View source for Maningrida, Northern Territory

{{redirect|Maningrida|the gastropod of family Maningrididae|Maningrida arnhemensis|the language family|Maningrida languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| name = Maningrida
| native_name = {{nativename|djj|Manayingkarírra}}<br />{{nativename|gup|Manawukan}}
| type = town
| state = nt
| coordinates = {{coord|12|03|S|134|13|E|type:city(2600)_region:AU-NT|display=inline,title}}
| dist1 = 500
| dir1 = east
| location1 = [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]
| dist2 = 300
| dir2 = northeast
| location2 = [[Jabiru, Northern Territory|Jabiru]]
| region = [[Arnhem Land]]
| lga = [[West Arnhem Regional Council]]
| stategov = [[Electoral division of Arafura|Arafura]]
| fedgov = [[Division of Lingiari|Lingiari]]
}}

'''Maningrida''' ([[Ndjébbana language|Ndjébanna]]: ''Manayingkarírra'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oric.gov.au/publications/spotlight/all-aboriginal-health-care-manayingkarirra | title=All Aboriginal health care at Manayingkarírra &#124; Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations }}</ref> [[Kuninjku_dialect|Kuninjku]]: ''Manawukan'')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://njamed.com/entry/Manawukan/?tab=Dictionary | title=Bininj Kunwok Dictionary }}</ref> is an [[Australian Aboriginal|Aboriginal]] community in the heart of the [[Arnhem Land]] region of Australia's [[Northern Territory]]. Maningrida is {{convert|500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], and {{convert|300|km|0|abbr=on}} north east of [[Jabiru, Northern Territory|Jabiru]]. It is on the North Central Arnhem Land coast of the [[Arafura Sea]], on the estuary of the [[Liverpool River]].

The [[Kunibídji]] (Ndjebbana) people are the [[traditional owner]]s of this country. Major players in the town's economic and political life include the [[West Arnhem Regional Council]], the '''Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation''', the Maningrida Progress Association, and Mala'la Health Service Aboriginal Corporation. '''Maningrida Arts & Culture''', with its '''Djómi Museum''', is a major art centre, known both nationally and internationally.

At the [[2021 Australian census|2021 census]], Maningrida had a population of 2,518.<ref>{{cite web|title=SBS Australian Census Explorer|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
== History ==

The [[Kunibídji]] (Ndjebbana) people are the traditional owners of this country. The name Maningrida is an Anglicised version of the Kunibídji name Manayingkarírra, which comes from the phrase ''Mane djang karirra'', meaning "the place where the [[Dreaming (spirituality)|Dreaming]] changed shape".<ref>{{cite web|title=Maningrida College.|url=http://www.schools.nt.edu.au/maningrida/2012/|work=Schools NT|publisher=[[Northern Territory Department of Education]]|access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=griffith2013/> It is also known as Manawukan, the name assigned to it by the neighbouring [[Kuninjku]] people, which refers to a [[wetland]] area north-east of Maningrida.<ref name=bawinangahist>{{cite web | title=History | website=Bawinanga | date=6 August 2019 | url=https://www.bawinanga.com/about-us/history/ | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

The township of Maningrida dates back to just after [[World War II|World War 2]]. [[Syd Kyle-Little]], working for the newly-formed Native Affairs Department, came up with the plan of a [[trading post]] to create a self-sufficient Aboriginal community, to stop the drift of Aboriginal people leaving their homelands and moving to Darwin. The intention was to make Maningrida self-sufficient and independent of welfare support. [[Jack Doolan (politician)|Jack Doolan]] became Kyle-Little's cadet patrol officer, and together they made the first white contact with the Aboriginal peoples since a hostile encounter with [[Matthew Flinders]] on his [[circumnavigation]] of Australia.<ref name=griffith2013>{{Cite web|url=https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/caring-for-country-place-where-the-dreaming-changed-shape/|title=Caring for country|last=Griffith|first=Billy|author-link=Billy Griffith|date=9 January 2013|website=Griffith Review|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Doolan | first=J. | title=The Founding of Maningrida | publisher=Northern Territory Library Service | series=Occasional papers | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-7245-0485-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iM7AAAACAAJ | access-date=21 October 2020 }}</ref> Kyle -Little had intended to open other trading posts to serve other peoples on their own lands, but with a change in administration of the NT in 1950, the trading post was closed, and Kyle-Little resigned in disgust.<ref name=ytstory>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyBjVf0kxtM|title=The Maningrida Story |date=1971|website=YouTube|access-date=21 October 2020|quote=Edited from the documentary, "Whitefella Run This Place" (1999)|others=Features Syd Kyle-Little.}}</ref>

David and Ingrid Drysdale, former missionaries, established a new settlement in 1957. Maningrida became the first government-sponsored settlement, as opposed to a mission settlement, in Arnhem Land. An airstrip, school and hospital were built, and people from far and wide drifted in to live at the settlement.<ref name=ytstory/> The government's motive was partly to quell the post-war migration of Aboriginal people from the [[Blyth River|Blyth]] and [[Liverpool River]]s regions into Darwin. Patrols went out to spread the word and encourage people to move into the settlement.{{cn|date=October 2020}} Within a few years, the population had grown rapidly and the [[demographics]] of the area changed. This exacerbated traditionally strained relationships, and further tensions were created by the growing population of non-Indigenous people, known as Balanda, who were able to get jobs and decent housing. The number of Balanda grew from about 40 to 250 people between 1970 and 1974.<ref name=bawinangahist/> The ''[[Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976]]'' gave Maningrida and other Aboriginal communities independence and self-government; however, Balanda still held most of the skilled and highly paid service positions.<ref name=ytstory/>

From the 1960s onwards, the [[outstation movement]] led to many people returning to live on their traditional lands, which led to the establishment of the Bawinaga Aboriginal Corporation in 1970 (see below).<ref name=bawinangahist/>

On the night of 24 April 2006 [[Cyclone Monica]], the most severe cyclone ever to strike Australia at the time (later tied with [[Cyclone Marcus]] in 2018), passed just to the west of the community. The community was spared the full brute force of the [[Tropical_cyclone_scales#Australia|category 5 cyclone]] and infrastructure damage was only light to moderate, despite a reported wind gust of 148 km/h at the town.<ref name="TCR">{{cite web | title= Severe Tropical Cyclone Monica: Northern Territory Regional Office| website=Australian Government. Bureau Of Meteorology | date=29 April 2006 | url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/sevwx/nt/nttc20060417.shtml | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

In 2015, the town became the subject of international news when it was incorrectly reported that "more than 25,000 venomous spiders suddenly descended upon [the town]".<ref>{{cite news|title=Maningrida's 'horror tarantula plague' more hype than reality, expert says|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-30/maningrida-tarantula-plague-more-hype-than-reality-expert-says/6581938|author=James Oaten|newspaper=ABC News |date=30 June 2015 |publisher=[[ABC News and Current Affairs]]|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The confusion stemmed from a new article documenting a floodplain near the town with an extremely high concentration of [[tarantula]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spider expert hails medicinal possibilities of NT tarantulas|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-21/spider-expert-hails-medicinal-possibilities-from-nt-tarantulas/6560978|author=James Oaten|newspaper=ABC News |date=21 June 2015 |publisher=[[ABC News and Current Affairs]]|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>

==Location and demography==
Maningrida is {{convert|500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of Darwin,<ref>"[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-07/australian-mh17-victim-emma-bell-cremated/5725778 MH17: Australian victim Emma Bell cremated in Amsterdam]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140913010614/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-07/australian-mh17-victim-emma-bell-cremated/5725778 Archive]). ''[[ABC (Australia)|ABC Australia]]''. Sunday 7 September 2014. Retrieved on 22 September 2014.</ref> and {{convert|300|km|0|abbr=on}} north east of [[Jabiru, Northern Territory|Jabiru]]. It is on the North Central Arnhem Land coast of the Arafura Sea, on the estuary of the Liverpool River.

At the [[2016 Australian census|2016 census]], Maningrida and its outstations had a population of 2,366,<ref>{{cite web | title=2016 Census QuickStats: Maningrida and Outstations | website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au | url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/IARE704003?opendocument | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> which included 309 people living on the 30 [[Outstation (Aboriginal community)|homelands (outstations)]] around Maningrida.<ref>{{cite web | title=2016 Census QuickStats: Maningrida Outstations | website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au | date=9 August 2016 | url=http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/ILOC70400302 | access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>
==Governance, community organisations and facilities ==
The [[West Arnhem Regional Council]] governs the [[local government area]] which includes Maningrida.

The Maningrida Progress Association was established in 1968 as a social welfare organisation, and registered as a [[Public Benevolent Institution]] in 2000.<ref name=abnmpa>{{cite web | title=Historical details for ABN 69 037 382 574 | website=ABN Lookup | date=1 November 2014 | url=https://abr.business.gov.au/AbnHistory/View?id=69037382574# | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> It provides financial assistance for things like housing, community services and projects, [[funeral]]s, and other events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/630c865fa200a563b94859207b951263|website=[[Australian Charities and Not-For-Profits Commission]]|title=Maningrida Progress Association}}</ref>

The Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation was established as resource agency for outstations in 1970, and was incorporated in 1979.<ref name=aboutbawinanga>{{cite web | title=About Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation in Maningrida | website=Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation | date=2020| url=https://www.bawinanga.com/about-us/ | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> Maningrida Arts and Crafts, the Bábbarra Women's Centre, Maningrida Wild Foods are all part of Bawinaga. In addition, the corporation manages a team of [[Indigenous rangers]] (Bawinanga Rangers – Land and Sea), various maintenance and retail enterprises, and community services.<ref name="Bawinanga 2019">{{cite web | title=What we do  | website=Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation | url=https://www.bawinanga.com/what-we-do/  | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

The Mala'la Health Service Aboriginal Corporation runs a number of health care services for the community.<ref>{{cite web | title=Health Services in Maningrida | website=Malal'a | url=https://www.malala.com.au/ | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> In March 2021, the service completed its transition from governance by the NT Health Department to being a completely community-managed service run by the Corporation.<ref>{{cite web | last=James | first=Felicity | title=NT's largest Aboriginal community, Maningrida, takes control of local health service - ABC News | website=ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=6 March 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-06/nt-maningrida-health-clinic-handed-to-aboriginal-control/13216290 | access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>

[[Maningrida College]] is the primary/secondary school.

== Country and culture ==
The north central Arnhem Land area serviced by Maningrida extends from [[Marrkolidjban]] in Eastern [[Bininj|Kuninjku]] country to the west, to [[Berriba]] in [[Dalabon people|Dangbon]] country in the south, and over as far as [[Yinangarnduwa]], or [[Cape Stewart]], in the east.{{cn|date=October 2020}}

It might be the most multilingual community, on a [[per capita]] basis, in the world. People speak [[Ndjébbana language|Ndjébbana]], [[Kuninjku dialect|Kuninjku]], [[Kune dialect|Kune]], [[Rembarrnga language|Rembarrnga]], [[Dangbon language|Dangbon/Dalabon]], [[Nakkara language|Nakkara]], [[Gurrgoni language|Gurrgoni]], [[Djinang language|Djinang]], [[Wurlaki language|Wurlaki]], [[Ganalbingu language|Ganalbingu]], [[Gupapuyngu language|Gupapuyngu]], [[Kunbarlang language|Kunbarlang]], [[Gun-nartpa language|Gun-nartpa]], [[Burarra language|Burarra]], and [[Australian English]]. Most people have command of at least three of these languages.<ref name=griffith2013/>

There is great cultural diversity,<ref name=griffith2013/> including a variety of different [[Aboriginal ceremony|ceremonial practices]], styles of [[Indigenous Australian art|art and design]], [[Indigenous Australian music|music]] and dance.{{cn|date=October 2020}} 

==={{anchor}}Maningrida Arts & Culture===

Maningrida Arts and Culture, also known as Maningrida Art Centre,<ref>{{cite web | title=Maningrida Art Centre | website=Bawinanga  | url=https://www.bawinanga.com/what-we-do/arts-culture/maningrida-art-centre/ | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> represents an art movement built by contemporary artists in Maningrida and the surrounding [[Outstation (Aboriginal community)|homelands]], with its roots in [[body art]], [[rock art]] and cultural practices. Its Djómi Museum contains a collection of nationally and internationally significant artworks, collected since the 1970s with works dating back to the 1940s, including photographs taken by [[Axel Poignant]] in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web | title=Maningrida Arts & Culture| website=Maningrida  | url=https://maningrida.com/ | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref> Hundreds of artists work at the centre, including internationally acclaimed contemporary artists [[John Mawurndjul]], [[Owen Yalandja]], [[Crusoe Kurddal]], [[Lena Yarinkura]], and [[Bob Burruwal]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Artists | website=Maningrida | url=https://maningrida.com/artists/all/ | language=rw | access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

Maningrida Arts and Culture was initially managed by the Maningrida Progress Association, but became part of Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation in 1979.<ref name=aboutbawinanga/>

==Environment==
===Important Bird Area===
Close to Maningrida is [[Haul Round Island]], which has been identified as an [[Important Bird Area]] because of its [[seabird]] [[bird colony|breeding colony]] - one of the largest in the Northern Territory.  The seabird eggs, mainly those of [[Roseate tern|roseate]] and [[bridled tern]]s, are often harvested as a food resource.<ref>BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Haul Round Island. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 06/07/2011.</ref>
==Climate==
<div style="width:70%;">
{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line = yes
|location= Maningrida
|Jan high C= 32.4
|Feb high C= 31.8
|Mar high C= 31.9
|Apr high C= 32.4
|May high C= 31.9
|Jun high C= 30.4
|Jul high C= 30.1
|Aug high C= 30.7
|Sep high C= 31.7
|Oct high C= 32.6
|Nov high C= 33.4
|Dec high C= 33.1
|year high C= 31.9
|Jan record high C= 37.0
|Feb record high C= 37.6
|Mar record high C= 37.2
|Apr record high C= 36.0
|May record high C= 35.4
|Jun record high C= 34.0
|Jul record high C= 34.0
|Aug record high C= 35.7
|Sep record high C= 36.7
|Oct record high C= 37.8
|Nov record high C= 38.4
|Dec record high C= 37.6
|year record high C= 38.4
|Jan low C= 24.8
|Feb low C= 24.6
|Mar low C= 24.2
|Apr low C= 22.9
|May low C= 21.0
|Jun low C= 18.6
|Jul low C= 17.2
|Aug low C= 17.8
|Sep low C= 20.0
|Oct low C= 22.9
|Nov low C= 24.6
|Dec low C= 25.1
|year low C= 22.0
|Jan record low C= 19.9
|Feb record low C= 20.0
|Mar record low C= 18.2
|Apr record low C= 15.3
|May record low C= 12.5
|Jun record low C= 9.7
|Jul record low C= 7.2
|Aug record low C= 8.2
|Sep record low C= 10.0
|Oct record low C= 13.3
|Nov record low C= 17.0
|Dec record low C= 19.7
|year record low C= 7.2
|rain colour= green
|Jan rain mm= 276.3
|Feb rain mm= 261.9
|Mar rain mm= 293.4
|Apr rain mm= 123.3
|May rain mm= 23.1
|Jun rain mm= 1.5
|Jul rain mm= 1.6
|Aug rain mm= 0.3
|Sep rain mm= 1.8
|Oct rain mm= 12.5
|Nov rain mm= 49.7
|Dec rain mm= 214.2
|year rain mm= 1284.4
|unit rain days= <!--If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.2 cm, 0.2 mm.-->
|Jan rain days= 17.5
|Feb rain days= 18.2
|Mar rain days= 17.6
|Apr rain days= 10.6
|May rain days= 3.8
|Jun rain days= 0.9
|Jul rain days= 0.5
|Aug rain days= 0.2
|Sep rain days= 0.2
|Oct rain days= 1.6
|Nov rain days= 5.1
|Dec rain days= 13.1
|year rain days= 89.3
|source 1= <ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref =cw_014400 |site_name = Maningrida |accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref>
}}
</div>

== See also ==

* [[Maningrida Airport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web | last=Ashton | first=Kate | title=Three men missing in remote west Arnhem Land found after days in the bush | website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=31 October 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-31/three-men-missing-in-remote-west-arnhem-land-found/12835074}} Bawinaga Rangers involved in a search for three lost men.
==External links==
*{{official|https://www.bawinanga.com/|Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation}}
*{{cite web | title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Monica | website=Australian Government. Bureau of Meteorology | date=29 April 2006 | url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/sevwx/nt/nttc20060417.shtml }}

{{Localities and communities of the West Arnhem Region|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Arnhem Land]]
[[Category:Towns in the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal freehold title]]