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'''Marbodus''', Marbod or '''Marbode of Rennes''' ({{circa}} 1035 – 11 September 1123) was [[archdeacon]] and schoolmaster at Angers, France, then [[Bishop of Rennes]] in [[Brittany]]. He was a respected poet, [[hagiographer]], and [[hymnologist]].

==Biography==
Marbod was born near [[Angers]] in [[County of Anjou|Anjou]], France, presumably in the mid-1030s. He received at least part of his early education at Angers under archdeacon and schoolmaster Rainaldus (d. c. 1076), who may have been trained by [[Fulbert of Chartres]]. He was a well-known and highly praised scholar in Angers.<ref>M. Lurio, "A Proposed Genealogy of Marbode, Angevin Bishop of Rennes, 1096–1123", Medieval Prosopography 26 (2005), 51–76.</ref> Marbod had three known named relatives: a brother named Hugo, who was a canon of Saint-Maurice of Angers, a mother most likely named Hildeburgis, and a nephew named Herveus.<ref>Lurio, (2004) p. 30.</ref>

Two of Marbod's family members were in the entourage of Count [[Fulk le Réchin]] of Anjou.<ref>Lurio (2005), p. 51.  </ref>  The power of the episcopate in Northern France during the twelfth century was immense. The position came with land, economic, political, and spiritual power which had been continued on from the time of [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian kings]].<ref>Lurio, M. B. (2004). ''An Educated Bishop in an Age of Reform: Marbode, Bishop of Rennes, 1096–1123'' (Order No. 3113367). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (305216263), p. 1.</ref> For noblemen, having a bishop on one's side could lend to having a lot of pull in politics. Count Fulk negotiated Marbod’s position as bishop because he was acquainted with Marbod's family and therefore someone who he could influence the power of with more ease.<ref>Lurio (2005), p. 51.  </ref>  Marbod was a [[Canon (priest)|canon]] in the [[cathedral chapter]] of [[Angers Cathedral|Saint-Maurice of Angers]] as early as c. 1068. In about 1076 he became the cardinal archdeacon of Angers as well as the master of its cathedral school. He was consecrated in his mid-60s as bishop of Rennes by [[Pope Urban II]] (1088–1099) during the [[Council of Tours 1096|Council of Tours]] (16–23 March 1096) while he was touring France to promote his crusade.<ref>Tison, Pugh (1 October 2000). Personae, Same-Sex Desire, and Salvation in the Poetry of Marbod of Rennes, Baudri of Bourgueil, and Hildebert of Lavardin. eScholarship, University of California. {{OCLC|1277081936}}.</ref> Marbod succeeded Silvester of La Guerche (1076–93) as bishop.<ref>Lurio (2005), p. 53.</ref> Although Pope Urban II was a reforming pope in the tradition of [[Pope Gregory VII]] (1073–1085) (see [[Gregorian Reform]]), it is likely that Marbod's selection as bishop had a significant political component.<ref>His elevation was contemporaneous with the marriage alliance of [[Ermengarde of Anjou (d. 1146)|Ermengarde of Anjou]], daughter of Count Fulk le Réchin of Anjou, with Duke [[Alan Fergant]] of Brittany, whose duchy encompassed the county and diocese of Rennes. Olivier Guillot, Le comte d’Anjou et son entourage au XIe siècle (Paris, 1972), I:257</ref> Pope Urban II's goals were to promote his crusade and have the church gain more freedom and separation, and therefore power, from the secular world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Trent A. |date=2017 |title=The Influence of Pope Gregory VII and the Gregorian Reform on Pope Urban II: Differences in Motives and Agendas with Respect to the First Crusade |url=https://history.hanover.edu/hhr/17/HHR2017-taylor.html}}</ref> Bishop Marbod attempted to implement reform principles in his diocese of Rennes, working to regain episcopal possessions that had been alienated by his predecessor-bishops, and helping transfer churches held by laymen to ecclesiastical hands. With these actions, he aided in the continuation of Gregorian Reform through aiding the acquisition of land for the church. He was critical of the more extreme practices of [[Robert of Arbrissel]] and other such itinerant preachers wandering northwestern France at the time, but his letters indicate that he was tolerant of and even favorable towards their religious ideals.

At the age of about eighty-eight he resigned his diocese and withdrew to the [[Benedictine]] monastery of St. Aubin at Angers where he died.

==Writings==
Marbod was renowned for his Latin writing during his lifetime. [[Sigebert of Gembloux]], writing c. 1110–1125, praised Marbod's clever verse style.<ref>[[Marbodius of Rennes#cite ref-4|^]] [[R. W. Southern]], Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe, 1 (Cambridge, MA, 1995), p. 188; PL 160:584; Antonella Degl’Innocenti, L’Opera agiografica de Marbodo di Rennes (Spoleto, 1990), pp. 78–80</ref> He composed works in verse and prose on both sacred and secular subjects: saints' lives, examples of rhetorical figures (De ornamentis verborum), a work of Christian advice (Liber decem capitulorum)<ref>[[Marbodius of Rennes#cite ref-5|^]] ed. Rosario Leotta, Marbodi Liber Decem Capitulorum: Introduzione, testo critico e commento (Rome, 1984)</ref> hymns, lyric poetry on many subjects, and at least six prose letters.

His style of poetry was part of a group of poets that were from French Cathedral Schools. Their poetry was marked by its revival of the classical style, writing in Latin and specific verse.<ref>Raby, F. J. E. (1953). ''A history of Christian-Latin poetry from the beginnings to the close of the Middle Ages''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 278.</ref> He commonly wrote in Leonine hexameter.<ref>William., Blamires, Alcuin. Pratt, Karen. Marx, C. (2010). Woman Defamed and Woman Defended: An Anthology of Medieval Texts. Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-871039-9}}. {{OCLC|730444938}}, p. 100.  </ref> A poem written this way would consist of six metrical feet per line. This style of verse was popular in the Middle Ages and was distinguishable from verse in antiquity by its use of rhyme within the feet of the poem.<ref>Norberg, D., & Ziolkowski, J. M. (2004). ''An Introduction to the Study of Medieval Latin Versification''. Washington, D.C: Catholic University of America Press, p. 59.</ref> Marbod's subject matter was diverse, dealing with both secular and religious topics. He wrote mainly didactic poetry; poetry that gave instruction or lessons to its readers.<ref>Raby, (1953) p. 274</ref>

The most popular of Marbod's works was the Liber de lapidibus, a verse [[Lapidary (text)|lapidary]] or compendium of mythological gem-lore; by the fourteenth century it had been translated into French, Provençal, Italian, Irish, and Danish, and it was the first of Marbod's works to be printed.<ref>[[Marbodius of Rennes#cite ref-6|^]] edited by J. Cuspinian as Libellvs de lapidibvs preciosis, Vienna, 1511</ref>

The first collection of Marbod's works was published at Rennes in 1524 (In collectione prima operum Marbodi). Today{{when?|date=May 2025}} the most widely accessible{{according to whom?|date=May 2025}} edition of Marbod's collected works is that in [[Jacques Paul Migne|Migne]]'s [[Patrologia Latina|Patrologiae cursus completus Series Latina]], vol. 171, edited by Jean-Jacques Bourassé (Paris, 1854); this was based on the edition of Antoine Beaugendre, Venerabilis Hildeberti primo Cenomannensis Accesserunt Marbodi Redonensis (Paris, 1708). Both contain numerous errors and omissions and should be used with caution. Modern editions of Marbod's works include Antonella Degl’Innocenti, ed. Marbodo di Rennes: Vita beati Roberti (Florence, 1995) and Maria Esthera Herrera, ed., Marbodo de Rennes Lapidario (Liber lapidum) (Paris, 2005).

Marbod produced lyric poetry on a wide variety of subjects, including frankly erotic love lyrics concerning male and female love interests. Many of his shorter poems circulated primarily in florilegia, collections assembled for the use of students. The most radical of Marbod's poems, while printed in the earliest collections, were omitted by Beaugendre and Bourassé; they were reprinted by Walther Bulst in "Liebesbriefgedichte Marbods," in Liber floridus: Mittellateinische Studien Paul Lehmann, zum 65 Geburtstaag am 13. Juli 1949, ed. Bernhard Bischoff and Suso Brechter (St. Ottilien, 1950), p.&nbsp;287–301, and Lateinisches Mittelalter: Gesammelte Beitraege (Heidelberg, 1984), 182–196.

=== Sexuality ===
Several of his poems speak of handsome boys and homosexual desires but reject physical relationships (An Argument Against Copulation Between People of Only One Sex). This exemplifies a tradition of medieval poetry which celebrated same-sex friendship while denouncing the wickedness of sexual relations. This accounted for the disapproval of homosexual relationships; homosexuality went against the categories of the sacredness of the flesh and distinct categories of male and female.<ref>Greenberg, D. F., & Bystryn, M. H. (1982). Christian Intolerance of Homosexuality. ''American Journal of Sociology'', ''88''(3), p. 520.</ref><ref>Krueger, R. L. (1990). Constructing Sexual Identities in the High Middle Ages: The Didactic Poetry of Robert de Blois. ''Paragraph'', ''13''(2), p. 126.</ref>

It is evident in other French didactic writing, such as that from [[Robert de Blois]], that sexuality was largely complex. Writers argued against sexualizing a person while simultaneously describing them in an erotic manner.<ref>Krueger (1990) p. 20.</ref><ref>William (2010), p. 12.</ref>

There is no evidence that Marbod participated in homosexual acts.<ref>[[Marbodius of Rennes#cite ref-7|^]] [[John Boswell]], Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, Chicago, 1980</ref> His friendships with [[Baldric of Dol|Baudry of Bourgeuil]], his junior, and [[Hildebert|Hildebart of Lavardin]] suggest this as well. Marbod dedicated much of his later works to Hildebart.<ref>Pugh, T. (2000). "Personae, Same-Sex Desire, and Salvation in the Poetry of Marbod of Rennes, Baudri of Bourgueil, and Hildebert of Lavardin." Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 31(1). Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/78t8w06s, p. 63.  </ref> All three of the men authored some poems about homosexual desire. These poems reflected other communities of poets in Europe. Jewish communities{{vague|date=May 2025}} in Spain similarly wrote about pederasty and the beauty and allure of young men.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/gaymidages.asp |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}</ref> The similarities in these communities of men writing about homosexuality implies{{to whom?|date=May 2025}} a larger subculture of Medieval literature outside of individual men.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Translations and adaptations==

* A French translation{{by whom?|date=May 2025}} of his hymns was edited by [[Ropartz]] (Rennes, 1873).
* Marbod's verse life of [[Saint Thaïs]], a fourth-century Egyptian prostitute who finished her life as a recluse, inspired the novel by [[Anatole France]] and in turn the [[Thaïs (opera)|opera]] by [[Jules Massenet]].

== Further reading ==

* [[Antonella Degl'Innocenti]], L’opera agiografica di Marbodo de Rennes (Spoleto, 1990)
* [[Rosario Leotta]], and [[Carmelo Crimi]], eds., De ornamentis verborum; Liber decem capitulorum: retorica, mitologia e moralità di un vescovo poeta, secc. XI–XII (Florence, 1998)
* [[André Wilmart]], "Le florilège de Saint-Gatien: contribution à l’étude des poèmes d’Hildebert et de Marbode", Revue bénédictine 48(1936):3–40; 145–181; 245–258
* [[Charles Herbermann]], ed. (1913). "Marbodius". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{CathEncy|title=Marbodius|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09637a.htm}}
* {{Catholic|wstitle=Marbodius}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1030s births]]
[[Category:1123 deaths]]
[[Category:Breton bishops]]
[[Category:Bishops of Rennes]]
[[Category:11th-century French Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:12th-century French Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:LGBTQ history in France]]
[[Category:Medieval LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:11th-century French poets]]
[[Category:Medieval Latin-language poets]]
[[Category:12th-century French poets]]
[[Category:11th-century French writers]]
[[Category:12th-century French writers]]
[[Category:11th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:12th-century writers in Latin]]