View source for Manaus

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Amazonas, Brazil}}
{{redirect|Manaos}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Manaus
| settlement_type          = [[Metropolis]]
| official_name            = ''Município de Manaus''<br />Municipality of Manaus
| nicknames                 = ''{{lang|pt-BR|A Paris dos Trópicos}}'' (The Paris of the Tropics); ''{{lang|pt-BR|Mãe dos Deuses}}'' (Mother of the Gods)
| motto                    = "{{lang|pt-BR|A metrópole da Amazônia}}" (The metropolis of the Amazon)
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map              = Brazil
| pushpin_map_caption      = Location in Brazil
| pushpin_relief           = yes
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
 |border        = infobox
 |perrow        = 1/2/3/2
 |total_width   = 300
 |caption_align = center
 |image1        = Manaus_amazonas.jpg
 |caption1      = Skyline with the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]]
 |image2        = Amazon Theatre (Manaus, Brazil) (edited).jpg
 |caption2      = [[Amazon Theatre]]
 |image3        = Manaus_aerea_arenaamazonia.jpg
 |caption3      = [[Arena Amazônia]]
 |image4        = Igreja de São Sebastião, Manaus, AM (cropped).jpg
 |caption4      = [[Church of Saint Sebastian (Manaus)|Church of Saint Sebastian]]
 |image5        = Ponte-Rio-Negro-Manaus2.jpg
 |caption5      = [[Rio Negro Bridge]]
 |image6        = Monumento à Abertura dos Portos.jpg
 |caption6      = [[Monument Abertura dos Portos]]
 |image7        = Mercado da Carne Adolpho Lisboa.jpg
 |caption7      = [[Mercado Adolpho Lisboa]]
 |image8        = Ponta-Negra-Manaus3.jpg
 |caption8      = [[Ponta Negra, Manaus|Ponta Negra]]
 |color         = white
 }}
| image_flag               = Bandeira de Manaus.svg
| image_seal               = Brasão de Manaus.svg
| subdivision_type         = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|Brazil}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[North Region, Brazil|North]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[States of Brazil|State]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]
| leader_title             = [[List of mayors of Manaus|Mayor]]
| leader_name              = [[David Almeida]] ([[Avante (political party)|Avante]])
| established_title        = Founded
| established_date         = 1669
| area_total_km2           = 11401.092
| area_total_sq_mi         = 4401.97
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_land_sq_mi          = 
| area_water_km2           = 
| area_water_sq_mi         = 
| area_water_percent       = 
| area_urban_km2           = 427
| area_urban_sq_mi         = 
| area_metro_km2           = 
| area_metro_sq_mi         = 
| population_as_of         = 
2024
| population_footnotes     = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/am/manaus/panorama |title=IBGE 2020 |access-date=2021-01-04 |archive-date=2020-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230104203/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/am/manaus/panorama |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total         = 2,279,686  ([[List of largest cities in Brazil|7th]])
| population_metro         = 2,676,936 ([[List of metropolitan areas in Brazil|11th]])
| population_demonym       = Manauara, Manauense
| population_urban         = 
| population_density_km2   = 181.01
| population_density_sq_mi = 450.29
<!-- GDP --------------->
| demographics_type1       = [[GDP|GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)]]
| demographics1_footnotes  = 
| demographics1_title1     = Year
| demographics1_info1      = 2023
| demographics1_title2     = Total (Metro)
| demographics1_info2      = $37.4&nbsp;billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_bra.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Brazil Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3     = Per capita
| demographics1_info3     = $16,400
| timezone                 = [[Time in Brazil|AMT]]
| utc_offset               = &minus;4
| utc_offset_DST           = 
| coordinates              = {{Wikidatacoord|Q40236|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m              = 92 
| elevation_ft             = 302
| area_code_type           = [[List of dialling codes in Brazil|Area code]]
| area_code                = +55 (92)
| postal_code_type         = Postal code
| postal_code              = 69000-001 to 69099-999 and 69400-000 to 69899-999
| blank_name               = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2010)
| blank_info               = 0.737 – <span style="color:#090">high</span><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP)}}</ref>
| website                  = {{URL|https://www.manaus.am.gov.br/|manaus.am.gov.br}}
}}

'''Manaus''' ({{IPA|pt|mɐˈnaws, ma-|lang|Br-Manaus.ogg}}) is the [[List of capitals of subdivisions of Brazil|capital]] and largest city of the [[States of Brazil|Brazilian state]] of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]. It is the [[List of largest cities in Brazil|seventh-largest city]] in Brazil, with an estimated 2024 population of 2,279,686 distributed over a land area of about {{cvt|11401|km2}}. Located at the east centre of the state, the city is the centre of the [[Greater Manaus|Manaus metropolitan area]] and the largest metropolitan area in the [[North Region, Brazil|North Region of Brazil]] by urban landmass. It is situated near [[Meeting of Waters|the confluence of]] the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro]] and [[Amazon River|Amazon]] rivers. It is one of the two cities in the Amazon rainforest with a population of over 1 million people, alongside [[Belém]].

The city was founded in 1669 as the Fort of São José do Rio Negro. It was elevated to a [[town]] in 1832 with the name of "Manaus", an altered spelling of the indigenous Manaós peoples, and legally transformed into a [[city]] on October 24, 1848, with the name of ''Cidade da Barra do Rio Negro'', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "The City of the Margins of the Black River". On September 4, 1856, it returned to the name "Manaus".<ref>{{Cite web |title=História |url=https://www.manaus.am.gov.br/turismo/historia/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=City Hall of Manaus}}</ref>

Manaus is located in the center of the [[Amazon rainforest]], and home to the [[National Institute of Amazonian Research]], being the most important center for scientific studies in the Amazon region and for international sustainability issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eubon.eu/show/links_5527 |title=National Institute for Amazonia Research (INPA) |website=eubon.eu |access-date=2019-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714212942/http://www.eubon.eu/show/links_5527 |archive-date=2019-07-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was known at the beginning of the century as Heart of the Amazon and City of the Forest.<ref>[http://www.wsava2009.com.br/eng/hotel_travel/tour.php Heart of The Amazon and City of the Forest] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614081406/http://www.wsava2009.com.br/eng/hotel_travel/tour.php |date=2009-06-14 }}</ref> Its main economic engine is the Industrial Park of Manaus, a Free Economic Zone.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/manaus-brazil-amazon-river-cruise-4119822 |title=Manaus, Brazil - Amazon River Cruise Ship Port of Call |website=TripSavvy |access-date=2019-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081848/https://www.tripsavvy.com/manaus-brazil-amazon-river-cruise-4119822 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city has a [[Port of Manaus|free port]] and an [[Eduardo Gomes International Airport|international airport]]. Its manufactures include electronics, [[Chemical substance|chemical products]], and soap; there are distilling and ship construction industries. Manaus exports [[Brazil nuts]], [[rubber]], [[jute]], and [[rosewood oil]]. It has a [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of the Conception, Manaus|cathedral]], the [[Amazon Theatre]] opera house, [[zoology|zoological]] and [[botanical garden]]s, an eco-park, and regional and native peoples [[museum]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/latin-america-and-caribbean/south-american-political-geography/manaus |title=Manaus - Encyclopedia.com |website=www.encyclopedia.com |access-date=2019-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072327/https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/latin-america-and-caribbean/south-american-political-geography/manaus |archive-date=2019-02-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Solimões and Negro rivers meet just east of Manaus and join to form the [[Amazon River]] (using the Brazilian definition of the river; elsewhere, Solimões is considered the upper part of the Amazon).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140213-amazon-river-length-source-maps-science/ |title=Where Does the Amazon River Begin? |date=15 February 2014 |website=National Geographic News |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091707/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140213-amazon-river-length-source-maps-science/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 }}</ref> Rubber made it the richest city in South America during the late 1800s. Rubber helped Manaus earn its nickname, the Paris of the Tropics. Many wealthy European families settled in Manaus and brought their love for sophisticated [[Art of Europe|European art]], [[History of architecture#Europe to 1600|architecture]], and [[Culture of Europe|culture]] with them. Manaus was one of the twelve Brazilian host cities of the [[2014 World Cup]], as well as one of the six hosts of [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics|football matches at the 2016 Summer Olympics]].

== Etymology ==
The name Manaus comes from the native people called Manaós, which means Mother of the Gods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icmbio.gov.br/parnaanavilhanas/images/stories/anavilhanas_map2_eng.pdf |title=Manaus |access-date=19 January 2020 |publisher=ICMBio |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001073105/https://www.icmbio.gov.br/parnaanavilhanas/images/stories/anavilhanas_map2_eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{see also|History of Manaus}}
{{multiple image
| align     = left
| direction = vertical
| width     = 220
| image1    = Francisco de Orellana1.JPG
| caption1  = Bust of [[Francisco de Orellana]], the Spaniard who sailed the [[Amazon River]] in 1542
| image2    = Forte de São José da Barra do Rio Negro.jpg
| caption2  = Prospectus of the Rio Negro Fortress, founded in 1669
}}

=== Early settlement of Manaus ===
The history of the European colonization of Manaus began in 1499 with the Spanish arrival at the mouth of the Amazon River. The Spanish then continued to colonize the region north of Brazil. Development continued in 1668–1669 with the building of the Fort of São José da Barra do Rio Negro by the Portuguese in order to ensure its predominance in the region, especially against the [[Netherlands|Dutch]], at that time headquartered in what is today [[Suriname]]. The fort was constructed in rock and clay, with four [[cannon]]s guarding the curtains.<ref name="calvarymanaus.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.calvarymanaus.com/manaus.php |title=About Manaus |website=www.calvarymanaus.com |access-date=2014-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128003943/http://www.calvarymanaus.com/manaus.php |archive-date=2014-01-28 |url-status=live}}</ref> It continued to function for more than 100 years. Next to the fort there were many indigenous [[mestizo]]s, who helped in its construction and began to live in the vicinity.<ref name="calvarymanaus.com"/>

The population grew so much that, in 1695, the missionaries ([[Carmelite]], [[Jesuit]], [[Franciscan]]) built a nearby [[chapel]] dedicated to ''Nossa Senhora da Conceição'' (Our Lady of the Conception), who, in time, became the patron saint of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creyete.com/camera/331-Manaus---Amazonas/ |title=creyete.com |website=creyete.com |access-date=2009-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708203500/http://creyete.com/camera/331-Manaus---Amazonas/ |archive-date=2011-07-08 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> A Royal Charter of March 3, 1755 created the captaincy of São José do Rio Negro, with capital in Mariuá (now [[Barcelos, Amazonas|Barcelos]]), but with the governor, Lobo D'Almada, fearing a Spanish invasion, the seat went back to Lugar de Barra in 1791. Being located at the confluence of the Rio Negro and Amazon Rivers, it was a strategic point. On November 13, 1832, Lugar da Barra was elevated to [[town]] status and named Manaus. On October 24, 1848, under Law 145 of the Provincial Assembly of Para, it was renamed the City of Barra do Rio Negro. On September 4, 1856, the governor, Herculano Ferreira Pena, finally gave it the name "Manaus".<ref>[http://planetwildlife.pl/information/places/manaus?section=culture Manaus History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174819/http://planetwildlife.pl/information/places/manaus?section=culture |date=2014-02-01 }}</ref>

=== Cabanagem ===
{{multiple image
| align       = right
| perrow      = 2
| total_width = 370
| image1      = Catedral Metropolitana de Manaus - 1890.jpg
| caption1    = [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of the Conception, Manaus|Metropolitan Cathedral]], {{Circa|1890}}
| image2      = Av Eduardo Ribeiro - Manaus.jpg
| caption2    = Eduardo Ribeiro Avenue, {{Circa|1901}}.
| image3      = Praça São Sebastião e Teatro Amazonas, Manaus (AM).tif
| caption3    = [[Amazon Theatre]], 1906
| image4      = Mercado Público, Manaus (AM).tif
| caption4    = [[Mercado Adolpho Lisboa|Public Market]], 1906
}}

The [[Cabanagem]] was the revolt in which blacks, Native Americans, and [[mestizo]]s fought against the white political elite and took power in 1835. The Cabanagem reduced the population of the then state of [[Pará|Grão-Pará]] from about 100,000 to 60,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/licaodecasa/materias/fundamental/historia/brasil/ult1689u20.jhtm |title=Cabanagem (1835–1840): Uma das mais sangrentas rebeliões do período regencial |work=[[Universo Online]] Liçao de Casa |author=Renato Cancian |access-date=12 November 2007 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102212940/http://noticias.uol.com.br/licaodecasa/materias/fundamental/historia/brasil/ult1689u20.jhtm |archive-date=2 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The involvement of rebels from the Upper Amazon (Manaus today) in what was originally a movement based in [[Belém]] was crucial for the birth of the current state of the Amazon. During the brief period of revolution, the Cabanos of the Upper Amazon, bands of rebels, roamed throughout the region, occupying Manaus twice, and, in most settlements, their arrival was greeted by the non-white population spontaneously joining their ranks, leading to a greater number of adherents to the movement. With that there was an integration of people in the region thus forming the state.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sampaio |first1=Patricia |title=Crônicas de gente pouco importante IV: Bernardo de Sena – negro, cabano e "prefeito" |url=http://amazoniareal.com.br/cronicas-de-gente-pouco-importante-iv-bernardo-de-sena-negro-cabano-e-prefeito/ |website=Amazônia Real |date=24 February 2015 |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123035521/http://amazoniareal.com.br/cronicas-de-gente-pouco-importante-iv-bernardo-de-sena-negro-cabano-e-prefeito/ |archive-date=23 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rubber boom ===
Manaus was at the center of the Amazon region's [[rubber boom]] during the late 19th century. For a time, it was "one of the gaudiest cities of the world".<ref>David Grann. ''The Lost City of Z''. Random House. New York: 2009. Page 87.</ref> Historian Robin Furneaux wrote of this period, "No extravagance, however absurd, deterred" the rubber barons. "If one rubber baron bought a vast yacht, another would install a tame lion in his villa, and a third would water his horse on champagne."<ref>Robin Furneaux. ''The Amazon: the Story of a Great River''. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1969. Page 153.</ref> The city built a grand opera house, with vast domes and gilded balconies, and using marble, glass, and crystal, from around Europe. The opera house cost ten million (public-funded) dollars. In one season, half the members of one visiting opera troupe died of [[yellow fever]].<ref>Grann 87.</ref> The opera house, called the [[Teatro Amazonas]], was effectively closed for most of the 20th Century. However it was used in scenes of the [[Werner Herzog]] film ''[[Fitzcarraldo]]'' (1982). After a gap of almost 90 years, it reopened to produce live opera in 1997 and is now attracting performers from all over the world.<ref name="opera">{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/1310102/A-night-at-the-opera-and-14-days-on-the-Amazon-to-get-there.html |title=Christina Lamb, "A night at the opera - and 14 days on the Amazon to get there", ''The Sunday Telegraph'', London, 17th June 2001 |date=17 June 2001 |access-date=2018-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620132248/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/1310102/A-night-at-the-opera-and-14-days-on-the-Amazon-to-get-there.html |archive-date=2017-06-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>

When the seeds of the rubber tree were smuggled out of the Amazon region to be cultivated on plantations in Southeast Asia,{{refn|For an account, see ''The Thief at the End of the World: Rubber, Power, and the Seeds of Empire,'' by Joe Jackson.|group=Note}} Brazil and Peru lost their monopoly on the product. The rubber boom ended abruptly, many people left its major cities, and Manaus fell into poverty. The rubber boom had made possible electrification of the city before it was installed in many European cities, but the end of the rubber boom made the generators too expensive to run. The city was not able to generate electricity again for years.<ref name="opera"/>

===Free zone===
In the 1960s during the establishment of the military dictatorship in Brazil, the newly installed government concerned about the "demographic gap in Brazil", began to introduce numerous projects in the interior of the country, especially in the Amazon region, with the introduction of the Manaus free trade zone in 1967,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/Del0288.htm |title=Decree-Law. 288 of 28 February 1967. |last=Presidency of the Republic |language=pt |date=February 28, 1967 |publisher=Civil House; Subheading for Legal Affairs |access-date=June 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234153/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/del0288.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and with the opening of new roads within the region, the city had a wide period of investments in financial and economic capital, both national and international, attracted by the tax incentives granted by the free zone, in this period, Manaus had enormous demographic growth becoming one of the most populous cities in Brazil.<ref name="IBGE (Brazil)">{{cite web |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/v4/brasil/am/manaus/panorama |title=Panorama Manaus |publisher=IBGE- (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) |access-date=June 21, 2017 |language=pt |website=cidades.ibge.gov.br |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901031050/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/v4/brasil/am/manaus/panorama |archive-date=September 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Recent events===
Manaus was one of the host cities of the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] and one of the seats of some Olympic football games.<ref name="NYT-Manaus">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/17/sports/manaus-brazil-amazon-rain-forest-stadium.html |title=In the Brazilian Rain Forest, 'a White Elephant, a Big One' |date=August 16, 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222091858/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/17/sports/manaus-brazil-amazon-rain-forest-stadium.html |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was the only host city in the Amazon rainforest and the most geographically isolated, being further north and west than any of the other host cities. A massive [[prison riot]] occurred [[January 2017 Brazil prison riots|in January 2017]], having begun in Manaus and later spreading to two additional cities in Brazil,<ref name="Riot in Natal, Brazil">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/world/americas/brazil-prison-riots-alcauz-rio-grande-do-norte.html |title=Riot Police Try to Quell Continuing Violence in Brazilian Prison |newspaper=The New York Times |author=DOM PHILLIPS |date=January 19, 2017 |access-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121172222/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/world/americas/brazil-prison-riots-alcauz-rio-grande-do-norte.html |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> thus unleashing security problems within the country.<ref name="Folha de Sao Paulo (Brazil)">{{cite web |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2017/01/1846669-prison-fight-between-gangs-leads-to-56-deaths-in-manaus.shtml |title=Prison fight between gangs leads to 56 deaths in Manaus |publisher=FOLHA |date=January 3, 2017 |access-date=February 3, 2017 |author=BRUNA CHAGAS in collaboration with Folha, in Manaus; RUBENS VALENTE special envoy for Folha in Manaus. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031750/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2017/01/1846669-prison-fight-between-gangs-leads-to-56-deaths-in-manaus.shtml |archive-date=February 7, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The New York Times (US)">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/world/americas/brazil-prison-riot-manaus-compaj.html |title=Riot by Drug Gangs in Brazil Prison Leaves at Least 56 Dead |date=January 2, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2017 |author=SIMON ROMERO |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108102052/http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/world/americas/brazil-prison-riot-manaus-compaj.html |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil]], an estimated 76% of the population of Manaus was infected with coronavirus,<ref>{{cite web |title=Study Estimates 76 Percent of Brazilian City Exposed to SARS-CoV-2 |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/study-estimates-76-percent-of-brazilian-city-exposed-to-sars-cov-2-68272 |website=The Scientist Magazine® |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126172947/https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/study-estimates-76-percent-of-brazilian-city-exposed-to-sars-cov-2-68272 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |language=en |date=14 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the possibility of [[herd immunity]] was discussed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aschwanden |first1=Christie |author-link=Christie Aschwanden |title=The false promise of herd immunity for COVID-19 |journal=Nature |pages=26–28 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02948-4 |date=21 October 2020 |volume=587 |issue=7832 |pmid=33087872 |bibcode=2020Natur.587...26A |s2cid=224829164 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sridhar |first1=Devi |last2=Gurdasani |first2=Deepti |title=Herd immunity by infection is not an option |journal=Science |pages=230–231 |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.abf7921 |issn=0036-8075 |date=15 January 2021 |volume=371 |issue=6526 |pmid=33446540 |bibcode=2021Sci...371..230S |s2cid=231606755 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, a second outbreak infected people in Manaus, this time with the [[Lineage B.1.1.248]] variant starting in early January 2021.<ref name=virological>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-12 |title=Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings |url=https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Virological |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520082806/https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McCoy |first1=Terrence |last2=Traiano |first2=Heloísa |title=The Amazonian city that hatched the Brazil variant has been crushed by it |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/01/27/coronavirus-brazil-variant-manaus/ |newspaper=Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128164145/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/01/27/coronavirus-brazil-variant-manaus/ |archive-date=28 January 2021 |date=27 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Brazil Amazonas Manaus location map.svg|thumb|right|Location in the state of Amazonas]]
[[File:Amazon CIAT (5).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the [[Amazon rainforest]], near Manaus]]
The largest city in northern Brazil, Manaus occupies an area of {{convert|11401|km2|0|abbr=out}}, with a density of {{convert|158.06|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. It is the neighboring city of [[Presidente Figueiredo]], [[Careiro]], [[Iranduba]], [[Rio Preto da Eva]], [[Itacoatiara, Amazonas|Itacoatiara]], and [[Novo Airão]].

=== Vegetation ===
Manaus is located in the middle of the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon Rainforest]]. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining [[rainforest]]s and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of [[tropical rainforest]] in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich [[biome]], and tropical forests in the [[Americas]] are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]].<ref name="Turner 2001">Turner, I.M. 2001. ''The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest''. [[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-80183-4}}</ref> As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled [[biodiversity]]. More than one-third of all species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes |title=Biomes - Conserving Biomes - WWF |website=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=2019-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415012629/http://worldwildlife.org/biomes |archive-date=2013-04-15 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Green areas ===
[[File:Curvas_do_Parque_Nacional_de_Anavilhanas.jpg|thumb|[[Anavilhanas National Park]].]]
[[File:Novo_airão_2.jpg|thumb|Anavilhas National Park ground view.]]
Despite being located in the Amazon, Manaus is densely developed and has few green areas in the city. The largest green areas are:
* Mindu Park, located in the center-south of the city, the district Park 10. The Park of Mindú, established in 1989, is one of the largest and most visited parks in the city.
* Bilhares Park, established in 2005, located in the south-central region of Manaus, in the neighborhood of {{ill|Planalto (Manaus)|pt|lt=Planalto}} ("plateau").
* Area of the green hill of Aleixo, created in the 1980s, located in the east of the city and is one of the largest urban green areas.
* [[Sumaúma State Park]], a state park located in the north of Manaus, in the New Town district. It is the smallest state park of the Brazilian Amazon Basin.
* [[Castanheiras Pied Tamarin Wildlife Refuge]], a {{convert|95|ha|adj=on}} refuge created in 1982 to protect a population of endangered [[pied tamarin]]s. 
* [[Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve]], a biological reserve established in 1963, and covers an area of 100 square kilometres (10,000 hectares, 39 square miles). The Reserve is managed by INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia—National Institute for Amazon Research).
* Part of the [[Anavilhanas National Park]], a {{convert|350018|ha|adj=on}} conservation unit that was originally an ecological station created in 1981.<ref>{{citation |ref={{harvid|PARNA de Anavilhanas – ISA}} |language=pt |title=PARNA de Anavilhanas |publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental |url=http://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/564 |access-date=2016-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022242/http://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/564 |archive-date=2016-05-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* About 75% of the [[Rio Negro Left Bank Environmental Protection Area]], a {{convert|611008|ha|adj=on}} sustainable use conservation area created in 1995.<ref>{{citation |ref={{harvid|APA Margem Esquerda do Rio Negro – ISA}} |language=pt |title=APA Margem Esquerda do Rio Negro |publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental |url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/en/uc/4315 |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010747/https://uc.socioambiental.org/en/uc/4315 |archive-date=2019-01-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The {{convert|11930|ha|adj=on}} [[Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve]], created in 2005, about {{convert|25|km}} west of the city.<ref>{{citation |title=População tradicional da RDS do Tupé vive conflito ambiental no Amazonas |language=pt |author=Fabio Pontes |date=23 September 2016 |journal=Amazônia Real |url=http://amazoniareal.com.br/populacao-tradicional-da-rds-do-tupe-vive-conflito-ambiental-no-amazonas/ |access-date=2016-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013072140/http://amazoniareal.com.br/populacao-tradicional-da-rds-do-tupe-vive-conflito-ambiental-no-amazonas/ |archive-date=13 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The {{convert|86601|ha|adj=on}} [[Rio Negro State Park South Section]], created in 1995, about {{convert|40|km}} by boat to the northwest of the city.<ref>{{citation |ref={{harvid|PES do Rio Negro Setor Sul – ISA}} |language=pt |title=PES do Rio Negro Setor Sul |publisher=ISA:Instituto Socioambiental |url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/5545 |access-date=2016-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192034/https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/5545 |archive-date=2017-02-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Manaus has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system, just dry enough in its driest month to not be a [[tropical rainforest climate]], with the average annual compensated temperature of {{convert|27.4|°C}} and high [[air humidity]], with a rainfall index around {{cvt|2300|mm|1}} annually. The seasons are relatively well-defined concerning rain: July to September is relatively dry, and December to May (summer and autumn) is very rainy. Summer and autumn are colder than winter and spring (June to November). Thunderstorms are frequent every day in the summer (December to February), but they can occur at any time of the year. There have been occasional occurrences of [[hail]] in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2011/10/chuva-de-granizo-atinge-diversos-pontos-de-manaus.html |publisher=G1 Amazonas |title=Chuva de granizo atinge diversos pontos de Manaus |newspaper=Amazonas |date=25 October 2011 |access-date=23 February 2015 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223200628/http://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2011/10/chuva-de-granizo-atinge-diversos-pontos-de-manaus.html |archive-date=23 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to the city's proximity to the [[equator]], the heat is constant in the local climate. There are no cold days in winter (June to August), instead winter is hotter than summer. Periodically, very intense polar [[air masses]] occur in the [[Centro-Sul|South-Central]] part of Brazil and in the southwest of the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]], and have some effect on the city, as occurred in August 1955. But although they are rare, they influence the climate, causing the temperature to drop to {{convert|18|°C|1}} or below.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2013/07/frente-fria-deve-atingir-manaus-e-temperatura-pode-cair-para-18c.html |publisher=G1 Amazonas |title=Frente fria deve atingir Manaus e temperatura pode cair para 18°C |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=9 April 2015 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223200631/http://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/noticia/2013/07/frente-fria-deve-atingir-manaus-e-temperatura-pode-cair-para-18c.html |archive-date=23 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The proximity to the forest usually avoids extremes of heat and makes the city wet.<ref name="climate 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.achetudoeregiao.com.br/am/manaus.htm |publisher=Ache tudo e região |title=Cidades do Amazonas - Manaus |access-date=6 June 2012 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508001513/http://www.achetudoeregiao.com.br/AM/manaus.htm |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), the highest temperature registered in the city was {{convert|39|°C|1}}, in 2015 and the lowest was {{convert|12|°C|1}} in 1989.

On November 26, 2009, a case of [[acid rain]] was recorded in Manaus. Air pollution, caused in large part by the accumulation of smoke from burning, associated with the [[sulfur dioxide]] emitted by cars, was the cause of this phenomenon. Although the incidence of acid rain is common in some Brazilian capitals where there is a great concentration of cars, in Manaus and other cities of the [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] the situation is aggravated by the prolonged period of drought with the smoke from forest fires.<ref name="chuva ácida">{{cite web |url=http://portalamazonia.globo.com/pscript/noticias/noticias.php?idN=96531 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426063827/http://portalamazonia.globo.com/pscript/noticias/noticias.php?idN=96531 |archive-date=2013-04-26 |publisher=Portal Amazônia |title=Instituto de meteorologia registra chuva ácida em Manaus |language=pt}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Manaus (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1872–present)
|temperature colour =
|humidity colour = 
|Jan record high C = 37.0
|Feb record high C = 37.8
|Mar record high C = 36.2
|Apr record high C = 35.4
|May record high C = 34.7
|Jun record high C = 34.9
|Jul record high C = 35.7
|Aug record high C = 37.6
|Sep record high C = 38.3
|Oct record high C = 38.1
|Nov record high C = 38.2
|Dec record high C = 37.3
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan record low C = 18.5
|Feb record low C = 18.0
|Mar record low C = 19.0
|Apr record low C = 18.5
|May record low C = 14.3
|Jun record low C = 17.0
|Jul record low C = 12.1
|Aug record low C = 18.0
|Sep record low C = 20.0
|Oct record low C = 19.4
|Nov record low C = 18.3
|Dec record low C = 19.0
|year record low C = 12.1
| Jan high C  =31.3
| Feb high C  =31.1
| Mar high C  =31.2
| Apr high C  =31.3
| May high C  =31.5
| Jun high C  =31.9
| Jul high C  =32.5
| Aug high C  =33.6
| Sep high C  =34.1
| Oct high C  =34.0
| Nov high C  =33.0
| Dec high C  =32.0
| year high C =
| Jan mean C  =26.6
| Feb mean C  =26.6
| Mar mean C  =26.6
| Apr mean C  =26.7
| May mean C  =27.0
| Jun mean C  =27.3
| Jul mean C  =27.5
| Aug mean C  =28.2
| Sep mean C  =28.6
| Oct mean C  =28.5
| Nov mean C  =28.0
| Dec mean C  =27.2
| year mean C =
| Jan low C  =23.6
| Feb low C  =23.6
| Mar low C  =23.7
| Apr low C  =23.7
| May low C  =23.9
| Jun low C  =23.8
| Jul low C  =23.7
| Aug low C  =24.1
| Sep low C  =24.5
| Oct low C  =24.6
| Nov low C  =24.4
| Dec low C  =24.0
| year low C =

|precipitation colour = green
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan precipitation mm  =305.6
| Feb precipitation mm  =296.8
| Mar precipitation mm  =320.9
| Apr precipitation mm  =331.0
| May precipitation mm  =233.3
| Jun precipitation mm  =117.2
| Jul precipitation mm  =67.1
| Aug precipitation mm  =56.1
| Sep precipitation mm  =79.0
| Oct precipitation mm  =113.9
| Nov precipitation mm  =188.0
| Dec precipitation mm  =253.5
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan precipitation days  =18.7
| Feb precipitation days  =17.6
| Mar precipitation days  =19
| Apr precipitation days  =17.5
| May precipitation days  =15.5
| Jun precipitation days  =10.4
| Jul precipitation days  =6.8
| Aug precipitation days  =5.7
| Sep precipitation days  =6.1
| Oct precipitation days  =8.3
| Nov precipitation days  =10.3
| Dec precipitation days  =15.3
| year precipitation days =
| Jan humidity    =84.8
| Feb humidity    =85.1
| Mar humidity    =85.8
| Apr humidity    =85.6
| May humidity    =84.4
| Jun humidity    =80.8
| Jul humidity    =77.4
| Aug humidity    =74.6
| Sep humidity    =74.6
| Oct humidity    =76.1
| Nov humidity    =79.3
| Dec humidity    =83.0
| year humidity   =
| Jan dew point C =24.6
| Feb dew point C =24.4
| Mar dew point C =24.6
| Apr dew point C =24.8
| May dew point C =24.8
| Jun dew point C =24.4
| Jul dew point C =23.2
| Aug dew point C =24.1
| Sep dew point C =24.4
| Oct dew point C =24.6
| Nov dew point C =24.7
| Dec dew point C =24.6

| Jan sun  =122.7
| Feb sun  =98.0
| Mar sun  =104.3
| Apr sun  =113.6
| May sun  =141.9
| Jun sun  =191.0
| Jul sun  =223.1
| Aug sun  =222.5
| Sep sun  =196.4
| Oct sun  =173.5
| Nov sun  =150.7
| Dec sun  =126.6
| Jan light = 12.3
| Feb light = 12.2
| Mar light = 12.1
| Apr light = 12.0
| May light = 12.0
| Jun light = 11.9
| Jul light = 12.0
| Aug light = 12.0
| Sep light = 12.1
| Oct light = 12.2
| Nov light = 12.3
| Dec light = 12.3
| year light= 
| Jan uv  =12
| Feb uv  =12
| Mar uv  =12
| Apr uv  =12
| May uv  =12
| Jun uv  =11
| Jul uv  =10
| Aug uv  =12
| Sep uv  =12
| Oct uv  =12
| Nov uv  =12
| Dec uv  =12
| year uv =

|source 1 = [[Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia]]<ref name=INMETtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043914/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMAX.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Máxima Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmed>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043931/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMEDSECA.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Média Compensada Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044001/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-TMIN.xlsx
| title = Temperatura Mínima Mensal e Anual (°C)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043703/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PREC.xlsx
| title = Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324044003/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-PRENDIAS1.xlsx
| title = Número de dias no mês ou no ano com precipitação maior ou igual a (1 mm) (dias)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMEThumidity>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043838/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-UR.xlsx
| title = Umidade Relativa do Ar Compensada Mensal e Anual (%)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=INMETinsolacion>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043829/https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-INSO.xlsx
| archive-date = 24 March 2022
| url = https://portal.inmet.gov.br/uploads/normais/Normal-Climatologica-INSO.xlsx
| title =Insolação Total (horas)
| work = Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020
| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
| language = pt
| access-date = 25 May 2024}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1353-Manaus.php |title=Station Manaus |publisher=Meteo Climat |language=fr |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081142/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1353-Manaus.php |url-status=live }}</ref> NOAA<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Brazil/XLS/MANAUS_82331.xls |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate normals for 1991-2020: Brazil-Manaus |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date = 17 January 2024 |format=CSV}}</ref> Weather atlas(Daylight-UV)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/brazil/manaus-climate |title=Climate and monthly weather forecast Manaus, Brazil|access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Weather Atlas}}</ref>
}}

==Hydrology==
The urban area covers all or part of four river basins, all tributaries of the Rio Negro. The São Raimundo and Educandos streams are completely contained in the city. The [[Tarumã Açu River|Tarumã Açu]] forms the western boundary of the city in its lower reaches, and is fed by several tributaries that originate in the Ducke Reserve and run through the north and west of the city. The [[Puraquequara River|Puraquequara]] forms the east boundary of the urban area in its lower section.<ref>{{citation |language=pt |last1=Rovere |first1=Ana Lúcia Nadalutti La |last2=Crespo |first2=Samyra |last3=Velloso |first3=Rui |page=68 |publisher=PNUMA; Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Secretaria de Qualidade Ambiental nos Assentamentos Humanos; Consórcio Perceria 21 |title=Projeto geo cidades: relatório ambiental urbano integrado: informe GEO: Manaus |location=Rio de Janeiro |year=2002 |url=http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd65/geomanaus/cap4.pdf |access-date=2016-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005749/http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd65/geomanaus/cap4.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{see also|Brazilians|Demographics of Brazil|Immigration to Brazil}}
[[File:Centro de Manaus.jpg|thumb|São Sebastião square]]
[[File:Negro-Amazon_confluence_and_Manaus_(Brazil)_from_space.jpg|thumb|Manaus region seen from space in 2018.]]
According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] in 2019, there were 2,182,763 people residing in the city, and 2,676,936 people in the [[Greater Manaus|Metropolitan Region of Manaus]]. The population density was {{convert|191.45|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Racial composition !! 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo 2022 - Panorama |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pardo Brazilian|Mixed]] || 69.6% 
|-
| [[White Brazilian|White]] || 23.7% 
|-
| [[Afro-Brazilian|Black]] || 5.6% 
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples of Brazil|Amerindian]]|| 0.9% 
|-
| [[Asian Brazilian|Asian]]|| 0.2%
|}

* [[Population|Total population]]: 2,145,444 inhabitants (87% urban, 13% rural, 52.07% women and 47.93% men)
* [[Population density]]: {{convert|158.06|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}

Manaus is the seventh largest city in [[Brazil]], after [[São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador]], [[Brasília]], [[Fortaleza]] and [[Belo Horizonte]].

The city's population growth is above the national average, and 10% above the average for the capital (Brasilia). Most of the population is located in the North and East regions of the city, and the New Town (northern area) the [[neighborhood]] is the most populous, with more than 260,000 residents.

According to the results of the last census, the city's population increased from 343,038 inhabitants in 1960 to 622,733 in 1970. By 1990, the population grew to 1,025,979 inhabitants, increasing its density to {{convert|90|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.

According to a 2013 genetic study, the ancestry of the inhabitants of Manaus is 45.9% European, 37.8% Native American, and 16.3% African.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=PLOS ONE |author=Dennis O'Rourke, University of Utah |title=Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels |date=20 September 2013 |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e75145 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075145 |pmid=24073242 |pmc=3779230 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...875145S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}
[[File:Igreja de São Sebastião, Manaus.jpg|thumb|[[Church of Saint Sebastian (Manaus)|St. Sebastian Church]]]]
The city has been influenced by [[Catholicism]] since the time of European colonialism, and the majority of Manauenses are [[Catholic]]—there are nevertheless dozens of different Protestant denominations in the city. [[Judaism]], [[Candomblé]], [[Islam]], and [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritualism]], among others, are also practised.<ref name="calvarymanaus.com"/> There is a community of [[Amazonian Jews]] in Manaus. The city's [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of the Conception, Manaus|Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora da Conceição]] is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manaus]].

The city has a very diverse presence of Protestant or Reformed faiths, such as the [[Presbyterian Church of Brazil|Presbyterian Church]], [[Calvary Chapel]], For Christ International Church of Grace of God, Pentecostal Church of God in Brazil, [[Methodist Church]], the [[Anglican Episcopal Church]], the [[Baptist Church]], an [[Assembly of God]] Church, the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]], the [[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]], and the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] among others. These churches are experiencing considerable growth, mainly in the outskirts of the city. [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] also has a large presence, with a [[Manaus Brazil Temple|LDS temple]] having been built in the city, the sixth in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/manaus-brazil-temple-is-dedicated |title=Manaus Brazil Temple Is Dedicated |date=2012-06-11 |website=Mormon Newsroom |language=en |access-date=2019-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630020502/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/manaus-brazil-temple-is-dedicated |archive-date=2019-06-30 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Districts and regions ==
=== Metropolitan region ===
The Metropolitan Region of Manaus (RMM) is a [[metropolitan area]] that comprises eight [[cities]] of the Amazonas state, but without conurbation.

=== Regions ===
Manaus is divided into seven regions: North, Southern, Central-South, East, West, Mid-West, and Rural area. The eastern region of the city is the most populated, with approximately 600,000 inhabitants (2007).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hploco.com/manaus/Regiao_Metropolitana.html |title=East zone of Manaus |access-date=2009-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923210258/http://www.hploco.com/manaus/Regiao_Metropolitana.html |archive-date=2016-09-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> The northern region of the city has had the highest rate of population growth in recent years, and has the largest [[neighborhood]] of the city, the Nova Cidade neighborhood. The Center-South region has the highest [[per capita income]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.revistaautor.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=462&Itemid=60 |title=Center-South region of Manaus |access-date=2009-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175518/http://www.revistaautor.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=462&Itemid=60 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Eastern Zone is known for having a large number of hills.

=== Neighborhoods ===
{{Further|:pt:Lista de bairros de Manaus|Compensa}}
The first [[neighborhood]] (bairro) established in Manaus was Educandos. From there, other areas of the city began to be occupied since the arrival of migrants from other regions of Brazil.

Manaus has the largest neighborhood in Latin America, the neighborhood of Cidade Nova, which has 264,449 inhabitants, but it is estimated that the population exceeds 300,000 inhabitants. Cidade Nova is larger than all the [[city|cities]] inside the rest of Amazonas state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?uf=am |title=Amazonas City Populations, Retrieved on June 20, 2012 |access-date=June 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130031523/http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/link.php?uf=am |archive-date=November 30, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> With the permanence and the strengthening of [[Free Economic Zone of Manaus]], the city began to receive investments and constant migration of people from many parts of the state and [[northern Brazil]].

The wealthiest neighborhood in Manaus is Adrianópolis, located in the Central-South Area of the city. Downtown Manaus is located in the Southern area of the city, next to [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro River]]. After years of development, the historical center has been neglected by the authorities and it has become an area mostly for commerce and poor housing. There is a plan to restore the city centre to its former glory by removing beggars and irregular sellers from sidewalks and by doing that provide more safety for tourists and locals who are trying to walk in the historical areas of the city. All these plans were prompted by the 2014 World Cup.

== Economy ==
{{See also|Economy of Brazil|Free Economic Zone of Manaus}}
[[File:Avenida Mario Ypiranga - Manaus - Brasil.jpg|thumb|Mario Ypiranga Avenue]]
Manaus is the sixth-largest economy in Brazil. According to [[IBGE]] in 2014, its GDP was [[Brazilian real|R$]]67,5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/ |title=IBGE - Agência de Notícias |website=IBGE - Agência de Notícias |access-date=2019-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208130904/https://agencia.denoticias.ibge.gov.br/ |archive-date=2019-02-08 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[per capita income]] for the city was R$33,446.<ref>[https://cod.ibge.gov.br/1U8VW Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024203454/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/?codmun=130260&idtema=162&lang=_EN |date=2023-10-24 }}</ref> Although the main industry of Manaus through much of the 20th century was [[Natural rubber|rubber]], its importance has declined. Given its location, fish, wild fruits like Açaí and Cupuaçu, and [[Brazil nuts]] initiate important trades, as do petroleum refining, soap manufacturing, and chemical industries. Over the last decades, a system of federal investments and tax incentives has turned the surrounding region into a major industrial center (the Free Economic Zone of Manaus).

The mobile phone companies [[LG]], [[Nokia]], [[Samsung]], [[Siemens]], [[Sagem]], [[Gradiente]], and [[BenQ-Siemens]] operate mobile phone manufacturing plants in Manaus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://press.nokia.com/PR/200304/898830_5.html |title=Nokia in Manaus |access-date=2009-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817040557/http://press.nokia.com/PR/200304/898830_5.html |archive-date=2007-08-17 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://w1.siemens.com/innovation/en/publikationen/publications_pof/pof_fall_2004/research_cooperation.htm Siemens] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20121217201618/https://w1.siemens.com/innovation/en/publikationen/publications_pof/pof_fall_2004/research_cooperation.htm |date=2012-12-17 }}</ref> Plastic lens manufacturer [[Essilor]] also has a plant here. The Brazilian [[sport utility vehicle]] manufacturer [[Amazon Veiculos]] is headquartered in Manaus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suframa.gov.br/publicacoes/site_pim/plastico.htm |title=Pólo Industrial de Manaus |website=www.suframa.gov.br |access-date=2009-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726163416/http://www.suframa.gov.br/publicacoes/site_pim/plastico.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two airlines, [[MAP Linhas Aéreas]] and [[Manaus Aerotáxi]], have headquarters on the grounds of [[Manaus International Airport|Eduardo Gomes International Airport]] in Manaus.<ref>[http://www.voemap.com.br/conheca Home page] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211113558/http://www.voemap.com.br/conheca |date=2016-12-11 }}. [[Rico Linhas Aéreas]]. Retrieved on February 9, 2010.</ref><ref>"[http://www.manausaerotaxi.com.br/faleconosco.php Fale Conosco] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130070110/http://www.manausaerotaxi.com.br/faleconosco.php |date=2010-01-30 }}." [[Manaus Aerotáxi]]. Retrieved on October 13, 2009.</ref>

=== Free Trade Zone ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
The initial idea of a Free Trade Port in Manaus came from Deputy Francisco Pereira da Silva and was subsequently formalized by Law No. 3.173 on June 6, 1957. The project was approved by the National Congress on October 23, 1951, under No. 1.310 and regulated by Decree No. 47.757 on February 2, 1960. It was then amended by rapporteur Maurício Jopper, an engineer, who by agreement with the original author, justified the creation of a Free Trade Zone instead of a Free Trade Port.

For the first ten years, the ZFM (Manaus Free Trade Zone) was located in a warehouse rented from Manaus Harbour, in the Port of Manaus, and relied on federal funds. It was perhaps due to this lack of its own resources that there was little credibility in the project. On February 28, 1967, President [[Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco|Castelo Branco]] signed Decree-Law No. 288, which redefined the Manaus Free Trade Zone in more concrete terms. The new Decree-Law stipulated that the Manaus Free Trade Zone would have a radius of {{cvt|10|km|mi}} with an industrial center as well as an agricultural center and that these would be given the economic means to allow for regional development in order to lift the Amazon out of the economic isolation that it had fallen into at that time.

On August 28, 1967, the Manaus Free Trade Zone Authority, SUBFRAME, was created. SUBFRAME is an independent body with its own legal status and assets and has financial and administrative autonomy. Tax incentives and the subsequent complementary legislation created comparative advantages in the region with respect to other parts of the country and as a result the Manaus Free Trade Zone attracted new investment to the area. These incentives constituted tax exemptions administered federally by SUBFRAME and SUDAM.

==Government and politics==
{{further|List of mayors of Manaus}}
{{see also|:pt:Lista de vereadores de Manaus|:pt:Câmara Municipal de Manaus}}
{{expand section|date=September 2018}}
There is a prison, Anisio Jobim Penitentiary Complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-03/inmates-decapitated-quartered-in-brazilian-prison-riot/8158090 |title=Brazil prison riots leave dozens dead, more than 100 inmates at large |work=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=2017-01-03 |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111017/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-03/inmates-decapitated-quartered-in-brazilian-prison-riot/8158090 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are other prisons too. Forty prisoners were found dead at four different prisons in Manaus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-27 |title=Brazil jail violence: Forty killed in Manaus prisons |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48420484 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Education, science and technology ==
[[File:Instituto de Pesquisas da Amazônia.JPG|thumb|right|[[National Institute of Amazonian Research]]]]
[[File:CBA - Centro de Biotecnologia da Amazônoa - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Amazon Biotechnology Center]]
Manaus has research centers, technology and public and private universities.

* [[Federal University of Amazonas]]—''Universidade Federal do Amazonas'';
* [[University of the State of Amazonas]]—''Universidade do Estado do Amazonas'';
* [[National Institute of Amazonian Research]]—''Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia'';
* [https://www.sidia.com/en/home/ Sidia Institute of Science and Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205010833/http://www.sidia.com/en/home/ |date=2020-02-05 }}—''Sidia Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia'';
* Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology—''Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas'';
* Centro Universitário do Norte—UNINORTE;
* Lutheran University of Brazil—''Universidade Luterana do Brasil'';
* ''Centro de Educação Integrada Martha Falcão'';
* Unilasalle—''Faculdade La Salle'';
* ''Universidade Nilton Lins'';
* ''Centro Universitário de Educação Superior do Amazonas''—CIESA;
* ''Escola Superior Batista do Amazonas'';
* ''Faculdade Boas Novas'';
* ''Faculdade Metropolitana de Manaus'';
* ''Universidade Paulista''.

== Transportation ==

=== Airports ===
[[File:Aeroporto-de-Manaus.jpg|thumb|[[Eduardo Gomes International Airport|Manaus International Airport]]]]
[[Eduardo Gomes International Airport]] is the airport serving Manaus. The airport has two passenger terminals, one for scheduled flights and the other for regional aviation. It also has three [[cargo]] [[Airport terminal|terminal]]s.

Eduardo Gomes International Airport is Brazil's third largest in freight movement,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/aero_prev_home.php?ai=47|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007193123/http://www.infraero.gov.br/aero_prev_home.php?ai=47|title=Cargo movement in International Airport of Manaus|archive-date=7 October 2009}}</ref> handling the import and export demand from the Manaus [[Free Economic Zone of Manaus|Industrial Complex]]. For this reason, Infraero invested in the construction of the third cargo terminal, opened on December 14, 2004. [[TAM Airlines]] also inaugurated its own cargo terminal near the airport in 2008, which claims to be the largest cargo terminal in Brazil. The country's major dedicated freight route is between Manaus and [[Viracopos International Airport]], which is operated by wide-body jets. Other freight routes include North America and Europe.

The passenger terminal had been fully refurbished and expanded in time for the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 FIFA Football World Cup]], which held 4 games in Manaus. The airport currently operates daily international flights to [[Miami]] and [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], United States, by [[American Airlines]] and [[TAM Airlines|LATAM Airlines Brasil]]; to [[Panama City|the city of Panama]], by [[Copa Airlines]]; and to [[Barcelona, Venezuela]], by [[Avior Airlines]]. The airport has direct flights to all major airports in Brazil, operated by the three major carriers: [[Gol Transportes Aéreos]], [[TAM Airlines]], and [[Azul Brazilian Airlines]]. The airport's [[IATA]] code is MAO.

[[Manaus Air Force Base|Manaus Air Force Base - ALA8]], one of the most important bases of the [[Brazilian Air Force]], is located in Manaus at the former [[Ponta Pelada Airport]].

Apart from the Eduardo Gomes International Airport and Ponta Pelada Airport, Manaus is also served by [[Flores Airport (Brazil)|Flores Airport]], used by small propeller aircraft and helicopters about {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=off}} north of the city centre, simply known as the "Aeroclube" ({{langx|pt|Flying club}}). On Sundays, it is used for parachuting and where flying classes can be hired. Due to the fact that it is surrounded by residential areas, and has a recent history of crashes, it is under constant pressure to be moved.

=== Highways ===
[[File:Manaus_avenida.jpg|thumb|Gilberto Mestrinho road complex]]
[[File:Ponte_Rio_Negro_-_Amazonas_-_Brasil.jpg|thumb|[[Rio Negro Bridge]]]]
There are two federal highways that intersect Manaus. There is a paved road heading North (BR-174) connecting Manaus to [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]], the capital of the State of [[Roraima]] and to Venezuela. Strictly speaking, Manaus is connected by road to the rest of Brazil, as it is possible to drive continuously from Manaus into Venezuela, and then reenter Brazil through the [[BR-364]] in [[Acre (state)|Acre]] and its capital, [[Rio Branco, Acre|Rio Branco]], therefore passing through the countries of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. As such a route is impractical for most motorists, the vast majority of transportation to and from Manaus is by boat or plane, except for journeys to [[Roraima]]. ''[[The Independent]]'' noted that "there are still no roads to Manaus" from the rest of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/england-v-italy-manaus-in-manic-race-to-be-ready-for-opener-9533539.html |title=England v Italy: Are they painting the Manaus pitch green? |date=12 June 2014 |website=The Independent |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207073730/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/england-v-italy-manaus-in-manic-race-to-be-ready-for-opener-9533539.html |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[BR-319]] heads South connecting Manaus to [[Porto Velho]], the state capital of [[Rondônia]]. However, access to this highway requires a ferry crossing to [[Careiro]], across the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] and [[Amazon River]], which takes about 40 minutes, and then is only paved for about another {{convert|100|km|-1|sp=us}} to Castanho. After that, the highway is not paved, and cannot be used. Various governments have promised to recover this land-link with the rest of the country, but environmental issues, high costs and complicated logistics have impeded any progress so far.

The two major state highways are the AM-010 and the AM-070. The AM-010 heads east, to [[Itacoatiara, Amazonas]] at the banks of the Amazon River, which is the third largest city of the state. The AM-070 heads south, starting on the other side of the new [[Rio Negro Bridge]] at Manaus, and reaching [[Manacapuru]], which lies at the banks of the [[Solimoes River]], also known as the upper River Amazon, and which is the fourth largest city of the state. Both roads are paved and operate all year round.

=== Port ===
{{Main|Port of Manaus}}
[[File:Manaus harbor.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Manaus]]]]
Ships dock at the main port in Manaus directly downtown on the banks of the Negro River. The terraced city is home to a network of bridged channels that divide it into several compartments. Several [[mobile phone]] [[companies]] have manufacturing plants in the port area, and other major [[electronics]] [[manufacture]]rs also have plants there. Major exports going through the port include Brazil nuts, [[chemical]]s, [[petroleum]], electrical equipment, and forest products. {{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

=== Taxis ===
Regular Manaus taxis are white and can be stopped anywhere. They are organized into separate cooperatives, each with their own contact phone numbers. All taxis are metered, which does not necessarily mean the meter will be used.

The 'special' taxi cars are typically black and of a higher quality than the white taxis, and will charge a fixed rate for all journeys or daily hire. Most can only be booked locally; however, the reputable Brazil Airport Transfers<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brazilairporttransfers.com/ |title=Brazil Airport Transfers |access-date=2019-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122093300/https://www.brazilairporttransfers.com/ |archive-date=2018-11-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> has recently started providing airport transfer and general transportation services in Manaus.

=== Bus ===
The bus system in Manaus is quite extensive and there are buses and vans that go to most destinations, including the popular tourist destinations. There is a very simple [http://www.onibusmanaus.com.br/ bus website] that permits the planning of routes.
{{wide image|Manaus banner Ponte Rio Negro.jpg|1500|align-cap=center|Panorama of the [[Rio Negro Bridge]], which connects the cities of Manaus and [[Iranduba]]. It is the longest cable-stayed bridge in Brazil, being 3,595 meters (11,794 ft) in length.}}

== Events and holidays ==

The [[annual calendar]] of [[festival]]s in Manaus starts in late February / early March. The Manaus [[carnival]] (carnaval) celebrations are a good start to upcoming events and include traditional processions and samba dancing at the Sambódromo in the Centro de Convenções (Convention Centre). May is a popular time to pay a visit to Manaus, since the city hosts both the Ponta Negra Music and the Amazonas de Opera festivals during this month. Staged at the Teatro Amazonas, the Opera Festival lasts around three weeks and usually runs into early June. The Floclorico do Amazonas (Amazonas Folklore Festival) is in June, and this has grown to become a major event, involving a huge array of [[folk dancing]] and [[music]], culminating in the Procissao Fluvial de São Pedro (St. Peter River Procession), when hundreds of riverboats sail along the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]], honouring the patron saint of fishermen.

October 24 was the day in 1848 that Manaus legally became a city. This [[anniversary]] is always cause for a party, culminating in fireworks at the end of the day. In November is the week-long Amazonas Film Festival, with [[film]]s and [[Documentary|documentaries]] often emphasising [[ecology]], [[ethnology]] and [[human relationship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-guides.com/latin-america/brazil/amazonas/manaus/manaus_events.html |title=Manaus Events and Festivals in 2014 / 2015: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil |website=www.world-guides.com |access-date=2014-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201215432/http://www.world-guides.com/latin-america/brazil/amazonas/manaus/manaus_events.html |archive-date=2014-02-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>

* February—Amazonas Carnival—samba schools parade at the "sambódromo" in the Convention Center
* May—Ponta Negra's Music Festival
* May—Amazonas Opera Festival
* June—Amazonas Folklore Festival
* June 29—São Pedro Fluvial Procession
* July—Amazonas Jazz Festival
* September 5—Elevation of Amazonas to the category of Brazilian Province
* October 24—Anniversary of Manaus
* December 31—Ponta Negra's New Year's Eve Party

== Sights and attractions ==
[[File:Teatro Amazonas, Manaus AM.jpg|thumb|right|[[Amazon Theatre]], in Manaus. More than 120 years old, it represents the city's heyday during the [[Amazon rubber boom|rubber boom]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/14/manaus-amazon-theatre-brazil-history-cities-50-buildings |title=Manaus's opulent Amazon Theatre |date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2019-10-29 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-date=2023-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728232152/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/14/manaus-amazon-theatre-brazil-history-cities-50-buildings |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Amazonas Philharmonic.JPG|thumb|right|{{center|[[Amazonas Philharmonic]]}}]]
Because of Manaus' location within the [[Amazon rainforest]], it attracts a substantial number of Brazilian and foreign tourists, who come to see wildlife on land and in the rivers. It is also home to one of the most endangered primates in Brazil, the [[pied tamarin]].

Tour boats leave Manaus to see the Meeting of the Waters, where the black waters of the Negro River meet the brown waters of the Solimoes River, flowing side by side without mixing for about {{cvt|9|km|0}}. Visitors can also explore riverbanks and "igarapes", swim and [[canoe]] in placid lakes, simply walk in the lush [[forest]] or stay at [[hotel]]s in the jungle.

About {{cvt|18|km|mi}} from downtown is Ponta Negra beach, a neighbourhood that has a beachfront and popular nightlife area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maxcohen.photography/ponta-negra-beach-manaus |title=Photos from Ponta Negra Beach - Manaus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104840/http://www.maxcohen.photography/ponta-negra-beach-manaus |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> A luxurious hotel is located at the west end of Ponta Negra; its [[zoo]] and orchid greenhouse as well as preserved woods and beach are open for public visits.

The [[Mercado Adolpho Lisboa]], founded in 1882, is the city's oldest marketplace, trading in fruit, vegetables, and especially fish. It is a copy of the Les Halles market of Paris.<ref>[http://www.newmediacomm.com/publication/indo-lac/jan_mar10/soccer.html Manaus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201161427/http://www.newmediacomm.com/publication/indo-lac/jan_mar10/soccer.html |date=2014-02-01 }}</ref> Other interesting historical sites include the [[Customs House, Manaus|customs building]], of mixed styles and medieval inspiration; the Rio Negro Palace cultural center; and the [[Palace of Justice, Manaus|Justice Palace]], right next to the Amazonas Opera House.

Manaus has also many large parks with native forest preservation areas, such as the Bosque da Ciência and Parque do Mindú. The largest urban forest in the world is located within the [[Federal University of Amazonas]], which was founded on January 17, 1909, and is the oldest federal university in Brazil.

Manaus also has several Malls such as Manauara Shopping, Amazonas Shopping Center, Millennium Shopping, Shopping Ponta Negra, Studio 5 Festival Mall, Shopping Cidade Nova, Manaus Plaza Shopping, Shopping Sao José, and other small Shopping Areas. Most of these malls include large food courts and movie theaters.

===Culture===
The city's cultural calendar throughout the year includes the Opera, Theater, Jazz, and Cinema festivals, as well as Boi Manaus (usually held around Manaus' anniversary on the 24th of October), which is a great celebration of Northern Brazilian culture through Boi-Bumbá music.
{{Further|topic=the period instruments music group|Amazonas Baroque Ensemble}}

=== Amazonas Opera House ===
{{Main|Amazon Theatre}}
The Amazonas Opera House, inaugurated in 1896, has 700 seats and was constructed with bricks brought from [[Europe]], French [[glass]], and Italian [[marble]]. Several important [[opera]] and theater companies, as well as international [[orchestra]]s, have already performed there. The theater is home to the [[Amazonas Philharmonic]] orchestra which regularly rehearses and performs there along with choirs, jazz bands, dance performances, and more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturamazonas.am.gov.br/programas_02.php?cod=0255|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406105818/http://www.culturamazonas.am.gov.br/programas_02.php?cod=0255|title=Facts - Amazon Theatre|archive-date=6 April 2009}}</ref>

=== Parks ===
[[File:Parque Lagoa do Japiim.jpg|thumb|Lagoa do Japiim Park]]
'''Ponta Negra Cultural, Sport, and Leisure Park'''

Ponta Negra beach, located {{cvt|13|km|mi}} from downtown Manaus, is one of the city's most important tourist attractions. It also has an [[amphitheater]] with a capacity of 15.000 people.
[[File:Praia_da_Lua_Manaus_Amazonas_Brasil.jpg|thumb|Lua Beach.]]
'''Adolpho Ducke Botanical Garden'''

The Adolpho Ducke [[Botanical Garden]], inside a {{convert|100|km2|0|abbr=out}} ecological reserve, holds a huge number of plant and animal species.<ref>[http://portalamazonia.globo.com/artigo_amazonia_az.php?idAz=435 Adolpho Ducke Botanical Garden] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20070304040438/http://portalamazonia.globo.com/artigo_amazonia_az.php?idAz=435 |date=2007-03-04 }}</ref>

'''Mindu Municipal Park'''
[[File:Cruise_ship_in_Manaus,_Brazil.jpg|thumb|left|Cruise ship on the Negro River on the way to the city of Manaus.]]
It is located in an [[urban area]], in the November 10 Park district. It was created in 1992 to be an area of ecological interest. It covers an area of {{cvt|330000|m2|0}} of forest remaining from the Township, and is used for scientific, educational, cultural and tourist activities. It is one of the last [[habitat]]s for the [[pied tamarin]], a species of [[monkey]] that only inhabits the Manaus region and is considered to be at high risk of [[extinction]]. It is possible to walk through four distinct [[ecosystem]]s in the [[park]]: land covered by secondary growth, firm ground brush, sandbanks and degraded areas that were illegally cleared in 1989. It also has an [[amphitheater]] for 600 people, [[garden]]s planted with [[medicinal]] and [[aromatic herb]]s, an orchid nursery, aerial trails, and signs aiming to develop environmental [[education]] programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manausmais.com.br/content/passeio_detail.asp?URL_PAS_COD=54 |title=Parque do Mindú - Pontos Turísticos, Passeios e Diversões - Guia Manaus Mais |website=www.manausmais.com.br |access-date=2009-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706235414/http://www.manausmais.com.br/content/passeio_detail.asp?URL_PAS_COD=54 |archive-date=2009-07-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Public swimming areas ===
The Tarumã, Tarumãzinho, and Cachoeira das Almas bayous (branches of rivers), located near the city, are leisure spots for the population on weekends. Manaus has several public swimming areas that are being remodeled and urbanized lately. There are also many private clubs that can be visited.

=== Meeting of Waters ===
[[File:Mixing_of_Waters_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|The [[natural]] [[phenomenon]] of the [[confluence]] of the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]]'s water and the [[Solimões River]]'s water]]
{{main|Meeting of Waters}}
The Meeting of Waters ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Encontro das Àguas'') is a natural phenomenon caused by the [[confluence]] of the Rio Negro's dark water and the Solimões River's muddy brown water that come together to form the Amazonas River. For {{cvt|6|km|mi}} or more, both rivers' [[water]]s run side by side without mixing.

The reason for this is not clear, although it is likely that the main factors are differences in the speed of the current, the volumes of water and the different densities of the two rivers. It is not thought that other differences between the two rivers (temperature and acidity) affect the mixing process significantly.<ref name="Amazon Handbook">Maguire, T. C., 2012. 'The Amazon Handbook' 2nd Ed., {{ISBN|978-0-9565741-2-1}}</ref> The Negro River flows approximately {{cvt|2|km/h|1}} at {{cvt|28|°C|0}}, while the Solimões River flows {{cvt|4|to|6|km/h|1}} at {{cvt|22|°C|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portalamazonia.globo.com/artigo_amazonia_az.php?idAz=242 |title=Natural phenomenon of confluence |access-date=2009-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304014336/http://portalamazonia.globo.com/artigo_amazonia_az.php?idAz=242 |archive-date=2007-03-04 }}</ref>

=== CIGS Zoo ===
The zoo is open to the public. It is managed by the [[Brazilian Army]] and has approximately 300 species of animals from the Amazon [[fauna]].<ref>[http://portalamazonia.globo.com/artigo_amazonia_az.php?idAz=185 Zoo of Manaus] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20081227231606/http://portalamazonia.globo.com/artigo_amazonia_az.php?idAz=185 |date=2008-12-27 }}</ref>

=== Beaches and waterfalls ===
For outings to beaches and parks situated near the city, it is often necessary to use [[boat]]s. The beaches are formed right after the river water level starts dropping, which lasts from August to November. Starting in December, as the river rises, the [[water]]s invade the sand and the woods on the banks. The Paricatuba Waterfall, located on the right bank of the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro River]], along a small tributary, is formed by sedimentary rocks, surrounded by abundant vegetation. Access is by boat. The best time to visit is from August to February. Love Cascade located in the Guedes bayou, with cold and crystal-clear water, is accessible only by boat and, then, hiking through the forest.

Tupé Beach is approximately {{cvt|34|km|mi}} from Manaus. This [[beach]] is well frequented by bathers on holidays and weekends. It is accessible only by boat. Moon Beach is located on the left bank of the Negro River, {{cvt|23|km|mi}} from Manaus. It is accessed only by boat. The beach is shaped like a crescent moon and is surrounded by [[Rare species|rare]] [[vegetation]]. Lion Waterfall is located on km 34 of the AM-010 highway (Manaus-Itacoatiara).
{{wide image|Ponta Negra, Manaus - AM, Brazil - panoramio (1).jpg|1400px|align-cap=center|Ponta Negra Beach in 2014.}}

== Sports ==
{{Main|2014 FIFA World Cup|Sports in Brazil}}
[[File:Arena Amazônia Manaus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arena Amazônia]]]]
[[File:Interior da Arena da Amazônia.jpg|thumb|right|Internal view of arena]]

=== Football ===
The most successful club in Manaus is [[Nacional Futebol Clube]], founded on 13 January 1913. Formerly a participant of the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|highest division]] several times between 1970 and 1990, Nacional are 40-time [[Campeonato Amazonense|state champions]], which makes them the highest-ranked [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonian]] football club in the [[CBF ranking]], the national state championships record holder, and the state record holder for the most championship titles.

The city has quite a few other clubs with distinguished histories such as [[Atlético Rio Negro Clube]], also founded in 1913, but in November, who have won the [[Campeonato Amazonense|state championship]] 17 times. [[National Fast Club]], founded after a split from Nacional Clube, have won six [[Campeonato Amazonense|state championships]], in addition to being [[Copa Norte|Northern Region champions]] and [[Copa do Nordeste|Northeastern Championship]] runners-up in 1970. [[São Raimundo Esporte Clube (AM)|São Raimundo EC]], founded on November 18, 1918. They have won the [[Campeonato Amazonense|state championship]] six times and the [[Copa Norte|North Cup]] 3 times. [[Sul América Esporte Clube]], founded on 1 of May, 1932. They have won the [[Campeonato Amazonense|state championship]] twice in 1992 and 1993. Finally, [[Atlético Clipper Clube]] who have twice finished as runners-up in the [[Campeonato Amazonense|state championship]] in 1996 and 2002.

[[Manaus Futebol Clube]], founded in 2013, competes in the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série C]].

====2014 FIFA World Cup ====

Manaus was chosen in 2009 to be a host city for the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], after a competition to represent the North Region of Brazil with neighboring [[Pará]] state capital, [[Belém, Pará|Belém]].

Manaus was restructured in order to host such a big event. A new airport was built, streets throughout the city were repaved and new and improved sidewalks were built. The communications infrastructure of the city was improved with [[4G]] networks installed by the biggest mobile phone carriers in Brazil.

The [[Vivaldão]], previously the largest stadium in Manaus, was inaugurated in 1970 by the Brazilian national team in their last game in the country before they headed to their victorious [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970 World Cup]] in Mexico. It was demolished to be replaced by the 44,000-seater [[Arena Amazônia]] for the 2014 World Cup.<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/destination/cities/city=2037/profile.html Vivaldão Stadium] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121090904/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/destination/cities/city%3D2037/profile.html |date=2014-01-21 }}</ref>

The first 2014 World Cup match held in Manaus was [[2014 FIFA World Cup Group D#England vs Italy|England vs Italy]] on June 14. The second match was [[2014 FIFA World Cup Group A#Cameroon vs Croatia|Cameroon vs Croatia]] on June 18, to be followed by [[2014 FIFA World Cup Group G#United States vs Portugal|USA vs Portugal]] on June 22. The last was [[2014 FIFA World Cup Group E#Honduras vs Switzerland|Honduras vs Switzerland]] on June 25. Manaus, known for its intense heat and humidity, was the site of the World Cup's first-ever official water break on June 22 in the match between Portugal and the United States.

=== Brazilian jiu-jitsu ===
Manaus is the origin of several world-champion [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]] black belts, [[mixed martial artists]] and submission grapplers. Champions such as [[Fredson Paixão]], [[Wallid Ismail]], [[Saulo Ribeiro]], Cristiane De Souza, [[Alexandre Ribeiro]], [[Ronaldo Souza]], [[Diogo Reis]], [[Micael Galvão]], Fabricio Andrey, and [[Diego Lopes (fighter)|Diego Lopes]] hail from Manaus. Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a major component of MMA (mixed martial arts). Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a major component of MMA ([[mixed martial arts]]). [[José Aldo]] (born September 9, 1986) is a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and a notable UFC fighter. Aldo defeated [[Mike Brown (fighter)|Mike Brown]] at [[WEC 44]] to win the title and has since successfully defended his WEC title against [[Urijah Faber]] & [[Manvel Gamburyan]]. He later became the UFC Featherweight champion, with title defenses against such notable fighters as [[Mark Hominick]] and [[Kenny Florian]].

== Consular representations ==
The following countries have consular representations in Manaus:
{{div col}}
*[[Colombia]] (Consulate)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tramites.cancilleria.gov.co/ApostillaLegalizacion/directorio/misionesExterior.aspx|title=Misiones de Colombia en el exterior|website=Cancillería de Colombia|language=es|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
*[[Japan]] (Consulate-General)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.br.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_pt/enderecos_uteis.html|title=Websites of Japanese Embassies, Consulates and Permanent Missions|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
*[[Peru]] (Consulate-General)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.consulado.pe/Documents/Circunscripci%C3%B3n/CircunscripcionConsular-AmericadelSur.pdf|title=Circunscripción consular|website=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores|language=es|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== International relations ==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2017}}

=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil}}
Manaus is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
{|class="wikitable"

|- valign="top"

|
* [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] '''[[Belém]]''', Brazil
* [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] '''[[Goiânia]]''', Brazil
* [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] '''[[Rio de Janeiro (city)|Rio de Janeiro]]''', Brazil
* [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] '''[[Austin, Texas]]''', United States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmm.am.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/LEI_2044_DE_16_10_2015.pdf |title=LEI Nº 2.044, DE 16 DE OUTUBRO DE 2015 |access-date=26 June 2017 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235635/http://www.cmm.am.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/LEI_2044_DE_16_10_2015.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] '''[[Charlotte, North Carolina]]''', United States
* [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] '''[[Mesa, Arizona]]''', United States
* [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] '''[[Sarnia]]''', Canada
* [[File:Flag of Peru.svg|20px]] '''[[Iquitos]]''', Peru

||
* [[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px]] '''[[Braga]]''', Portugal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.correiodominho.com/noticias.php?id=94926 |title=Braga e Manaus reforçam cooperação estratégica |access-date=26 June 2017 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820201639/http://www.correiodominho.com/noticias.php?id=94926 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] '''[[Perugia]]''', Italy
* [[File:Flag of Israel.svg|20px]] '''[[Jerusalem]]''', Israel
* [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|20px]] '''[[Seoul]]''', South Korea
* [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] '''[[Hamamatsu]]''', Japan
* [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|20px]] '''[[Shanghai]]''', China
* [[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|20px]] '''[[Banjarmasin]]''', Indonesia
* [[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|20px]] '''[[Santo Domingo]]''', Dominican Republic
|}

== Notable people ==
{{div col}}
* [[José Aldo]], UFC featherweight champion
* [[Antônio Pizzonia]], [[Formula 1]] and Champion Car World Series driver
* [[Daynara de Paula]], swimmer
* [[Fredson Paixão]], 4× BJJ world champion, UFC & WEC Featherweight (MMA)
* [[Diego Brandão]], Ultimate Fighter Season 14 featherweight winner
* [[Vinicius Cantuária]], [[bossa nova]] musician
* [[Bibiano Fernandes]], jiu-jitsu competitor
* [[Marcelo Gomes (dancer)|Marcelo Gomes]], principal dancer with [[American Ballet Theatre]]
* [[Sandro Viana]], sprinter, Olympic medallist
* [[Wallid Ismail]], jiu-jitsu black belt, [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] competitor
* [[Francisco Lima|Francisco Lima Govinho]], football player
* [[Priscilla Meirelles]], Miss Brazil Earth 2004, Miss Earth 2004
* [[Mister No]], comic book character
* [[Cristiano Moraes Oliveira]], football player
* [[Fábio Pereira de Oliveira]], known as Fábio Bala, Brazilian football player
* [[Jefferson Peres]], politician
* [[Adana Omágua Kambeba]], doctor and shaman
* [[Eliana Printes]], [[Música popular brasileira|MPB]] singer and composer
* [[Larissa Ramos]], Miss Brazil Earth 2009, Miss Earth 2009
* [[Raimar (footballer)|Raimar]], footballer
* [[Eduardo Piccinini]], swimmer
* [[Saulo Ribeiro]], jiu-jitsu world champion
* [[Xande Ribeiro]], jiu-jitsu world champion
* [[Malvino Salvador]], actor
* [[Cláudio Santoro]], conductor and composer of classical music
* [[Ronaldo Souza]], jiu-jitsu world champion, [[ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship]] and [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] competitor
*[[Wallace Souza]], [[Television presenter]] and [[politician]]
* [[Diego Lopes (fighter)|Diego Lopes]], UFC featherweight fighter and jiu-jitsu competitor
{{div col end}}

== In popular culture ==
In the anime and manga ''Dr. Stone,'' an explosion located in the coordinates 3° 7' S, 60° 1' W, roughly in the municipal cemetery of Manaus, caused the petrification of all humans on earth in the year 2019.

== See also ==

* [[Benjamin Constant Bridge]]
* [[Provincial Palace]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General bibliography ===
{{See also|Timeline of Manaus#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Manaus}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Manaus|voy=Manaus}}
* {{Official website|http://www.manaus.am.gov.br}} {{in lang|pt}}

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[[Category:1660s establishments in South America]]
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