View source for Marmaray

{{Short description|Suburban rail line in Istanbul}}
{{about|the Marmaray commuter rail project|the trans-Bosphorus undersea tunnels|Marmaray Tunnel}}
{{Distinguish|Marmara (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 25em
| name = Marmaray
| color = 5A5F5C
| logo = Marmaray logo.svg
| logo_width = 150
| image =  Marmaray Bakirköy.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Two trains meet in Bakırköy.
| type = [[Commuter rail]]
| status = Operating
| locale = [[Istanbul]]
| predecessor = [[Istanbul suburban]]<br />[[Haydarpaşa suburban]]
| first = October 29, 2013 (Kazlıçeşme-Ayrılık Çeşmesi)<br />March 12, 2019 (Halkalı-Gebze)
| operator = [[TCDD Taşımacılık]]
| formeroperator = [[Turkish State Railways]]
| ridership = 124 million (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/transportation/turkish-railways-post-record-figures-in-2019/amp|title=Turkish railways post record figures in 2019|website=Daily Sabah|date=25 February 2020|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref>
| ridership2 = 
| website = {{Official URL}}
| start = [[Halkalı railway station|Halkalı]]
| stops = 
| end = [[Gebze railway station|Gebze]]
| distance = {{cvt|76.6|km}}
| journeytime = 
| frequency = 8 minutes (Ataköy – Pendik)
15 minutes (Halkalı – Gebze)
Frequency may change during rush hour.
| trainnumber = 
| line_used = 
| stock = [[TCDD E32000]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|SG|allk=on}}
| el = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV, 50&nbsp;Hz AC]] [[Overhead line]]
| speed = {{convert|60-80|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (average)
| owners = [[Turkish State Railways]]
| routenumber = 
| maintenance = 
| sharing = 
| map = {{Marmaray route diagram}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Marmaray''' ({{IPA|tr|ˈmaɾmaɾaj|pron|MarmarayPronunciation.ogg}}) is a {{Convert|76.6|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[commuter rail]] line located in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]. The line runs from [[Halkalı railway station|Halkalı]], on the [[East Thrace|European side]], to [[Gebze]], on the [[Anatolia|Asian side]], along the north shore of the [[Sea of Marmara]]. Mostly using the right-of-way of two existing commuter rail lines, the Marmaray line linked the two lines via a [[Marmaray Tunnel|tunnel]] under the [[Bosporus]] strait, becoming the first standard gauge rail connection between [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] (all prior connections ran through [[Russia]] and used the incompatible [[5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways|Russian broad gauge]]).<ref>Keith Fender, [http://trn.trains.com/Railroad-News/News-Wire/2013/10/Standard-gauge-rail-connection-from-Asia-to-Europe-opens-in-Turkey.aspx "Standard gauge rail connection from Asia to Europe opens in Turkey"], ''Trains'' (October 29, 2013).</ref> The two existing sections of the line were rebuilt and expanded from two tracks to [[Triple-track railway|three tracks]], to allow for higher capacity with intercity and freight rail. The name ''Marmaray'' is a [[portmanteau]] of the words ''Marmara'' and ''Ray'', which is [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] for ''rail''.

== History ==
Construction started in 2004 and was originally intended to be completed by April 2009.<ref name="railwaygazette.com">[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//rails-under-the-bosporus.html Rails under the Bosporus]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922121544/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/rails-under-the-bosporus.html|date=September 22, 2010}}, ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' February 23, 2009</ref> After multiple delays caused – among other things – by the discovery of historical and archaeological sites along the route as new stations were built, the first phase of the project was finally opened by president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]] on October 29, 2013.<ref name="rgiopening" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/tcdd-launches-eskisehir-konya-high-speed-service/archiv/2013/maerz.html |title=TCDD launches Eskisehir – Konya high speed service|work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> The second phase of the project was scheduled to open in 2015 but work once again stopped in 2014.<ref name="railturkey.org">Uysal, Onur. [http://railturkey.org/2014/11/06/marmaray-project-delay/ "Is Marmaray Project Behind the Schedule?"], ''Rail Turkey'', November 6, 2014</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Uysal, Onur. [http://railturkey.org/2013/05/20/completely-false-facts-about-marmaray/ "Completely False Facts About Marmaray"], ''Rail Turkey'', May 20, 2013</ref> It was restarted in February 2017 and the line finally opened in its entirety on March 12, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=GEBZE-HALKALI BANLİYÖ HATTI 2018 SONUNDA HİZMETE GİRİYOR |trans-title=GEBZE-HALKALI SURFACE LINE ENTERING SERVICE AT THE END OF 2018 |url=http://www.marmaray.gov.tr/duyurudetay/Haber/GEBZE-HALKALI-BANL%C4%B0Y%C3%96-HATTI-2018-SONUNDA-H%C4%B0ZMETE-G%C4%B0R%C4%B0YOR/182 |publisher=Marmaray |date=November 18, 2018 |language=tr |access-date=November 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312225203/http://www.marmaray.gov.tr/duyurudetay/Haber/GEBZE-HALKALI-BANL%C4%B0Y%C3%96-HATTI-2018-SONUNDA-H%C4%B0ZMETE-G%C4%B0R%C4%B0YOR/182 |archive-date=March 12, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The trains came with completely new [[rolling stock]], with carriages that can be walked through from end to end.

The line can carry 75,000 passengers per hour in each direction (PPHPD).<ref name="railwaygazette.com" /><ref>[http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ist/istanbul.htm Istanbul]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925023550/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ist/istanbul.htm|date=September 25, 2007}}, web page at urbanrail.net. Accessed on line September 24, 2007.</ref> Travel time from [[Halkalı railway station|Halkali]] to [[Gebze]] normally takes 104 minutes.

The Marmaray is integrated with other parts of the Istanbul public transport network, including the Metro and the Metrobus network, via a number of interchanges. It is also integrated with the [[Yüksek Hızlı Tren|YHT]] high-speed train network to [[Ankara]], [[Eskişehir]] and [[Konya]], as well as with the international trains to [[Sofia]] in [[Bulgaria]] which depart from Halkalı.

<!--is this the medieval trade route or the modern rail link?-->==Project==
The project involved building a {{convert|13.6|km|mi|adj=on}} tunnel under the [[Bosphorus]] and upgrading {{convert|63|km|mi|1}} of existing [[commuter rail|suburban railway]] lines to create a {{convert|76.6|km|mi|adj=on}} high-capacity passenger line between [[Halkalı railway station|Halkalı]] and [[Gebze railway station|Gebze]], along with the provision of 440 electric multiple unit carriages.

=== First phase ===
The contract for the project was awarded to a Japanese-Turkish consortium led by [[Taisei Corporation]] in July 2004.<ref name=rgiopening /> The consortium included [[GAMA Endustri|Gama Endustri Tesisleri Imalat ve Montaj]] and [[Nurol Holding|Nurol Construction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/marmaray/|title=Marmaray Railway Engineering Project – Railway Technology|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Uskudar-Marmaray-station-JpTr.jpg|thumb|Plaque at the [[Üsküdar railway station]] commemorating Japanese-Turkish partnership]]

The Bosphorus (Istanbul Strait) is crossed by a {{convert|1.4|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} earthquake-proofed [[immersed tube]], assembled from 11 sections – eight are {{convert|135|m|ft}} long, two are {{convert|98.5|m|}}, and one element is {{convert|110|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.m-hesse.com/marmaray_projekt.html |title=Marmaray Projekt: Ein Tunnel unter dem Bosporus für Istanbul |publisher=M-hesse.com |date=May 2011 |access-date=October 28, 2013 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021090012/http://www.m-hesse.com/marmaray_projekt.html |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Each section weighs up to 18,000 tons.<ref name="Smith, Julian">Smith, Julian. [https://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/15-09/ff_quake "The Big Dig"] ''Wired'' Sept. 2007: pages 154–61.</ref> The tube was placed {{convert|60|m|ft|0}} below sea level, beneath {{convert|55|m|ft}} of water and {{convert|4.6|m|ftin}} of earth.<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> It is accessed via tunnels bored from [[Kazlıçeşme, Zeytinburnu|Kazlıçeşme]] on the European side and [[Ayrılıkçeşmesi, Kadıköy|Ayrılıkçeşmesi]] on the Asian side of Istanbul and represents the world's deepest undersea [[immersed tube]] tunnel.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} [[Fireproofing|Fire-resistant]] [[Shotcrete|concrete]] developed in Norway was essential for the safety of the project.<ref>"[http://www.tu.no/bygg/2013/10/12/norsk-teknologi-i-verdens-dypeste-senketunnel Norwegian technology in the world's deepest immersed tunnel]" (in Norwegian) ''[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]'', October 12, 2013. Accessed: October 13, 2013. Technical report: Claus K. Larsen. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20131014182833/http://svvgw.vegvesen.no/http://svvbibsys01.vegvesen.no/epublisher/document.asp?func=show&id=869&type=0&service=0 Testing of fireproofing for concrete]" [[Norwegian Public Roads Administration]], 2007.</ref>

Construction started in May 2004 and the Marmaray tunnel was completed on September 23, 2008,<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_11_48/ai_n31009622/ Final tubes sunk on Bosphorus Tunnel], ''International Railway Journal'', November 2008.</ref> with a formal ceremony to mark its completion on October 13.<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//marmaray-tunnel-completed.html Marmaray tunnel completed]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727041154/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/marmaray-tunnel-completed.html |date=July 27, 2010 }}, ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' October 20, 2008</ref>

[[File:Marmaray Tunnel Project.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|Path of the rail tunnel project (dotted line) within the Marmaray railway, across the Bosphorus strait]]

=== Second phase ===
The second phase of the project involved the renewal of the old suburban railway that ran between [[Halkalı railway station|Halkalı]] and [[Kazlıçeşme railway station|Kazlıçeşme]] on the European side of Istanbul and between [[Ayrılık Çeşmesi railway station|Ayrılıkçeşmesi]] and [[Gebze railway station|Gebze]] on the Asian side. The work was meant to be completed at the same time as the first phase (the tunnel and underground sections), but was delayed until March, 2019.

A third line was added to enable the [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) cars and other railway carriages to move separately.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Thirty-six above-ground stations along the line were rebuilt or completely refurbished.<ref name="ff">[http://www.marmaray.com/html/technical.html Facts and figures]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020115125/http://www.marmaray.com/html/technical.html |date=October 20, 2007 }}, web page at the Marmaray web site. Accessed on-line September 24, 2007.</ref><ref name="tt">[http://www.marmaray.com/html/gen_travel.html Travel time and alignment]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302164438/http://marmaray.com/html/gen_travel.html |date=March 2, 2005 }}, web page at the Marmaray web site. Accessed on line, September 24, 2007.</ref> Signalling was also modernised to allow trains to travel as close as two minutes apart (although in reality far fewer trains than that actually run).

The suburban-rail upgrade part of the project, known originally as CR1, was first awarded to the AMD Rail Consortium, comprising Marubeni of Japan, Dogus Insaat of Turkey and Alstom of France.<ref name="cr3">{{cite news |date=November 3, 2011 |title=Marmaray railway upgrading contract awarded |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/marmaray-upgrading-contract-awarded.html}}</ref> However, they were unable to complete the work and it was re-tendered as contract CR3 in early 2011. The replacement contract worth €932.8&nbsp;million was awarded to a joint venture between OHL and Invensys Rail.<ref name="cr3" />

[[File:Marmaray train in Bostancı station.jpg|thumb|A Marmaray train at [[Bostancı railway station|Bostancı]] station on the first day of operation of the Gebze–Halkalı line]]

=== Freight ===
In February 2010, ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' reported that the tunnel's administrators were hiring consultants to analyse options for carrying freight traffic.<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/contracts-february-2010.html Contracts February 2010], ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' February 9, 2010</ref> The Prime Minister and other officials have suggested that the Marmaray will help to create a modern "Iron [[Silk Road]]" by allowing freight trains to travel between [[Europe]] and [[China]]. Freight trains that are not carrying [[dangerous goods]] will be able to use the tunnel when commuter services are not operating (between 1:00&nbsp;a.m. and 5:00&nbsp;a.m.).<ref>Uysal, Onur. [http://railturkey.org/2013/11/12/marmaray-connects-asia-europe/ "Is Marmaray Key for Europe-Asia Rail Connection?"], ''Rail Turkey'', November 12, 2013</ref> At other times only passenger trains will be in the tunnels.

=== Financing ===
The [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA) and the [[European Investment Bank]] (EBI) provided much of the financing for the project. By April 2006, the JICA had lent 111&nbsp;billion yen and the EIB 1.05&nbsp;billion euro for the work. The original cost was estimated at $4.5 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marmaray Railway Engineering Project |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/marmaray/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Railway Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> although it finally cost almost twice that.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey's Marmaray opens in Istanbul |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkeys-marmaray-opens-in-istanbul/208260 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref>

== Rolling stock ==
{{Main|TCDD E32000}}

The Marmaray uses TCDD E32000 rolling stock manufactured by [[Hyundai Rotem]] in ten- and five-car EMU configurations. The original {{nowrap|€580 million}} contract called for 440 vehicles to be produced locally by [[Eurotem]], Hyundai Rotem's joint venture with Turkish rolling stock manufacturer [[TÜVASAŞ]]. Hyundai Rotem was chosen ahead of [[Alstom]], [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]], and a consortium of [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]], [[Siemens]], and [[Nurol]].<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/marmaray-train-contract-signed.html Marmaray train contract signed]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605041328/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/marmaray-train-contract-signed.html |date=June 5, 2010 }}, ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' November 14, 2008</ref>

There are two depot and maintenance yards on the line (one at each end) where the sets are stocked.
{{Gallery
|title=
|footer=
|width=180
|height=140
|align=center
|File:Marmaray trainset.jpg|A Marmaray train at [[Kazlıçeşme railway station|Kazlıçeşme]]
|File:Rolling stock of Marmaray.jpg|Rolling stock of Marmaray
}}

== Archaeological discoveries during work on the Marmaray ==
The project was delayed by four years, largely due to the discovery of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]]-era and other 8,000-year-old archaeological finds on the proposed site of the [[Yenikapı|European tunnel terminal]] at [[Yenikapı railway station|Yenikapı]] in 2005.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/09/21/turkey.bosphorus.tunnel.marmaray/index.html#cnnSTCOther1 Tunnel links continents, uncovers ancient history] CNN</ref> Excavations then produced evidence of the city's largest harbour, the 4th-century [[Harbour of Eleutherios]] (originally known as the Harbour of Theodosius).<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> Archaeologists also uncovered traces of the [[Walls of Constantinople|city wall]] of [[Constantine the Great]], and the remains of several ships, including what appears to be the only ancient or early medieval [[galley]] ever discovered, preventing the project from proceeding as planned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.org/0707/abstracts/istanbul.html |author=Rose, Mark |author2=Aydingün, Sengül |title=Under Istanbul |access-date=October 27, 2008 |work=Archaeology.org |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America}}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080114011457/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article3111023.ece Nautical archaeology takes a leap forward], ''The Times'', December 31, 2007</ref> In addition, archaeologists uncovered the oldest evidence of settlement in Istanbul, with artefacts, including [[amphora]]e, pottery fragments, shells, pieces of bone and horse skulls, and nine human skulls found in a bag, dating back to 6,000 BCE.<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> [[Glass]] artefacts and fragments dating from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods were also found during excavations at Sirkeci.<ref>Üzlifat Canav-Özgümüş. "[http://prizma.dogus.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/AIHV-ayr%C4%B1-bas%C4%B1m.pdf Recent glass finds in Istanbul]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016222339/http://prizma.dogus.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/AIHV-ayr%C4%B1-bas%C4%B1m.pdf |date=October 16, 2013 }}" [[Doğuş University]], September 2012. Accessed: October 13, 2013.</ref>

== Opening ==
[[File:Marmaray train passing under the Bosphorus as depicted in tile in Sirkeci Station.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Marmaray train passing under the Bosphorus as depicted in tile in Sirkeci Station]]
On August 4, 2013, Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], test-drove the Marmaray from [[Ayrılık Çeşmesi railway station|Ayrılıkçeşmesi station]] (originally İbrahimağa station)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/11974266.asp |newspaper=[[Hürriyet]] |title=Marmaray'ın güzergahı değişebilir |date=June 30, 2009 |language=tr |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref> on the Asian side under the Bosphorus and back again.<ref name="h">{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/24456671.asp |newspaper=[[Hürriyet]] |title=Başbakan Erdoğan Marmaray'da test sürüşü yaptı |date=August 4, 2013 |language=tr |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>

On October 29, 2013, the first stage of the Marmaray project, the underground tunnel between Europe and Asia, was inaugurated on the 90th anniversary of the Turkish Republic'.<ref name=rgiopening>{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/marmaray-tunnel-opens-to-link-europe-with-asia.html |title=Marmaray tunnel opens to link Europe with Asia |date=October 29, 2013|work=[[Railway Gazette International]]}}</ref> The maiden journey took place after a grand opening ceremony attended by President [[Abdullah Gül]] and Prime Minister Erdoğan, as well as by the Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]], the Romanian Prime Minister [[Victor Ponta]], the Somali President [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]], and a number of foreign civil servants.<ref name="rgiopening" />

On November 7, 2019, the first Chinese freight train to Europe ran through the tunnel. This demonstrated that the China to Turkey transportation time could be reduced from a month to 12 days as part of the [[Eurasian Land Bridge#Iron Silk Road via Turkey|Iron Silk Road]] concept.<ref name="aa-20191107">{{cite news |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/first-china-railway-express-line-train-reaches-turkey/1637811 |title=First China Railway Express line train reaches Turkey |author1=Mustafa Hatipoglu |author2=Emrah Gokmen |publisher=Anadolu Agency |date=November 7, 2019 |access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref>

== Earthquake protection ==
The tunnel construction is only about {{convert|18|km|mi}} away from the active [[North Anatolian Fault]] and has worried some engineers and seismologists. "Since AD 342, it has seen large earthquakes that each claimed more than 10,000 lives."<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> Some scientists have estimated a 77% probability that, at some time in the next 30 years, Istanbul will suffer an earthquake measuring 7.0 or more on the [[Richter magnitude scale]]. The waterlogged, silty soil on which the tunnel is constructed has been known to liquefy during an earthquake so engineers injected industrial grout to {{convert|24|m|ft}} below the seabed to keep it stable.<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> The walls of the tunnel are made of waterproof concrete coated with a steel shell, each section independently watertight. The tunnel is made to flex and bend in the way that tall buildings are constructed to react if an earthquake hits. [[Floodgate]]s at the joints of the tunnel are able to close and isolate water in the event of the walls failing.<ref name="Smith, Julian" />

Steen Lykke, project manager for Avrasyaconsult, the international consortium that oversaw the construction, summed the problems up by saying, "I can't think of any challenge this project lacks".<ref name="Smith, Julian" />

== Marmaray in numbers ==
Some figures of the project are as follows:<ref name="h" />
* Overall length: {{convert|76.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Tunnel section: {{convert|13.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Immersed tube: {{convert|1387|m|ft|abbr=on}}
* Deepest point: {{convert|60.46|m|ft|abbr=on}}
* Minimum curve radius: {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}
* Maximum gradient: 1.8%
* Surface stations: 37
* Underground stations: 3
* Interchanges: 8
* Inter-city stations: 8
* Minimum platform length: {{convert|225|m|ft|abbr=on}}
* Average station spacing: {{convert|1.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* Maximum speed: {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
* Commercial speed: {{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
* Headway: 2–10 minutes
* Passengers per hour and direction: 75,000
* Number of passenger cars: 440

== See also ==
* [[Eurasia Tunnel]]
* [[Great Istanbul Tunnel]], a proposed three-level road-rail undersea tunnel
* [[Public transport in Istanbul]]
* [[Rail transport in Turkey]]
* [[Turkish Straits]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.thepolisblog.org/2009/09/hyper-extensions-marmaray-project.html Overview of the Marmary history, justification, and construction process with pictures]
* Marmaray Project:
** L. C. F. Ingerslev, 2005, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514225834/http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/ProductAndPublication/OpenSession/Tust_Vol_20_6_604-608.pdf Considerations and strategies behind the design and construction requirements of the Istanbul Strait immersed tunnel]", ''Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology'' '''20''': 604–08.
** Steen Lykke and Hüseyin Belkaya, 2005, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514225819/http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/ProductAndPublication/OpenSession/Tust_Vol_20_6_600-603.pdf The project and its management]", ''Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology'' '''20''': 600–03.
** Steen Lykke and Frits van de Kerk, 2005, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514225853/http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/ProductAndPublication/OpenSession/Tust_Vol_20_6_609-611.pdf Marine operations, the Bosphorus Crossing]", ''Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology'' '''20''': 609–11.
** Hideki Sakaeda, 2005, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929012940/http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/e-news/doc/ITANews11/TUST_OS_2005_marmara_HV.pdf Tunnels and stations in BC contract]", ''Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology'' '''20''': 612–16.
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.tust.2009.01.001|title=The challenges involved in concrete works of Marmaray immersed tunnel with service life beyond 100 years|journal=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology|volume=24|issue=5|pages=592–601|year=2009|last1=Gokce|first1=Ahmet|last2=Koyama|first2=Fumio|last3=Tsuchiya|first3=Masahiko|last4=Gencoglu|first4=Turgut|bibcode=2009TUSTI..24..592G }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071108230707/http://www.marmaray.itu.edu.tr/ Istanbul Technical University Marmaray Laboratory web site]
* [http://tunnelbuilder.com/News/Lovat-Readies-TBM-for-Bosphorus-Railway-Tube-Crossing-in-Istanbul.aspx Tunnelbuilder technical description]
* {{In lang|tr|cap=yes}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215001518/http://www.hkmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/cfe0e6127fa25df_ek.pdf Marmaray BC1 project and surveying works]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4949862.stm BBC article on the project]
* [https://marmaryduraklari.gen.tr/ Marmaray Durakları]

{{Public Transport in İstanbul}}
{{Urban public transport in Turkey}}

[[Category:Marmaray| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:2013 establishments in Turkey]]
[[Category:Fatih]]
[[Category:Underground commuter rail]]
[[Category:Üsküdar]]
[[Category:Binali Yıldırım]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Istanbul]]
[[Category:TCDD Taşımacılık]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2013]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2019]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kocaeli Province]]
[[Category:Transport in Kocaeli Province]]
[[Category:25 kV AC railway electrification]]