View source for Marquess of Londonderry

{{Short description|Title in the Peerage of Ireland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox hereditary title
| name              = Marquessate of Londonderry
| image             = [[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|150px|centre]] [[File:Arms of Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marquess of Londonderry.svg|180px]]
| caption           = '''''Arms:''' Quarterly: 1st & 4th, Or, a Bend counter-company Argent and Azure, between two Lions rampant Gules {{Small|(Stewart)}}; 2nd, Argent, a Bend engrailed between six Martlets Sable {{Small|(Tempest)}}; 3rd, Azure, three sinister Gauntlets Or {{Small|(Vane)}}. '''Crests:''' Centre: A Dragon statant Or {{Small|(Stewart)}}; Dexter: A Griffin’s Head erased per pale Argent and Sable, beaked Gules {{Small|(Tempest)}}; Sinister: A dexter Cubit Arm in Armour, the hand in a Gauntlet proper, graping a Sword proper, pommel and hilt Or {{Small|(Vane)}}. '''Supporters:''' Dexter: A Moor proper, wreathed about the temples Argent and Azure, holding in the exterior hand a Shield Azure, garnished Or, and charged with a Sun-in-Splendour Gold; Sinister: A Lion Or, gorged with a Collar Argent, charged with three Mullets Sable.''
| creation_date     = 13 January 1816
| monarch           = [[George IV|The Prince Regent]] (acting on behalf of his father [[George III|King George III]])
| peerage           = [[Peerage of Ireland]]
| first_holder      = [[Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry|Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Londonderry]]
| present_holder    = Frederick Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 10th Marquess
| heir_presumptive  = Lord Reginald Vane-Tempest-Stewart
| subsidiary_titles = Earl of Londonderry<br/>Earl Vane (United Kingdom)<br/>Viscount Castlereagh<br/>Viscount Seaham (United Kingdom)<br/>Baron Londonderry<br/>Baron Stewart (United Kingdom)
| status            = Extant
| former_seat       = [[Mount Stewart]]<br/>[[Plas Machynlleth]]<br/>[[Seaham Hall]]<br/>[[Wynyard Hall]]
| motto             = ''METUENDA COROLLA DRACONIS'' (The dragon’s crest is to be feared)
}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}
[[File:Robert Stewart - Lawrence 1817.jpg|thumb|right|[[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh]], British Foreign Secretary, who became the second Marquess of Londonderry in 1821]]
'''Marquess of Londonderry''', of the County of [[County Londonderry|Londonderry]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=17104 |date=30 January 1816 |page=173}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʌ|n|d|ən||d|ɹ|ei}} {{Respell|LUN|dən|dree}}),{{Efn|The pronunciation of the family name differs from that of the place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montague-Smith |first=Patrick |title=Debrett's Correct Form |publisher=[[Debrett's Peerage]] |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-7472-0658-3 |edition=1992 |page=401}}</ref>}} is a title in the [[Peerage of Ireland]].

==History==
The title was created in 1816 for [[Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry|Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Londonderry]]. He had earlier represented [[County Down]] in the [[Irish House of Commons]]. Stewart had already been created '''Baron Londonderry''' in 1789,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13131 |date=15 September 1789 |page=597}}</ref>  '''Viscount Castlereagh''', of [[Castlereagh (County Down barony)|Castlereagh]] in the County of Down,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13821 |date=13 October 1795 |page=1052}}</ref><ref name="parlgaz">{{cite book|title=The Parliamentary gazetteer of Ireland|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/parliamentaryga00unkngoog#page/n556/mode/1up|volume=I: A-C|year=1846|publisher=A. Fullarton|location=Dublin|page=372|chapter=Castlereagh}}</ref> in 1795 and '''Earl of Londonderry''', of the County of Londonderry, in 1796.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13922 |date=16 August 1796 |page=781}}</ref> These titles are also in the Peerage of Ireland.

He was the son of [[Alexander Stewart (1699–1781)|Alexander Stewart]], who had married Mary Cowan, sister and heiress of [[Robert Cowan (governor)|Robert Cowan]], who gained great wealth as [[Governor of Bombay]] from 1729 to 1737. Alexander was from Ballylawn, a [[townland]] at the south-west corner of [[Inishowen]] in the north of [[County Donegal]], a [[Counties of Ireland|county]] located in the west of [[Ulster]] in the northern part of [[Ireland]]. However, much of the Stewart family's wealth was based on the estates which came into the family through this marriage.

The 1st Marquess was one of the few people to become a Marquess without inheriting any titles prior to the creation. He sat in the [[British House of Lords]] as one of the twenty-eight original [[List of Irish representative peers|Irish representative peer]] from 1800 to 1821. He was succeeded by his son from his first marriage to Lady Sarah Seymour. The 2nd Marquess, better known as [[Lord Castlereagh]] (he went by the [[courtesy title]] of Viscount Castlereagh from 1796 to 1821), was a noted statesman and diplomat. Castlereagh is best remembered for his tenure as [[Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom]] from 1812 to 1822 and played an important role at the [[Congress of Vienna]] of 1814 to 1815. He committed suicide in 1822, one year after succeeding his father in the marquessate. The 2nd Marquess did not follow his father as a Representative Peer into the House of Lords, this permitted him to continue fulfilling his roles in the House of Commons.

Castlereagh was succeeded by his half-brother, the 3rd Marquess. He was the only son from the 1st Marquess's second marriage to Lady Frances Pratt, daughter of [[Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden]]. He was a General in the Army and like his elder half-brother a prominent politician and diplomat. Lord Londonderry served as [[Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies]] from 1807 to 1809, fought in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and was [[British Ambassador to Austria|Ambassador to Austria]] from 1814 to 1823. In 1814 he was created '''Baron Stewart''', of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn in County Donegal, in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=16909 |date=18 June 1814 |page=1255}}</ref> In 1819 Londonderry married as his second wife [[Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry|Lady Frances Vane-Tempest]] (died 1865), daughter and wealthy heiress of [[Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2nd Baronet]], through which marriage substantial estates in [[County Durham]] came into the Stewart family. He assumed the additional surname of Vane on his marriage and in 1823 he was created '''Viscount Seaham''', of Seaham in the County Palatine of Durham, and '''Earl Vane''', with remainder to the male issue of his second marriage. These titles are in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=17909 |date=29 March 1823 |page=498}}</ref>

Lord Londonderry was succeeded in the viscountcy of Seaham and earldom of Vane according to the special remainder by his eldest son from his second marriage while he was succeeded in the Irish titles and the barony of Stewart by his son from his first marriage to Lady Catherine Bligh, the 4th Marquess. He died childless in 1872 and was succeeded by his half-brother, the 5th Marquess, who had already succeeded his father as second Earl Vane in 1854. He represented [[Durham North (UK Parliament constituency)|Durham North]] in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and served as [[Lord-Lieutenant of County Durham]]. In 1851 the 5th Marquess assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Tempest. On his death, the titles passed to his eldest son, the 6th Marquess. He was a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and held office in the administrations of [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]] and [[Arthur Balfour]] as [[Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland]], as [[United Kingdom Postmaster General|Postmaster General]], as [[President of the Board of Education]], as [[Lord Privy Seal]] and as [[Lord President of the Council]]. In 1885 he assumed by Royal licence the additional and principal surname of Stewart.

He was succeeded by his son, the 7th Marquess, who was also a Conservative politician. He had a career in both Irish and British politics but is best known for his role as [[Secretary of State for Air]] from 1931 to 1935. Lord Londonderry subsequently gained notoriety for his informal diplomatic contacts with senior members of the German government. He made six visits to Nazi Germany between January 1936 and September 1938 meeting [[Adolf Hitler]] on a number of occasions and sympathising with some of his viewpoints.<ref>{{citation | last=Fleming | first=Neil C. | year=2005 | title=The Marquess of Londonderry: aristocracy, power and politics in Britain and Ireland | publisher=I.B.Tauris | isbn=978-1-85043-726-0| pages=185–198 }}</ref> His wife [[Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry]], was an influential society hostess remembered for her close friendship with [[Ramsay MacDonald]]. Lord Londonderry was succeeded by his son, the 8th Marquess. He represented [[County Down (UK Parliament constituency)|County Down]] in the House of Commons as a Conservative from 1931 to 1945.

The [[heir apparent]] to the marquessate is styled ''Viscount Castlereagh'', although the Marquess is also the Earl Vane, and the heir apparent's heir apparent, when such exists, is styled ''Lord Stewart''.{{cn|date=October 2020}}

Between 1823 and 1854 and between 1872 and 1999, the Marquesses of Londonderry sat in the [[House of Lords]] as ''The Earl Vane''. Between 1822 and 1823 and between 1854 and 1872, they sat as ''The Lord Stewart''.

==Residences==
The principal family seats were [[Mount Stewart]], near [[Newtownards]], [[County Down]], [[Northern Ireland]], and the [[Wynyard Park, County Durham|Wynyard Park]] estate in [[County Durham]]. Other properties included [[Seaham Hall]] in County Durham, as well as [[Londonderry House]] on [[Park Lane]] in London (where the Londonderry Hotel was later located), and [[Plas Machynlleth]] in mid-Wales.

==Marquesses of Londonderry (1816)==
*[[Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry]] (1739–1821)
*[[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry]] (1769–1822)
*[[Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry|Charles William Stewart, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry]] (1778–1854)
*[[Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry|Frederick William Robert Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1805–1872)
*[[George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry|George Henry Robert Charles William Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1821–1884)
[[File:Shield of arms of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCVO, CB, PC, JP, DL.png|thumb|170px|Arms of the [[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry|6th Marquess]]]]
*[[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry|Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1852–1915)
*[[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry|Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1878–1949)
*[[Robin Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 8th Marquess of Londonderry|Edward Charles Stewart Robin Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 8th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1902–1955)
*[[Alistair Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 9th Marquess of Londonderry|Alexander Charles Robert "Alistair" Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 9th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1937–2012)<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9345238/The-Marquess-of-Londonderry.html "The Marquess of Londonderry"], ''Daily Telegraph'', 20 June 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.</ref>
*Frederick Aubrey Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 10th Marquess of Londonderry (born 1972)

The 4th Marquess did not inherit the Seaham viscountcy and Vane earldom as he was not the heir male of the 3rd Marquess's second wife, a limitation of the remainder of those peerages.

==Present peer==
Frederick Aubrey Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 10th Marquess of Londonderry (born 6 September 1972), is the son of the 9th Marquess and his wife, [[Doreen Wells|Doreen Patricia Wells]], who was a ballerina with the [[Royal Ballet]] between 1955 and 1974. He was styled as Viscount Castlereagh from birth and later as Earl Vane.<ref name=BP2003>''[[Burke's Peerage]]'', volume 2, 2003, p. 2383.</ref> 

On 20 June 2012, Earl Vane succeeded his father as Marquess of Londonderry (I., 1816), Earl of Londonderry (I., 1796), Earl Vane (U.K., 1823), Viscount Castlereagh (I., 1795), Viscount Seaham of Seaham (U.K., 1823), Baron Stewart of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn (U.K., 1814), and Baron Londonderry (I., 1789).<ref name=BP2003/>

The [[heir presumptive]] is Londonderry's brother, Lord Reginald Alexander Vane-Tempest-Stewart (born 1977),<ref name=BP2003/> whose heir apparent is his son Robin Gabriel Vane-Tempest-Stewart (born 2004).

==Line of succession (simplified)==
{{tree list}}
* [[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|15px]] ''[[Charles Stewart, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry|Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, 1st Earl Vane, 1st Viscount Seaham, 1st Baron Stewart]] (1778–1854)''
** [[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|15px]] ''[[Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1805–1872)''
** [[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|15px]] ''[[George Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry|George Henry Robert Charles William Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry, 2nd Earl Vane, 2nd Viscount Seaham, 3rd Baron Stewart]] (1821–1884)''
*** [[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|15px]] ''[[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry|Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1852–1915)''
**** [[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|15px]] ''[[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry|Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1878–1949)''
***** [[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|15px]] ''[[Robin Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 8th Marquess of Londonderry|Edward Charles Robert Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 8th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1902–1955)''
****** [[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|15px]] ''[[Alistair Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 9th Marquess of Londonderry|Alexander Charles Robert Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 9th Marquess of Londonderry]] (1937–2012)''
******* [[File:Coronet of a British Marquess.svg|15px]] '''Frederick Aubrey Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 10th Marquess of Londonderry''' (born 1972)
******* '''(1)''' ''Lord'' Reginald Alexander Vane-Tempest-Stewart (b. 1977)
******** '''(2)''' Robin Gabriel Vane-Tempest-Stewart (b. 2004)
** ''Lord Ernest McDonnell Vane-Tempest (1836–1885)''
*** ''Charles Henry Vane-Tempest (1871–1899)''
**** ''Ernest Charles William Vane-Tempest (1894–1957)''
***** ''Charles Stewart McDonnell Vane-Tempest (1921–2008)''
****** '''(3)''' Charles Stewart Martin St. George Vane-Tempest (b. 1950)
******* '''(4)''' Christopher James Stewart St. George Vane-Tempest (b. 1978)
******* '''(5)''' James Alexander Stewart Vane-Tempest (b. 1981)
******** '''(6)''' George Frederick Stewart Vane-Tempest (b. 2012)
******** '''(7)''' Harry John Stewart Vane-Tempest (b. 2014)
****** '''(8)''' Charles Erkki William Vane-Tempest (b. 1958)
*******'''(9)''' Charles Petter Vane-Tempest (b. 1990)
****** '''(10)''' Donald John Ernest Vane-Tempest (b. 1961)
******* '''(11)''' Thomas Christopher Vane-Tempest (b. 1986)
****** '''(12)''' Harold Michael St. George Vane-Tempest (b. 1962)
*******'''(13)''' John Michael Vane-Tempest (b. 1990)
*******'''(14)''' Timothy Alexander Vane-Tempest (b. 1992)
{{tree list/end}}
<ref name=DP>{{cite book |year=2019|chapter=Londonderry, Marquess of |editor1-last=Morris |editor1-first=Susan |editor2-last=Bosberry-Scott |editor2-first=Wendy |editor3-last=Belfield |editor3-first=Gervase |title=Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage|volume=1 |edition=150th |location=London |publisher=Debrett's Ltd. |pages=2221–2224 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn=978-1-999767-0-5-1}}</ref>

=== Family tree ===
{{Marquess of Londonderry family tree}}

==See also==
* [[Baron Plunket]]
* [[Durham County Record Office]]: where the records of County Durham estates are held

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). ''Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage'' (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, {{Page needed |date=February 2013}}
* {{Rayment|date=February 2012}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Marquesses of Londonderry}}
* [http://www.europeanheraldry.org/united-kingdom/families/families-s/house-stewart-vane-tempest/ European Heraldry page]

{{Extant British marquesses}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Londonderry}}
[[Category:Marquessates in the Peerage of Ireland]]
[[Category:Vane-Tempest-Stewart family]]
[[Category:Noble titles created in 1816]]