View source for María Zambrano

{{Short description|Spanish philosopher (1904–1991)}}
{{family name hatnote|Zambrano|Alarcón|lang=Spanish}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox philosopher
 | honorific_prefix = 
 | name             = María Zambrano
 | honorific_suffix = 
 | image            =  Mar%C3%ADa_Zambrano_ca._1918.JPG
 | image_size       = 
 | alt              = 
 | caption          = 
 | other_names      = 
 | birth_name       = María Zambrano Alarcón
 | birth_date       = {{birth date|1904|04|22|df=y}}
 | birth_place      = [[Vélez-Málaga]], [[Province of Málaga|Málaga]], Spain
 | death_date       = {{death date and age|1991|02|06|1904|04|22|df=y}}
 | death_place      = [[Madrid]], Spain
 | spouse           =
 | education        = [[Complutense University of Madrid]] 
 | alma_mater       = 
 | notable_works    = ''El hombre y lo divino [Man and the divine]'', ''La Confesión [The Confession]'' <!-- use "notable_works" in place of "books" parameter (deprecated) -->
 | awards           = [[Princess of Asturias Awards|Príncipe de Asturias Award]]<br> [[Miguel de Cervantes Prize|Cervantes Prize]]
 | signature        = Firma_de_Maria_Zambrano.jpg
 | signature_size   = 
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 | era              = 
 | region           = 
 | school_tradition = 
 | institutions     = 
 | main_interests   = poetry, mysticism, nihilism, religion, the human
 | notable_ideas    = poetical reason
 | influences       = [[Ortega y Gasset]], [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Spinoza]], [[Nietzsche]], [[Edith Stein]], [[Tao Te King|Tao]]
 | influenced       = Clara Janés, Eugenio Trías, Jesús Moreno Sanz
 | website          = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
}}

'''María Zambrano Alarcón''' (22 April 1904 &ndash; 6 February 1991) was a Spanish [[essayist]] and philosopher associated with the [[Generation of '36]] movement.  Her extensive work between the civic engagement and the poetic reflection started to be recognised in Spain over the last quarter of the 20th century after living many years in exile. She was awarded the [[Prince of Asturias Award]] (1981) and the [[Miguel de Cervantes Prize]] (1988).

==Biography==
María Zambrano Alarcón was born on 22 April 1904 in [[Vélez-Málaga]], Spain, daughter of Blas José Zambrano García de Carabante, friend and collaborator of [[Antonio Machado]], and Araceli Alarcón Delgado. In 1905, the family moved to [[Madrid]] and a year afterwards to [[Segovia]], where her father obtained a job as Spanish Grammar professor. She spent her teenage years there.

Zambrano studied under and was influenced by [[José Ortega y Gasset]] and went on to teach metaphysics at [[Complutense University of Madrid|Madrid University]] and at the [[Instituto de Bachillerato Cervantes (Madrid)|Instituto Cervantes]] from 1931 to 1936. 
During the 20s and 30s, she actively campaigned for the establishment of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Second Republic]]. However, after Spain became a Republic again, disillusioned with the realities of party politics, she declined the possibility of becoming an [[Member of parliament|MP]] and refused further participation in party politics. Nevertheless, with the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936, she openly sided with the Republic and consequently went into [[Spanish Republican exiles|exile]] after its defeat in 1939.

After living in France, Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Italy, France again and Switzerland, Zambrano finally returned to Madrid in 1984, almost nine years after the death of Franco. 

She died on 6 February 1991 in Madrid and was buried in the cemetery of her hometown [[Vélez-Málaga]].

== Recognition ==
Respected by her peers, she maintained contact with Italian intellectuals as well as her compatriots [[Rafael Alberti]] and [[Jorge Guillén]].

A slow process of recognition of her work commenced in Spain in 1966 with the publication of [[J. L. Aranguren]]'s article "Los sueños de María Zambrano" (The Dreams of María Zambrano) in the important cultural and scientific ''[[Revista de Occidente]]'', founded by Ortega y Gasset, a review to which leading contemporary philosophers such as [[Bertrand Russell]] and [[Edmund Husserl]] contributed.

In 1981, she was awarded the [[Prince of Asturias Award]] for Communications and Humanities in its first edition, and in 1983 [[University of Málaga|Malaga University]] named her [[Honorary degree|Doctor honoris causa]].

In 1988, she became the first woman to be awarded the [[Miguel de Cervantes Prize]].

''María querida'' (''Dearest Maria''), a film directed by [[:Es:José Luis García Sánchez|José Luis García Sánchez]] in 2004, is about her life.

In December 2007, when the [[Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line|Madrid-Málaga high-speed rail line]] was opened, railway company [[Renfe|RENFE]] renamed Málaga railway station [[Málaga María Zambrano railway station|María Zambrano]]. Likewise, the central library of her alma mater, the [[Complutense University of Madrid]] was named after her. In 2017 the [[Segovia]] City Council unanimously approved to declare her an adopted daughter of the city. The campus of the [[University of Valladolid|Universidad of Valladolid]] in Segovia is named after her as well.

== Philosophy ==
For Zambrano, there are two main attitudes towards life: the philosophical and the poetic. Philosophy starts with the divine: daily things are explained with recourse to the gods, until someone ask himself: what are things? Thus, the philosophical attitude emerges when human beings wonder, i.e. because of ignorance. The poetic attitude is the answer, the calmness in which we explore the answers to everything, moved not by wonder born from ignorance, but by our human interest and desire to know, to understand, to share, to express.

Her philosophical attitude is conveyed by means of an unusual language and a creative expression of her way of thinking. It determines her literary style and is the basis for what she named her "method".

=== Politics ===
In all Zambrano's work there is a political spirit manifested in very different ways in her thinking. Her political action was more direct in the years preceding the establishment of the Second Republic and during the Civil War. Nonetheless, she refused to take part in any political party and thus rejected a seat in the Spanish Parliament (''Cortes Generales'') offered by Jimenez de Asua. Although she opted to go on with her philosophical vocation, she did not give up on politics, and which she engaged from the core of thought itself. She explained in her first book "Horizonte del liberalismo"(1930), that "politics are done always when it is thought to direct life" and that is precisely what she aspired to achieve by means of her poetic activity, criticism of fascist movements, the discursive reason, and rationalism.

==Tributes==

One of Malaga's main stations, [[Málaga María Zambrano railway station|María Zambrano railway station]], is named after her.

== Bibliography ==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=100237745}}
;Selected primary literature<nowiki>:</nowiki>
* ''Horizonte del liberalismo'' (Horizon of Liberalism) (1930).
* ''Hacia un saber del alma'' (1934).
* ''Filosofía y poesía'' (Philosophy and Poetry) (1940).
* ''La agonía de Europa'' (The Agony of Europe) (1945).
* ''Hacia un saber sobre el alma'' (Towards a Knowledge of the Soul) (1950).
* ''El hombre y lo divino '' (Man and the Divine) (1955).
* ''Persona y democracia'' (Person and Democracy) (1959).
* ''España, sueño y verdad'' (Spain, dream and truth) (1965).
* ''La tumba de Antígona'' (Antigone's Tomb) (1967).
* ''Claros del bosque'' (1977).
* ''De la aurora'' (1986).
* ''Los bienaventurados'' (1979).
* ''El pensamiento vivo de Séneca'' (1941).
* ''El sueño creador'' (1965).
* ''Los sueños y el tiempo'' (reissued in 1998).
* ''El reposo de la luz'' (1986).
* ''Para una historia de la piedad'' (Towards a history of charity) (1989).
* ''Delirio y destino'' (written in 1953; published in 1989), translated by Carol Maier, with a commentary by Roberta Johnson, ''Delirium and Destiny: A Spaniard in Her Twenties'' (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999).
* ''Unamuno'' (written in 1940; published in 2003).
* ''Cartas de la Pièce. Correspondencia con Agustín Andreu'' (2002).
* ''Islas'' (Islands) (Ed. Jorge Luis Arcos) (2007).
;Secondary literature<nowiki>:</nowiki>
* Bush, Andrew. "María Zambrano and the Survival of Antigone," ''[[diacritics (journal)|diacritics]]'' 34 (3–4) (2004): 90–111.
* Caballero, Beatriz. "La centralidad del concepto de delirio en el pensamiento de María Zambrano," ''Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies'' (12) (2008): 89–106.
* Caballero Rodríguez, Beatriz. ''María Zambrano: A Life of Poetic Reason and Political Commitment''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press (2017).
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cjsc20/16/4 Special Issue: María Zambrano In Dialogue. ''Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies'' 16.] 4
* Ros, Xon. ''The Cultural Legacy of María Zambrano''. Cambridge: Legenda (2017).
* Källgren, Karolina Enquist. ''María Zambrano’s Ontology of Exile: Expressive Subjectivity''. Palgrave Macmillan Cham (2019).

== Sources ==
* Claire Buck (ed.), ''Bloomsbury Guide to Women's Literature'' (1992)
* Caballero Rodríguez, Beatriz, ''María Zambrano: A Life of Poetic Reason and Political Commitment'' (Wales University Press, 2017).

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://cvc.cervantes.es/actcult/zambrano/cronologia/ Biographical chronology in Spanish.]
* [http://cvc.cervantes.es/actcult/zambrano/bibliografia/ Extensive bibliography in Spanish.]
* [http://webshells.com/spantrans/Zambrano.htm Philosophy and Poetry translation]

{{Miguel de Cervantes Prize}}
{{Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zambrano, Maria}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Vélez-Málaga]]
[[Category:Premio Cervantes winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish philosophers]]
[[Category:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)]]
[[Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in France]]
[[Category:Spanish women philosophers]]
[[Category:Spanish women essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish essayists]]
[[Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Cuba]]
[[Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in the United States]]
[[Category:Spanish women of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)]]
[[Category:Spanish women of the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Las Sinsombrero members]]
[[Category:Writers from Madrid]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish women writers]]
[[Category:People from Segovia]]
[[Category:Complutense University of Madrid alumni]]