View source for Manghud

{{Short description|Mongol tribe}}
{{For|the town in Kyrgyzstan|Mangit, Kyrgyzstan}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox dynasty
| name = House of Manghud
| image = File:Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2 (cropped).png
| image_caption = [[Emir]] [[Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan|Alim Khan]] the last ruler and the last head of Manghud Dynasty
| parent_family = [[Kiyat Borjigin]]
| country = [[Khamag Mongol Khanate]] <br/> [[Mongol Empire]] <br/> [[Golden Horde]] <br/> [[Nogai Horde]] <br/> [[Emirate of Bukhara]]
| region = Asia <br/> Europe
| founded = {{Small|around early-11th centuries}}
| founder = Prince [[Mangqutai]]
| dissolution = 30 August 1920
| final_ruler = [[Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan|Alim Khan]]
| final_head = Alim Khan
| traditions = [[Tengrism]] <br/> later <br/> [[Sunni Islam]]
| titles = [[Khan (title)|Khan]] <br/> [[Emir]] <br/> [[Sayyid]]
| deposition = 28 April 1944
}}

The '''Manghud''', or '''Manghit''' ({{langx|mn|Мангуд}}, ''Mangud;'' {{langx|uz|Mangʻit}}) were a [[Mongol]] tribe of the Urud-Manghud federation, and a sub-clan of [[Borjigin]], Manghuds (Mangkits or Mangits) who moved to the [[Cumania|Desht-i Qipchaq steppe]] were [[Turkification|Turkified]].<ref name="Очир">{{cite book |author=Очир А. |url= |title=Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов |date=2016 |publisher=КИГИ РАН |isbn=978-5-903833-93-1 |edition= |series= |volume= |location=Элиста |chapter= |format= |chapter-url= |orig-year=|pages= 98–99}}</ref><ref>Adle, C. and I. Habib, eds., History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast, from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century, January 2003, Volume V.</ref> They established the [[Nogai Horde]] in the 14th century and the Manghit dynasty to rule the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] in 1785. They took the Islamic title of [[Emir]] instead of the title of [[Khan (title)|Khan]], since they were not descendants of [[Genghis Khan]] and rather based their legitimacy as rulers on [[Islam]]. However, Persian historian [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] who [[chronicled]] the [[Mongols]], claimed that many old Mongolian clans (such as [[Barlas]], [[Urad Mongols|Urad]], Manghud, [[Taichiut]], [[Chonos tribe|Chonos]], [[Kiyat]]) were founded by [[Borjigin]] members.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Secret History of Iran|url= |author=Hamad Subani|date=2013 |publisher= |isbn=978-1-304-08289-3|edition= |series= |volume= |location= |chapter= |format= |chapter-url= |orig-year=|pages= 90}}</ref> The clan name was used for Mongol vanguards as well. Members of the clan live in several regions of Central Asia and Mongolia.

== Origins ==

Manghud, or, Manghut Clan founding around early-11th and between 11th Centuries, by a [[Borjigin]] Prince named [[Mangqutai]], Mangqutai he was the second son of [[Nachin Baghatur]], Nachin Baghatur or, a Način Ba‘atur was the seventh son of [[Menen Tudun]], Menen Tudun was the son of [[Habich Baghatur]] and Habich Baghatur or, a Qabiči Ba'atur was the son of [[Bodonchar Khan]] the founder of Borjigid Clan. <ref>{{Citation |title=Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index |date=1972-12-31 |work=Index to the Secret History of the Mongols |pages=175–344 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112311790-003 |access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Onon |first=Urgunge |title=Map of Mongol Empire (end paper) |date=1990-01-01 |work=The History and the Life of Chinggis Khan |pages=185–185 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004643437_018 |access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-64343-7}}</ref>

== Manghuds in the Mongol Empire ==
{{See also|Nogai Khan|Mongol invasion of Europe}}
According to ancient sources, they were derived from the [[Khiyad]] Mongols. The Manghuds and the Uruuds were war-like people from the Mongolian plateau. Some notable Manghud warriors supported [[Genghis Khan]] (1162–1227), while a body of them resisted his rise to power. When the [[Mongol Empire]] began to expand westward, the Manghud people were spread westward into the Middle East along with many other Mongol tribes. In the [[Golden Horde]], the Manghuds supported [[Nogai Khan|Nogai]] (d. 1299) and established their own semi-independent [[Orda (organization)|horde]] from [[List of khans of the Golden Horde|the khans]] in [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]].<ref>A.V.Vernadsky - The Mongols and Russia</ref>

After Nogai's death in 1299, the majority of Manghud warriors joined the service of [[Tokhta]] Khan. Their chieftain [[Edigu]], the powerful [[warlord]] of the Golden Horde, officially founded the [[Nogai Horde]] or Manghit Horde in the 14th-15th centuries. Majmu al-tawarikh [<nowiki/>[[:ru:Маджму ат-Таварих|ru]]], included Manghit clan as one of ninety-two Uzbek [<nowiki/>[[:ru:Узбекские племена|ru]]] clans of the Golden Horde.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabitov |first=Zh.M. |date=2011 |title=О происхождении этнонима "узбек" и "кочевые узбеки" |url=https://unis.shpl.ru/Pages/Search/BookInfo.aspx?Id=8987366 |journal=Золотоордынская цивилизация |volume=4 |pages=166–173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabitov |first=Zh.M. |date=2017 |title=THE "MAJMU AL-TAWARIKH" AS A SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF THE JOCHID ULUS |url=https://goldhorde.ru/en/stati2017-3-5/ |journal=Golden Horde Review |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=577–590}}</ref>

=== Military unit of the Mongols ===

The mangudai or mungadai were military units of the [[Mongol Empire]], but sources differ wildly in their descriptions. One source states that references to Mongol [[light cavalry]] "suicide troops" date back to the 13th century.<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Chambers |year=2003 |title=The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe |publisher=Castle Books |location=Edison, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-7858-1567-9}}</ref>
However, a [[United States Army]] author believes that Mangudai was the name of a 13th-century Mongol warlord who created an arduous selection process to test potential leaders.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lt. Col. Edward F. Dorman III |date=Summer 2004 |title=Staff forges Warrior Ethos during Mangudai II |journal=Blackjack Provider |volume=2 |page=4}}</ref>  The term is used by element of the [[United States Army]] as a name for multi-day tests of Soldiers' endurance and warrior skills.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pfc. Chris McCann |date=2005-09-22 |title=Mungadai challenges 2-71 Cav officers |journal=Fort Drum Blizzard Online |url=http://www.drum.army.mil/sites/postnews/blizzard/blizzard_archives/news.asp?id=8&issuedate=9-22-2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070801165821/http://www.drum.army.mil/sites/postnews/blizzard/blizzard_archives/news.asp?id=8&issuedate=9-22-2005 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-08-01 |access-date=2008-04-05 }}</ref>

== Nogai Horde ==

{{main|Nogai Horde}}
Some of the Manghuds assimilated into [[Turkic people]] and these Manghuds became '''Manghit''' (Mangit) tribe of the Turks. The Nogais protected the northern borders of [[Astrakhan]] and [[Crimean khanate]]s, and through organized raids to the northern steppes prevented [[Russia]]n and [[Lithuania]]n settlements. Many Nogais joined the service of Crimean khan. Settling there, they contributed to the formation of the [[Crimean Tatars]]. However, Nogais were not only good soldiers, they also had considerable agricultural skills. Their basic social unit was the semi-autonomous 'ulus' or band. But Nogais were proud of their nomadic traditions and independence, which they considered superior to settled agricultural life.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the [[Kalmyks]] or the [[Oirats]], migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of the [[Irtysh River]] to the Lower [[Volga]] region about 1630. The Kalmyks expelled the Nogais who fled to the plains of northern [[Caucasus]] and to the Crimea under the [[Ottoman Empire]]. A few part of them joined to [[Kazakh Khanate]] as part of [[Little jüz]].

== <span class="anchor" id="Manghit Dynasty"></span>Manghit dynasty ==
[[File:Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mohammed Alim Khan|Alim Khan]], the last Manghit khan in [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]], 1911]]
The Manghits had been settled by Genghis Khan around the city of [[Qarshi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saifi |first=Saifullah |date=2002 |title=The khanate of bukhara from C 1800 to russian revolution |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/52438 |journal=University |language=English}}</ref> Qarshi would continue to serve as the Manghits' base of power under the Bukhara Khanate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilde |first=Andreas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sW95AQAACAAJ |title=What is Beyond the River?: Power, Authority, and Social Order in Transoxania 18th-19th Centuries |date=2016 |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |isbn=978-3-7001-7866-8 |language=en}}</ref> In the 18th century, the basins of the [[Amu Darya]] and [[Syr Darya]] passed under the control of three [[Uzbek khanates]], claiming legitimacy in their descent from Genghis Khan. These were, from west to east, the [[Qunggirat]]s based on [[Khiva]] in Khwārezm (1717–1920), the Mangits in Bukhara (1753–1920), and the Mings in Kokand (Qǔqon; c. 1710–1876).

The Manghit dynasty was founded by a common [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] family that ruled the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] from 1785 to 1920. Manghit power in the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] began to grow in the early 18th century, due to the emirs position as ''ataliq'' to the khan.  The family effectively came to power after [[Nader Shah]]'s death in 1747, and the assassination of the ruling [[Abu al-Fayz Khan]] and his young son Abdalmumin by the [[Atalıq|ataliq]] Muhammad Rahim Bi.<ref>[[Svat Soucek|Soucek, Svat]], ''A History of Inner Asia'', ([[Cambridge University Press]]:2000), page 180.</ref>

From 1747 to the 1780s, the Manġits ruled behind the scenes, until the emir [[Shah Murad]] declared himself the open ruler, establishing the Emirate of Bukhara.  The last emir of the dynasty, [[Mohammed Alim Khan]], was ousted by the Soviet [[Red Army]] in September 1920, and fled to [[Afghanistan]]. There is disagreement over whether the dynasty descends from simple Uzbeks<ref>Uzbek-Mangyts - Emir Shahmurad: "we are not a royal family, our ancestors are simple Uzbeks" about some events in Bukhara, Hokand and Kashgar, Notes of Mirza-Shems Bukhari, published in the text, with translation and notes, by V.V. Grigoriev. Kazan, 1861</ref> or of true Mongolian origin.<ref>-Grzhimailo G.E. Western Mongolia and the Uryanhay Territory . - Directmedia, 2013-03-13. - S. 531–533. - 907 p. - {{ISBN|9785446048205}}.</ref> According to the Russian orientalist N.V. Khanykova, the Manġit dynasty was considered the oldest Uzbek family in the Bukhara Khanate descending from [[Timur Malik]]; from the division of which the tuk came the reigning dynasty, in addition, this clan enjoyed some special privileges.<ref>N.V. Khanykov. Description of the Bukhara Khanate. SPb. 1843, p.66</ref>

The Manghit dynasty issued coins from 1787 up until the Soviet takeover.<ref>P. Donovan, [http://ansmagazine.com/Spring07/Bukhara ''The Coinage of the Mangit Dynasty of Bukhara The Coinage of the Mangit Dynasty of Bukhara''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503005800/http://ansmagazine.com/Spring07/Bukhara |date=2010-05-03 }}, 'ANS Magazine' Vol. 6/1 (Spring 2007).</ref>

=== Heads/rulers of the Manghit dynasty of the Emirate of Bukhara ===
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=27% | Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Reign
|-
|- style="background:lightpink"
|align="center"| ''Ataliq I'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| اتالیق}} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Khudayar Bey]] <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| خدایار بیگ}} </small>
|align="center"|?
|-
|- style="background:lightpink"
|align="center"| ''Ataliq II''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| اتالیق}} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Muhammad Hakim]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد حکیم}} </small>
|align="center"|?–1747
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"|  ''Ataliq III'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| اتالیق}} </small> <br>
|align="center"| Muhammad Rahim<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد رحیم}} </small>
|align="center"|1747–1753
|-
|align="center"|  ''Amir I''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| امیر }} </small> <br>
|align="center"| Muhammad Rahim<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد رحیم}} </small>
|align="center"|1753–1756
|-
|align="center"|  ''Khan'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| خان}} </small> <br>
|align="center"| Muhammad Rahim<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد رحیم}} </small>
|align="center"|1756–1758
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"| ''Ataliq IV''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| اتالیق}} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Daniyal biy]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| دانیال بیگ}} </small>
|align="center"|1758–1785
|-
|align="center"|  ''Amir Masum'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| امیر معصوم}} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Shahmurad]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| شاہ مراد بن دانیال بیگ}} </small>
|align="center"|1785–1800
|-
|align="center"| ''Amir II'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| امیر }} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Haydar bin Shahmurad]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| حیدر تورہ بن شاہ مراد}} </small>
|align="center"|1800–1826
|-
|align="center"| ''Amir III'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| امیر }} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Mir Hussein bin Haydar]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| حسین بن حیدر تورہ }} </small>
|align="center"|1826–1827
|-
|align="center"|  ''Amir IV'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| امیر }} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Umar bin Haydar]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| عمر بن حیدر تورہ }} </small>
|align="center"|1827
|-
|align="center"|  ''Amir V'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| امیر }} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Nasrullah Khan (Bukhara)|Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| نصراللہ بن حیدر تورہ }} </small>
|align="center"|1827–1860
|-
|align="center"| ''Amir VI'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| امیر }} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Muzaffar bin Nasrullah]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| مظفر الدین بن نصراللہ }} </small>
|align="center"|1860–1885
|-
|align="center"| ''Amir VII'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| امیر }} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [['Abd al-Ahad Khan|Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| عبدل احد بن مظفر الدین }} </small>
|align="center"|1885–1910
|-
|align="center"| ''Amir VIII'' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| امیر }} </small> <br>
|align="center"| [[Mohammed Alim Khan|Muhammad Alim Khan bin Abdul-Ahad]]<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد عالم خان بن عبدل احد }} </small>
|align="center"|1910–1920
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" | Overthrow of [[Emirate of Bukhara]] by [[Bukharan People's Soviet Republic]], which, in turn, was forcibly replaced by [[Bolsheviks]].
|}
*''Pink Rows Signifies progenitor chiefs serving as Tutors (Ataliqs)  & Viziers to the Khans of Bukhara.''
**''Green Rows Signifies chiefs who took over reign of government from the [[Janids]] and placed puppet Khans''.

===House of Manghud of Bukhara===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Manghud Dynasty}}
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#FF822E|#white; border-width:2px}} [[Khanate of Bukhara|Bukhara Khanate]] <br>
{{Color sample|border=#1C9842|#white; border-width:2px}} [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara Emirate]]
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01=Khudayar
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | | | | | A02 | | | | | |
|A01=Muhammad-Hakim
|A02=[[Daniyal Biy|Daniyal]]
}}
{{Tree chart| | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | | | | |
|A01=Muhammad-Badal
|A02='''Muhammad-Rahim''' <br>{{r.|1756|1758}}
|A03='''[[Shah Murad|Shah-Murad]]''' <br>{{r.|1785|1799}}
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FF822E
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#1C9842
}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 |m| A02 | | A03 | | | | | |
|A01=Narbuta
|A02=Bint Muhammad-Rahim
|A03='''[[Haydar bin Shahmurad|Haydar]]''' <br>{{r.|1799|1826}}
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#1C9842
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | |
|A01='''Fadl-Tura''' <br>{{r.|1758|1758}}
|A02='''[[Mir Hussein bin Haydar|Husayn]]''' <br>{{r.|1826|1826}}
|A03='''[[Nasrullah Khan (Bukhara)|Nasrullah]]''' <br>{{r.|1827|1860}}
|A04='''[[Umar bin Haydar|Umar]]''' <br>{{r.|1826|1827}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FF822E
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#1C9842
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#1C9842
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-color:#1C9842
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Muzaffar bin Nasrullah|Muzafar]]''' <br>{{r.|1860|1885}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#1C9842
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01='''[['Abd al-Ahad Khan|Abdul-Ahad]]''' <br>{{r.|1885|1910}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#1C9842
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan|Muhammad-Alim]]''' <br>{{r.|1910|1920}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#1C9842
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

== Descendants ==

Their descendants, the Nogai and [[Karakalpaks|Karakalpak]] people live in [[Dagestan]] and [[Khorazm]]. Others are the present-day [[Khalkha Mongols]] who live in [[Mongolia]] and the Baarin banner in [[Inner Mongolia]]. While the Manghits are found among the [[Tatars]] in [[Russia]], the [[Bashkirs]] and the [[Kazakhs]].

The daughter of the last Emir [[Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan|Alim Khan]], Shukria Alimi Raad, worked as a broadcaster for [[Radio Afghanistan]]. Shukria Raad left Afghanistan with her family three months after [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|Soviet troops invaded the country]] in December 1979. With her husband, also a journalist, and two children she fled to [[Pakistan]], and then through [[Germany]] to the [[United States]]. In 1982 she joined the [[Voice of America]], working for many years as a broadcaster for VOA's [[Dari (Eastern Persian)|Dari]] Service, editor, program host and producer. She was interviewed in [[BBC]] Farsi, where she talked about her father and how the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] fell into the Soviets hand. At the end she talked about how she wanted to raise her kids as [[Tajiks]] and that she herself is a [[Tajiks|Tajik]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Establishment of BBC World Service Persian Radio |date=2014 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755612413.ch-002 |work=Persian Service |access-date=2023-08-13 |publisher=I.B.Tauris|doi=10.5040/9780755612413.ch-002 |isbn=978-1-8488-5981-4 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alim Khan also had a son named Shahmurad, who denounced his father in 1929 (at the age of seven) and later served in the Soviet Army. During his governance in Bukhara, he also had a son named Qasem who was killed by the Bolshevik revolutionaries. Qasem had only one son who, when he was 13 years old, escaped from Bukhara to Iran-Mashhad with his stepfather. When he arrived in Iran, he took the name Husein Bukharaei. He married Bibimeymanat Mohsenolhoseini in Mashhad. They had 6 sons and 4 daughters. Husein Bukharaei died in 1993. Their children (Hasan, Lo'ba, Ali, Narges, Qasem, Reza, Fatemeh, Mohammad, Mahmoud, Mahboubeh) all live in Mashhad. In 2020, the BBC World Service made a documentary called "Bukhara" about the last ruler of Bukhara, which refers to the fate of the family of Amir Alam Khan. Alim Khan's descendants include granddaughter Nailaj Naebzadeh from his daughter Razia Alimi, and great-granddaughter Kadeij Naebzadeh. They live in United States. Nailaj Naebzadeh was born in United States. Just like her aunt, Shukria Alimi Raad, her mother Razia Alimi too escaped from Afghanistan during the invasion of the Soviet Army in 1979.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{EI3|last=Wilde|first=Andreas|title=Manghit dynasty|year=2020|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/manghit-dynasty-COM_40198?s.num=2&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=dynasty+india}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19990221192417/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/Bukhara.html History of the Khanate of Bukhara]
{{Mongolic ethnic groups |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military history of the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Nirun Mongols]]
[[Category:Emirate of Bukhara]]
[[Category:Borjigin]]
[[Category:Mongol dynasties]]