View source for Mariners' Church

{{short description|Historic church in Michigan, United States}}
{{About|Mariners' Church in Detroit, Michigan||Mariner's Church (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox church 
| name             = Mariners' Church of Detroit
| fullname         =
| image            = Mariners Church, Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, MI.jpg
| imagesize        = 300px
| caption          = 
| denomination     = [[Anglican Church in North America]]<br/>[[Reformed Episcopal Church]]
| diocese          = [[Diocese of Mid-America|Mid-America]]
| parish           = 
| division         =
| subdivision      =
| founded date     = 1842
| founder          = Julia Anderson
| architect        = 
| style            = 
| years built = 
| dedicated date   = 
| closed date      =
| demolished date  =
| bishop           = 
| priest           = 
| archdeacon       = 
| dean             =
| provost          =
| rector           = Rev. Todd Meyer
| canon            = 
| prebendary       =
| curate           =
| chaplain         =
| vicar            = 
| deacon           =
| abbot            =
| minister         =
| seniorpastor     = Rev. Todd Meyer
| pastor           =
| location         = [[Detroit, Michigan]]
| country          = [[United States]]

| website          = {{URL|https://marinerschurchofdetroit.org/}}
| embedded =
{{Infobox NRHP
| embed = yes
| name         = Mariners' Church
| nrhp_type    =
| image        = 
| caption      = 
| location     = 170 East Jefferson Avenue<br />[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]
| coordinates  = {{coord|42|19|45|N|83|2|31.5|W|region:US-MI|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin     =
| built        = 1849
| architect    = [[Calvin N. Otis]]; [[Hugh Moffat (politician)|Hugh Moffat]]
| architecture = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]
| added        = March 11, 1971
| area         = 
| refnum       = 71000428<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| designated_other1 = Michigan State Historic Site
}}}}

'''Mariners' Church of Detroit''' is a church with worship services adhering to [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[liturgy|liturgical]] traditions located at 170 East Jefferson Avenue in [[Downtown Detroit]]. It was founded in 1842 as a special mission to the maritime travelers of the [[Great Lakes]] and functioned as a parish of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Michigan]] until 1992, when the [[Michigan Court of Appeals]] ruled it was incorporated as an independent congregation. The church was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1971.<ref name="nris"/> The church has a non-exclusive, limited association with the REC [[Diocese of Mid-America]] which itself is a founding member of the [[Anglican Church in North America]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Mid-America (REC)| url=http://www.acna.org/admin_units/30| website=Anglican Church in North America| access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref>

The church grounds contain a bronze sculpture of [[George Washington (statue by DeLue)|George Washington]] wearing the apron of a [[Freemasonry|master mason]] by [[Donald De Lue]]. The sculpture is a copy of the wax original created in 1959 and was installed in 1966.<ref name="sculptor">{{cite web| title=Donald DeLue Papers| url=http://www.sculptor.org/Sculptors/ByName/old_DonaldDeLue.htm| website=sculptor.org| access-date=2011-04-20}}</ref> The statue belongs to the City of Detroit, not the church; the site was chosen because it is the location of the first Council House in Detroit.

==History==

===19th century===
The church was founded as a result of Julia Anderson's bequest of the lot on which her own mansion stood, at the corner of Woodbridge and Woodward streets. The completion of the [[Erie Canal]] increased shipping traffic in the area, and Anderson felt that the seamen were in need of spiritual support and care. Mariners' was established in 1842 and incorporated in the state of Michigan in 1848; the present structure was consecrated the following year.

The original wood-frame church was sold to the congregation of [[Historic Trinity Lutheran Church]] for $200 when the current structure was completed. The Trinity congregation moved the building to Larned and Rivard streets.<ref name="reprint">{{cite news| title=Mariners' Church| work=Detroit Daily Advertiser| date=22 December 1849}} Reprinted by Mariners' Church, May 1975.</ref>

Prior to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the church was a stop on the [[Underground Railroad]] which black slaves followed North to [[Province of Canada|Canada]] and freedom. In 1925, the church established Mariners' Inn, a shelter that now offers rehabilitation, counseling and vocational services for homeless substance abusers.<ref name="flyer"/><ref name="inn">{{cite web |title=What We Do |website=Mariners Inn |url=http://marinersinn.org/what_we_do |year=2011 |access-date=2011-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317102340/http://www.marinersinn.org/what_we_do |archive-date=2011-03-17 }}</ref>

===20th century===
The church was slated for demolition along with many neighboring structures in 1955 to make room for the new civic center. Trustee and ''[[The Detroit News]]'' columnist George Stark urged his readers to help save the historic building and asked for small contributions of $5 or $10 to move the {{convert|60000|lb|lk=on}} limestone edifice {{convert|880|ft|lk=on}} east. The undertaking was detailed in the April 25, 1955, issue of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine. Stark's appeal raised enough money to cover moving costs with money left to add stained glass windows, a west entry and a tower and to redecorate the interior of the church. During the move, workers discovered a tunnel under the building from its days as a stop on the [[Underground Railroad]].<ref name="hour">{{cite news| title=Mariners' Church of Detroit| magazine=[[Hour Detroit]]| first=George| last=Balunda| date=November 2011| access-date=2011-04-20| url=http://www.hourdetroit.com/Hour-Detroit/November-2010/Mariners-rsquo-Church-of-Detroit/}}</ref> It now sits atop part of the [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]].

The new site for the church on [[Jefferson Avenue (Detroit)|Jefferson Avenue]] was where the Indian Council House was constructed after the 1805 fire. The house was used for meetings with local tribes and the first [[Protestantism|Protestant]] worship services in Detroit.<ref name="aia">{{cite book| last1=Meyer| first1=Katherine Mattingly| last2=Martin C.P. McElroy with Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry, Hon A.I.A| year=1980| title=Detroit Architecture A.I.A. Guide Revised Edition| publisher=Wayne State University Press| place=Detroit| isbn=978-0-8143-1651-1| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/detroitarchitect0000unse}}</ref> It later was the site of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] Topographical Corps offices. The office was established by Col. John Anderson, husband of Julia Anderson, Mariners' benefactress.<ref name="mariners"/>

===Affiliation===
In August 1990, the [[Episcopal Diocese of Michigan]] filed a [[lawsuit]] claiming jurisdiction over Mariners' Church as a parish within the Episcopal Church.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news| title=Quarrel Made Parish Stronger, Priest Says| newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]| date=10 November 1990| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-10-ca-3853-story.html| access-date=2011-04-20}}</ref> Mariners' Church held that it is an independent congregation free of denominational ties, while the Episcopal Church held that it had always considered the church an Episcopal congregation. The courts ruled in favor of Mariners' Church in the initial case in 1990 and an appeal in 1992.<ref name="mariners">{{cite web| title=History| access-date=2011-04-20| url=http://marinerschurchofdetroit.org/history/| website=Mariners' Church| archive-date=2011-06-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607041440/http://marinerschurchofdetroit.org/history/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Wood v. Ingalls, No. 143163, 1994 Mich. App. LEXIS 540 (October 24, 1994)</ref>

The Church uses the 1662 and American 1928 editions of the [[Book of Common Prayer]]. For many years from the 1950s through the 1980s, services were broadcast on radio station [[WWJ (AM)]].

==Architecture==
The Mariners' Church building is constructed of Lannon stone from [[Wisconsin]], in the [[English Gothic architecture|perpendicular gothic]] style of [[Gothic Revival architecture]]. It replaced an earlier wood structure on the same site. It measures {{convert|49|ft|m|abbr=on}} by {{convert|94|ft|m|abbr=on}}.

The east and west walls are divided into three bays by flat buttresses and the south wall into seven. The east wall contains a large window with gothic tracery above the [[chancel]], measuring {{convert|15|ft|abbr=on}} wide by {{convert|25|ft|abbr=on}} high, and is flanked by a smaller window on each side. At each corner of the structure is an octagonal [[buttress]]. The buttresses on the east wall were originally capped by small stone spires and a cross capped the peak of the gable above the chancel window. The west wall contains a {{convert|12|ft|abbr=on}} diameter [[rose window]], above which was a small bell tower.

In its original location, the north and west sides of the building abutted other structures and were not visible until the 1955 move. As part of the renovations in the new location, a new [[bell tower]] was added and the north wall, which now fronts Jefferson Avenue, was reconstructed to resemble the south wall and windows added.

===Interiors===
The ground floor which currently holds church offices and meeting rooms originally housed commercial tenants to provide income. The first tenants were the [[United States Post Office Department|Post Office]] and bank and later occupants include a grocery, barber and laundry. Prior to its relocation, the main entrance to the church was also on the ground floor under the vestibule.

===Sanctuary===
The sanctuary is {{convert|43|ft|abbr=on}} by {{convert|75|ft|abbr=on}} with an organ gallery at the rear. The ceiling is wood with exposed beams artificially grained to resemble oak.<ref name="reprint"/> The walls are covered by a fabric-backed vinyl.<ref name="flyer">{{citation| title=Old Mariners' Church| date=May 1975| publisher=Mariners' Church}}</ref>

The 1849 [[pipe organ]] was installed by the Garret House Organ Company of Buffalo.<ref name="reprint"/><ref name="organs">{{cite web |title=Charles Viner & Sons Organ Company |website=Theatre Organs |url=http://www.theatreorgans.com/ny/buffaloarea/viner/viner.htm |access-date=2011-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526043150/http://www.theatreorgans.com/ny/buffaloarea/viner/viner.htm |archive-date=2011-05-26 }}</ref> This was replaced in 1966 by an organ given by architect Ralph Calder in memory of his wife, Helen.<ref name="flyer"/> In 2007, D. F. Pilzecker & Company installed an organ with 78 ranks of pipes to replace the 1966 instrument.<ref name="music">{{cite web| title=Music| url=http://marinerschurchofdetroit.org/music/| website=Mariners' Church| access-date=2011-04-20}}</ref>
 
The [[stained glass window]]s were created by the [[J&R Lamb Studios]] of New York City in 1955. The [[rose window]] on the west facade was a gift of the Browning family, in memory of their mother Bertie Ann Browning. Replicating a ship's compass, the window is an appropriate tribute inasmuch as the Browning family was associated with shipping on the Great Lakes through the Browning Steamship Co. and owned the Bob-Lo Boats and Bob-Lo Island.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} The windows on the side walls contain scenes from the history of Detroit and the Bible.

===1971 renovations===
In 1971, a second phase of renovations expanded the [[Chancel]] area; restored and refinished the [[Altar]], [[Reredos]], pews and floor; upgraded lighting, sound and electrical systems; covered sanctuary walls with vinyl; replaced the wooden tracery of the rose window with stone; installed an air conditioning system; and painted exterior woodwork.<ref name="flyer"/>

==Commemorating those lost at sea==
[[File:Mariners Church, Great Lakes sailors, Detroit.jpg|thumb|[[Jefferson Avenue (Detroit)|Jefferson Avenue]] façade of Mariners' Church, on a rainy night.]]
Established to serve [[sailor|mariners]], the church holds a Blessing of the Fleet every March for those going to sea, and a Great Lakes Memorial Service every November for those who have lost their lives at sea.

The church's bell tolled 29 times in November 1975 to mourn the loss of the freighter ''[[SS Edmund Fitzgerald|Edmund Fitzgerald]]''; once for each of her 29 crew members.<ref name="mcinnis">{{cite book| last=McInnis| first=Joseph| year=1998| title=Fitzgerald's Storm: The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald| page= 62| publisher=[[Thunder Bay Press]]| place=Holt, Michigan| isbn=978-1-8823-7653-7}}</ref><ref name="fitz">{{cite book| last=Schumacher| first=Michael| year=2005| title=Mighty Fitz: the sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald| url=https://archive.org/details/mightyfitzsinkin00schu/page/94/mode/2up?q=mariners+church| page=94| publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing| place=New York| isbn=978-1-5969-1167-3}}</ref> The church continued to hold an annual memorial, reading the names of the crewmen and ringing the church bell until 2006.<ref name="Detroit church">{{cite news |title=Detroit church broadens scope after anniversary of Edmund Fitzgerald's sinking| agency=[[Associated Press]]| newspaper=[[USA Today]]| date= 13 November 2006| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-11-13-edmund-fitzgerald_x.htm| access-date=2011-04-20}}</ref>

The church is mentioned in [[Gordon Lightfoot]]'s song "[[The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald|The Wreck of the ''Edmund Fitzgerald'']]", which goes: "In a musty old hall in Detroit, they prayed in the Maritime Sailors' Cathedral. The church bell chimed 'til it rang, 29 times, for each man on the ''Edmund Fitzgerald''." In 1985, Lightfoot performed the ballad at the tenth memorial service for the ''Edmund Fitzgerald''. After viewing the sanctuary, Lightfoot proclaimed to the congregation that he wrote the song under a false impression and would in future performances refer to the church as a "...rustic old hall..."<ref name="hour"/> On May 2, 2023, the day after Gordon Lightfoot's death, the church's bell tolled 30 times, once for each of the ''Edmund Fitzgerald'''s 29 crew members and once in memory of Lightfoot.<ref name="church honors gordon lightfoot">{{cite news |last=McCollum |first=Brian |date=2023-05-02 |title=Mariners Church to honor Gordon Lightfoot with ringing of bells |url=https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/music/brian-mccollum/2023/05/02/gordon-lightfoot-mariners-church-detroit-bells/70175392007/ |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |access-date=2023-05-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503025510/https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/music/brian-mccollum/2023/05/02/gordon-lightfoot-mariners-church-detroit-bells/70175392007/ |archive-date=2023-05-03 |ref=none}}</ref>

On November 12, 2006, two days after the 31st anniversary of the sinking of the ''Edmund Fitzgerald,'' the church broadened its memorial ceremony to include the more than 1,000 lives lost on the Great Lakes.<ref name="Graveyard">{{cite book |title= Graveyard of the Lakes| year=2000| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tog_ll_MYrkC&q=Graveyard+of+the+Lakes+by+Mark+L.+Thompson| publisher=Wayne State University Press| location=Detroit| first= Mark L.| last=Thompson| isbn=978-0-8143-3226-9| access-date=2009-04-16| pages=17, 18}}</ref> In 2006, the bell at Mariners' Church tolled eight times, not the usual 29: five times for the five [[Great Lakes]], a sixth time for the [[St. Clair River|St. Clair]] and [[Detroit River|Detroit]] rivers, a seventh for the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]], and an eighth time for military personnel who died.<ref name="Detroit church"/>

==[[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]]s==
* Horace Hills		1849&ndash;?
* Rufus Murray		1856&ndash;?
* Alfred Lee Brewer	1859&ndash;?	
* A. M. Lewis		1865&ndash;?
* E. W. Flower		1872&ndash;?
* William Charles 1877&ndash;?
* Paul Ziegler 1855&ndash;1915
* Hubert W. Wells 1915&ndash;1917
* Harry C. Robinson 1917&ndash;1921
* John H. Lever	  1921&ndash;1925
* Harry I. Pearson 1925&ndash;1929
* George Backhurst 1929&ndash;1942
* David R. Covell 1942&ndash;1946
* G. Paul Musselman 1946&ndash;1953
* Elmer B. Usher 1956&ndash;1964
* Richard W. Ingalls, Sr.  1965&ndash;2006
* Richard W. Ingalls, Jr.  2006&ndash;2012	
* William Fleming 2013&ndash;2018
* Jeff Hubbard 2018&ndash;2022
* Todd Meyer 2023&ndash;present

From 1925 to 1957, Mariners' Church did not have regular services; instead, the Rector served as Superintendent of Mariners' Inn.<ref name="reprint"/>

{|class="wikitable unsortable"
! style="background:light gray; color:black"|Historical images of Mariners Church in original location on [[Woodward Avenue]] and Woodbridge.
<gallery>
File:Mariners Church 1936.jpg|Looking northwest from Woodbridge and Woodward Avenue.
File:Mariners Church 1936a.jpg|Woodward Avenue (east) facade.
File:Mariners Church Altar 1936.jpg| Church Altar prior to 1955 move, and installation of new stained glass windows.
</gallery>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mariners' Church}}
*[http://marinerschurchofdetroit.org/ Mariners Church of Detroit website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226074845/http://www.ssefo.com/remembrances/church.html S.S. ''Edmund Fitzgerald'' Online entry on the church]
*[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQK/is_6_10/ai_n15858062 Lost Laker Lamented: They still ring the bell at Detroit's Mariners Church]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141127043308/http://www.shipoffools.com/mystery/2005/1128.html A review and description of the church and its worship service]

{{Religious landmarks in metropolitan Detroit}}
{{Architecture of metropolitan Detroit}}
{{National Register of Historic Places in Michigan}}
{{Religious Structures of Woodward Ave. TR}}

[[Category:Churches in Detroit]]
[[Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Wayne County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1849]]
[[Category:19th-century Episcopal church buildings]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1842]]
[[Category:Reformed Episcopal church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in Michigan]]
[[Category:1842 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Relocated buildings and structures in Michigan]]
[[Category:Former Episcopal church buildings in the United States]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in the United States]]