View source for Maria Luisa of Parma

{{short description|Queen of Spain from 1788 to 1808}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Maria Luisa of Parma
| image        = Mengs - Maria Luisa of Parma, Prado.jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Anton Raphael Mengs]], 1765 
| succession   = [[Queen consort of Spain]]
| reign        = 14 December 1788 – 19 March 1808
| reign-type   = Tenure
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1751|12|9|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Parma]], [[Duchy of Parma]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1819|1|2|1751|12|9|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Palazzo Barberini]], [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
| burial_place = [[El Escorial]]
| spouse       = {{Marriage|[[Charles IV of Spain]]|14 September 1765}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal]]
* [[Infanta María Amalia of Spain (1779–1798)|Infanta Maria Amalia]]
* [[María Luisa, Queen of Etruria]]
* [[Ferdinand VII, King of Spain]]
* [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina]]
* [[María Isabella of Spain|Maria Isabel, Queen of the Two Sicilies]]
* [[Infante Francisco de Paula]]}}
| issue-link   = #Issue
| full name    = [[Spanish Language|Spanish]]: Luisa María Teresa Ana<br/>
[[French Language|French]]: Louise Marie Thérèse Anne
| house        = [[Bourbon-Parma]]
| father       = [[Philip, Duke of Parma]]
| mother       = [[Louise Élisabeth of France]]
}}

'''Maria Luisa of Parma''' (Luisa Maria Teresa Anna; 9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) was, by marriage to King [[Charles IV of Spain]], [[Queen consort of Spain|Queen of Spain]] from 1788 to 1808 leading up to the [[Peninsular War]]. Her relationship with [[Manuel Godoy]] and influence over the King made her unpopular among the people and aristocrats. She was rivals with the [[María Cayetana de Silva, 13th Duchess of Alba|Duchess of Alba]] and the [[María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna|Duchess of Osuna]]. The death of her daughter-in-law [[Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily]], whom she disliked, was said to be the result of poisoning by the Queen.

==Life==
[[File:María Luisa de Borbón-Parma.jpg|left|thumb|227x227px|Maria Luisa as a child, by [[Louis-Michel van Loo]].]]
[[File:La famiglia di Don Filippo di Borbone by Giuseppe Baldrighi (C. 1757).jpg|left|200px|thumb|The family of the Duke of Parma]]

===Early life===
She was the youngest daughter of [[Philip, Duke of Parma]], the fourth son of [[Philip V of Spain]], and [[Louise Élisabeth of France]], the eldest daughter of King [[Louis XV]] and his Polish-born wife, the popular Queen [[Marie Leczinska]]. Born in [[Parma]], she was christened '''Luisa María Teresa Anna''' after her maternal grandparents and her mother's favourite sister [[Princess Henriette of France|Anne Henriette of France]], but is known to history by the short Spanish form of this name: María Luisa,<ref>{{cite book|title=A Chronological Abridgement of the History of Spain. [Thirty-two cards.]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGFZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT66|access-date=9 June 2018|year=1809|publisher=E. Harding|page=xxxi}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2018}}<!--source calls her "Louisa Maria Theresa"--> while Luisa was the name she used in private.<ref name="auto">[http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/11491/maria-luisa-de-parma Diccionario Biográfico. Real Academia de la Historia] ''María Luisa de Parma''</ref>

Her parents had been the Duke and Duchess of Parma since 1749, when the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)]] awarded the duchy to the [[Bourbons]].

Maria Luisa, her brother [[Ferdinand, Duke of Parma|Ferdinand]] and her sister [[Princess Isabella of Parma|Isabella]] are traditionally said to have been educated by [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac]], a well-known French philosopher. However, Condillac did in fact not arrive in Parma until 1768.<ref name="auto"/>

Maria Luisa was not considered as beautiful as her elder sister, but was still described as attractive, though she was quite short.

===Princess of Asturias===
[[File:Maria Luisa of Parma by Anton Raphael Mengs.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Maria Luisa of Parma by [[Mengs]], around 1768.]]
María Luisa's [[Princess Louise Élisabeth of France|mother]] tried to engage her to [[Louis of France (1751-1761)|Louis, Duke of Burgundy]], heir to the French throne. However, the young duke died in 1761. In 1762, Maria Luisa instead became engaged to her cousin Charles, [[Prince of Asturias]], later King [[Charles IV of Spain]]. When her elder sister Isabella died in 1763, there were suggestions that Maria Luisa marry her sister's widower, Emperor Joseph II, but the proposal was refused and her engagement to the Prince of Asturias was confirmed. The wedding took place on 4 September 1765 in [[La Granja (palace)|La Granja Palace]].

Her husband was the son and heir of the widowed [[Charles III of Spain]], previously Duke of Parma and King of [[Naples]] and [[Sicily]]. This formally gave her the position of princess of Asturias, or crown princess. However, as there was no queen in Spain at that time, María Luisa became the first lady in precedence at the court almost from the beginning of her residence there, after the Queen Mother and former Royal Regent, [[Elisabeth Farnese|Queen Isabel de Farnesio]], died a few months later.

Maria Luisa was described as intelligent, ambitious and dominant. Regarding her appearance, she was considered to be pretty at the time of her wedding. She was known for her elegance and extravagance in fashion and jewelry. However, already by the age of thirty, she was reportedly prematurely aged and described by the Russian ambassador Zinoviev: "Repeated childbirths, indispositions and maybe some inheritable diseases has caused her to wither entirely; the yellow tone of her skin and the loss of her teeth was the final death blow to her beauty."<ref name="auto"/>
Her father-in-law Charles III viewed her to be frivolous and attempted to control and supervise her private life and restrict her personal freedom, but with little success.

Her relationship to Charles was described as a good one, but she reportedly dominated him early on. Her father-in-law took care to remove both Charles and Maria Luisa from interfering in state affairs; however, while her husband was of a passive character and devoted to his interests in hunt and mechanics, Maria Luisa was interested in state affairs and, being the dominant partner of the two, became the leading figure in the circle of opposition which gathered around the heir to the throne.

===Queen of Spain===

[[File:María Luisa de Parma, reina de España.jpg|thumb|Portrait by [[Francisco Goya|Goya]], 1789]]

In 1788, her husband succeeded his father as Charles IV of Spain, making Maria Luisa queen. On the first meeting between Charles IV and his ministers, Maria Luisa was present, a step which attracted attention and which became the rule during the reign of her spouse.<ref>Rose-Marie Hagen, Rainer Hagen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWe3lPyY_GIC&dq=maria+luisa+of+parma+spain&pg=PA324 What Great Paintings Say, Volym 2], 2003</ref> Being the dominant party in the marriage, Maria Luisa dominated Charles IV and thus the government, but was in turn reputed to be dominated by prime minister [[Manuel de Godoy]].

María Luisa was notoriously reputed to have had many love affairs. The most infamous of them was with the prime minister Manuel de Godoy, whom contemporary gossip singled out in particular as a long-time lover; in 1784 a member of the guard, he was promoted through several ranks when Charles and Maria Luisa succeeded to the throne, and was appointed prime minister in 1792. Godoy was also rumored to be the natural father of several of her children. In 1791, minister Floridablanca accused Godoy for being the lover of the Queen, which resulted in Floridablanca losing his office. Several other men beside Godoy have been pointed out as her lovers, among them her courtier Mallo.

[[File:La familia de Carlos IV.jpg|thumb|left|240px|''The Family of Charles IV'']]

Several contemporaries, such as the foreign ambassadors, among them the French ambassador Alquier, reported about these rumors, also in the diplomatic correspondence of the time.<ref name="auto"/> The truth of them is however questioned, and some issues may have been fabricated or exaggerated for political reasons by the royal court as well as by foreign powers. There is no direct evidence that she had any lovers (however, it is known that her daughter [[Carlota Joaquina]], and her grandson, [[Pedro I of Brazil]], were adulterers, which may indicate a genetic predisposition to infidelity). The Queen's confessor Fray Juan Almaraz wrote in his last will that she admitted in ''articulo mortis'' that "none, none of her sons and daughters, none was of the legitimate marriage".<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Zavala|first=José María|title=Bastardos y Borbones|year=2011|publisher=Plaza & Janés Editores|isbn=978-84-0138-992-4|location=Barcelona|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZwUYgURK-0C&q=%22ministerio+de+justicia%22+%22fray+juan+de+almaraz%22&pg=PA1685|access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref> The veracity of that testimony, however, remains disputed.<ref name="auto1"/> King Charles IV never expressed any suspicions or doubt about the queen's fidelity. There is no doubt that Maria Luisa and Godoy had a close relationship regardless of the nature of it, as their correspondence illustrates that she spoke to him of such intimate matters as the discontinuation of her menstruation and the depression caused by her menopause, and was given comfort by him and assured that she would find her new state in life fulfilling as well.<ref name="auto"/> Aside from her purported affairs, there were several other well known rumors circulating about her. The rivalry between the Queen and the duchess of Osuna, and the duchess of Alba, attracted attention, and when the duchess of Alba died in 1802, she was rumored to have been poisoned by the queen. In 1802 her son married [[Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily]]. When Princess Maria Antonia died in 1806, she was rumored to have been poisoned by the queen also.

Maria Luisa was interested in music and art, and known as a protector of artists, most notably [[Francisco Goya]].

The Queen's purported relationship with prime minister Godoy in combination with her reputed political influence exposed her to the public's discontent over Godoy's Treaty with Napoleonic France, in which French troops were stationed in Spain, and in one incident, the Queen was threatened by a mob and had to be protected by her life guard. In 1808, the popular discontent over the policy against France resulted in an uprising in Aranjuez.

===Later life===
[[File:López y Portaña - Maria Luisa of Parma, Royal Palace of Madrid.jpg|thumb|Portrait by [[Vicente López Portaña]], 1819]]

On 19 March 1808, Charles IV abdicated the throne in favor of his son [[Ferdinand VII]] due to pressure from [[Napoleon I]]. In April 1808, Maria Luisa accompanied Charles IV and Manuel Godoy to a meeting with Napoleon in [[Bayonne]] in [[France]] to persuade the emperor to intercede and assist her husband in reclaiming the Spanish throne from their son. Their son Ferdinand VII also attended the meeting. At the meeting, however, Napoleon forced both Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to renounce their claims to the throne in favor of his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]] and declared the [[Bourbon dynasty]] in Spain deposed.  When Napoleon's army invaded Spain, several pamphlets blamed her for the abdication.

After the forced abdication, Maria Luisa lived with Charles IV and Manuel Godoy as state prisoners of Napoleon in France.  First in [[Compiègne]] and [[Aix-en-Provence]], they were allowed to relocate to [[Marseille]], where they lived for four years.  In 1812 they were allowed to settle under the protection of the Pope in the [[Barberini Palace]] in [[Rome]].

After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, her son Ferdinand VII was reinstated upon the Spanish throne. However, he banned his parents as well as Godoy from returning to Spain. During Napoleon's temporary return to power in France during the [[Hundred Days]] in 1815, Maria Luisa, Charles and Godoy left for France, 
but after his final fall, they returned to Rome where they settled permanently.

During their residence in Rome, Maria Luisa and Charles created a large art collection of paintings by artists [[Titian]], [[Correggio]], Leonardo, [[Lucas Cranach]], [[Andrea del Sarto]], Parmigianino, Bronzino, Palma El Viejo, [[Tintoretto]], Veronese, Poussin, Gaspar Dughet, and Alessandro Turchi. This collection was later transferred to Madrid.

Both María Luisa and her husband died in Italy in early 1819. María Luisa reportedly died of [[Tuberculosis|consumption]].

Manuel Godoy was made universal heir in her will, with the statement that he had shared their exile and lost his property for it.

==Legacy==
In 1792, the ''[[Order of Queen Maria Luisa]]'' for women was founded on her suggestion.

===Portrayal in film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film
! Year
! Actress
|-
| ''[[The Naked Maja (film)|The Naked Maja]]''
| 1958
| [[Lea Padovani]]
|-
| ''[[Goya or the Hard Way to Enlightenment]]''
| 1971
| [[Tatyana Lolova]]
|-
| ''[[Carlota Joaquina, Princess of Brazil]]''
| 1995
| [[Vera Holtz]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109380/|title=Carlota Joaquina, Princesa do Brazil (1995)|publisher=IMDb|language=pt|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Volavérunt]]''
| 1999
| [[Stefania Sandrelli]]
|-
| ''[[Goya's Ghosts]]''
| 2006
| [[Blanca Portillo]]
|}

==Issue==

Maria Luisa married her first cousin [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]] in 1765. She had 24 pregnancies of which she had 10 miscarriages and 14 children were born, seven of whom survived into adulthood.

{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! width=20% | Name !! width=100px | Portrait !! Lifespan !! Notes
|-
| ''Carlos Clemente''<br />Infante of Spain
|| [[File:Mengs - Portrait of a grandchild of Charles III of Spain.jpg|100px]]
|| 19 September 1771 <br/>–<br/> 7 March 1774
|| Born and died at [[El Escorial]]; baptized on the same day he was born, with Charles III representing "the Holy Father" at the christening. [[Pope Clement XIV]] celebrated Carlos' birth and sent the infant consecrated swaddling clothes.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages|publisher=Kegan Paul|author=von Pastor, Ludwig Freiherr|year=1952|location=Michigan|page=201}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Carlota Joaquina]]''<br />Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
|| [[File:Carlota Joaquina.jpg|100px]]
|| 25 April 1775 <br/>–<br/> 7 January 1830
|| Born at the [[Royal Palace of Aranjuez]], she married [[John VI of Portugal]] in 1785 and became Queen consort of Portugal in 1816. Had issue, including the future [[Pedro I of Brazil]]. She died at [[Queluz National Palace]].
|-
| ''Maria Luisa''<br />Infanta of Spain
|| [[File:Royal Greater Coat of Arms of Spain (1761-1868 and 1874-1931) Version with Golden Fleece and Order of Charles III Collars.svg|100px]]
||  11 September 1777 <br/>–<br/> 2 July 1782
|| Born and died at the [[Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso]].<ref name="es">{{cite book|title=Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía. Vol. X.|publisher=RAMHG|author=Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía|year=2007|location=Madrid|page=330|language=es}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Infanta María Amalia of Spain (1779-1798)|María Amalia]]''<br />Infanta of Spain
|| [[File:Infanta María Amalia of Spain (1779-1798).jpg|100px]]
|| 9 January 1779 <br/>–<br/> 22 July 1798
|| Born at the [[Royal Palace of El Pardo]], she married her uncle [[Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain]] in 1795. She gave birth to a stillborn son in 1798 and died shortly thereafter.
|-
| ''Carlos Domingo''<br />Infante of Spain
|| [[File:Carnicero - Infante Carlos Domingo.jpg|100px]]
|| 5 March 1780 <br/>–<br/> 11 June 1783
|| Born at the [[Royal Palace of El Pardo]] and died at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez.<ref name="es" /> After his birth, his father pardoned all of the convicts from [[Puerto San Julián]] as a sign of celebration.<ref>{{cite book|title=Arqueolog'a e historia en la colonia espa–ola de Floridablanca, Patagonia, siglo XVIII|publisher=Teseo|author=Senatore, Mar'a Ximena|year=2007|location=Madrid|page=149|isbn=978-987-1354-08-5|language=es}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca|Maria Luisa]]''<br />Queen of Etruria<br />Duchess of Lucca
|| [[File:Maria Luisa of Spain, queen of Etruria and duchess of Lucca.jpg|100px]]
|| 6 July 1782 <br/>–<br/> 13 March 1824
|| Born at the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, she married [[Louis, King of Etruria]] in 1795 and had issue, including [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]]. Became Duchess of Lucca in her own right in 1817 and died in [[Rome]] in 1824 of cancer.
|-
| ''Carlos Francisco de Paula''<br />Infante of Spain
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Infantes Felipe and Carlos.jpg|100px]]
|| 5 September 1783 <br/>–<br/> 11 November 1784
| rowspan="2" | Twins, born and died at the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía. Vol. X.|publisher=RAMHG|author=Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía|year=2007|location=Madrid|page=332|language=es}}</ref> Their birth was an important event for the people of Spain and provided security for the succession, a security which was truncated with the early deaths of Carlos and Felipe.<ref>{{cite book|title=José Vargas Ponce (1760–1821) en la Real Academia de la Historia|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|author=Palazón, Juan Manuel Abascal|year=2010|location=Madrid|page=54|isbn=978-84-15069-00-3|language=es}}</ref>
|-
| ''Felipe Francisco de Paula''<br />Infante of Spain
|| 5 September 1783 <br/>–<br/> 18 October 1784
|-
| ''[[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Fernando (VII)]]''<br />King of Spain
|| [[File:Fernando VII (William Collins).jpg|100px]]
|| 14 October 1784 <br/>–<br /> 29 September 1833
|| Born and died at El Escorial, he succeeded his father as King in 1808, but was deposed by [[Joseph Bonaparte]] one month later. Married [[Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily]] in 1802, no issue. Re-instated as King in 1813. Married [[Maria Isabel of Portugal]] in 1816, had issue. Married [[Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony]] in 1819, no issue. Married [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]] in 1829 and had issue, including the future [[Isabella II of Spain]]. Died in 1833.
|-
| ''[[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Carlos María Isidro Benito]]''<br />Count of Molina
|| [[File:Retrato del infante Carlos María Isidro de Borbón (Vicente López).JPG|100px]]
|| 29 March 1788 <br/>–<br/> 10 March 1855
|| Born at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez. Married [[Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal]] in 1816 and had issue. Married [[Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira]] in 1838, no issue. First [[Carlist]] pretender to the throne of Spain as "Carlos V". Use the title "Count of Molina" between 1845 and his death in 1855.
|-
| ''[[María Isabella of Spain|María Isabel]]''<br />Queen of the Two Sicilies
|| [[File:Maria isabella seconda moglie (1).jpg|100px]]
|| 6 July 1789 <br/>–<br/> 13 September 1848
|| Born at the [[Royal Palace of Madrid]], she married [[Francis I of the Two Sicilies]] in 1802 and had issue, including the future [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies]]. Queen consort between 1825 and 1830, her husband's death. Died at the [[Palace of Portici]] in 1848.
|-
| ''Maria Teresa''<br />Infanta of Spain
|| [[File:Bayeu, Ramón - The Infanta María Isabella of Spain.jpg|100px]]
|| 16 February 1791 <br/>–<br/> 2 November 1794
|| Born at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez and died at El Escorial<ref name="trinity">{{cite book|title=The Troubled Trinity: Godoy and the Spanish Monarchs|publisher=University of Alabama Press|author=Hilt, Douglas|year=1987|location=Alabama|page=292|isbn=978-0-8173-0320-4}}</ref> of [[smallpox]].<ref>{{cite book|title=La maldición de los Borbones|publisher=Random House Mondadori|author=Zavala, José María|year=2013|location=Mexico|page=16|isbn=978-84-01-34667-5|language=es}}</ref>
|-
| ''Felipe Maria''<br />Infante of Spain
|| [[File:Carnicero - Infante Felipe Maria.jpg|100px]]
|| 28 March 1792 <br/>–<br/> 1 March 1794
|| Born at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez and died at the Royal Palace of Madrid.<ref name="trinity" />
|-
| ''[[Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain|Francisco de Paula]]''<br />Duke of Cadiz
|| [[File:Francisco de Paula de Borbón.jpg|100px]]
|| 10 March 1794 <br/>–<br/> 13 August 1865
|| Born at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez, he married [[Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily]] in 1819 and had issue. Died in Madrid in 1865.
|}

In addition, Maria Luisa had ten other pregnancies who ended in miscarriages:<ref>Fernando González-Doria: ''Las Reinas de España''</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2003/403/1057580914.html Los abortos de las «Borbonas» in: elmundo.es (in Spanish)] [retrieved 27 May 2015].</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=a8-aMMqyffMC&dq=abortos+de+maria+luisa+de+parma&pg=PA158 Ignacio Martín Escribano: ''La plaga de los Borbones'', p. 158. (in Spanish)] [retrieved 27 May 2015].</ref>

* A miscarriage of a daughter in the 4th month of pregnancy (19 December 1775).
* A miscarriage of a daughter in the 6th month of pregnancy (16 August 1776).
* A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (22 January 1778).
* A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half month of pregnancy (17 January 1781).
* A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (4 December 1789).
* A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (30 January 1790).
* A miscarriage in the 1st month of pregnancy (30 March 1790).
* A miscarriage of a son in the 5th and a half month of pregnancy (11 January 1793).
* A miscarriage of a son in the 4th and a half month of pregnancy (20 March 1796).
* A miscarriage in 1799.

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref>{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans|trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=96}}</ref>
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Maria Luisa of Parma'''
|2= 2. [[Philip, Duke of Parma]]
|3= 3. [[Louise Élisabeth of France]]
|4= 4. [[Philip V of Spain]]
|5= 5. [[Elisabeth Farnese]]
|6= 6. [[Louis XV]] of France
|7= 7. [[Marie Leszczyńska]]
|8= 8. [[Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XIV)|Louis, Dauphin of France]]
|9= 9. [[Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria]]
|10= 10. [[Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma]]
|11= 11. [[Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg]]
|12= 12. [[Louis, Duke of Burgundy]]
|13= 13. [[Marie Adélaïde of Savoy]]
|14= 14. [[Stanisław I of Poland]]
|15= 15. [[Katarzyna Opalińska]]
<!-- |16= 16. [[Louis XIV]] of France
|17= 17. [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Maria Theresa of Austria]]
|18= 18. [[Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria]]
|19= 19. [[Henriette Adelaide of Savoy]]
|20= 20. [[Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma]]
|21= 21. [[Isabella d'Este, Duchess of Parma|Isabella d'Este]]
|22= 22. [[Philip William, Elector Palatine]]
|23= 23. [[Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|24= 24. [[Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XIV)|Louis, Dauphin of France]] (= 8)
|25= 25. [[Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria]] (= 9)
|26= 26. [[Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia]]
|27= 27. [[Anne Marie of Orléans]]
|28= 28. [[Rafał Leszczyński (1650–1703)|Rafał Leszczyński]]
|29= 29. [[Anna Leszczyńska (1660–1727)|Anna Jabłonowska]]
|30= 30. [[Jan Karol Opaliński]]
|31= 31. [[Zofia Czarnkowska]] -->
}}

==See also==
*{{ship|Spanish ship|Reina María Luisa|1791}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Commons category|Maria Luisa of Parma}}
* EPTON, Nina, ''The Spanish mousetrap: Napoleon and the Court of Spain'' (London: Macdonald, 1973).
* HILT, Douglas, ''The troubled trinity: Godoy and the Spanish monarchs'' (Tuscaloosa; London: University of Alabama Press, 1987).
* HUGUES, Robert, ''Goya'' (London: Harvill Press, 2003).
* Ursula Tamussino: Isabella von Parma. Gemahlin Josephs II. ÖBV, Wien 1989, {{ISBN|3-215-07068-5}}.
* Kendall W. Brown: Maria Luisa Teresa of Parma. In: Anne Commire (Hrsg.): Women in World History, Bd. 10 (2001), {{ISBN|0-7876-4069-7}}, S. 330f.
* Marie-Louise-Thérèse de Parma. In: Nouvelle biographie générale. Bd. 33 (1860), Sp. 668f.

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bourbon|House of Bourbon-Parma]]|9 December|1751|2 January|1819|[[House of Bourbon]]}}
{{s-roy|es}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Maria Amalia of Saxony]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen consort of Spain]]|years=1788–1808}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Julie Clary]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Princesses of Parma}}
{{Infantas of Spain by marriage}}
{{Princesses of Asturias}}
{{Spanish consorts}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maria Luisa of Parma}}
[[Category:Spanish royal consorts]]
[[Category:Princesses of Asturias]]
[[Category:Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel]]
[[Category:Princesses of Bourbon-Parma]]
[[Category:Spanish infantas by marriage]]
[[Category:Nobility from Parma]]
[[Category:1751 births]]
[[Category:1819 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial]]
[[Category:Charles IV of Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish queen mothers]]
[[Category:Daughters of dukes]]
[[Category:Mothers of Italian monarchs]]