<ref name="BP0906">{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-150780063|title=World Travel: Africa's beating heart; Marrakech, no longer a hippy paradise, is still a vital centre of economy and culture in Morocco.|publisher=[[The Birmingham Post]] |url-access=|date=2 September 2006|access-date=}}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> Improvements to the highways from Marrakesh to Casablanca, Agadir and the local airport have led to a dramatic increase in tourism in the city, which now attracts over two million tourists annually. Because of the importance of tourism to Morocco's economy, [[King Mohammed VI]] vowed in 2012 to double the number of tourists, attracting 20&nbsp;million a year to Morocco by 2020.<ref name="T12">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/columnists/fionaduncan/9364954/The-best-Marrakesh-hotels.html|author=Duncan, Fiona|title=The best Marrakesh hotels|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|access-date=18 October 2012|archive-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001000310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/columnists/fionaduncan/9364954/The-best-Marrakesh-hotels.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is popular with the French, and many French celebrities have bought property in the city, including fashion moguls [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves St Laurent]] and [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]].<ref name="AB0305"/> In the 1990s very few foreigners lived in the city, and real estate developments have dramatically increased in the last 15 years; by 2005 over 3,000 foreigners had purchased properties in the city, lured by its culture and the relatively cheap house prices.<ref name="AB0305">{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-130570413|title=Marrakech is the new Costa del Sol: for a host of Western celebrities, Marrakech in Morocco has become the place to be seen at and increasingly, to live in. Where celebrities go, the lesser folk are bound to follow. The result is that Morocco's economy and its culture is changing—but for the better or for the worse?|publisher=[[African Business]]  |url-access=|date=1 March 2005|access-date=}}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> It has been cited in French weekly magazine ''[[Le Point]]'' as the second [[St Tropez]]: "No longer simply a destination for a scattering of adventurous elites, bohemians or backpackers seeking Arabian Nights fantasies, Marrakech is becoming a desirable stopover for the European jet set."<ref name="AB0305"/> However, despite the tourism boom, the majority of the city's inhabitants are still poor, and {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, some 20,000 households still have no access to water or electricity.<ref name="JA">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAJA2558p052-053.xml0/|title=Fatima Zahra Mansouri, première dame de Marrakech|magazine=[[Jeune Afrique]]|date=25 January 2010|access-date=28 October 2012|language=fr|archive-date=14 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214051421/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAJA2558p052-053.xml0/|url-status=live}}</ref> Many enterprises in the city are facing colossal debt problems.<ref name="JA"/>

After the [[Great Recession]] and the [[2008 financial crisis]], in 2011, investments in real estate progressed substantially both in the area of tourist accommodation and social housing. The main developments have been in facilities for tourists including hotels and leisure centres such as golf courses and health spas, with investments of 10.9&nbsp;billion dirham (US$1.28&nbsp;billion) in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiepresse.com/la-reprise-de-la-croissance-du-secteur-immobilier-a-marrakech/|title=La reprise de la croissance du secteur immobilier à Marrakech|date=28 February 2012|language=fr|access-date=17 October 2012|publisher=Regiepresse.co|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911052443/http://www.regiepresse.com/la-reprise-de-la-croissance-du-secteur-immobilier-a-marrakech/|archive-date=11 September 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/marrakech-morocco-sees-hotel-boom_n_1664409.html|title=Marrakech, Morocco Sees Hotel Boom|date=19 July 2012|access-date=17 October 2012|work=Huffington Post|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228113841/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/marrakech-morocco-sees-hotel-boom_n_1664409.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The hotel infrastructure in recent years has experienced rapid growth. In 2012, alone, 19 new hotels were scheduled to open, a development boom often compared to [[Dubai]].<ref name="T12"/> [[Royal Ranches Marrakech]], one of [[Gulf Finance House]]'s flagship projects in Morocco, is a {{Convert|380|ha}} resort under development in the suburbs and one of the world's first five star Equestrian Resorts.<ref name="MR1008">{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-186249027.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525140007/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-186249027.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2013|title=Royal Ranches Marrakech' closes land sale with Equine Management Services|publisher=[[Mena Report]] |date=2 October 2008|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> The resort is expected to make a significant contribution to the local and national economy, creating many jobs and attracting thousands of visitors annually; as of April 2012 it was about 45% complete.<ref name="MR0410">{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-286269661.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525092337/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-286269661.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2013|title=Bahrain: Royal Ranches Marrakech inks MoU with BMCE.(Memorandum of Understanding )(Banque Marocaine de Commerce Exteriur)|publisher=[[Mena Report]]|date=13 April 2012|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>
The Avenue Mohammed VI, formerly Avenue de France, is a major city thoroughfare. It has seen rapid development of residential complexes and many luxury hotels. Avenue Mohammed VI contains what is claimed to be Africa's largest [[nightclub]]:{{sfn|Humphrys|2010|p=9}} [[Pacha Marrakech]], a trendy club that plays [[house music|house]] and [[electro house]] music.<ref name="Misc. 2008">{{cite book|author=Misc.|title=Cool Restaurants Top of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pSoXlsM8_sC&pg=PA274|access-date=8 October 2012|date=1 June 2008|publisher=teNeues|isbn=978-3-8327-9233-6|page=274|archive-date=25 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525222840/http://books.google.com/books?id=6pSoXlsM8_sC&pg=PA274|url-status=live}}</ref> It also has two large cinema complexes, Le Colisée à Gueliz and Cinéma Rif, and a new shopping precinct, Al Mazar.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnPJ8_eOp4QC&pg=PA146 |title=Time Out Marrakech: Essaouira and the High Atlas |publisher=Time Out Guides |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84670-019-4 |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Menara Mall.JPG|thumb|[[Menara Mall]], opened in 2015]]
Trade and crafts are extremely important to the local tourism-fueled economy. There are 18 ''souks'' in Marrakesh, employing over 40,000 people in pottery, copperware, leather and other crafts. The ''souks'' contain a massive range of items from plastic sandals to Palestinian-style scarves imported from India or China. Local boutiques are adept at making western-style clothes using Moroccan materials.<ref name="AB0305"/> The ''[[Birmingham Post]]'' comments: "The ''souk'' offers an incredible shopping experience with a myriad of narrow winding streets that lead through a series of smaller markets clustered by trade. Through the squawking chaos of the poultry market, the gory fascination of the open-air butchers' shops and the uncountable number of small and specialist traders, just wandering around the streets can pass an entire day."<ref name="BP0906"/> Marrakesh has several supermarkets including [[Marjane Acima]], [[Asswak Salam]] and [[Carrefour]], and three major shopping centres, Al Mazar Mall, Plaza Marrakech and Marjane Square; a branch of Carrefour opened in Al Mazar Mall in 2010.{{sfn|Humphrys|2010|p=161}}<ref name="Group">{{cite book|title=The Report: Morocco 2011|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqqQra-2ToC&pg=PA100|access-date=9 October 2012|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-907065-30-9|page=100|archive-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626185529/http://books.google.com/books?id=ncqqQra-2ToC&pg=PA100|url-status=live}}</ref> Industrial production in the city is centred in the neighbourhood of Sidi Ghanem Al Massar, containing large factories, workshops, storage depots and showrooms. Ciments Morocco, a subsidiary of a major Italian cement firm, has a factory in Marrakech.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cimentsdumaroc.com/FR/Nos+usines+et+centres/Marrakech.htm|title=Nos usines et centres L'usine de Marrakech|publisher=Ciments du Maroc|language=fr|access-date=18 October 2012|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201154459/http://www.cimentsdumaroc.com/FR/Nos+usines+et+centres/Marrakech.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Marrakesh is one of North Africa's largest centers of wildlife trade, despite the illegality of most of this trade.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bergin|first1=Daniel|last2=Nijman|first2=Vincent|date=2014-11-01|title=Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267748463|journal=ResearchGate|volume=26|issue=2|access-date=2017-01-11|archive-date=2018-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133219/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267748463|url-status=live}}</ref> Much of this trade can be found in the medina and adjacent squares. Tortoises are particularly popular for sale as pets, and Barbary macaques and snakes can also be seen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nijman|first1=Vincent|last2=Bergin|first2=Daniel|last3=Lavieren|first3=Els van|date=2015-07-01|title=Barbary macaques exploited as photo-props in Marrakesh's punishment square|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280111452|journal=ResearchGate|volume=Jul-Sep|access-date=2017-01-11|archive-date=2018-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133214/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280111452|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nijman, V. and Bergin, D.|date=2017|title=Trade in spur-Thighed tortoises Testudo graeca in Morocco: Volumes, value and variation between markets|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318456632|journal=Amphibia-Reptilia|volume=38|issue=3|pages=275–287|doi=10.1163/15685381-00003109|access-date=2019-04-23|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093404/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318456632_Trade_in_spur-Thighed_tortoises_Testudo_graeca_in_Morocco_Volumes_value_and_variation_between_markets|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of these animals suffer from poor welfare conditions in these stalls.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bergin, D. and Nijman, V.|title=An Assessment of Welfare Conditions in Wildlife Markets across Morocco|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327002300|journal=Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science|year=2019|volume=22|issue=3|pages=279–288|doi=10.1080/10888705.2018.1492408|pmid=30102072|s2cid=51967901|access-date=2019-04-23|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093405/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327002300_An_Assessment_of_Welfare_Conditions_in_Wildlife_Markets_across_Morocco|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:MoroccoMarrakech cityHall.jpg|thumb|right|Marrakesh City Hall]]
Marrakesh, the regional capital, constitutes a prefecture-level administrative unit of Morocco, Marrakech Prefecture, forming part of the region of [[Marrakech-Safi]]. Marrakesh is a major centre for law and jurisdiction in Morocco and most of the major courts of the region are here. These include the regional Court of Appeal, the Commercial Court, the Administrative Court, the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeal of Commerce, and the Administrative Court of Appeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.ma/fr/OrganisationJudiciaire/Listes.aspx?region=52&_=1|title=L'Organisation Judicaire|publisher=Le Ministère de la Justice|language=fr|access-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525050442/http://www.justice.gov.ma/fr/OrganisationJudiciaire/Listes.aspx?region=52&_=1|archive-date=25 May 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Numerous organizations of the region are based here, including the regional government administrative offices, the Regional Council of Tourism office, and regional public maintenance organisations such as the Governed Autonomous Water Supply and Electricity and [[Maroc Telecom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccismar.ma/ccism.asp?codelangue=23&info=59|title=Adresses Utiles|publisher=Chambre de Commerce, D'Industrie et des Services de Marrakech|access-date=20 October 2012|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001013625/http://www.ccismar.ma/ccism.asp?codelangue=23&info=59|archive-date=1 October 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 12 June 2009, [[Fatima-Zahra Mansouri]], a then 33-year-old lawyer and daughter of a former assistant to the local authority chief in Marrakesh, was elected the first female mayor of the city, defeating outgoing Mayor [[Omar Jazouli]] by 54 votes to 35 in a municipal council vote.<ref name="AA0609">{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202221996.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525140019/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202221996.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2013|title=Morocco's Marrakech elects first woman mayor|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]] (Saudi Arabia) |date=21 June 2009|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="africansuccess.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?lang=en&id=853|title=Biography of Fatima Zahra MANSOURI|publisher=African Success|access-date=27 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613051005/http://africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=853&lang=en|archive-date=13 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mansouri became the second woman in the history of Morocco to obtain a mayoral position, after [[Asma Chaabi]], mayor of [[Essaouira]]<ref name="AA0609"/> and was elected to serve as Marrakech's mayor for a second term in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women elected mayors of Rabat, Casablanca, Marrakesh {{!}}|url=http://thearabweekly.com/women-elected-mayors-rabat-casablanca-marrakesh|access-date=2021-09-27|website=AW|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925184253/https://thearabweekly.com/women-elected-mayors-rabat-casablanca-marrakesh|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the legislative elections in November 2011, the ruling political party in Marrakesh has, for the first time, been the [[Justice and Development Party (Morocco)|Justice and Development Party]] or PDJ which also rules at the national level. The party, which advocates [[Islamism]] and [[Islamic democracy]], won five seats; the [[National Rally of Independents]] (RNI) took one seat, while the PAM won three.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/889030-legislatives-2011brmarrakech-grosse-defaite-pour-les-partis-de-la-koutla|title=Législatives 2011 – Marrakech: Grosse défaite pour les partis de la Koutla|language=fr|date=28 November 2011|access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=L'Economiste|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201193720/http://www.leconomiste.com/article/889030-legislatives-2011brmarrakech-grosse-defaite-pour-les-partis-de-la-koutla|url-status=live}}</ref>  In the partial legislative elections for the Guéliz Ennakhil constituency in October 2012, the PDJ under the leadership of [[Ahmed El Moutassadik]] was again declared the winner with 10,452 votes. The PAM, largely consisting of friends of King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]], came in second place with 9,794 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mobile.leconomiste.com/article/899326-l-gislatives-partiellesmarrakech-le-pjd-garde-son-si-ge|title=Législatives partielles: Marrakech: Le PJD garde son siège|language=fr|access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=L'Economiste|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201192231/http://mobile.leconomiste.com/article/899326-l-gislatives-partiellesmarrakech-le-pjd-garde-son-si-ge|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
{{main|Landmarks of Marrakesh}}

===Jemaa el-Fnaa===
[[File:Medina of Marrakesh-110423.jpg|thumb|[[Jemaa el-Fnaa]] square]]{{Main|Jemaa el-Fnaa}}
The [[Jemaa el-Fnaa]] is one of the best-known squares in Africa and is the centre of city activity and trade. It has been described as a "world-famous square", "a metaphorical urban icon, a bridge between the past and the present, the place where (spectacularized) Moroccan tradition encounters modernity."{{sfn|Pons|Crang|Travlou|2009|p=39}} It has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage site since 1985.{{sfn|Harrison|2012|p=144}} The square's name has several possible meanings; the most plausible etymology endorsed by historians is that it meant "ruined mosque" or "mosque of annihilation", referring to the construction of a mosque within the square in the late 16th century that was left unfinished and fell into ruin.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=590–593}}{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=263}}{{sfn|Salmon|2016|p=32}} The square was originally an open space for markets located on the east side of the ''Ksar el-Hajjar'', the main fortress and palace of the Almoravid dynasty who founded Marrakesh.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=143}}{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001}}

Historically this square was used for public executions by rulers who sought to maintain their power by frightening the public. The square attracted dwellers from the surrounding desert and mountains to trade here, and stalls were raised in the square from early in its history. It drew tradesmen, snake charmers, dancing boys, and musicians playing [[Bagpipes|pipes]], [[tambourine]]s and [[African drum]]s.{{sfn|Barrows|2004|pp=76–78}} Today the square attracts people from diverse backgrounds and tourists from all around the world. Snake charmers, acrobats, magicians, mystics, musicians, monkey trainers, herb sellers, story-tellers, dentists, pickpockets, and entertainers in medieval garb still populate the square.{{sfn|Harrison|2012|p=144}}<ref name="Publishing2003">{{cite journal|title=Out|journal=Out: America's Best Selling Gay and Lesbian Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74|access-date=16 October 2012|date=March 2003|publisher=Here Publishing|pages=73–75|issn=1062-7928|archive-date=26 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526013052/http://books.google.com/books?id=xWIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Souks===
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Marrakech olives merchant.jpg
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| image2            = Colourful shoes in Marrakech.jpg
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| footer            = Olives and colourful bejewelled slippers for sale
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Marrakesh has the largest traditional market in Morocco and the image of the city is closely associated with its ''[[souk]]s''. Historically, the souks of Marrakesh were divided into retail areas for particular goods such as leather, carpets, metalwork and pottery. These divisions still roughly exist, though with significant overlap. Many of the souks sell items like carpets and rugs, traditional Muslim attire, leather bags, and lanterns.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=148}} [[Haggling]] is still a very important part of trade in the souks.{{sfn|Christiani|2009|p=51}}

The Medina is also famous for its street food. Mechoui Alley is particularly famous for selling slow-roasted lamb dishes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://millispotter.com/experience/street-food-tasting-tour-in-marrakech/|title=Street Food of Marrakech Medina|access-date=2021-05-11|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513000510/https://millispotter.com/experience/street-food-tasting-tour-in-marrakech/|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Ensemble Artisanal'', located near the Koutoubia Mosque, is a government-run complex of small arts and crafts which offers a range of leather goods, textiles and carpets. Young apprentices are taught a range of crafts in the workshop at the back of this complex.{{sfn|Jacobs|2013|p=153}}

===City walls and gates===
{{Main|Walls of Marrakesh}}
[[File:Marrakesh walls DSCF8292.jpg|left|thumb|Walls of the historic medina of Marrakesh]]
The ramparts of Marrakesh, which stretch for some {{convert|19|km}} around the medina of the city, were built by the Almoravids in the 12th century as protective fortifications. The walls are made of a distinct orange-red clay and chalk, giving the city its nickname as the "red city"; they stand up to {{convert|19|ft}} high and have 20 gates and 200 towers along them.{{sfn|Christiani|2009|p=43}}
[[File:Marrakech (47075469664).jpg|thumb|[[Bab Agnaou]], the historic gate of the [[Kasbah]]]]
Of the city's gates, one of the best-known is [[Bab Agnaou]], built in the late 12th century by the Almohad caliph Ya'qub al-Mansur as the main public entrance to the new [[Kasbah of Marrakesh|Kasbah]].{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=}}{{Sfn|Salmon|2018}} The gate's carved floral ornamentation is framed by three panels marked with an inscription from the [[Quran]] in [[Maghrebi script]] using foliated [[Kufic]] letters.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=480}} The medina has at least eight main historic gates: [[Bab Doukkala]], [[Bab el-Khemis (Marrakesh)|Bab el-Khemis]], [[Bab ad-Debbagh]], Bab Aylan, [[Bab Aghmat]], [[Bab er Robb|Bab er-Robb]], Bab el-Makhzen and Bab el-'Arissa. These date back to the 12th century during the Almoravid period and many of them have been modified since.<ref name="Allain-1957">{{Cite journal|last1=Allain|first1=Charles|last2=Deverdun|first2=Gaston|date=1957|title=Les portes anciennes de Marrakech|url=http://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/fr/index.php/archives/archives-1959-1950/132-hesperis-tamuda-1957|journal=Hespéris|volume=44|pages=85–126|access-date=2020-09-06|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228031528/http://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/fr/index.php/archives/archives-1959-1950/132-hesperis-tamuda-1957|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001}}

===Gardens===
[[File:Jardins de la Ménara.jpg|left|thumb|Pavilion and reservoir of the [[Menara gardens]]]]
The city is home to a number of gardens, both historical and modern. The largest and oldest gardens in the city are the [[Menara Gardens]] to the west and the [[Agdal Gardens]] to the south. The Menara Gardens were established in 1157 by the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min.<ref name="Qantara-2021">{{Cite web|title=Qantara - The garden and the pavilion of the Menara|url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1021&lang=en|access-date=2021-01-28|website=www.qantara-med.org|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831025147/https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1021&lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Navarro-2017" /> They are centered around a large water reservoir surrounded by [[orchard]]s and [[olive grove]]s. A 19th-century pavilion stands at the edge of the reservoir. The Agdal Gardens were established during the reign of Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (r. 1163–1184) and extend over a larger area today, containing several water basins and palace structures.<ref name="Navarro-2017" /> The Agdal Gardens cover about {{convert|340|ha|sqmi|abbr=}} and are surrounded by a circuit of pisé walls,<ref name="Bloom-2020">{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780300218701|location=|pages=145–146}}</ref> while the Menara Gardens cover around {{convert|96|ha|sqmi|abbr=}}.<ref name="Qantara-2021" /> The water reservoirs for both gardens were supplied with water through an old hydraulic system known as ''khettara''s, which conveyed water from the foothills of the nearby Atlas Mountains.<ref name="Navarro-2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Navarro|first1=Julio|last2=Garrido|first2=Fidel|last3=Almela|first3=Íñigo|date=2018|title=The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part II: Hydraulics, Architecture, and Agriculture|url=|journal=Muqarnas|volume=35|issue=1|pages=1–64|doi=10.1163/22118993_03501P003|s2cid=116253890}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=246–247, 281–282}}

[[File:Le jardin des majorelle 21.JPG|thumb|[[Majorelle Garden]]]]
The [[Majorelle Garden]], on Avenue Yacoub el Mansour, was at one time the home of the landscape painter [[Jacques Majorelle]]. Famed designer Yves Saint Laurent bought and restored the property, which features a [[stele]] erected in his memory,<ref name="fondation-pb-ysl.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.fondation-pb-ysl.net/en/History-399.html|title=History|publisher=Fondation Pierre Bergé – Yves Saint Laurent|access-date=13 October 2012|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913091625/http://www.fondation-pb-ysl.net/en/History-399.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Museum of Islamic Art, which is housed in a dark blue building.{{sfn|Davies|2009|p=111}} The garden, open to the public since 1947, has a large collection of plants from five continents including [[cacti]], palms and bamboo.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|pp=145–146}}

The Koutoubia Mosque is also flanked by another set of gardens, the Koutoubia Gardens. They feature orange and palm trees, and are frequented by storks.{{sfn|Christiani|2009|p=101}} The Mamounia Gardens, more than 100 years old and named after Prince Moulay Mamoun, have olive and orange trees as well as a variety of floral displays.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=146}} In 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marescaux |first=Patrick |date=21 April 2016 |title=Jardin Anima, l'extraordinaire rêve marrakchi d'un artiste autrichien |url=https://medias24.com/2016/04/21/jardin-anima-lextraordinaire-reve-marrakchi-dun-artiste-autrichien/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |website=Médias24}}</ref> at a location between the city and the Atlas Mountains, artist [[André Heller]] opened the ANIMA garden, which combines a diverse collection of plants with a display of works by famous artists such as  [[Keith Haring]] and [[Pablo Picasso]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Foreman |first=Liza |date=12 December 2017 |title=Preserving Morocco's grand gardens |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20171212-preserving-moroccos-grand-gardens |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> In the same year, a large restored ''[[Riad (architecture)|riad]]'' garden set within a historical mansion, located inside the medina, was opened to visitors as ''Le Jardin Secret'' ('The Secret Garden').<ref name=":0" />

===Palaces and Riads===
[[File:Bahia Palace large court.jpg|thumb|Courtyard of the [[Bahia Palace]]]]
The historic wealth of the city is manifested in palaces, mansions and other lavish residences. The best-known palaces today are the [[El Badi Palace]] and the [[Bahia Palace]], as well as the main [[Kasbah of Marrakesh|Royal Palace]] which is still in use as one of the official residences of the King of Morocco. ''Riads'' (Moroccan mansions, historically designating a type of garden{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001}}) are common in Marrakesh. Based on the design of the Roman villa, they are characterized by an open central garden courtyard surrounded by high walls. This construction provided the occupants with privacy and lowered the temperature within the building.{{sfn|Davies|2009|p=104}} Numerous riads and historic residences exist through the old city, with the oldest documented examples dating back to the Saadian period (16th-17th centuries), while many others date from the 19th and 20th centuries.{{sfn|Salmon|2016}}{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001}}

===Mosques===
[[File:Minaret de Marrakech.jpg|thumb|right|Minaret of the [[Koutoubia Mosque]]]]
The [[Koutoubia Mosque]] is one of the largest and most famous mosques in the city, located southwest of Jemaa el-Fnaa. The mosque was founded in 1147 by the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min. A second version of the mosque was entirely rebuilt by Abd al-Mu'min around 1158, with [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur|Ya'qub al-Mansur]] possibly finalizing construction of the [[minaret]] around 1195.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959}} This second mosque is the structure that stands today. It is considered a major example of [[Almohad architecture]] and of [[Moroccan architecture|Moroccan mosque architecture]] generally.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959}} Its [[minaret]] tower, the tallest in the city at {{Convert|77|m}} in height, is considered an important landmark and symbol of Marrakesh.<ref name="Gregg2007">{{cite book|last=Gregg|first=Gary S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwajxJo_DMAC&pg=PA62|title=Culture and Identity in a Muslim Society|date=15 February 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-531003-0|page=62|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=101}} It likely influenced other buildings such as the [[Giralda]] of [[Seville]] and the [[Hassan Tower]] of [[Rabat]].{{Sfn|Salmon|2018}}<ref name="Ewert-1992">{{Cite book|last=Ewert|first=Christian|title=Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1992|isbn=0870996371|editor-last=Dodds|editor-first=Jerrilynn D.|location=New York|pages=85–95|chapter=The Architectural Heritage of Islamic Spain in North Africa}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bennison|2016}}<ref name="Hattstein">Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter (eds.) ''Islam: Art and Architecture''. h.f.ullmann.</ref>

[[Ben Youssef Mosque]] is named after the Almoravid sultan Ali ibn Yusuf, who built the original mosque in the 12th century to serve as the city's main [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]].{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=98–99}} After being abandoned during the Almohad period and falling into ruin, it was rebuilt in the 1560s by [[Abdallah al-Ghalib]] and then completely rebuilt again [[Slimane of Morocco|Moulay Sliman]] at the beginning of the 19th century.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=516}} The 16th-century Ben Youssef Madrasa is located next to it. Also next to it is the [[Almoravid Qubba]], a rare architectural remnant of the Almoravid period which was excavated and restored in the 20th century. It is a domed kiosk that demonstrates a sophisticated style and is an important indication of the art and [[Almoravid architecture|architecture of the period]].{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=105–106}}{{Sfn|Salmon|2018}}

The [[Kasbah Mosque (Marrakech)|Kasbah Mosque]] overlooks Place Moulay Yazid in the [[Kasbah of Marrakesh|Kasbah district]] of Marrakesh, close to the El Badi Palace. It was built by the Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansour in the late 12th century to serve as the [[Jama Masjid|main mosque]] of the [[kasbah]] (citadel) where he and his high officials resided.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=232–237}} It contended with the Koutoubia Mosque for prestige and the decoration of its minaret was highly influential in subsequent Moroccan architecture.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=238}} The mosque was repaired by the Saadi sultan [[Abdallah al-Ghalib|Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib]] following a devastating explosion at a nearby gunpowder reserve in the second half of the 16th century.{{sfn|Salmon|2016|p=82}} Notably, the [[Saadian Tombs]] were built just outside its southern wall in this period.{{Sfn|Salmon|2016|pp=184–247}}

Among the other notable mosques of the city is the 14th-century [[Ben Salah Mosque]], located east of the medina centre. It is one of the only major Marinid-era monuments in the city.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=318-320}} The [[Mouassine Mosque]] (also known as the Al Ashraf Mosque) was built by the Saadian sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib between 1562–63 and 1572–73.{{sfn|Salmon|2016|pp=28–77}} It was part of a larger architectural complex which included a library, [[hammam]] (public bathhouse), and a [[madrasa]] (school). The complex also included a large ornate street fountain known as the [[Mouassine Fountain]], which still exists today.{{Sfn|Salmon|2016|pp=28–77}}{{sfn|Christiani|2009|p=53}} The [[Bab Doukkala Mosque]], built around the same time further west, has a similar layout and style as the Mouassine Mosque. Both the Mouassine and Bab Doukkala mosques appear to have been originally designed to anchor the development of new neighbourhoods after the relocation of the Jewish district from this area to the new ''[[mellah]]'' near the Kasbah.{{Sfn|Salmon|2016|pp=28–77}}{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|pp=256–263}}{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|pp=363–373}}

===Tombs===
[[File:Saadian Tombs (5038944236) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Saadian Tombs]]]]
One of the most famous funerary monuments in the city is the [[Saadian Tombs]], which were built in the 16th century as a royal necropolis for the Saadian Dynasty. It is located next to the south wall of the Kasbah Mosque. The necropolis contains the tombs of many Saadian rulers including [[Mohammed al-Shaykh|Muhammad al-Shaykh]], Abdallah al-Ghalib, and [[Ahmad al-Mansur]], as well as various family members and later sultans.{{Sfn|Salmon|2016|pp=184–247}} It consists of two main structures, each with several rooms, standing within a garden enclosure. The most important graves are marked by horizontal tombstones of finely carved marble, while others are merely covered in colorful ''[[zellij]]'' tiles. Al-Mansur's mausoleum chamber is especially rich in decoration, with a roof of carved and painted cedar wood supported on twelve columns of [[carrara marble]], and with walls decorated with [[Islamic geometric patterns|geometric patterns]] in ''zellij'' tilework and [[Arabesque|vegetal motifs]] in carved [[stucco]]. The chamber next to it, originally a prayer room equipped with a ''[[mihrab]]'', was later repurposed as a mausoleum for members of the [[Alawi dynasty]].{{Sfn|Salmon|2016|pp=184–247}}{{Sfn|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=189}}

The city also holds the tombs of many Sufi figures. Of these, there are [[Seven Saints of Marrakesh|seven patron saints of the city]], which are visited every year by pilgrims during the seven-day ''[[Ziyarat|ziyara]]'' pilgrimage. During this time, pilgrims visit the tombs in the following order: [[Sidi Yusuf ibn Ali Sanhaji]], [[Qadi Ayyad|Sidi al-Qadi Iyyad al-Yahsubi]], [[Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti|Sidi Bel Abbas]], [[Muhammad al-Jazuli|Sidi Mohamed ibn Sulayman al-Jazouli]], [[Abdelaziz al-Tebaa|Sidi Abdellaziz Tabba'a]], [[Abdallah al-Ghazwani|Sidi Abdellah al-Ghazwani]], and lastly, [[Al-Suhayli|Sidi Abderrahman al-Suhayli]].<ref name="dar-sirr.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dar-sirr.com/Patron_Saints_of_Marrakech.html|title=The Patron Saints of Marrakech|publisher=Dar Sirr|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051258/http://www.dar-sirr.com/Patron_Saints_of_Marrakech.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=574}} Many of these mausoleums also serve as the focus of their own [[Zawiya (institution)|zawiyas]] ([[Sufism|Sufi]] religious complexes with mosques), including: the [[Zawiya of Sidi Bel Abbes|Zawiya and mosque of Sidi Bel Abbes]] (the most important of them),{{sfn|VorheesEdsall|2005|p=285}} the [[Zawiya of Muhammad Ben Sliman al-Jazuli|Zawiya of al-Jazuli]], the [[Zawiya of Sidi Abd el-Aziz|Zawiya of Sidi Abdellaziz]], the Zawiya of [[Sidi Yusuf ibn Ali Sanhaji|Sidi Yusuf ibn Ali]], and the Zawiya of [[Abdallah al-Ghazwani|Sidi al-Ghazwani]] (also known as Moulay el-Ksour).{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|pp=107–109}}

===Mellah===
[[File:Lazama Jewish Synagogue - Mellah - Hay Essalam - Marrakech, Morocco (8138997209).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Slat al-Azama Synagogue]]]]
The [[Mellah of Marrakesh]] is the old Jewish Quarter (''[[Mellah]]'') of the city, and is located in the kasbah area of the city's medina, east of Place des Ferblantiers. It was created in 1558 by the Saadians at the site where the sultan's stables were.{{sfn|Gottreich|2003|p=287}} At the time, the Jewish community consisted of a large portion of the city's tailors, metalworkers, bankers, jewelers, and sugar traders. During the 16th century, the Mellah had its own fountains, gardens, synagogues and souks. Until the arrival of the French in 1912, Jews could not own property outside of the Mellah; all growth was consequently contained within the limits of the neighborhood, resulting in narrow streets, small shops and higher residential buildings. The Mellah, today reconfigured as a mainly residential zone renamed Hay Essalam, currently occupies an area smaller than its historic limits and has an almost entirely Muslim population. The [[Slat al-Azama Synagogue]] (or Lazama Synagogue), built around a central courtyard, is in the Mellah.<ref name="Larson2012">{{cite news|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/travel/vacations/marrakesh_express|title=The Marrakesh Express|last=Larson|first=Hilary|date=May 8, 2012|newspaper=The Jewish Week|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517192420/http://www.thejewishweek.com/travel/vacations/marrakesh_express|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Jewish Cemetery of Marrakech|Jewish cemetery]] here is the largest of its kind in Morocco. Characterized by white-washed tombs and sandy graves,<ref name="Larson2012" /> the cemetery is within the Medina on land adjacent to the Mellah.<ref name="iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/morocco/marrakech.html|title=Marrakech|date=16 February 2010|publisher=International Jewish Cemetery Project|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220171150/http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/morocco/marrakech.html|archive-date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[World Jewish Congress]] there were only 250 [[Moroccan Jews]] remaining in Marrakesh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/MA |title=Jewish in Morocco |access-date=2021-01-12 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402004157/http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/MA |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Hotels===
[[File:Hotel Marrakch.JPG|thumb|Hotel Marrakech]]
As one of the principal tourist cities in Africa, Marrakesh has over 400 hotels. [[La Mamounia|Mamounia Hotel]] is a five-star hotel in the [[Art Deco]]-Moroccan fusion style, built in 1925 by [[Henri Prost]] and A. Marchis.{{sfn|Denby|2004|p=194}} It is considered the most eminent hotel of the city{{sfn|Layton|2011|p=104}}{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=45}} and has been described as the "grand dame of Marrakesh hotels." The hotel has hosted numerous internationally renowned people including [[Winston Churchill]], [[Charles III of the United Kingdom|Prince Charles]] and [[Mick Jagger]].{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=45}} Churchill used to relax within the gardens of the hotel and paint there.{{sfn|Venison|2005|p=214}} The 231-room hotel,{{sfn|Davies|2009|p=103}} which contains a casino, was refurbished in 1986 and again in 2007 by French designer [[Jacques Garcia]].{{sfn|Venison|2005|p=214}}{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=45}} Other hotels include Eden Andalou Hotel, Hotel Marrakech, Sofitel Marrakech, Palm Plaza Hotel & Spa, Royal Mirage Hotel, Piscina del Hotel, and Palmeraie Palace at the Palmeraie Rotana Resort.<ref>"[https://www.rotana.com/newsarticle/2283 Palmeraie Rotana Resort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831025125/https://www.rotana.com/newsarticle/2283 |date=2021-08-31 }}"</ref> In March 2012, [[Accor]] opened its first Pullman-branded hotel in Marrakech, Pullman Marrakech Palmeraie Resort & Spa. Set in a {{Convert|17|ha}} olive grove at La Palmeraie, the hotel has 252 rooms, 16 suites, six restaurants and a {{convert|535|m2}} conference room.<ref name="HME0312">{{cite web|author=Hudson, Christopher|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-283745828.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525190247/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-283745828.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2013|title=Accor opens first Pullman hotel in Marrakech|publisher=[[Hotelier Middle East]] |date=20 March 2012|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>

==Culture==
===Museums===
{{Further|Landmarks of Marrakesh}}
[[File:Marrakech museum.jpg|thumb|[[Marrakech Museum]]]]
The [[Marrakech Museum]], housed in the Dar Menebhi Palace in the old city centre, was built at the beginning of the 20th century by [[Mehdi Menebhi]].{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|pp=290–291}}<ref name="Bulletin-2019">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=March 2019|title=Le quartier ibn Yūsuf|url=https://www.academia.edu/39197821|journal=Bulletin du patrimoine de Marrakech et de sa région|volume=|pages=|via=|access-date=2021-01-25|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831025211/https://www.academia.edu/39197821|url-status=live}}</ref> The palace was carefully restored by the Omar Benjelloun Foundation and converted into a museum in 1997.{{sfn|Mayhew|Dodd|2003|p=341}} The museum holds exhibits of both modern and traditional Moroccan art together with fine examples of historical books, coins and pottery produced by Moroccan Arab, Berber, and Jewish peoples.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=144}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museedemarrakech.ma/|title=Musée de Marrakech: Fondation Omar Benjelloun|language=fr|access-date=18 October 2012|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507014725/http://www.museedemarrakech.ma/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Dar Si Said 1465.jpg|thumb|[[Dar Si Said Museum]]]]
The [[Dar Si Said|Dar Si Said Museum]] is to the north of the Bahia Palace. It was the mansion of Si Said, brother to Grand Vizier [[Ba Ahmed|Ba Ahmad]], and was constructed in the same era as Ahmad's own [[Bahia Palace]].{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001|p=289}}{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=546}} In the 1930s, during the French Protectorate period, it was converted into a museum of Moroccan art and woodcraft.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Musée Dar si Saïd de Marrakech |url=http://www.fnm.ma/musee-dar-si-said-de-marrakech/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219060945/http://www.fnm.ma:80/musee-dar-si-said-de-marrakech/ |archive-date=2017-12-19 |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Fondation nationale des musées |language=fr-FR}}</ref> After recent renovations, the museum reopened in 2018 as the National Museum of Weaving and Carpets'''.'''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ouverture du Musée National du Tissage et du Tapis Dar Si Saïd de Marrakech |url=http://www.fnm.ma/ouverture-du-musee-national-du-tissage-et-du-tapis-dar-si-said-de-marrakech/ |access-date=2021-01-24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Après rénovation, le Musée Dar Si Said de Marrakech rouvre ses portes |url=https://medias24.com/2018/06/28/apres-renovation-le-musee-dar-si-said-de-marrakech-rouvre-ses-portes/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=Médias24}}</ref>

The former home and villa of Jacques Majorelle, a blue-coloured building within the Majorelle Gardens, was converted into the Berber Museum (''Musée [[Pierre Bergé]] des Arts Berbères'') in 2011, after previously serving as a museum of [[Islamic art]].<ref name="Jardin Majorelle-2021">{{Cite web|title=The MUSÉE PIERRE BERGÉ DES ARTS BERBÈRES – Jardin Majorelle|url=https://www.jardinmajorelle.com/en/the-musee-pierre-berge-des-arts-berberes/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=www.jardinmajorelle.com|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506002944/https://www.jardinmajorelle.com/en/the-musee-pierre-berge-des-arts-berberes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Majorelle Gardens|url=https://archnet.org/sites/2845|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Archnet|archive-date=2021-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504084053/https://archnet.org/sites/2845|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=466}} It exhibits a variety of objects of Amazigh (Berber) culture from across different regions of Morocco.<ref name="Jardin Majorelle-2021" />

The [[House of Photography of Marrakech]], opened by Patrick Menac’h and Hamid Mergani in 2009, holds exhibits of vintage Moroccan photography from the 1870s to 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maison de la Photographie {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/maison-de-la-photographie/a/poi-sig/1378648/1316370|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105190543/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/maison-de-la-photographie/a/poi-sig/1378648/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-11|title=Maison de la photo à Marrakech: Voyage dans le voyage ! [Médina]|url=https://www.vanupied.com/marrakech/musees-marrakech/maison-de-la-photo-a-marrakech-musee-incontournable-medina.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Vanupied|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105185041/https://www.vanupied.com/marrakech/musees-marrakech/maison-de-la-photo-a-marrakech-musee-incontournable-medina.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mouassine Museum, by the same owners, consists of a historic 16th–17th-century house in the Mouassine neighbourhood which has been opened as a museum and cultural venue.<ref name="Vivre-Marrakech-2021">{{Cite web|title=Musée de la Musique - Musée Mouassine à Marrakech|url=http://vivre-marrakech.com/culture/musees-marrakech/musee-mouassine-marrakech/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Vivre-Marrakech.com|archive-date=2021-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605135906/http://vivre-marrakech.com/culture/musees-marrakech/musee-mouassine-marrakech/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musee de Mouassine Marrakesh|url=https://momaa.org/directory/general/musee-de-mouassine-marrakesh/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-05|website=MoMAA {{!}} African Modern Online Art Gallery & Lifestyle|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093447/https://momaa.org/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Le Musée de la Musique|url=https://museedelamusique.ma/about/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Musée de la Musique|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105171746/https://museedelamusique.ma/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Elsewhere in the medina, the [[Dar el Bacha|Dar El Bacha]] hosts the ''Musée des Confluences'', which opened in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Matin - S.M. le Roi lance d'importants projets destinés à la préservation du patrimoine historique de l'ancienne médina de Marrakech et au renforcement de sa vocation touristique|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2017/sm-le-roi-lance-d-importants-projets-destines-a-la-preservation-du-patrimoine-historique-de-l-ancienne-medina-de-marrakech-et-au-renforcement-de-sa-vocation-touristique/264868.html|website=Lematin.ma|access-date=2021-11-05|archive-date=2017-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216054201/http://lematin.ma/journal/2017/sm-le-roi-lance-d-importants-projets-destines-a-la-preservation-du-patrimoine-historique-de-l-ancienne-medina-de-marrakech-et-au-renforcement-de-sa-vocation-touristique/264868.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The museum holds temporary exhibits highlighting different facets of Moroccan culture<ref>{{Cite web|title=Confluence Museum (Dar El Pacha) in Marrakech, an exhibition of Islamic art in Marrakech, an exhibition of historical and archaeological data in Marrakech|url=https://visitmarrakech.com/discover-marrakech/tourist-attractions/confluences-museum-dar-el-bacha|website=Visitmarrakech.com|access-date=2021-11-05|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026095229/https://visitmarrakech.com/discover-marrakech/tourist-attractions/confluences-museum-dar-el-bacha|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as various art objects from different cultures across the world.''<ref name="Economiste-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-11-12|title=Afrique, Asie, Amérique du Sud… au Musée des Confluences|url=https://www.leconomiste.com/article/1036336-afrique-asie-amerique-du-sud-au-musee-des-confluences|access-date=2020-12-19|website=L'Economiste|language=fr|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225073203/https://www.leconomiste.com/article/1036336-afrique-asie-amerique-du-sud-au-musee-des-confluences|url-status=live}}</ref>''  Various other small and often privately owned museums also exist, such as the Musée Boucharouite and the Perfume Museum (''Musée du Parfum'').<ref name="Planet Marrakech-2018">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-13|title=The Best Art Galleries in Marrakech|url=https://planetmarrakech.com/the-best-art-galleries-and-museums-in-marrakech/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Planet Marrakech|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210164426/https://planetmarrakech.com/the-best-art-galleries-and-museums-in-marrakech/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musée Boucharouite {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-boucharouite/a/poi-sig/1509013/1316370|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105190543/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-boucharouite/a/poi-sig/1509013/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musée du Parfum {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-du-parfum/a/poi-sig/1509916/1316370|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093407/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-du-parfum/a/poi-sig/1509916/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref> Dar Bellarj, an arts center located in a former mansion next to the Ben Youssef Mosque, also occasionally hosts art exhibits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dar Bellarj {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/dar-bellarj/a/poi-sig/1144248/1316370|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316022435/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/dar-bellarj/a/poi-sig/1144248/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Planet Marrakech-2018" /> The [[Tiskiwin Museum]] is housed in another restored medina mansion and features a collection of artifacts from across the former the trans-Saharan trade routes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HOME|url=https://tiskiwin.com/|access-date=19 December 2020|website=Musée Tiskiwin|language=en-US|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307031338/https://tiskiwin.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musée Tiskiwin {{!}} Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-tiskiwin/a/poi-sig/1144252/1316370|access-date=19 December 2020|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831025202/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/marrakesh/attractions/musee-tiskiwin/a/poi-sig/1144252/1316370|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of art galleries and museums are also found outside the medina, in Gueliz and its surrounding districts in the new city.<ref name="Hill-2021">{{Cite web|last=Hill|first=Lauren Jade|title=Discover This Flourishing Art Scene On Your Next Trip To Marrakech|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurenjadehill/2020/03/18/discover-this-flourishing-art-scene-on-your-next-trip-to-marrakech/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105185039/https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurenjadehill/2020/03/18/discover-this-flourishing-art-scene-on-your-next-trip-to-marrakech/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Planet Marrakech-2018" />

===Music, theatre and dance===
Two types of music are traditionally associated with Marrakesh. [[Music of Morocco|Moroccan music]] is influenced by Andalusian classical music and typified by its ''[[oud]]'' accompaniment. By contrast, [[Gnaoua]] music is loud and funky with a sound reminiscent of the Blues. It is performed on handmade instruments such as [[castanets]], ''ribabs'' (three-stringed banjos) and ''deffs'' (handheld drums). Gnaoua music's rhythm and crescendo take the audience into a mood of trance; the style is said to have emerged in Marrakesh and [[Essaouira]] as a ritual of deliverance from slavery.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–6}} More recently, several Marrakesh female music groups have also risen to popularity.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}

The [[Théâtre Royal de Marrakesh]], the [[Institut Français (Marrakesh)|Institut Français]] and [[Dar Cherifa|Dar Chérifa]] are major performing arts institutions in the city. The Théâtre Royal, built by Tunisian architect [[Charles Boccara]], puts on theatrical performances of [[comedy]], [[opera]], and [[dance]] in Arabic and French.{{sfn|Christiani|2009|p=134}} A great number of storytellers, musicians and others also perform outdoor shows to entertain locals and tourists on the Jemaa el-Fnaa, especially at night.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben Ismaïl |first=Ahmed |title=Cultural space of Jemaa el-Fna Square |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-space-of-jemaa-el-fna-square-00014 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |language=en}}</ref>

===Crafts===
[[File:Hats on Marrakesh market.jpg|thumb|Locally made hats]]
The arts and crafts of Marrakesh have had a wide and enduring impact on Moroccan handicrafts to the present day. Riad décor is widely used in carpets and textiles, ceramics, woodwork, metal work and ''zelij''. Carpets and textiles are weaved, sewn or embroidered, sometimes used for upholstering. Moroccan women who practice craftsmanship are known as ''Maalems'' (expert craftspeople) and make such fine products as Arabic and Berber carpets and shawls made of ''sabra'' (another name for [[rayon]], also sometimes called cactus silk).{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=WEAVING A STORY → Franklin Till |url=https://www.franklintill.com/journal/weaving-a-story |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=www.franklintill.com |archive-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928145111/https://www.franklintill.com/journal/weaving-a-story |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UccqN88XifoC |title=TRAVEL WEEKLY |date=2006 |publisher=Reed Business Information Limited |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref> Ceramics are in varying styles in monochrome, a limited tradition depicting bold forms and decorations.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}

Wood crafts are generally made of [[Cedar wood|cedar]], including the ''riad'' doors and palace ceilings. [[Orange wood]] is used for making [[ladle (spoon)|ladle]]s known as ''harira'' (lentil soup ladles). ''[[Thuya]]'' craft products are made of caramel coloured ''[[Tetraclinis|thuya]]'', a [[conifer]] indigenous to Morocco. Since this species is almost extinct, these trees are being replanted and promoted by the artists' cooperative Femmes de Marrakech.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}

Metalwork made in Marrakesh includes [[brass]] lamps, iron lanterns, [[candle]] holders made from recycled [[sardine]] tins, and engraved brass teapots and tea trays used in the traditional serving of tea. Contemporary art includes sculpture and figurative paintings. Blue veiled ''Tuareg'' figurines and calligraphy paintings are also popular.{{sfn|Bing|2011|pp=154–156}}

===Festivals===
Festivals, both national and Islamic, are celebrated in Marrakesh and throughout the country, and some of them are observed as national holidays.{{sfn|Aldosar|2007|p=1245}} Cultural festivals of note held in Marrakesh include the National Folklore Festival, the Marrakech Festival of Popular Arts (in which a variety of famous Moroccan musicians and artists participate), international folklore festival Marrakech Folklore Days<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marrakechfolkloredays.ma/ |title=Marrakech Folklore Days &#124; Marrakech celebrating cultural heritage of world |access-date=2021-12-22 |archive-date=2019-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623210811/http://marrakechfolkloredays.ma/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Berber Festival.{{sfn|Aldosar|2007|p=1245}}{{sfn|Bing|2011|p=25}} The [[International Film Festival of Marrakech]], which aspires to be the North African version of the [[Cannes Film Festival]], was established in 2001.{{sfn|Humphrys|2010}} The festival, which showcases over 100 films from around the world annually, has attracted Hollywood stars such as [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Francis Ford Coppola]], [[Susan Sarandon]], [[Jeremy Irons]], [[Roman Polanski]] and many European, Arab and [[India]]n film stars.{{sfn|Humphrys|2010}} The Marrakech Bienniale was established in 2004 by [[Vanessa Branson]] as a cultural festival in various disciplines, including visual arts, cinema, video, literature, performing arts, and architecture.<ref name=marrakechbiennale.com>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.marrakechbiennale.com/history/|publisher=Marrakech Biennale|access-date=2 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605072244/http://www.marrakechbiennale.com/history/|archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>

===Food===
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Surrounded by lemon, orange, and [[olive]] groves, the city's culinary characteristics are rich and heavily spiced but not hot, using various preparations of ''[[Ras el hanout]]'' (which means "Head of the shop"), a blend of dozens of spices which include ash berries, chilli, cinnamon, grains of paradise, monk's pepper, nutmeg, and turmeric.<ref name=Radan2013>{{cite news|last=Radan|first=Silvia|title=A journey through Marrakech cuisine|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/expressions/2013/April/expressions_April17.xml&section=expressions|access-date=1 June 2013|newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=13 April 2013|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084426/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data%2Fexpressions%2F2013%2FApril%2Fexpressions_April17.xml&section=expressions|url-status=live}}</ref> A specialty of the city and the symbol of its cuisine is ''[[Tangia|tanjia marrakshia]]'', affectionately referred to as ''bint ar-rimad'' ({{Lang|ar|بنت الرماد}} "daughter of the ash"), a local meal prepared with beef meat, spices, and ''[[smen]]'' and slow-cooked in a ceramic pot in traditional oven in hot ashes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-11|title=حكاية بنت الرماد!|url=https://doc.aljazeera.net/in-picture/%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=الجزيرة الوثائقية|language=ar|archive-date=2021-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110024911/https://doc.aljazeera.net/in-picture/%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tajines can be prepared with chicken, lamb, beef or fish, adding fruit, olives and preserved lemon, vegetables and spices, including cumin, peppers, saffron, turmeric, and ''ras el hanout''. The meal is prepared in a [[tajine]] pot and slow-cooked with steam. Another version of tajine includes vegetables and [[chickpea]]s seasoned with flower petals.{{sfn|Caldicott|Caldicott|2001|p=153}} Tajines may also be basted with "smen" Moroccan ghee that has a flavour similar to blue cheese.{{sfn|Mallos|2006|p=253}}

Shrimp, chicken and lemon-filled ''[[briouat]]s'' are another traditional specialty of Marrakesh. Rice is cooked with saffron, raisins, spices, and almonds, while [[couscous]] may have added vegetables. A ''[[pastilla]]'' is a [[filo]]-wrapped pie stuffed with minced chicken or pigeon that has been prepared with almonds, cinnamon, spices and sugar.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=13}} [[Harira]] soup in Marrakesh typically includes lamb with a blend of chickpeas, lentils, vermicelli, and tomato paste, seasoned with coriander, spices and parsley. ''[[Kefta]]'' (mince meat), liver in ''[[crépinette]]'', ''[[merguez]]'' and [[tripe]] stew are commonly sold at the stalls of Jemaa el-Fnaa.{{sfn|Koehler|2012|p=32}}

[[File:شباكية ضخمة في مراكش.jpg|thumb|A massive [[Chebakia|shebakia]] in Marrakesh.]]
The desserts of Marrakesh include ''[[chebakia]]'' (sesame spice cookies usually prepared and served during Ramadan), [[tartlet]]s of filo dough with dried fruit, or cheesecake with dates.<ref name=telegraph2013>{{cite news|title=Marrakech magic|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130310/jsp/graphiti/16652348.jsp|access-date=1 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704223358/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130310/jsp/graphiti/16652348.jsp|archive-date=2015-07-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Moroccan tea culture]] is practiced in Marrakesh; [[green tea]] with mint is served with sugar from a curved teapot spout into small glasses.{{sfn|Humphrys|2010|p=114}} Another popular non-alcoholic drink is orange juice.{{sfn|Davies|2009|p=62}} Under the Almoravids, alcohol consumption was common;{{sfn|Ring|Salkin|Boda|1996|p=468}} historically, hundreds of Jews produced and sold alcohol in the city.{{sfn|Gottreich|2007|p=164}} In the present day, alcohol is sold in some hotel bars and restaurants.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=71}}

==Education==
[[File:Université Privée de Marrakech.jpg|thumb|Université Privée de Marrakech]]
Marrakesh has several universities and schools, including [[Cadi Ayyad University]] (also known as the University of Marrakech), and its component, the [[École nationale des sciences appliquées de Marrakech]] (ENSA Marrakech), which was created in 2000 by the [[Education in Morocco|Ministry of Higher Education]] and specializes in engineering and scientific research, and the La faculté des sciences et techniques-gueliz which known to be number one in Morocco in its kind of faculties.{{Sfn|Arino|Hbid|Dads|2006|p=21}}{{sfn|Casas|Solh|Hafez|1999|p=74}} Cadi Ayyad University was established in 1978 and operates 13 institutions in the Marrakech Tensift Elhaouz and Abda Doukkala regions of Morocco in four main cities, including [[Kalaa of Sraghna]], [[Essaouira]] and [[Safi, Morocco|Safi]] in addition to Marrakech.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uca-en.ucam.ac.ma/the-university/rub-18.php |title=The University |publisher=Cadi Ayyad University |access-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103092931/http://www.uca-en.ucam.ac.ma/the-university/rub-18.php |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> [[Sup de Co Marrakech]], also known as the École Supérieure de Commerce de Marrakech, is a private four-year college that was founded in 1987 by Ahmed Bennis. The school is affiliated with the [[École supérieure de commerce de Toulouse|École Supérieure de Commerce of Toulouse]], [[France]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geisser |first=Vincent |url=https://books.openedition.org/editionscnrs/747 |title=Diplômés maghrébins d'ici et d'ailleurs: Trajectoires sociales et itinéraires migratoires |publisher=CNRS Éditions |year=2000 |isbn=978-2-271-05780-8 |pages=202 |language=fr}}</ref> 
===Ben Youssef Madrasa===
[[File:Marrakesh, Ben Youssef Medersa (5364691987).jpg|thumb|The courtyard of the [[Ben Youssef Madrasa]]]]
The [[Ben Youssef Madrasa]], north of the Medina, was an [[Islam]]ic [[college]] in Marrakesh named after the Almoravid sultan Ali ibn Yusuf (1106–1142) who expanded the city and its influence considerably. It is the largest madrasa in all of Morocco and was one of the largest theological colleges in [[North Africa]], at one time housing as many as 900 students.{{sfn|Lehmann|Henss|Szerelmy|2009|p=299}}

This education complex specialized in Quranic law and was linked to similar institutions in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], [[Taza]], [[Salé]], and [[Meknes]].{{sfn|Rogerson|2000|pp=100–102}} The [[Madrasa]] was constructed by the [[Saadi Dynasty|Saadian]] Sultan [[Abdallah al-Ghalib]] (1557–1574) in 1564 as the largest and most prestigious madrasa in Morocco.{{sfn|Rogerson|2000|pp=100–102}} The construction ordered by Abdallah al-Ghalib was completed in 1565, as attested by the inscription in the prayer room.{{sfn|Cheurfi|2007|p=740}} Its 130 student dormitory cells cluster around a courtyard richly carved in [[cedrus|cedar]], [[marble]] and [[stucco]]. In accordance with Islam, the carvings contain no representation of humans or animals, consisting entirely of inscriptions and geometric patterns. One of the school's best known teachers was [[Mohammed al-Ifrani]] (1670–1745). After a temporary closure beginning in 1960, the building was refurbished and reopened to the public as a historical site in 1982.{{sfn|Michelin|2001|p=363}}

==Sport==
Football clubs based in Marrakesh include [[Najm de Marrakech]], [[KAC Marrakech]], [[Mouloudia de Marrakech]] and [[Chez Ali Club de Marrakech]]. The city contains the [[Circuit International Automobile Moulay El Hassan]] a race track which hosts the [[World Touring Car Championship]] and from 2017 [[FIA Formula E]]. The [[Marrakech Marathon]] is also held here.{{sfn|Christiani|2009|p=161}} Roughly 5000 runners turn out for the event annually.{{sfn|Clammer|2009|p=308}} Also, here takes place [[Grand Prix Hassan II]] tennis tournament (on clay) part of ATP World Tour series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand Prix Hassan II |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/tournaments/marrakech/360/overview |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref>

[[Golf]] is a popular sport in Marrakech. The city has three golf courses just outside the city limits and played almost through the year. The three main courses are the Golf de Amelikis on the road to Ourazazate, the Palmeraie Golf Palace near the Palmeraie, and the Royal Golf Club, the oldest of the three courses.{{sfn|Sullivan|2006|p=175}}

==Transport==
=== Bus ===
[[File:BHNSMarrakech.jpg|thumb|alt=BRT Marrakesh|BRT Marrakesh]]
[[BRT Marrakesh]], a [[bus rapid transit]] system using trolleybuses was opened in 2017.<ref name="RGI-2017sep">{{cite news|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/projects-and-planning/marrakech-trolleybus-route-inaugurated/45245.article |title=Marrakech trolleybus route inaugurated
|magazine=[[Metro Report International]] |publisher=Railway Gazette International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619234203/https://www.railwaygazette.com/projects-and-planning/marrakech-trolleybus-route-inaugurated/45245.article |archive-date=19 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[File:Interior Marrakech Railway Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marrakesh Railway Station|Marrakesh railway station]]]]
The [[Marrakesh Railway Station|Marrakesh railway station]] is linked by several trains running daily to other major cities in Morocco such as Casablanca, Tangiers, Fez, Meknes and Rabat. The [[Casablanca–Tangier high-speed rail line]] opened in November 2018.<ref name="Group2007">{{cite book|title=The Report: Emerging Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9kcBzjUtrwC&q=Road+net+work+in+Marrakech&pg=PA104|access-date=18 October 2012|year=2007|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=9781902339764|pages=104–107|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219101527/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9kcBzjUtrwC&q=Road+net+work+in+Marrakech&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Road ===
The main road network within and around Marrakesh is well paved. The major highway connecting Marrakesh with Casablanca to the north is the A7, a toll expressway, {{convert|210|km|abbr=on}} in length. The road from Marrakesh to [[Settat]], a {{convert|146|km|abbr=on}} stretch, was inaugurated by [[King Mohammed VI]] in April 2007, completing the {{convert|558|km|abbr=on}} highway to Tangiers. Highway A7 connects also Marrakesh to [[Agadir]], {{convert|233|km|abbr=on}} to the south-west.<ref name="Group2007"/>

=== Air ===
[[File:Airportmarrakech.jpg|thumb|[[Marrakesh Menara Airport]]]]
The [[Marrakesh-Menara Airport]] (RAK) is {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} southwest of the city centre. It is an international facility that receives several [[Europe]]an flights as well as flights from [[Casablanca]], the [[United States]], and several Arab nations.<ref name="ONDA-Marrakech">{{cite web | url = http://www.onda.ma/ONDA/An/Espaces/EspacePassagers/LeReseauAeroportuaireONDA/Lesaeroports/Fiches+d%E2%80%99identit%C3%A9+par+a%C3%A9roport/MARRAKECH/ | title = Marrakech | publisher = [[Moroccan Airports Authority|Office National Des Aéroports]] | access-date = 18 October 2012 | archive-date = 2 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602134843/http://www.onda.ma/ONDA/An/Espaces/EspacePassagers/LeReseauAeroportuaireONDA/Lesaeroports/Fiches+d%E2%80%99identit%C3%A9+par+a%C3%A9roport/MARRAKECH/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The airport is at an elevation of {{convert|471|m}} at {{Coord|31|36|25|N|008|02|11|W}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=MO78388&sch=GMMX|title=MenARA Airport General Information|access-date=18 October 2012|publisher=World Aero Data.com|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105914/http://www.worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=MO78388&sch=GMMX|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It has two formal passenger terminals; these are more or less combined into one large terminal. A third terminal is being built.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/ONDA/Fr/Espaces/EspaceONDA/PlanDuDeveloppementStrat%c3%a9gique/prog2011/prog+2011.htm|title=Investment program 2011|access-date=18 October 2012|publisher=[[Moroccan Airports Authority|Office National Des Aéroports]]|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530134618/http://www.onda.ma/ONDA/Fr/Espaces/EspaceONDA/PlanDuDeveloppementStrat%C3%A9gique/prog2011/prog+2011.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The existing T1 and T2 terminals offer a space of {{convert|42000|m2|abbr=on}} and have a capacity of 4.5&nbsp;million passengers per year. The blacktopped runway is {{convert|4.5|km|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|45|m|abbr=on}} wide. The airport has parking space for 14 [[Boeing 737]] and four [[Boeing 747]] aircraft. The separate freight terminal has {{convert|340|m2|abbr=on}} of covered space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onda.ma/ONDA/Fr/Espaces/EspacePassagers/LeReseauAeroportuaireONDA/Lesaeroports/Fiches+d%e2%80%99identit%c3%a9+par+a%c3%a9roport/MARRAKECH/Presentation.htm|title=Presentation RAK|publisher=[[Moroccan Airports Authority|Office National Des Aéroports]]|access-date=2012-10-19|archive-date=2013-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608082335/http://www.onda.ma/ONDA/Fr/Espaces/EspacePassagers/LeReseauAeroportuaireONDA/Lesaeroports/Fiches+d%E2%80%99identit%C3%A9+par+a%C3%A9roport/MARRAKECH/Presentation.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Marrakesh has long been an important centre for healthcare in [[Morocco]], and the regional rural and urban populations alike are reliant upon hospitals in the city. The psychiatric hospital installed by the Almohad caliph [[Ya'qub al-Mansur]] in the 12th century{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=152}} was described by contemporary historian [['Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi|'Abd al-Wahfd al-Marrakushi]] as one of the greatest in the world at the time.{{sfn|Laet|1994|p=|pp=861–862}}<!-- There seems to be an error in Laet's cited text: Ya'qub al-Mansur is described as "Merenid" even though he is a well-known Almohad ruler (and the rest of the paragraph is discussing the Almohad period as well). Bennison 2016 confirms the hospital was founded in the Almohad period. If needed, this can also beverified also in Deverdun 1959, p.244. --> A strong Andalusi influence was evident in this period, as one of the physicians in the hospital was from [[Denia]] in eastern Spain and many of the personal physicians of the caliphs came from places such as [[Seville]], [[Zaragoza]] and [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]].{{sfn|Laet|1994|p=|pp=861–862}}

A severe strain has been placed upon the healthcare facilities of the city in the last decade as the city population has grown dramatically.<ref name="OFID">{{cite web|url=http://www.ofid.org/NewsPress/tabid/87/ArticleId/150/Morocco-expands-hospital-services-with-US-8-million-OPEC-Fund-loan.aspx|title=Morocco expands hospital services with US$8 million OPEC Fund loan|publisher=[[The OPEC Fund for International Development]]|date=9 February 2001|access-date=19 October 2012|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926214636/http://www.ofid.org/NewsPress/tabid/87/ArticleId/150/Morocco-expands-hospital-services-with-US-8-million-OPEC-Fund-loan.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ibn Tofail University Hospital]] is one of the major hospitals of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-214554024.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525140027/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-214554024.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2013|title=Marrakech attack, terrorist act resulting from strong explosion caused by an explosive device|publisher=[[Agence Maghreb Arabe Presse]] (MAP) |date=28 April 2011|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> In February 2001, the Moroccan government signed a loan agreement worth eight million U.S. dollars with [[The OPEC Fund for International Development]] to help improve medical services in and around Marrakesh, which led to expansions of the Ibn Tofail and [[Ibn Nafess Hospital|Ibn Nafess]] hospitals. Seven new buildings were constructed, with a total floor area of {{convert|43,000|m2}}. New radiotherapy and medical equipment was provided and {{convert|29,000|m2}} of existing hospital space was rehabilitated.<ref name="OFID"/>

In 2009, king Mohammed VI inaugurated a regional psychiatric hospital in Marrakesh, built by the [[Mohammed V Foundation for Solidarity]], costing 22&nbsp;million ''[[dirham]]s'' (approximately 2.7&nbsp;million U.S. dollars).<ref name="MAP0909">{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-214554024.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525140027/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-214554024.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2013|title=H.M. the king inaugurates regional psychiatry hospital in Marrakech.|publisher=[[Agence Maghreb Arabe Presse]] (MAP) |date=7 September 2009|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>
The hospital has 194 beds, covering an area of {{convert|3|ha}}.<ref name="MAP0909"/> Mohammed VI has also announced plans for the construction of a 450&nbsp;million dirham military hospital in Marrakesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-250069592.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525190237/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-250069592.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2013|title=HM the King launches relocation operation of military installations in Marrakech.|publisher=[[Agence Maghreb Arabe Presse]] (MAP) |date=25 September 2011|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco}}
Marrakesh is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Investissement à Marrakech|url=https://www.amde.ma/creation-dentreprise/investissement-a-marrakech/|website=amde.ma|publisher=Agence Marocaine pour le Développement de l'Entreprise|language=fr|date=2016-09-05|access-date=2020-10-22|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026165831/https://www.amde.ma/creation-dentreprise/investissement-a-marrakech/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
<!--Clermont-Ferrand - cooperation, not twinning-->
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Granada]], Spain
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Granby, Quebec|Granby]], Canada
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ningbo]], China
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]], United States
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Sousse]], Tunisia
* {{flagicon|MLI}} [[Timbuktu]], Mali
{{div col end}}

==Notable people==
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
*[[Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi]], 13th-century mathematician and astronomer<ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvo |first=Emilia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2 |editor-last=Selin |editor-first=Helaine |pages=1088 |language=en |chapter=Ibn al-Banna'}}</ref>
*[['Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi]], 13th-century historian<ref>{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=1|article=ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. ʿAlī al-Tamīmī al-Marrākus̲h̲ī|first=Évariste|last=Lévi-Provençal|page=94}}</ref>
*[[Ibn 'Idhari]], 13th/14th-century historian<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Messier |first1=Ronald A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iut1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny |last2=Miller |first2=James A. |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-292-76665-5 |pages=225 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Mohammed al-Ifrani|Muhammad al-Ifrani]], 17th/18th-century historian and biographer<ref>{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=3|article=al-Ifrānī|first=Gaston|last=Deverdun|pages=1046–1047}}</ref>
*[[Amine Amamou]], footballer
* [[Abdelali Mhamdi]], professional goalkeeper
* [[Ahmed Bahja]], former footballer
* [[Hasna Benhassi]], former middle-distance runner
* [[Tahar El Khalej]], former footballer
* [[Abdellah Jlaidi]], footballer
* [[Ahmed Qessab]], footballer
* [[Adil Ramzi]], former footballer
* [[Salaheddine Saidi]], footballer
* [[Tahar Tamsamani]], former boxer
* [[Mordechai Vanunu]], Israeli nuclear whistleblower (born in Marrakesh)

==See also==
{{Portal|Morocco}}
* [[Arab Astronomical Society]] (2016)
* [[List of people from Marrakesh]]
* [[Marrakesh in popular culture]]
* [[Massira, Marrakech]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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* {{cite book |title=Morocco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EuouAQAAIAAJ |year=2001 |last=Michelin |publisher=Michelin Travel Publications |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2015-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105050838/https://books.google.com/books?id=EuouAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Messier |first=Ronald A. |title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YouJtx-igIC&pg=PA180 |year=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-38589-6 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2015-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121104330/https://books.google.com/books?id=5YouJtx-igIC&pg=PA180 |url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book |last=Naylor |first=Phillip C. |title=North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1jfzkJTAZgC&pg=PA90 |year=2009 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-71922-4 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2015-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126202451/https://books.google.com/books?id=a1jfzkJTAZgC&pg=PA90 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Park |first1=Thomas K. |last2=Boum |first2=Aomar |title=Historical Dictionary of Morocco |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8108-6511-2 |edition=2nd |chapter=Marrakech |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KiCl5-MxMMC |access-date=2020-08-25 |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801114030/https://books.google.com/books?id=8KiCl5-MxMMC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pons |first1=Pau Obrador |last2=Crang |first2=Mike |last3=Travlou |first3=Penny |title=Cultures of Mass Tourism: Doing the Mediterranean in the Age of Banal Mobilities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqg0qJScQLUC&pg=PA39 |year=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-7213-5 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2015-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130120043/https://books.google.com/books?id=xqg0qJScQLUC&pg=PA39 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=Boda |first3=Sharon La |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&pg=PA468 |year=1996 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |isbn=978-1-884964-03-9 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2015-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029225744/https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&pg=PA468 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rogerson |first1=Barnaby |last2=Lavington |first2=Stephen |title=Marrakech: The Red City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-sPAQAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Sickle Moon |isbn=978-1-900209-18-2 |author1-link=Barnaby Rogerson |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2015-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128122501/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-sPAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Rogerson |first=Barnaby |title=Marrakesh, Fez, Rabat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK0neG2HIP4C&pg=PA106 |year=2000 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-86011-973-6 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2015-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122104603/https://books.google.com/books?id=BK0neG2HIP4C&pg=PA106 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Searight |first=Susan |title=Maverick Guide to Morocco |url=https://archive.org/details/maverickguidetom0000sear |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/maverickguidetom0000sear/page/403 403] |year=1999 |publisher=Pelican Publishing |isbn=978-1-56554-348-5}}
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* {{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |title=A Hedonist's Guide to Marrakech |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wvhTUeqEr8C&pg=PA1 |year=2006 |publisher=A Hedonist's guide to... |isbn=978-1-905428-06-9 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2015-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018045254/https://books.google.com/books?id=1wvhTUeqEr8C&pg=PA1 |url-status=live}}
* Tast, Brigitte (2020). ''Die rote Stadt''; in: Brigitte Tast: ''Rot in Schwarz-Weiß'', Schellerten, S. 47ff. {{ISBN|978-3-88842-605-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Venison |first=Peter J. |title=In the Shadow of the Sun: Travels And Adventures in the World of Hotels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6Aj7OW6-_8C&pg=PA214 |year=2005 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-35458-0 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-date=2015-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106130455/https://books.google.com/books?id=P6Aj7OW6-_8C&pg=PA214 |url-status=live}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Wilbaux |first=Quentin |title=La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2001 |isbn=2747523888 |location=Paris}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salmon |first=Xavier |title=Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650 |publisher=LienArt |year=2016 |isbn=9782359061826 |location=Paris}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salmon |first=Xavier |title=Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269 |publisher=LienArt |year=2018 |location=Paris}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Fernea|first=Elizabeth Warnock|title=A Street in Marrakech: A Personal View of Urban Women in Morocco|url=https://archive.org/details/streetinmarrakec00eliz|url-access=registration|year=1988|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=978-0-88133-404-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Mourad|first=Khireddine|title=Marrakech Et La Mamounia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knKMJSOAlrwC|year=1994|publisher=www.acr-edition.com|isbn=978-2-86770-081-1|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wilbaux|first1=Quentin|title=Marrakesh: The Secret of Courtyard Houses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7V1J9R_IjsC|year=2009|publisher=ACR Édition|isbn=978-2-86770-130-6|translator-last=McElhearn|translator-first=Kirk}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Marrakech}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://www.visitmorocco.com/en Moroccan National Tourist Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919132639/https://www.visitmorocco.com/en |date=2018-09-19 }}
* [https://patrimoinesdemarrakech.wordpress.com/home/ Bulletin du Patrimoine – Patrimoines de Marrakech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023001727/https://patrimoinesdemarrakech.wordpress.com/home/ |date=2023-10-23 }}: local publication (in French) on the city's historic heritage, also available [https://independent.academia.edu/Mus%C3%A9eMouassine on Academia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023001727/https://independent.academia.edu/Mus%C3%A9eMouassine |date=2023-10-23 }}

{{Marrakesh}}
{{Marrakesh-Safi}}
{{Prefectures and provinces of Morocco}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Morocco}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Marrakesh| ]]
[[Category:Prefectural capitals in Morocco]]
[[Category:Regional capitals in Morocco]]
[[Category:1062 establishments]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Morocco]]