View source for Manuel L. Quezon

{{Short description|President of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Quezon (surname)|Quezon]]|[[Molina (surname)|Molina]]|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Manuel L. Quezon
| image               = Manuel L. Quezon (November 1942).jpg
| caption             = Quezon in 1942
| order               = 2nd
| office              = President of the Philippines
| vicepresident       = Sergio Osmeña
| term_start          = 15 November 1935
| term_end            = 1 August 1944
| alongside           = [[Jose P. Laurel]] (1943–1944){{efn|Laurel was president of the [[Second Philippine Republic]], a puppet government set up by [[Imperial Japan]], while Quezon was president of the [[Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines|government in exile]]. Laurel's presidency was retroactively recognized by succeeding Philippine governments.}}
| predecessor         = [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] (as Philippine president)<br>[[Frank Murphy]] (as Governor-General)
| successor           = {{Unbulleted list|[[Sergio Osmeña]]|[[Jose P. Laurel]] (''[[de facto]]'')}}
| office1             = [[Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]]
| term_label1         = Acting
| term_start1         = 16 July 1941
| term_end1           = 11 December 1941
| predecessor1        = [[Teófilo Sison]]
| successor1          = [[Jorge B. Vargas]]
| office2             = [[Mayor of Quezon City]]
| term_label2         = Acting
| term_start2         = 12 October 1939
| term_end2           = 4 November 1939
| 1blankname2         = Vice Mayor
| 1namedata2          = Vicente Fragante
| predecessor2        = ''Position established''
| successor2          = [[Tomas Morato]]
| office3             = 15th [[Secretary of Education (Philippines)|Secretary of Public Instruction]]
| president3          = ''Himself''
| term_start3         = 1 December 1938
| term_end3           = 19 April 1939
| predecessor3        = Sergio Osmeña
| successor3          = [[Jorge Bocobo]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Political offices {{nobold|1906{{nbnd}}1935}}
| titlestyle       = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed            = yes
| office4             = 1st [[President of the Senate of the Philippines]]
| term_start4         = 16 October 1916<ref name="Onorato" />{{Rp|page=453}}
| term_end4           = 15 November 1935
| predecessor4        = 
| successor4          = {{Unbulleted list|[[Gil Montilla]] ([[Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives|National Assembly Speaker]])| [[Manuel Roxas]] (Senate President)}}
| office5             = [[Senator of the Philippines]] from the [[Philippines's 5th senatorial district|5th]] district
<!-- | alongside5          = {{Unbulleted list|[[Vicente Ilustre]] (1916–1919)|[[Antero Soriano]] (1919–1925)|[[José P. Laurel]] (1925–1931)|[[Claro M. Recto]] (1931–1935)}} use this only for concurrent terms -->
| term_start5         = 16 October 1916
| term_end5           = 15 November 1935
| predecessor5        = Position established
| successor5          = Position abolished
| office6             = [[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines|Resident Commissioner to the U.S. House of Representatives from the Philippine Islands]]
| term_start6         = 23 November 1909
| term_end6           = 15 October 1916
| predecessor6        = [[Pablo Ocampo]]
| successor6          = [[Teodoro R. Yangco]]
| office7             = [[Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|Assembly Majority Leader]]
| term_start7         = 16 October 1907
| term_end7           = 23 November 1909
| predecessor7        = 
| successor7          = Alberto Barreto
| office8             = Member of the [[Philippine Assembly]] from [[Quezon's 1st congressional district|Tayabas's 1st district]] 
| term_start8         = 16 October 1907
| term_end8           = 15 May 1909
| predecessor8        = ''District established''
| successor8          = Filemon Pérez
| office9             = 4th [[Governor of Quezon|Governor of Tayabas]]
| term_start9         = 1906
| term_end9           = 1907
| predecessor9        = Ricardo G. Parás
| successor9          = Alfredo Castro
| office10            = Member of the [[Lucena]] Municipal Council
| term10              = 1906{{collapsed infobox section end}}}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Other roles and positions|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}}
| office11            = 2nd [[Nacionalista Party|President of the Nacionalista Party]]
| term_start11        = 1935
| term_end11          = 1944
| predecessor11       = Sergio Osmeña
| successor11         = Sergio Osmeña
| office12            = President of the [[Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation]]
| term_start12        = 1916
| term_end12          = 1935
| predecessor12       = [[William Cameron Forbes]]
| successor12         = [[Jorge B. Vargas]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| birth_name          = Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1878|8|19}}
| birth_place         = [[Baler, Aurora|Baler]], [[Aurora (province)|El Príncipe]], [[Nueva Ecija|Nueva Écija]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], [[Spanish East Indies]] (now [[Baler, Aurora|Baler]], [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]], Philippines)
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1944|8|1|1878|8|19}}
| death_cause         = [[Tuberculosis]]
| death_place         = [[Saranac Lake, New York]], U.S.
| restingplace        = {{Unbulleted list|[[Arlington National Cemetery]], [[Arlington County, Virginia]] (1944–1946)|[[Manila North Cemetery]], [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]], [[Manila]], Philippines (1946–1979)|[[Quezon Memorial Shrine]], [[Quezon City]], Philippines (since 1979)}}
| party               = [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] (1907–1944)
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Aurora Quezon|Aurora Aragon]]|1918}} <!-- Manuel L. Quezon died in 1944, so that marriage ended with his death, no need to put here -->
| relatives           = [[Manolo Quezon|Manuel L. Quezon III]] (grandson)
| children            = 4
| education           = [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]]
| signature           = Manuel Quezon Signature.svg
| allegiance          = {{Unbulleted list|{{flagicon|First Philippine Republic}} [[First Philippine Republic]]|
{{Flagicon|Philippine Commonwealth}} [[Philippine Commonwealth]]}}
| branch              = {{Unbulleted list|[[Philippine Republican Army]]|[[Philippine Commonwealth Army]]}}
| serviceyears        = {{Unbulleted list|1899–1900|1941–1944}}
| rank                = {{Unbulleted list|[[Commander-in-Chief]]|[[Major (rank)|Major]]}}
| battles             = {{tree list}}[[Philippine–American War]]
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list}}[[World War II]]
**[[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)]]
**[[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]]
{{tree list/end}}
| president1          = ''Himself''
| alma_mater          = [[University of Santo Tomas]]
| module2             = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Manuel Quezon hails action of United States freeing the Philippine Islands (trimmed).ogg|title=Manuel Quezon's voice|type=speech|description=Speech as senate president commenting on the passage of the [[Tydings-McDuffie Act]] <br /> (Recorded in 1934)}}
}}

'''Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|k|eɪ|z|ɒ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|k|eɪ|s|ɒ|n|,_|-|s|ɔː|n|,_|-|s|oʊ|n}}, {{IPA|tl|maˈnwel luˈis ˈkɛson|lang}}, {{IPA|es|maˈnwel ˈlwis ˈkeson|lang}}}} {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of the Golden Heart (Philippines)|GCGH]]}} {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Knights of Rizal|KGCR]]}} (19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), also known by his initials '''MLQ''', was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and politician who served as the second [[president of the Philippines]] from 1935 until his death in 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines and is considered the second [[president of the Philippines]] after [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in the [[1935 Philippine presidential election|1935 presidential election]]. [[Quezon City]], a city in [[Metro Manila]] and [[Quezon Province]], are named after him.

During his presidency, Quezon tackled the problem of landless peasants. Other major decisions included the reorganization of the islands' military defense, approval of a recommendation for government reorganization, the promotion of settlement and development in [[Mindanao]], dealing with the foreign stranglehold on Philippine trade and commerce, proposals for land reform, and opposing graft and corruption within the government. He established a [[Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines|government in exile]] in the U.S. with the outbreak of [[World War II]] and the threat of [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Japanese invasion]]. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership as a "''de facto'' [[dictatorship]]"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pante |first=Michael D. |date=26 January 2017 |title=Quezon's City: Corruption and contradiction in Manila's prewar suburbia, 1935–1941 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=91–112 |doi=10.1017/S0022463416000497 |s2cid=151565057|doi-access=free }}</ref> and described him as "the first Filipino politician to integrate all levels of politics into a synergy of power" after removing his term limits as president and turning the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] into an extension of the executive through constitutional amendments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCoy |first=Alfred |title=Quezon's Commonwealth: The Emergence of Philippine Authoritarianism |year=1988}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Birthplace of Manuel Luis Quezon PHC marker.jpg|thumb|left|upright|National historical marker installed in 1948 in Baler at the site of his birthplace.]]

Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in [[Baler, Aurora|Baler]] in the district of El Príncipe,<ref name="balerhist">{{Cite news |last=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |title=History of Baler |publisher=National Historical Commission of the Philippines |url=https://nhcp.gov.ph/history-of-baler/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190916023234/http://nhcp.gov.ph/history-of-baler/|url-status= live|access-date=9 March 2012 |archive-date= 16 September 2019 |quote=When military district of El Príncipe was created in 1856, Baler became its capital...On June 12, 1902 a civil government was established, moving the district of El Príncipe away from the administrative jurisdiction of Nueva Ecija...and placing it under the jurisdiction of Tayabas Province.}}</ref> then part of [[Nueva Ecija|Nueva Écija]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dioceseofsanjose.org/about-us/history|title=Diocese of San Jose, Nueva Ecija – History|last=Jose|first=Diocese of San|website=dioceseofsanjose.org|language=en-gb|access-date=February 7, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208033342/http://www.dioceseofsanjose.org/about-us/history|archive-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref> (now Baler, [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]]). His parents were Lucio Quezon Urbina (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893).<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCoy |first1=Alfred W. |title=Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State |date=15 October 2009 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |isbn=978-0-299-23413-3 |page=[{{GBurl|id=QYj6WUGsRuEC|p=581}} 581] |url={{GBurl|id=QYj6WUGsRuEC}} |access-date=4 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Both were primary-school teachers, although his father was a retired ''sargento'' of the ''[[Civil Guard (Philippines)|Guardia Civil]]'' (sergeant of the colonial [[gendarmerie]]).

According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]] [[Filipino mestizo|''mestizo'']] who came from the [[Parián (Manila)|Parián]] (a [[Chinatown]] outside [[Intramuros]]) in [[Paco, Manila]]. He spoke Spanish in the Civil Guard and married María, a [[Spanish Filipino|Spanish]] [[Filipino mestizos|''mestiza'']] sired by the Spanish priest José Urbina de Esparragosa. Urbina had come to Baler to serve as its [[Parish|parish priest]] in 1847 from [[Esparragosa de la Serena]], [[province of Cáceres|Cáceres Province]], Spain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flores |first=Wilson Lee |date=13 July 2008 |title=Love in the time of war: Manuel Quezon's dad, Anne Curtis, Jericho Rosales & Ed Angara in Baler |work=PhilStar Global Sunday Lifestyle |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2008/07/13/72587/love-time-war-manuel-quezonrsquos-dad-anne-curtis-jericho-rosales-amp-ed-angara-baler |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027181749/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2008/07/13/72587/love-time-war-manuel-quezonrsquos-dad-anne-curtis-jericho-rosales-amp-ed-angara-baler |url-status=live }}</ref> Quezon is [[Sangley|Chinese ''mestizo'']] surname originally from [[Philippine Hokkien|Hokkien Chinese]] spelled in [[Spanish orthography]] used in the colonial period, possibly from the {{lang-zh|t=|poj=ke-sun|l=|c=雞孫|s=|p=}}, with {{lang-zh|t=|poj=ke|l=|c=[[wikt:雞|雞]]|s=|p=}} and {{lang-zh|t=|poj=sun|l=grandson|c=孫|s=|p=}};<ref>[https://surnames.behindthename.com/name/quezon/submitted Behind the Name: Quezon]</ref><ref>[https://www.instagram.com/mightyhistoryph/p/CZ1hcwSPDet/ QUEZON is the Spanish transliteration of Hokkien for "the strongest grandson"] in Instagram</ref> many [[Filipino surnames]] that end with "-''zon''", "-''son''", and "-''chon''" as the Hispancised form of the [[Philippine Hokkien|Hokkien]] {{lang-zh|t=|poj=sun|l=grandson|c=孫|s=|p=}}.<ref>[https://pepealas.wordpress.com/2022/02/27/ El Pilipinismo: Chino Cristiano Surnames]</ref>

He later boarded at the [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran|Colegio de San Juan de Letrán]], where he graduated from secondary school in 1894.<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon">{{cite web |title=QUEZON, Manuel L. |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/20053 |website=US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |publisher=Office of the Historian, Clerk of the House's Office of Art and Archives |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313005418/https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/20053 |archive-date=13 March 2025 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lucio and Quezon's brother Pedro were later killed in 1898 by road bandits disguised as government officials on the way to Baler.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE UNITED STATES, complainant-appellee, vs. MANUEL QUERIJERO, ET AL., defendants-appellants.|url=https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1906/jul1906/gr_l-2626_1906.html|date=1906-07-13}}</ref>

[[File:Major Manuel Luis Quezon.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Quezon as ''[[aide-de-camp]]'' of President [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]|alt=A mustachioed Quezon in military uniform]]

In 1899, Quezon left his law studies at the [[University of Santo Tomas]] to join the Filipino war effort, and joined the Republican army during the [[Philippine–American War]]. He was an ''[[aide-de-camp]]'' to [[Emilio Aguinaldo]].<ref name="UScongress">Office of History and Preservation, United States Congress. (n.d.). Quezon, Manuel Luis, (1878–1944). ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress''. Retrieved 30 September 2010.</ref> Quezon became a major, and fought in the [[Bataan]] sector. After surrendering in 1900,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reyes |first=Pedrito |title=Pictorial History of the Philippines |year=1953}}</ref> he returned to university and passed the 1903 [[Bar examination in the Philippines|bar examinations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Letran Awards |url=https://www.letran.edu.ph/Department/OAPA |website=[[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]] |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423023323/https://www.letran.edu.ph/Department/OAPA |archive-date=23 April 2016 |at=President Manuel Quezon Award- Government Service Award}}</ref>

Quezon worked for a time as a clerk and surveyor, entering government service as treasurer for [[Mindoro (province)|Mindoro]] and (later) his home province of Tayabas. He became a municipal councilor of [[Lucena]], and was elected governor of Tayabas in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manuel L. Quezon |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/manuel-quezon/ |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=Malacañang |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012114127/http://malacanang.gov.ph/manuel-quezon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Congressional career==

===House of Representatives (1907–1916)===
[[File:Manuel L. Quezon 1908.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Quezon as a member of the [[Philippine Assembly]], 1908]]
[[File:MANUELQUEZON (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Quezon as [[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines]]|alt=Formal photo of a young Quezon]]

Quezon was elected in 1907 to represent [[Quezon|Tayabas]]'s [[Quezon's 1st congressional district|1st district]] in the first [[Philippine Assembly]] (which later became the House of Representatives) during the [[1st Philippine Legislature]], where he was [[Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|majority floor leader]] and chairman of the committees on rules and appropriations.  Quezon told the [[House of Representatives of the United States|U.S. House of Representatives]] during a 1914 discussion of the [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Bill]] that he received most of his primary education at the village school established by the Spanish government as part of the Philippines' free public-education system.<ref name="Quezon">{{Cite book |last=Quezon |first=Manuel Luis |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=anu3845.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=43;size=100;page=root |title=Philippine Assembly, Third Legislature, Third Session, Document No.4042-A 87 Speeches of Manuel L. Quezon, Philippine resident commissioner, delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States during the discussion of Jones Bill, 26 September-14 October 1914 |publisher=Bureau of Printing |year=1915 |location=Manila, Philippines |page=35 |language=es |trans-title=Asamblea Filipina, Tercera Legislatura, Tercer Período de Sesiones, Documento N.<sup><u>o</u></sup> 4042-A 87, Discursos del Manuel L. Quezon, comisionado residente de Filipinas, Pronunciados en la Cámara de representantes de los Estados Unidos con motivo de la discusión del Bill Jones, 26, septiembre-14, octubre, 1914 |chapter=Escuelas públicas durante el régimen español |trans-chapter=Public schools during the Spanish regime |quote=... there were public schools in the Philippines long before the American occupation, and, in fact, I have been educated in one of these schools, even though my hometown is such a small town, isolated in the mountains of the Northeastern part of the island of Luzon. (Spanish). [... había escuelas públicas en Filipinas mucho antes de la ocupación americana, y que, de hecho, yo me había educado en una de esas escuelas, aunque mi pueblo natal es un pueblo tan pequeño, aislado en las montañas de la parte Noreste de la isla de Luzón.] |access-date=24 July 2010 |chapter-url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=anu3845.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=42&size=100 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201022046/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=anu3845.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=43;size=100;page=root |archive-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Months before his term ended, he gave up his seat at the Philippine Assembly upon being appointed as one of the Philippines' two [[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines|resident commissioners]]. Quezon aimed for the Resident Commissioner seat in 1909, which was held by Nacionalista [[Pablo Ocampo]]. He won decisively with 61 out of 71 votes, while Ocampo received four votes, and a third candidate got none.<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" />

Quezon arrived in [[Washington, D.C.]], in December 1909 and made his residence in [[Champlain Apartment Building|Champlain Apartment House]]. Due to him not being well-versed in the English language, he hired a tutor and self-studied a Spanish–English dictionary. During his time in the US, he received the nickname "Casey" among his American friends.<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" />

He served two terms as resident commissioner from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the passage of the Philippine Autonomy Act (the [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]]).<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" />

====Controversy with Benito Legarda====
In the fall of 1910, disagreements between [[Benito Legarda]] and Quezon, and between the [[Philippine Commission]] and the [[Philippine Assembly]], caused issues for their re-elections as resident commissioners. The assembly did not certify Legarda's nomination because he was against immediate independence of the Philippines, leading the commission to reject Quezon's candidacy. After months of failed attempts to resolve the problem, the House extended their terms until October 1912. In November 1912, Quezon suggested [[Manuel Earnshaw]] to replace retiring Legarda, and Quezon was re-elected.<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" />

===Senate (1916–1935)===
[[File:Senator Manuel Quezon (Philippine Education).jpg|thumb|175px|Portrait of Quezon as a Senator, from the ''Philippine Education'' (1917)]]
[[File: Manuel Luis Quezon, (center), with representatives from the Philippine Independence Mission.jpg|thumb|alt=Six formally-dressed men|left|Senate President Quezon (third from left) with representatives of the Philippine Independence Mission in 1924]]
[[File:菲列賓議長奎松過滬.png|thumb|Quezon's visit in Shanghai, 1934.]]
[[File:Manuel Quezon visit Shanghai.jpg|thumb|Quezon with Shanghai Mayor [[Wu Tiecheng]] (left).]]

In October 14, 1916, Quezon received the highest number of votes for the [[Philippines's 5th senatorial district|Fifth Senatorial District]] and was confirmed Senator-elect by Governor-General [[Francis Burton Harrison]] under Executive Order No. 73.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqcrAQAAMAAJ&dq=quezon+Senator+elected&pg=PA2105 |title=Official Gazette |date=1916 |language=en}}</ref> Due to the passage of the Jones Law, he resigned as resident commissioner in October 15, 1916. A farewell banquet was organized for him at the [[Willard InterContinental Washington|Willard Hotel]] by his friends and acquaintances in Washington.<ref name="HistoryHouseGov-Quezon" /> He then returned to Manila.<ref name="Bowman-Columbia" /> In October 16, 1916, the new Philippine Legislature under the Jones Law was inaugurated. That same day, the new bicameral legislature convened with Quezon being elected [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]].<ref name="Onorato">{{Cite journal |last=Onorato |first=Michael P. |date=1966 |title=The Jones Act and the Establishment of a Filipino Government, 1916-1921 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720121 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=448–459 |jstor=42720121 |issn=0031-7837}}</ref>{{Rp|page=453}} He served continuously until 1935 (19 years), the longest tenure in history until Senator [[Lorenzo Tañada]]'s four consecutive terms (24 years, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent mission to the U.S. Congress in 1919, and secured passage of the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] in 1934.<ref name="Bowman-Columbia" />

====Rivalry with Osmeña====
{{See also|1922 Philippine Senate elections#Quezon-Osmeña spilt|1921 financial crisis of the Philippines}}

In 1921, Quezon made a public campaign against House Speaker [[Sergio Osmeña]] accusing him of being an autocratic leader and blamed him for the [[Philippine National Bank]]'s financial mess. Both Osmeña and Quezon debated on this until 1922. As a result, the Nationalista Party was split into two. Quezon also resigned as Senate President that same year in January.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gripaldo |first=Rolando M. |date=1991 |title=The Quezon-Osmeña Split of 1922 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633241 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=158–175 |jstor=42633241 |issn=0031-7837}}</ref>

In 1922, he became leader of the [[Nacionalista Party]] alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.<ref name="Bowman-Columbia">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |date=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0231500041 |editor-last=Bowman |editor-first=John S. |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/494 494] |access-date=18 May 2019 |url-access=registration}}</ref> As Osmeña joined the 1922 Senate elections, Quezon's faction won. The party once again reunited with Quezon as senate president and Osmeña as senate president pro tempore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rood |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&dq=quezon+independence+mission&pg=PA65 |title=The Philippines: What Everyone Needs to Know |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-092060-9 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1933, both Quezon and Osmeña clashed regarding the ratification of the [[Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act|Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill]] in the Philippine Legislature.<ref name="Gripaldo">{{Cite journal |last=Gripaldo |first=Rolando |date=2017 |title=Quezon and Osmeña on the Hare-Hawes Cutting and Tydings-McDuffie Act |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/54021405/Quezon_and_Osmena_on_the_Hare-Hawes-Cutting_and_Tydings-McDuffie_Acts_2017a.pdf |journal=Quezon-Winslow Correspondence and Other Essays}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=The Freeman |title=Sergio Osmeña, Sr. |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news/2019/06/26/1929616/sergio-osmea-sr |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> As a result of the HHC controversy, Quezon's faction gained more support and won against Osmeña's faction in the [[1934 Philippine Senate elections|1934 senate elections]].<ref name=":0" />

==Presidency  (1935–1944)==
{{Infobox President styles
|name = Manuel L. Quezon
|image = [[File:Coat of arms of the Philippines (1935–1940, 1941–1946).svg|100px]]
|dipstyle = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]<ref name="r12">{{Cite web |title=Official Program Aquino Inaugural (Excerpts) |url=https://www.scribd.com/mlq3/d/33654204-Official-Program-Aquino-Inaugural-Excerpts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212173824/https://www.scribd.com/mlq3/d/33654204-Official-Program-Aquino-Inaugural-Excerpts |archive-date=12 February 2015}}</ref>
|offstyle = Your Excellency
|altstyle = Mr. President
}}

===Administration and cabinet===
{{Main|List of cabinets of the Philippines#Manuel L. Quezon (1935–1944)}}

===First term (1935–1941)===
[[File:Manuel Quezon First Inauguration.jpg|thumb|The First inauguration of Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon at the steps of the [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|Legislative Building]] in [[Manila]] on the 15th of November 1935|alt=Quezon taking the oath of office]]
[[File:Manuel L. Quezon portrait.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Quezon, {{circa}} 1935]]

In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' [[1935 Philippine general election|first national presidential election]] under the [[Nacionalista Party]]. He received nearly 68 percent of the vote against his two main rivals, [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] and [[Gregorio Aglipay]]. Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935,<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 1935 |title=Inaugural Address of President Manuel L. Quezon, November 15, 1935 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1935/11/15/inaugural-address-of-president-quezon-november-15-1935/ |access-date=May 19, 2021 |publisher=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> is recognized as the second [[President of the Philippines]]. In January 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia ([[Oriental Mindoro]]–[[Oriental Mindoro's 1st congressional district|1st]]) filed a bill seeking to declare General [[Miguel Malvar]] the second Philippine President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cruz |first=Maricel |date=2 January 2008 |title=Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406082026/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/02/yehey/top_stories/20080102top6.html |archive-date=6 April 2008}}</ref>

====Supreme Court appointments====
Under the Reorganization Act, Quezon was given the power to appoint the first all-Filipino cabinet in 1935. From 1901 to 1935, a Filipino was chief justice but most Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete [[Filipinization]] was achieved with the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace the American justices. Membership in the Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and ten associate justices, who sat ''en banc'' or in two divisions of five members each.

* [[Ramón Avanceña]]&nbsp;– 1935 ([[Chief Justice of the Philippines|Chief Justice]])&nbsp;– 1935–1941
* [[José Abad Santos]]&nbsp;– 1935
* [[Claro M. Recto]]&nbsp;– 1935–1936
* [[José P. Laurel]]&nbsp;– 1935
* [[José Abad Santos]] (Chief Justice)&nbsp;– 1941–1942

====Government reorganization====
[[File:Quezon Staircase.jpg|thumb|President Manuel L. Quezon climbs up the grand staircase of Malacañang Palace with aide-de-camp Col. [[Manuel Nieto (born 1892)|Manuel Nieto]] and Presidential Guard Battalion Commander Col. Narciso Manzano.]]

To meet the demands of the newly-established government and comply with the [[Tydings-McDuffie Act]] and the [[Constitution of the Philippines|Constitution]], Quezon,{{snd}} true to his pledge of "more government and less politics,"{{snd}}initiated a reorganization of the [[Government of the Philippines|government]].<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961">{{Cite book |last=Molina |first=Antonio M. |url={{GBurl|id=ZxFbAAAAIAAJ}} |title=The Philippines Through the Centuries |date=1961 |publisher=University of Santo Tomas Cooperative |edition=Print |location=Manila |language=en}}</ref> He established a Government Survey Board to study existing institutions and, in light of changed circumstances, make necessary recommendations.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" />

Early results were seen with the revamping of the executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, and others were created.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /> Quezon ordered the transfer of the [[Philippine National Police|Philippine Constabulary]] from the [[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Department of the Interior]] to the [[Department of Finance (Philippines)|Department of Finance]]. Other changes were made to the [[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|National Defense]], [[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Agriculture]] and [[Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)|Commerce]], [[Department of Public Works and Highways|Public Works]] and [[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Communications]], and [[Department of Health (Philippines)|Health]] and [[Department of Social Welfare and Development|Public Welfare]] departments.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" />

New offices and boards were created by executive order or legislation.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /> Among these were the [[National Security Council (Philippines)|Council of National Defense]],<ref name="GovPH-CA1">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Act No. 1 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1935/12/21/commonwealth-act-no-1/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081612/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1935/12/21/commonwealth-act-no-1/ |archive-date=18 November 2018 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=21 December 1935 }}</ref> the [[National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council|Board of National Relief]],<ref name="GovPH-EO61">{{Cite web |title=Executive Order No. 61, s. 1936 |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/03/executive-order-no-61-s-1936/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325163146/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/11/03/executive-order-no-61-s-1936/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=3 November 1936 }}</ref> the [[Department of Mindanao and Sulu|Mindanao and Sulu]] Commission, and the [[Civil Service Commission (Philippines)|Civil Service]] Board of Appeals.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /><ref name="GovPH-EO39">{{Cite web |title=Executive Order No. 39, s. 1936 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/06/23/executive-order-no-39-s-1936/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325163556/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/06/23/executive-order-no-39-s-1936/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=23 June 1936 }}</ref>

===={{anchor|Social justice program}}Social justice program====
[[File:Manuel Quezon Inaugural Barong.jpg|thumb|President Quezon wearing his inaugural [[Barong tagalog|barong]]|alt=President Manuel L. Quezon wearing his inaugural barong]]

Pledging to improve the conditions of the Philippine working class and inspired by the social doctrines of [[Pope Leo XIII]] and [[Pope Pius XI]] and treatises by the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of [[social justice]] introduced with executive measures and legislation by the [[National Assembly of the Philippines|National Assembly]].<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /> A court for industrial relations was established to mediate disputes, minimizing the impact of strikes and lockouts. A minimum-wage law was enacted, as well as a law providing an eight-hour workday and a tenancy law for Filipino farmers. The position of public defender was created to assist the poor.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" />

Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots and homes at a nominal cost and under terms affordable by their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate. He also began a cooperative system of agriculture among owners of the subdivided estates to increase their income.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /><ref name="GovPH-CA20">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Act No. 20 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/07/11/commonwealth-act-no-20/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224537/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/07/11/commonwealth-act-no-20/ |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=11 July 1936 }}</ref> Quezon desired to follow the constitutional mandate on the promotion of social justice.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" />

====Economy====
[[File:President Manuel L. Quezon signed the budget.jpg|thumb|President Manuel L. Quezon signed the budget for the following year in 1937]]

When the Commonwealth was created, its economy was stable and promising.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /> With foreign trade peaking at {{Philippine peso|400&nbsp;million|link=yes}}, the upward trend in business resembled a boom. Export crops were generally good and, except for tobacco, were in high demand. The value of Philippine exports reached {{₱|320,896,000}}, the highest since 1929.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" />

[[File:President Manuel L. Quezon at Work.jpg|thumb|President Quezon at work in the Executive Building (now [[Kalayaan Hall]])]]
[[File:President Manuel Quezon of Philippine Commonwealth broadcast from Washington today to his fellow-countrymen in Manila.jpg|thumb|Quezon before a 1937 [[NBC]] broadcast|alt=Quezon, writing at a desk behind a U.S. radio microphone]]

Government revenue in 1936 was {{Philippine peso|76,675,000|1936}}, compared to the 1935 revenue of {{Philippine peso|65,000,000|1935}}. Government companies, except for the [[Manila Railroad Company]], earned profits. Gold production increased about 37 percent, iron nearly doubled, and cement production increased by about 14 percent.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" />

The government had to address some economic problems, however,<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /> and the National Economic Council was created. It advised the government about economic and financial questions, including the promotion of industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, [[tariffs]], taxation, and formulating an economic program in preparation for eventual independence.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /> The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and the National Rice and Corn Company (NARIC) was created with a {{₱|4&nbsp;million}} budget.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" />

Upon the recommendation of the National Economic Council, agricultural colonies were established in [[Koronadal]], Malig, and other locations in [[Mindanao]]. The government encouraged migration and settlement in the colonies.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /> The Agricultural and Industrial Bank was established to aid small farmers with convenient loans and affordable terms.<ref name="TheCorpusJuris-CA459">{{Cite web |date=9 June 1939 |title=C.A. No. 459: An Act Creating the Agricultural and Industrial Bank |url=https://thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/commonwealth-acts/ca-no-459.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818035303/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/commonwealth-acts/ca-no-459.php |archive-date=18 August 2018 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=The Corpus Juris |language=en}}</ref> Attention was paid to soil surveying and the disposition of public land.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" />

===={{anchor|Agrarian reform}}Land reform====
{{See also|Land reform in the Philippines}}

When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimum standards.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010">{{cite book |last1=Manapat |first1=Carlos L. |title=Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform |date=2010 |publisher=C & E Publishing, Incorporated |isbn=978-971-584-989-0 |url={{GBurl|id=XO27swEACAAJ}} |language=en |access-date=4 April 2023 }}</ref><ref name="ChanRobles-Act4054">{{Cite web |title=Act No. 4054 |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/acts/actsno4054.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123102708/http://www.chanrobles.com/acts/actsno4054.html |archive-date=23 January 2018 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library}}</ref> The act provided a better tenant-landlord relationship, a 50–50 sharing of the crop, regulation of interest at 10 percent per agricultural year, and protected against arbitrary dismissal by the landlord.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010" /> Because of a major flaw in the act, however, no petition to apply it was ever presented.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010" />

The flaw was that it could be used only when the majority of [[Sangguniang Bayan|municipal councils]] in a province petitioned for it.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010" /> Since landowners usually controlled such councils, no province ever asked that the law be applied. Quezon ordered that the act be mandatory in all [[Central Luzon]] provinces.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010" /> However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in vain for a law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants fulfilled their obligations.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010" /> The act was amended to eliminate this loophole in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Central Luzon were threatened with eviction.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010" /> Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither. Thousands of tenants in Central Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by the early 1940s, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010" />

During the Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010" /> This motivated the government to incorporate a social-justice principle into the [[Constitution of the Philippines#The 1935 Constitution|1935 Constitution]]. Dictated by the government's social-justice program, expropriation of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural lands. At the outbreak of the Second World War, settlement areas covering over {{convert|65,000|ha|sqmi}} had been established.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010" />

====Educational reforms====
With his Executive Order No. 19, dated 19 February 1936, Quezon created the National Council of Education. [[Rafael Palma]], former president of the [[University of the Philippines]], was its first chairman.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /><ref name="GovPH-EO19">{{Cite web |title=Executive Order No. 19, s. 1936 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/02/19/executive-order-no-19-s-1936/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325154725/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/02/19/executive-order-no-19-s-1936/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=19 February 1936 }}</ref> Funds from the early Residence Certificate Law were devoted to maintaining public schools throughout the country and opening many more. There were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary and special schools, and five junior colleges by this time. Total enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was {{Philippine peso|14,566,850|1936}}.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" /> Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office of Adult Education was created.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961" />

====Women's suffrage====
[[File:President Quezon signing the Women’s Suffrage Bill.jpg|thumb|Quezon signing the Women's Suffrage Bill after the 1937 plebiscite|alt=Quezon signing the Women's Suffrage Bill in front of a large group of people]]
[[File:Philippine President Manuel Quezon broadcasts to home folks.jpg|thumb|Quezon during a 25-minute broadcast to Manila from [[Washington, D.C.]], on 5 April 1937. He discussed women's suffrage and urged that the 10-year independence program be shortened.|alt=Quezon speaking into two NBC microphones]]

Quezon initiated [[women's suffrage]] during the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines#Pre-War|Commonwealth era]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Molina |first=Antonio |title=The Philippines: Through the centuries |publisher=University of Santo Tomas Cooperative |year=1961 |edition=Print}}</ref> As a result of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's suffrage, the constitution provided that the issue be resolved by women in a [[1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite|plebiscite]]. If at least 300,000 women voted for the right to vote, it would be granted. The plebiscite was held on 30 April 1937; there were 447,725 affirmative votes, and 44,307 opposition votes.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

====National language====
The Philippines' national language was another constitutional question. After a one-year study, the [[Commission on the Filipino Language|Institute of National Language]] recommended that [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] be the basis for a national language. The proposal was well-received, despite the fact that director [[Jaime C. de Veyra]] was [[Waray people|Waray]], this is because Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is a native Tagalog-speaking area.

In December 1937, Quezon issued a proclamation approving the institute's recommendation and declaring that the national language would become effective in two years. With presidential approval, the INL began work on a Tagalog grammar text and dictionary.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

====Visits to Japan (1937–1938)====
As [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American nor the Japanese officials. He traveled twice to Japan as president, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government officials. Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to the [[United States]], assuring protection of the rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signaled the Philippines' inclination to remain neutral in the event of a Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yu-Jose |first=Lydia |title=''Philippine-Japan Relations: the Revolutionary Years and a Century Hence'' in Philippine External Relations: A Centennial Vista |publisher=Foreign Service Institute |year=1998}}</ref>

====Jewish refugees (1938-1941)====
[[File:President Quezon dedication of Marikina Hall.jpg|thumb|Quezon and the Frieder brothers at the dedication of Marikina Hall for [[Jewish refugees from Nazism|Jewish refugees]] in 1940]]

In cooperation with U.S. [[High Commissioner to the Philippines|High Commissioner]] [[Paul V. McNutt]], Quezon facilitated the entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe and took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Jewish settlement was a threat to the country.<ref name="Harris 2005">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bonnie |date=February 2005 |title=Cantor Joseph Cysner: From Zbaszyn to Manila -- The Creation of an American Holocaust Haven |url=https://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/classes/233ab/zbaszynmanila/HarrisCysnerZbaszynManila.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507214051/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/233ab/zbaszynmanila/HarrisCysnerZbaszynManila.htm |archive-date=7 May 2017 |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=University of California Santa Barbara |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Harris 2020">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bonnie |date=24 February 2020 |title=Misrepresenting the Jewish Refugee Rescue in the Philippines |url=https://aish.com/misrepresenting-the-jewish-refugee-rescue-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Aish |language=en}}</ref> Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families on Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees on [[Polillo Island|Polillo]]. Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Refugee Committee of land adjacent to his family home in [[Marikina]] to house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall (the present-day [[Philippine School of Business Administration]]), which was dedicated on 23 April 1940.<ref name="ABSCBN-JewishRefugees">{{Cite news |last=Quezon III |first=Manuel L. |date=30 May 2019 |title=Jewish Refugees and the Philippines, a timeline: nationalism, propaganda, war |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/05/30/19/jewish-refugees-and-the-philippines |access-date=18 June 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530184406/https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/05/30/19/jewish-refugees-and-the-philippines |archive-date=30 May 2019}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Council of State}}Council of State expansion====
In 1938, Quezon expanded the [[Council of State (Philippines)|Council of State]] in Executive Order No. 144.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="GovPH-EO144">{{Cite web |title=Executive Order No. 144, s. 1938 |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1938/03/17/executive-order-no-144-s-1938/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325161109/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1938/03/17/executive-order-no-144-s-1938/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=17 March 1938 }}</ref> This highest of advisory bodies to the president would be composed of the President, [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]], [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]], [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]], [[President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President pro tempore]], [[House of Representatives of the Philippines#Speaker pro tempore|House Speaker pro tempore]], the majority floor leaders of both chambers of [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]], former presidents, and three to five prominent citizens.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

====1938 midterm election====
{{Main|1938 Philippine legislative election}}

The elections for the Second National Assembly were held on 8 November 1938 under a new law which allowed [[Plurality block voting|block voting]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Block voting |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view_article.php?article_id=33603 |access-date=10 September 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and favored the governing [[Nacionalista Party]]. As expected, all 98 assembly seats went to the Nacionalistas. [[José Yulo]], Quezon's [[Department of Justice (Philippines)#List of Secretaries of Justice|Secretary of Justice]] from 1934 to 1938, was elected speaker.

The [[2nd National Assembly of the Philippines|Second National Assembly]] intended to pass legislation strengthening the economy, but the Second World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the First National Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities.<ref>Commonwealth Act (CA) No. 494 amended CA 444, the "Eight Hour Law", authorizing the president to suspend it.</ref><ref name="TheCorpusJuris-CA494">{{Cite web |date=30 September 1939 |title=C.A. No. 494: An Act to Authorize the President of the Philippines to Suspend, Until We Date of Adjournment of the Next Regular Session of the National Assembly Either Wholly or Partially the Operation of Commonwealth Act Numbered Four Hundred and Forty-Four, Commonly Known as the Eight-Hour Labor Law |url=https://thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/commonwealth-acts/ca-no-494.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325160117/https://thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/commonwealth-acts/ca-no-494.php |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=The Corpus Juris |language=en}}</ref> A controversial [[immigration law]] which set an annual limit of 50 immigrants per country,<ref name="ChanRobles-CA613">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Act No. 613 |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/commonwealthactno613.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210113308/http://www.chanrobles.com/commonwealthactno613.htm |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library}}</ref> primarily affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]], was passed in 1940. Since the law affected foreign relations, it required the approval of the U.S. president. When the 1939 [[Demographics of the Philippines|census]] was published, the National Assembly updated the apportionment of legislative districts; this became the basis for the [[1941 Philippine general election|1941 elections]].

====1939 plebiscite====
On 7 August 1939, the [[United States Congress]] enacted a law in accordance with the recommendations of the Joint Preparatory Commission on Philippine Affairs. Because the new law required an amendment of the Ordinance appended to the Constitution, a plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment received 1,339,453 votes in favor, and 49,633 against.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

====Declaration of a national language====
[[File:President Manuel L. Quezon signing Executive Order No. 134.jpg|thumb|Quezon signs [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/ Executive Order No. 134.]|alt=President Manuel L. Quezon signing Executive Order No. 134.]]

Quezon had established the Institute of National Language (INL) to create a national language for the country. On 30 December 1937, in [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/ Executive Order No. 134], he declared [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] the Philippines' national language; it was taught in schools during the 1940–1941 academic year. The National Assembly later enacted Law No. 570, making the [[Filipino language|national language]] an official language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the establishment of the Philippine Republic.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="GovPH-EO134">{{Cite web |title=Executive Order No. 134, s. 1937 |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814205508/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/12/30/executive-order-no-134-s-1937/ |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=30 December 1937 }}</ref>

===={{anchor|1940 plebiscite}}1940 plebiscites====
{{Main|1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites}}

With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about a bicameral legislature, the presidential term (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of an independent [[Commission on Elections (Philippines)|Commission on Elections]]. The amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the United States to obtain President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon proclaimed the amendments.

====1941 presidential election====
Quezon was originally barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him to serve a second term ending in 1943. In the [[1941 Philippine general election|1941 presidential election]], Quezon was re-elected over former [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] [[Juan Sumulong]] with nearly 82 percent of the vote. He was inaugurated on December 30, 1941 at the [[Malinta Tunnel]] in [[Corregidor]].<ref>{{Cite speech |date=December 30, 1941 |title=Second Inaugural Address of President Quezon |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1941/12/30/second-inaugural-address-of-president-quezon/ |access-date=May 19, 2021 |publisher=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> The oath of office was administered by [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines]] [[José Abad Santos]]. Corregidor was chosen as the venue of the inauguration and temporary seat of the government [[Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines|in-exile]] to take refuge from the uninterrupted Japanese bombing raids during the [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Japanese invasion]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jose Abad Santos |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/judiciary/sc/cj/jose-abad-santos/ |accessdate=June 6, 2023 |publisher=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref>

===Second term (1941–1944)===

===={{anchor|Pre-war talks}}Pre-war activity====
As crises mounted in the Pacific, the Philippines prepared for war. Youth military training under General [[Douglas MacArthur]] was intensified. The first [[Blackout (wartime)|blackout]] practice was held on the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First aid was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon established the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, with branches in provinces and towns.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ricklefs |first1=M. C. |last2=Lockhart |first2=Bruce |last3=Lau |first3=Albert |title=A New History of Southeast Asia |date=19 November 2010 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-137-01554-9 |page=[{{GBurl|id=ICBHEAAAQBAJ|p=298}} 298] |url={{GBurl|id=ICBHEAAAQBAJ}} |access-date=4 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Air-raid drills were also held. 

The dismal results of the practice blackouts raised concerns of the minimal preparedness in the Philippines. Problems arises when the army and Philippine Constabulary was needed to control the peasant violence throughout the Philippines.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Larkin |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b41-QgAACAAJ |title=Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07956-4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|p=235}} In 1942, during Quezon's evacuation in Visayas at [[Negros Occidental]], he spent frustrating hours communicating with officials. Quezon handled disputes between sugar workers and sugar central managers. In one occasion, Quezon ordered the manager of the [[Binalbagan]] Sugar Central to obtain money from the [[Philippine National Bank]] and pay its employees their salaries. As Binalbagan workers threatened Quezon that they would riot, he ordered the Philippine Constabulary to control the situation.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pp=235-236}}

===={{anchor|Government-in-exile}}Government in exile====
{{Main|Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines}}
[[File:Quezon Roosevelt.jpg|thumb|Quezon and his family were welcomed in [[Washington, D.C.]] by US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].|alt=Quezon, two family members, Franklin D. Roosevelt and a US military officer]]

After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II,<ref>Evacuation flights may be identified at the [http://airforcehistoryindex.org/search.php?q=%22Quezon%22&c=u&h=25&F=&L= AirForceHistoryIndex.org site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175552/http://airforcehistoryindex.org/search.php?q=%22Quezon%22&c=u&h=25&F=&L= |date=4 April 2023 }} by searching for Quezon</ref> Quezon evacuated to [[Corregidor]] (where he was [[Second inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon|inaugurated for his second term]]) and then to the [[Visayas]] and Mindanao. At the invitation of the U.S. government,<ref>1st Lt William Haddock Campbell, USAAF, received the DSC for his role as co-pilot in the evacuation of the Philippine president from the Philippines, as reported in a local Chicago newspaper, ''The Garfieldian'', [https://archive.today/20120715142352/http://newspaperarchive.com/the-garfieldian/1943-04-01/page-1 1 April 1943 edition].</ref> he was evacuated to Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quezon |first=Manuel L. Jr. |date=8 December 2001 |title=Escape from Corregidor, December 8, 2001 |url=https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/2001/12/08/escape-from-corregidor-december-8-2001/ |website=philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421160344/https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/2001/12/08/escape-from-corregidor-december-8-2001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth [[government in exile]], with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the [[Pacific War Council]], signed the United Nations declaration against the [[Axis powers]] and wrote ''The Good Fight'', his autobiography.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

[[File:The Good Fight, by Manuel L. Quezon.djvu|thumb|left|upright=0.7|''The Good Fight'', by Manuel L. Quezon]]

To conduct government business in exile, Quezon hired the entire floor of one wing of the [[Shoreham Hotel]] to accommodate his family and his office. Government offices were established at the quarters of Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-General [[Carlos P. Romulo]] as Secretary of the Department of Information and Public Relations and Jaime Hernandez as Auditor General.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Sitting under a canvas canopy outside the [[Malinta Tunnel]] on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a [[Fireside chats|fireside chat]] during which President Roosevelt said that the Allied forces were determined to defeat Berlin and Rome, followed by Tokyo. Quezon was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur and asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; if not, Quezon would return to Manila and allow himself to become a prisoner of war. MacArthur replied that if the Filipinos fighting the Japanese learned that he returned to Manila and became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a turncoat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manchester |first=William |title=American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964 |date=2008 |publisher=Back Bay Books |page=245}}</ref>

Quezon then heard another broadcast by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his fellow Filipino officials to yield to superior Japanese forces. Quezon wrote a message to Roosevelt saying that he and his people had been abandoned by the U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to stop fighting. MacArthur learned about the message, and ordered Major General [[Richard Marshall (United States Army officer)|Richard Marshall]] to counterbalance it with American propaganda whose purpose was the "glorification of Filipino loyalty and heroism".{{sfn|Manchester|2008|page=246}}

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkmsoL8viM8 On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed] the [[United States House of Representatives]] about the necessity of relieving the Philippine front. He did the same to the Senate, urging the senators to adopt the slogan "Remember [[Battle of Bataan|Bataan]]". Despite his declining health, Quezon traveled across the U.S. to remind the American people about the Philippine war.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

===={{anchor|Talks of post-war Philippines}}Wartime====
[[File:Washington, D.C. Representatives of 26 United Nations at Flag day ceremonies in the White House to reaffirm their pact.jpg|thumb|Representatives of 26 Allied nations at a [[White House]] [[Flag Day (United States)|Flag Day]] ceremony reaffirming their pact. Seated left to right: Ambassador [[Francisco Castillo Nájera]] of Mexico, President Roosevelt, Quezon, and Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]].|alt=Franklin D. Roosevelt and three other men seated at a table, surrounded by many other men and flags]]

Quezon broadcast a radio message to Philippine residents in Hawaii, who purchased {{₱|4 million}} worth of [[war bond]]s, for his first birthday celebration in the United States.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Indicating the Philippine government's cooperation with the war effort, he offered the U.S. Army a Philippine infantry regiment which was authorized by the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] to train in California. Quezon had the Philippine government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed ''Bataan'' and crewed by Philippine officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In early November 1942, Quezon conferred with Roosevelt on a plan for a joint commission to study the post-war Philippine economy. Eighteen months later, the [[United States Congress]] passed an act creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

====Quezon-Osmeña impasse====
[[File:Quezon with his staff.jpg|thumb|Quezon (center) with his cabinet members in 1944]]

By 1943, the Philippine government in exile was faced with a crisis.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> According to the 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President [[Sergio Osmeña]] would succeed him as president. Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon issued a press release and wrote to Osmeña that a change in leadership would be unwise at that time. Osmeña then requested the opinion of [[U.S. Attorney General]] [[Homer Cummings]], who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent with the law. Quezon remained adamant, and sought President Roosevelt's decision. Roosevelt remained aloof from the controversy, suggesting that the Philippine officials resolve the impasse.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Quezon convened a cabinet meeting with Osmeña, [[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines|Resident Commissioner]] [[Joaquín Miguel Elizalde|Joaquín Elizalde]], Brigadier General [[Carlos P. Romulo]] and his cabinet secretaries, [[Andrés Soriano]] and Jaime Hernandez. After a discussion, the cabinet supported Elizalde's position in favor of the constitution, and Quezon announced his plan to retire in California.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

After the meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan to ask the United States Congress to suspend the constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the Philippines had been liberated; this legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and his cabinet, and steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the resolution was unanimously approved by the [[United States Senate|Senate]] on a [[voice vote]] and passed the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] by a vote of 181 to 107 on 10 November 1943.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> He was inaugurated for the third time on November 15, 1943 in [[Washington, D.C.]] The oath of office was administered by US [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Felix Frankfurter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 1943 |title=Inaugural Address of President Manuel L. Quezon, November 15, 1943 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1943/11/15/inaugural-address-of-president-manuel-l-quezon-november-15-1943/ |access-date=May 19, 2021 |publisher=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref>

==Death and burial==
[[File:Tomb of President Manuel Luis Quezon.jpg|thumb|Tomb of President Quezon and his wife [[Aurora Quezon|Aurora]] in the Quezon Memorial Shrine]]

Quezon had developed [[tuberculosis]] and spent his last years in hospitals, including a Miami Beach Army hospital in April 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Miami News – Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=71XFh8zZwT8C&dat=19440404&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |website=google.com}}</ref> That summer, he was at a [[Cure cottages of Saranac Lake|cure cottage]] in [[Saranac Lake, New York]]. Quezon died there at 10:05&nbsp;a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|ET]] on 1 August 1944, at age 65. His remains were initially buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]], but his body was brought by former [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] and High Commissioner [[Frank Murphy]] aboard the {{USS|Princeton|CV-37|6}} and re-interred in the [[Manila North Cemetery]] on 17 July 1946.<ref name="Official Gazette">{{Cite web |title=Official Month in Review: July 1946 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/07/01/official-month-in-review-july-1946/ |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |date=July 1946 |publisher=Office of the President of the Philippines |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516153123/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/07/01/official-month-in-review-july-1946/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Those were then moved to a miniature copy of [[Napoleon's tomb]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paranormal and Historical |url=http://www.quezon.ph/2005/10/29/paranormal-and-historical/ |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102064814/http://www.quezon.ph/2005/10/29/paranormal-and-historical/ |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[Quezon Memorial Shrine]] in [[Quezon City]], on 1 August 1979.<ref name="NHCPGovPH-Museo">{{Cite web |title=Museo ni Manuel Quezon |url=http://nhcp.gov.ph/museums/quezon-memorial-shrine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007034324/http://nhcp.gov.ph/museums/quezon-memorial-shrine/ |archive-date=7 October 2015 |access-date=18 December 2019 |website=National Historical Commission of the Philippines}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
[[File:Aguinaldo and Quezon in 1935.JPG|thumb|Quezon (right) with presidential rival [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] in 1935.]]
{{Philippine presidential election, 1935}}
{{Philippine presidential election, 1941}}

==Personal life==
[[File:President Manuel L. Quezon with Aurora and Baby Quezon in 1938.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Quezon with his wife, Aurora, and daughter Maria Aurora ("Baby") in 1938|alt=Tinted photo of a smiling Quezon, Aurora and their daughter Baby]]

Quezon was [[Cousin marriage|married to his first cousin]], [[Aurora Quezon|Aurora Aragón Quezon]]. They wed through a civil ceremony on 14 December 1918, followed by a religious ceremony three days later, both in [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dfa.gov.ph/images/AMabini/C__Managepoint_sessions_Diane_Rar1423.pdf|title=Filipinos in History|publisher=[[National Historical Institute]]|year=1990|volume=2|page=118}}</ref> The couple had four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 September 1919 – 28 April 1949), María Zeneida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April 1921 – 12 July 2021), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December 1924) and Manuel L. "Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June 1926 – 18 September 1998).<ref name="PublishersInc-1938">{{cite book |title=The Commercial & Industrial Manual of the Philippines; 1940-1941 |date=1938 |publisher=Publishers incorporated |location=Manila |page=[{{GBurl|id=wxciAQAAMAAJ|p=10}} 10] |url={{GBurl|id=wxciAQAAMAAJ}} |access-date=4 April 2023 |language=en }}</ref> His grandson, [[Manolo Quezon|Manuel L. "Manolo" Quezon III]] (born 30 May 1970), a writer and former undersecretary of the [[Presidential Communications Group|Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office]], was named after him.

==Awards and honors==
'''''The Foreign Orders, Medals and Decorations of President Manuel L. Quezon:'''''
*Foreign Awards
**{{flag|France}}: [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|45px]]: {{lang|fr|[[Légion d'honneur]]}}, Officer<ref name="PublishersInc-1938" />   
**{{flag|Mexico|1934}}: [[File:MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png|45px]]: [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]], Collar
**{{flag|Belgium}}: [[File:BEL Kroonorde Grootkruis BAR.svg|45px]]: [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]], Grand Cross
**{{flagicon|Spain|1931}} [[Second Spanish Republic|Spain]]: [[File:Order of Honour and glory bar.png|45px]]: [[Orden de la República Española]], Grand Cross
**{{flag|Republic of China|Taiwan}}: [[File:Order of Brilliant Jade (Taiwan) - ribbon bar.gif|45px]]: [[Order of Brilliant Jade]], Grand Cordon
*National Honors
**[[File:PHI Order of the Golden Heart var2 Grand Collar BAR.svg|45px]]: [[Order of the Golden Heart]], Grand Collar (''Maringal na Kuwintas'') - 19 August 1960<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roster of Recipients of Presidential Awards |url=https://archive.org/details/roster-recipients-presidential-awards-ph |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
**[[File:Order of the Knights of Rizal Ribbon.png|45px]]: Order of the [[Knights of Rizal]], Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://www.knights-of-rizal.org/our-story/ |website=Knights of Rizal |access-date=16 June 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615010658/https://www.knights-of-rizal.org/our-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref><gallery widths="190" heights="180" perrow="2">
File:The Foreign Orders and Decorations of President Manuel L. Quezon.jpg|Foreign Orders and Decorations of Quezon displayed in the [[Presidential Museum and Library (Philippines)|Presidential Museum and Library]]
File:Quezon Inauguration Swearing In.jpg|Quezon taking the [[Oath of office|Oath of Office]] at his [[First inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon|Inauguration]] at the [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|Legislative Building]] on November 15, 1935
File:Quezon Inauguration Speech.jpg|Quezon delivering his [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1935/11/15/inaugural-address-of-president-quezon-november-15-1935/ Inaugural Address] at the [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|Legislative Building]] on November 15, 1935 in Manila
</gallery>

==Legacy==
[[File:Manuel L. Quezon Official Malacañan Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Official Malacañang Palace portrait of Quezon, by [[Fernando Amorsolo]]]]

[[Quezon City]], the province of [[Quezon]], [[Quezon Bridge]] in Manila, [[Manuel L. Quezon University]], and many streets are named after him. The [[Quezon Service Cross]] is the Philippines' highest honor. Quezon is memorialized on [[Philippine peso|Philippine currency]], appearing on the [[Philippine twenty-peso note]] and two commemorative 1936 one-peso [[Coins of the Philippine peso|coins]]: one with [[Frank Murphy]] and another with [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].<ref name="coins">{{Cite web |title=Picture of commemorative coin |url=http://caimages.collectors.com/coinimages/1244/05912288/1936-M%20Murphy-Quezon%20Peso%20PCGS%20MS65%20-%20Obv.jpg |access-date=10 September 2012 |website=Caimages.collectors.com |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304203212/http://caimages.collectors.com/coinimages/1244/05912288/1936-M%20Murphy-Quezon%20Peso%20PCGS%20MS65%20-%20Obv.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> Open Doors, a Holocaust memorial in [[Rishon LeZion]], Israel, is a {{convert|7|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} sculpture designed by Filipino artist Luis Lee Jr. It was erected in honor of Quezon and the Filipinos who saved over 1,200 Jews from [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="CNN-1200Jews">{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Madison |date=2 February 2015 |title=How the Philippines saved 1,200 Jews during Holocaust |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/02/world/asia/philippines-jews-wwii/index.html |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203073625/http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/02/world/asia/philippines-jews-wwii/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="AsianJournal-Monument">{{Cite news |last=Contreras |first=Volt |date=31 December 2010 |title=Monument in Israel Honors Filipinos |work=Asian Journal |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer |location=Manila |url=http://asianjournalusa.com/monument-in-israel-honors-filipinos-p9958-60.htm |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221165212/http://asianjournalusa.com/monument-in-israel-honors-filipinos-p9958-60.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

[[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipalities]] in six [[provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] are named after Quezon: [[Quezon, Bukidnon]]; [[Quezon, Isabela]]; [[Quezon, Nueva Ecija]]; [[Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya]]; [[Quezon, Palawan]]; and [[Quezon, Quezon]]. The ''Presidential Papers of Manuel L. Quezon'' were inscribed in the [[UNESCO]] [[Memory of the World International Register]] in 2011.<ref name="UNESCO-QuezonPapers">{{Cite web |title=Presidential Papers of Manuel L. Quezon |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/presidential-papers-manuel-l-quezon |access-date=2025-08-15 |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme}}</ref> Quezon Island is the most developed island in the [[Hundred Islands National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2016 |title=31 Interesting Facts About Hundred Islands National Park - Jacaranda's Travels - Philippines Tourists Spots |url=http://jacarandatravels.com/31-interesting-facts-hundred-islands-national-park/ |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=Jacarandatravels.com |archive-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410133051/http://jacarandatravels.com/31-interesting-facts-hundred-islands-national-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Annually on 19 August, Manuel L. Quezon Day is celebrated throughout the Philippines as a special working holiday, except for the provinces of [[Quezon]] (including [[Lucena]]) and [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]] and [[Quezon City]], where it is a non-working holiday.<ref name="GovPH-PP2105">{{Cite web |date=18 August 1981 |title=Proclamation No. 2105, s. 1981 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1981/08/18/proclamation-no-2105-s-1981/ |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319123253/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1981/08/18/proclamation-no-2105-s-1981/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 1949 |title=Republic Act No. 6471 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1989/08/04/republic-act-no-6741-2/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817072339/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1989/08/04/republic-act-no-6741-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His birthplace Baler is now part of [[aurora (province)|Aurora]], which was a sub-province of Quezon and was named after his cousin and wife.

The [[List of Memory of the World Documentary Heritage in the Philippines|Presidential Papers of Manuel Luis Quezon]] was inscribed in the UNESCO [[Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific]] in 2010, and in the UNESCO [[Memory of the World Programme#Memory of the World Register|Memory of the World International Register]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unesco.gov.ph/2025/04/philippine-documentary-heritage/ | title=&#91;Press Release&#93; Saving the Nation's memory: UNACOM leads the call to safeguard Philippine documentary heritage | date=15 April 2025 }}</ref>

In 2015, the Board of the [[International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation]] bestowed a posthumous [[Raoul Wallenberg|Wallenberg]] Medal on Quezon and the people of the Philippines for reaching out to victims of [[the Holocaust]] from 1937 to 1941. President [[Benigno Aquino III]] and then-94-year-old Maria Zeneida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the former president, were informed of this recognition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 19, 2015 |title=Quezon feted for rescuing Jews |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2015/08/19/todays-headline-photos/top-stories/quezon-feted-for-rescuing-jews/211109 |work=The Manila Times}}</ref>

<gallery heights="160">
File:QSCMedal.jpg|alt=A medal in a case|The [[Quezon Service Cross]], the Philippines' highest civilian honor
File:QuezonMonumentjf7744 03.JPG|alt=Outdoor monument of a standing Quezon|Monument in [[Lucena]]
File:Manuel L. Quezon-TIME-1935.jpg|alt=See caption|''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' cover, 1935
File:Manuel L. Quezón 1978 stamp of the Philippines.jpg|alt=See caption|1978 birth-centenary stamp
File:1878-1978 MANUEL L QUEZON commemorative.jpg|Commemorative {{₱|50}} coin released in 1978
File:20 peso Coin Philippines font.png|[[Philippine twenty-peso coin|₱20 coin]] introduced in 2019
File:PHP200 English series bill.jpg|alt=Picture of Quezon on a green banknote|{{₱|200}} English series banknote
File:Presidential Car of Manuel Luis Quezon.jpg|The 1935 Cadillac V-16 car of President Quezon displayed at the [[Presidential Car Museum]]
File:09987jfManuel Quezon University Hidalgo Street Nazarene School Quiapo Manilafvf 11.jpg|[[Manuel L. Quezon University]] campus in Manila
File:University of Santo Tomas UST Arch of the Centuries Manuel Quezon.jpg|[[National Historical Commission of the Philippines]] marker embedded on the [[University of Santo Tomas]] Arch of the Centuries
File:英王乔治六世、比王雷奥堡三世、菲律宾总统奎松.jpg|A stamp featuring Quezon (bottom) in a 1941 collection of contemporary portraits
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
Quezon was played by [[Richard Gutierrez]] in the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdNOmKphK-M 2010 music video] of the [[Lupang Hinirang|Philippine national anthem]] produced and aired by [[GMA Network]].<ref name="PEP-KapusoStars">{{Cite news |date=21 August 2010 |title=Kapuso stars portray heroes in GMA's cinematic version of the National Anthem |work=Philippine Entertainment Portal |url=https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/6654/kapuso-stars-portray-heroes-in-gma39s-cinematic-version-of-the-national-anthem |access-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518160045/https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/6654/kapuso-stars-portray-heroes-in-gma39s-cinematic-version-of-the-national-anthem |archive-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> Arnold Reyes played him in the musical ''MLQ: Ang Buhay ni Manuel Luis Quezon'' (2015).<ref name="Inquirer-Musical">{{Cite news |last=Amadís |first=Ma. Guerrero |date=14 August 2015 |title=Manuel L. Quezon is the subject of a new musical |work=Inquirer Lifestyle |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/203463/manuel-l-quezon-is-the-subject-of-a-new-musical/ |access-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102164346/http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/203463/manuel-l-quezon-is-the-subject-of-a-new-musical |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> Quezon was played by [[Benjamin Alves]] in the film, ''[[Heneral Luna]]'' (2015).<ref name="GMANews-BenjaminAlves">{{Cite news |date=12 October 2015 |title=Benjamin Alves wants to play Quezon again in 'Heneral Luna' sequels |language=fil |work=GMA News Online |agency=Philippine Entertainment Portal |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/pep/540377/benjamin-alves-wants-to-play-quezon-again-in-heneral-luna-sequels/story/ |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518161040/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/pep/540377/benjamin-alves-wants-to-play-quezon-again-in-heneral-luna-sequels/story/ |archive-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> Alves and [[TJ Trinidad]] portrayed him in the 2018 film ''[[Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral]]'' (2018).<ref name="ABS-CBNNews-BenjaminAlves">{{Cite news |last=Deveza |first=Reyma |date=25 August 2018 |title=Benjamin Alves to play Manuel L. Quezon in upcoming movie |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/08/25/18/benjamin-alves-to-play-manuel-l-quezon-in-upcoming-movie |access-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122223223/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/08/25/18/benjamin-alves-to-play-manuel-l-quezon-in-upcoming-movie |archive-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> Quezon was played by [[Raymond Bagatsing]] in the film ''[[Quezon's Game]]'' (2019).<ref name="ManilaStandard-QuezonsGame">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2019 |title='Quezon's Game' named Best Foreign Movie in Texas fest |language=en |work=Manila Standard |url=http://manilastandard.net/showbitz/tv-movies/293018/-quezon-s-game-named-best-foreign-movie-in-texas-fest.html |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518161745/http://manilastandard.net/showbitz/tv-movies/293018/-quezon-s-game-named-best-foreign-movie-in-texas-fest.html |archive-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Jericho Rosales]] and Alves portrayed Quezon in his later and younger years, respectively, in the biopic, ''[[Quezon (film)|Quezon]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Benjamin Alves shares snaps from his 'Day 1' as Manuel L. Quezon |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/939994/benjamin-alves-manuel-l-quezon-film/story/ |website=[[GMA Network]] |date=March 20, 2025 |access-date=June 6, 2025}}</ref> With the [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]'s support and the [[Film Development Council of the Philippines]]' funding, the biopic began [[filmmaking]] in March 2025 and was [[Art release|released]] in October 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=  Evangelista|first1=Jessica Ann |title='Quezon' biopic to begin filming in March 2025|url= https://entertainment.inquirer.net/593473/quezon-biopic-to-begin-filming-in-march-2025|accessdate=16 January 2025 |newspaper= [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=16 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallorca |first=Hannah |date=18 February 2025 |title=Jericho Rosales to portray Manuel L. Quezon in 'Quezon' biopic |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/598041/jericho-rosales-to-portray-manuel-l-quezon-in-quezon-biopic |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Recording of speech}}Speech recording==
A sample of Quezon's voice is preserved in a recorded speech, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYFS3A2DmrM "Message to My People"], which he delivered in English and Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sound file |url=http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/mlq-1.mp3 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=Quezon.ph |format=MP3 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411165617/http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/mlq-1.mp3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Quezon recorded it while he was [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|President of the Senate]] "in the 1920s, when he was first diagnosed with tuberculosis and assumed he didn't have much longer to live," according to his grandson [[Manolo Quezon|Manuel L. Quezon III]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talumpati: Manuel L. Quezon |url=https://filipinolibrarian.blogspot.com/2006/08/talumpati-manuel-l-quezon.html |access-date=26 June 2010 |website=Filipinolibrarian.blogspot.com |archive-date=7 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807162738/http://filipinolibrarian.blogspot.com/2006/08/talumpati-manuel-l-quezon.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress]]
* [[List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress]]
* [[List of Memory of the World Documentary Heritage in the Philippines]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=[[MacArthur, Douglas]] |url={{GBurl|id=0jisAAAAIAAJ}} |title=Reminiscences |date=1964 |publisher=McGraw-Hill}}
* {{cite book |last=Quezon |first=Manuel Luis |url={{GBurl|id=bIEIAAAAIAAJ}} |title=The Good Fight |date=1974 |publisher=AMS Press |isbn=978-0-404-09036-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Perret, Geoffrey |url=https://archive.org/details/oldsoldiersnever00perr |title=Old Soldiers Never Die: The Life of Douglas MacArthur |year=1996 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780679428824 |author-link=Geoffrey Perret |url-access=registration}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* [http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/233ab/zbaszynmanila/HarrisCysnerZbaszynManila.htm Bonnie Harris, ''Cantor Joseph Cysner: From Zbaszyn to Manila.'']
* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=aay2617.0001.001;q1=manuel%20quezon;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=3;size=100;page=root Online E-book of ''Future of the Philippines : interviews with Manuel Quezon''] by Edward Price Bell, The Chicago Daily News Co., 1925
* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;idno=anu3845.0001.001;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=7;size=200;page=root Online E-book of ''Discursos del Manuel L. Quezon, comissionado residente de Filipinas, pronunciados en la cámara de representantes de la discusión del Bill Jones (26, Septiembre-14, Octubre, 1914)''], published in Manila, 1915
* {{CongBio|Q000009}}
* [http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/commonwealth/manuel-quezon Manuel L. Quezon on the Presidential Museum and Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026042339/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/commonwealth/manuel-quezon/ |date=26 October 2012 }}
* ''[https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=intitle:%22The+Good+Fight%22+inauthor:quezon&num=10#hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:hB1qHR55URYC&sa=X&ei=jomwT__nDcOT0QHq9IWTDA&ved=0CDgQmBYwAA&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_cp.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=5ae377f1243998d5&biw=1920&bih=1016 The Good Fight],'' autobiography, published 1946
* {{PM20|FID=pe/013983}}

{{Navboxes
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{{s-par|us-hs}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines]]|years=1909–1916|alongside=[[Benito Legarda]], [[Manuel Earnshaw]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Senator of the Philippines|Senator]] from the [[Philippines's 5th senatorial district|5th]] district|years=1916–1935}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Mayor of Quezon City]]<br><small>Acting</small>|years=1939}}
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{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation]]|years=1916–1935}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]] nominee for President of the Philippines|years=[[1935 Philippine presidential election|1935]], [[1941 Philippine presidential election|1941]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Sergio Osmeña]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Nacionalista Party]]|years=1935–1944}}
{{S-end}}
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{{Navboxes
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{{Manuel L. Quezon}}
{{Philippine presidents}}
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{{PhilPres}}
{{Presidential election in the Philippines, 1935}}
{{Presidential election in the Philippines, 1941}}
{{Quezon cabinet}}
{{Quezon cabinet-in-exile}}
{{Philippine Olympic Committee Presidents}}
{{Quezon House Representatives}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Quezon, Manuel L.}}
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