View source for Man

{{Short description|Male adult human}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Men|Manhood}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Outdoors-man-portrait (cropped).jpg|alt=A man with a beard, wearing a checkered shirt, with his arms crossed.|thumb|upright=1|A [[Malayalis|Malayali]] man with medium [[skin tone]], of [[Body type|medium build]], and with [[facial hair]]]]<!--PLEASE NOTE: This image was selected following extensive discussion at [[Talk:Man/sandbox]], along with additional discussion on this article's talk page. Please do not remove or replace without talk page consensus. Thank you.-->
{{Sex differences}}

A '''man''' is an [[adult]] [[male]] [[human]].{{efn|''Male'' may refer to [[sex]] or [[gender]].<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|male}}</ref> The plural ''men'' is sometimes used in certain phrases such as ''[[men's studies]]'' to denote male humans regardless of age.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning of "man" in English |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/man |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |publisher=[[Cambridge Dictionary]] |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106000222/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/man |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of "man" |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/man |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309135059/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/man |url-status=live }}</ref> Before adulthood, a male [[child]] or [[adolescent]] is referred to as a [[boy]].

Like most other male [[mammal]]s, a man's [[genome]] usually inherits an [[X chromosome|X&nbsp;chromosome]] from the mother and a [[Y chromosome|Y&nbsp;chromosome]] from the father. [[Sex differentiation]] of the male fetus is governed by the [[SRY]] gene on the Y chromosome. During puberty, hormones which stimulate [[androgen]] production result in the development of [[secondary sexual characteristic]]s that result in even more differences between the sexes. These include greater [[muscle mass]], greater height, the growth of [[facial hair]] and a lower body fat composition. Male anatomy is distinguished from female anatomy by the [[male reproductive system]], which includes the [[testicle]]s, [[sperm duct]]s, [[prostate gland]] and [[epididymides]], and [[human penis|penis]]. Secondary sex characteristics include a narrower [[pelvis]] and [[hips]], and smaller [[breast]]s and [[Nipple|nipples]].

Throughout [[human history]], traditional [[gender role]]s have often defined men's activities and opportunities. Men often face [[conscription]] into military service or are directed into professions with high [[mortality rate]]s. Many religious doctrines stipulate certain rules for men, such as [[religious circumcision]]. Men are over-represented as both perpetrators and [[violence against men|victims of violence]]. 

[[Trans man|Trans men]] have a [[gender identity]] that does not align with their female [[sex assignment]] at birth, while [[intersex]] men may have sex characteristics that do not fit typical notions of male biology.

== Etymology ==
{{Further|Man (word)|boy|father|husband|son|godparent|gentleman|widower|}}
The English term "man" is derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*man-'' (see [[Sanskrit]]/[[Avestan]] ''manu-'', [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ''mǫž'' "man, male").<ref>''American Heritage Dictionary'', Appendix I: Indo-European Roots. [http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE295.html man-1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519035935/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE295.html|date=19 May 2006 }}. Accessed 22 July 2007.</ref> More directly, the word derives from [[Old English]] ''[[wikt:mann#Old English|mann]]''. The Old English form primarily meant "person" or "human being" and referred to men, women, and children alike. The Old English word for "man" as distinct from "[[wikt:wif#Old English|wif]]"/"[[woman]]" or "child" was ''[[wikt:wer#Old English|wer]]''. ''Mann'' only came to mean "man" in Middle English, replacing ''wer'', which survives today only in the compounds "[[werewolf]]" (from Old English ''[[wikt:werwulf#Old English|werwulf]]'', literally "man-wolf"), and "[[wergild]]", literally "man-payment".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rauer |first1=Christine |title=Mann and Gender in Old English Prose: A Pilot Study |journal=Neophilologus |date=January 2017 |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=139–158 |doi=10.1007/s11061-016-9489-1|hdl=10023/8978 |s2cid=55817181 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Etymology, origin and meaning of man |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/man |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814201349/https://www.etymonline.com/word/man |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Etymology, origin and meaning of wergeld |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/wergeld |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605152905/https://www.etymonline.com/word/wergeld |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Biology == <!-- Please don't rename to "...sex" as there is a link from "woman" here. Biology and sex is redundant here, whereas this section does discuss gender in paragraph 5 -->
{{Main|Sex differences in humans}}
[[File:NHGRI human male karyotype.png|alt=Karyotype of a human male.|thumb|upright=1|[[Karyogram]] of a human male using [[Giemsa]] staining. Human males typically possess an [[Sex determination and differentiation (human)|XY combination]].]]
In humans, sperm cells carry either an [[X chromosome|X]] or a [[Y chromosome|Y]] sex chromosome. If a sperm cell carrying a [[Y chromosome]] fertilizes the female [[ova|ovum]], the offspring will have a male karyotype (XY). The [[SRY]] gene is typically found on the Y chromosome and causes the development of the testes, which in turn govern other aspects of [[sex differentiation|male sex differentiation]]. Sex differentiation in males proceeds in a testes-dependent way while female differentiation is not gonad dependent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rey |first1=Rodolfo |last2=Josso |first2=Nathalie |last3=Racine |first3=Chrystèle |date=2000 |title=Sexual Differentiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |journal=Endotext |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=25905232 |quote=Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes. |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130515/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Primary sex characteristics (or sex organs) are characteristics that are present at birth and are integral to the reproductive process. For men, primary sex characteristics include the [[Human penis|penis]] and [[testicle]]s.

Adult humans exhibit [[sexual dimorphism]] in many other characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability. Humans are sexually dimorphic in body size, body structure, and body composition.  Men tend to be taller and heavier than women, and adjusted for height, men tend to have greater lean and bone mass than women, and lower fat mass.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Jonathan C. K. |date=2007-09-01 |title=Sexual dimorphism of body composition |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521690X07000371 |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |series=Normal and Abnormal Sex Development |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007 |pmid=17875489 |issn=1521-690X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Anterior view of human female and male, with labels 2.png|thumb|upright=1|Photograph of an adult male human (''right''), with an adult female for comparison. The [[pubic hair]] of both models is removed. |alt=Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult female for comparison.  The [[pubic hair]] of both models is removed.]]
Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear during [[puberty]] in [[human]]s.<ref name="Melmed">{{cite book |vauthors=Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM|title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=978-1-4377-3600-7|year=2011|page=1054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC&pg=PA1054}}</ref><ref name="Pack">{{cite book |vauthors=Pack PE|title=CliffsNotes AP Biology |edition=5th|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-544-78417-8|year=2016|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref> Such features are especially evident in the [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]] [[phenotypic trait]]s that distinguish between the sexes, but—unlike the primary sex characteristics—are not directly part of the [[reproductive system]].<ref name="Bjorklund">{{cite book |vauthors=Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH|title=Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-133-16837-9|year=2011|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|title=Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics|work=Sciencing.com|date=30 April 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803171707/https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|year=2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815145-7|page=103|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071956/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Secondary sexual characteristics that are specific to men include:
* Broadened shoulders;<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Kathleen Stassen|title=The Developing Person Through the Life Span|url=https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Worth Publishers|isbn=978-0-7167-5706-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0/page/349 349]}}</ref>
* Increased body hair;
* An enlarged larynx (also known as an [[Adam's apple]]);<ref name="auto2" /> and
* A voice that is significantly deeper than the voice of a child or a woman.<ref name="auto" />

Men weigh more than women.<ref name="Robert- McComb">{{cite book |last1=Robert-McComb |first1=Jacalyn |last2=Norman |first2=Reid L. |last3=Zumwalt |first3=Mimi |title=The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan |date=2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4614-8884-2 |pages=223–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }}</ref> On average, men are taller than women by about 10%.<ref name="Robert- McComb" /> On average, men have a larger waist in comparison to their hips (see [[waist–hip ratio]]) than women. In women, the index and ring fingers tend to be either more similar in size or their index finger is slightly longer than their ring finger, whereas men's ring finger tends to be longer.<ref name="Halpern">{{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Diane F. |title=Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities |edition=4th |date=2013 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-136-72283-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Reproductive system ===
{{Main|Male reproductive system}}
[[File:Male pelvic structures.svg|thumb|upright=1|A lateral cutaway of the human male lower abdomen, showing the [[human male reproductive system]] anatomy]]

The internal male genitalia consist of the [[testicle]]s, which produce [[spermatozoon|sperm]], the [[accessory glands]], which produce seminal fluid, the [[epididymides]], which store sperm cells, and the [[vasa deferentia]] and [[ejaculatory duct]]s, which transfer the mature sperm to the urethra.

The external male genitalia consist of the [[human penis|penis]] and the [[scrotum]], a pouch of skin housing the testicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|title=Definition of Male genitalia|website=MedicineNet|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152900/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sperm cells are [[ejaculation|ejaculated]] in [[semen]] through the penis and enter the female reproductive tract through the [[vagina]]. Sperm that pass from the vagina to the [[uterus]] can enter the [[fallopian tube]]s and [[human fertilisation|fertilize]] an [[egg cell|egg]], which develops into an [[embryo]]. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called [[andrology]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clement |first1=Pierre |last2=Giuliano |first2=François |title=Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders |chapter=Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men |date=2015 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26003237/ |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=130 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmid=26003237|isbn=978-0-444-63247-0 }}</ref>

Testosterone stimulates the development of the [[Wolffian duct]]s, the penis, and closure of the [[labioscrotal folds]] into the scrotum. Another significant hormone in sexual differentiation is the [[anti-Müllerian hormone]], which inhibits the development of the [[Müllerian duct]]s. For males during puberty, testosterone, along with [[gonadotropin]]s released by the [[pituitary gland]], stimulates [[spermatogenesis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=H. Maurice |title=Basic Medical Endocrinology |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-12-373975-9 |edition=4th |pages=239–256}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Further|Gender disparities in health|Men's health}}
{{Violence against men}}
While a majority of the global health gender disparities is weighted against women, there are situations in which men tend to fare poorer. One such instance is [[armed conflicts]], where men are often the immediate victims. A study of conflicts in 13 countries from 1955 to 2002 found that 81% of all violent [[war]] deaths were male.<ref name="World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development">{{cite report|author=The World Bank|date=2012 |title=World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development |publisher=The World Bank |location=Washington, DC }}</ref> Apart from armed conflicts, areas with high incidence of violence, such as regions controlled by [[drug cartels]], also see men experiencing higher mortality rates.<ref>[http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf "Homicide Trends in the United States, 1980–2008"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120202335/https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf |date=20 November 2019 }} [[United States Department of Justice]] (2010) p. 10</ref> This stems from social beliefs that associate ideals of [[masculinity]] with aggressive, confrontational behavior.<ref name="The Street Is My Home: Youth and Violence in Caracas">{{cite book |last=Márquez |first=Patricia |title=The Street Is My Home: Youth and Violence in Caracas |url=https://archive.org/details/streetismyhomeyo0000marq |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA}}</ref> Lastly, sudden and drastic changes in economic environments and the loss of [[social safety net]]s, in particular social subsidies and food stamps, have also been linked to higher levels of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] consumption and [[psychological stress]] among men, leading to a spike in male mortality rates. This is because such situations often makes it harder for men to provide for their family, a task that has been long regarded as the "essence of masculinity."<ref name="Autopsy on an Empire: Understanding Mortality in Russia and the Former Soviet Union">{{cite journal |last1=Brainerd |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Cutler |first2=David |title=Autopsy on an Empire: Understanding Mortality in Russia and the Former Soviet Union |year=2005 |publisher=William Davidson Institute |location=Ann Arbor, MI|journal= The Journal of Economic Perspectives| volume= 19|issue=1|page=107–30|doi=10.1257/0895330053147921 |jstor=4134995 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4134995|hdl=10419/20771 |hdl-access=free }}
</ref> A retrospective analyses of people infected with the common cold found that doctors underrate the symptoms of men, and are more willing to attribute symptoms and illness to women than men.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sue | first1 = Kyle | year = 2017 | title = The science behind 'man flu.' | journal = BMJ | volume = 359 | page = j5560 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.j5560 | pmid = 29229663 | s2cid = 3381640 | url = http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/december/manflu.pdf | access-date = 11 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171208203826/http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/december/manflu.pdf | archive-date = 8 December 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Women live longer than men in all countries, and across all age groups, for which reliable records exist.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Austad | first1 = S.N.A | last2 = Bartke | first2 = A.A. | year = 2016 | title = Sex Differences in Longevity and in Responses to Anti-Aging Interventions: A Mini-Review | journal = Gerontology | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–46 | doi = 10.1159/000381472 | pmid = 25968226 | url = https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/381472 | doi-access = free | access-date = 31 May 2022 | archive-date = 24 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211024110651/https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/381472 | url-status = live }}</ref> In the United States, men are less healthy than women across all social classes. Non-white men are especially unhealthy. Men are over-represented in dangerous occupations and represent a majority of on the job deaths. Further, medical doctors provide men with less service, less advice, and spend less time with men than they do with women per medical encounter.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Williams | first1 = David R. | date = May 2003 | title = The Health of Men: Structured Inequalities and Opportunities | journal = Am J Public Health | volume = 93 | issue = 5| pages = 724–731 | pmc=1447828 | pmid=12721133 | doi=10.2105/ajph.93.5.724}}</ref>

== Sexuality ==
{{Further|Human male sexuality}}

[[File:Bride and Groom on Their Wedding Day - Berehove - Ukraine (36533653131) (2).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Most men are [[heterosexual]] and [[cisgender]]]]

Male sexuality and attraction varies between individuals, and a man's sexual behavior can be affected by many factors, including [[evolutionary psychology|evolved predispositions]], [[personality]], [[parenting|upbringing]], and [[culture]]. While most men are [[heterosexual]], significant minorities are [[Gay men|homosexual]] or [[bisexual]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa|author4-link=Marc Breedlove|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=2016|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|doi-access=free|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20191202204542/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075_Sexual_Orientation_Controversy_and_Science|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sex or gender identity==
{{See also|Male|Trans man}}
Most cultures use a [[gender binary]] in which man is one of the two genders, the other being [[woman]].<ref name="Nadal-re-binary">Kevin L. Nadal, ''The Sage Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender'' (2017, {{ISBN|978-1-4833-8427-6}}), p. 401: "Most cultures currently construct their societies based on the understanding of gender binary—the two gender categorizations (male and female). Such societies divide their population based on biological sex assigned to individuals at birth to begin the process of gender socialization."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sigelman |first1=Carol K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2M1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA385 |title=Life-Span Human Development |last2=Rider |first2=Elizabeth A. |date=2017 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-337-51606-8 |page=385 |language=en |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721050224/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2M1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA385 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maddux |first1=James E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-ChDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1028 |title=Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding |last2=Winstead |first2=Barbara A. |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-64787-1 |language=en |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721050212/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-ChDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1028 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most men are [[cisgender]], and their [[gender identity]] aligns with their [[Sex assignment#AMAB|male sex assignment]] at birth. [[Trans men]] have a male gender identity that does not align with their [[Sex assignment#AFAB|female sex assignment]] at birth, and may undergo masculinizing [[hormone replacement therapy]] and/or [[sex reassignment surgery]].<ref name="whatare">{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/topics/transgender.html|title=what are Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity|publisher=[[American Psychological Association|APA]]|access-date=26 January 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185309/http://www.apa.org/topics/transgender.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Intersex]] men may have sex characteristics that do not fit typical notions of male biology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Intersex? Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://interactadvocates.org/faq/ |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth |language=en-US |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231200008/https://interactadvocates.org/faq/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2016 systemic review estimated that 0.256% of people self-identify as female-to-male transgender.<ref name="Collin2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Collin|first1=Lindsay|last2=Reisner|first2=Sari L.|last3=Tangpricha|first3=Vin|last4=Goodman|first4=Michael|date=2016|title=Prevalence of Transgender Depends on the "Case" Definition: A Systematic Review|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=613–626|doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.001|pmc=4823815|pmid=27045261}}</ref> A 2017 survey of 80,929 Minnesota students found that roughly twice as many female-assigned adolescents self-identified as transgender, compared to adolescents with a male sex assignment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goodman|first1=Michael|last2=Adams|first2=Noah|last3=Corneil|first3=Trevor|last4=Kreukels|first4=Baudewijntje|last5=Motmans|first5=Joz|last6=Coleman|first6=Eli|date=1 June 2019|title=Size and Distribution of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Populations: A Narrative Review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889852919300015|journal=Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America|series=Transgender Medicine|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|pages=303–321|doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2019.01.001|pmid=31027541|s2cid=135439779|issn=0889-8529|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Social role ==

=== Masculinity ===
{{Main|Masculinity}}
{{Masculism sidebar}}
[[File:'David' by Michelangelo Fir JBU005 denoised.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'' is the [[Renaissance art|classical]] image of youthful male beauty in [[Western art]].]]

Masculinity (also sometimes called ''manhood'' or ''manliness'') is the set of personality traits and attributes associated with boys and men. Although masculinity is [[gender constructs|socially constructed]],<ref name=shehan>{{cite book |last1=Shehan |first1=Constance L. |title=Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender |date=2018 |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-5358-6117-5 |pages=1–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> some research indicates that some behaviors considered masculine are biologically influenced.<ref name="books.google.com">Social vs biological citations:
* {{cite book |last1=Shehan |first1=Constance L. |title=Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender |date=2018 |publisher=Gale, Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-5358-6117-5 |pages=1–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Hale |last2=Finn |first2=Stephen E. |title=Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A |date=2010 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-2444-7 |pages=5–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLPlmr9T7MC&q=%22what+masculinity+and+femininity+are%22 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211639/https://books.google.com/books?id=5KLPlmr9T7MC&q=%22what+masculinity+and+femininity+are%22 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lippa |first1=Richard A. |title=Gender, Nature, and Nurture |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-60425-7 |edition=2nd |pages=153–154, 218–225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6OPAgAAQBAJ&q=%22biology+contributes%22+%22masculinity+and+femininity%22 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211640/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6OPAgAAQBAJ&q=%22biology+contributes%22+%22masculinity+and+femininity%22 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Wharton |first=Amy S. |title=The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research |date=2005 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-4343-1 |pages=29–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOTqzUeqmNMC&q=%22+biological+or+genetic+contributions%22 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211640/https://books.google.com/books?id=SOTqzUeqmNMC&q=%22+biological+or+genetic+contributions%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate.<ref name="books.google.com" /> It is [[Sex and gender distinction|distinct]] from the definition of the [[Male|biological male sex]], as both males and females can exhibit masculine traits.<ref>Male vs Masculine/Feminine:
* {{cite book|last=Ferrante|first=Joan|title=Sociology: A Global Perspective|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=978-0-8400-3204-1|edition=7th|pages=269–272|date= 2010}}
* {{cite web |title=What do we mean by 'sex' and 'gender'? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908003355/http://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/ |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/ |publisher=World Health Organization }}
* {{cite book |author=Halberstam, Judith |editor1-last=Kimmel |editor1-first=Michael S. |editor2-last=Aronson |editor2-first=Amy |title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-57607-774-0 |pages=294–295 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA294 |chapter='Female masculinity' |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211642/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA294 |url-status=live }}</ref> Men generally face [[social stigma]] for embodying [[Femininity|feminine]] traits, more so than women do for embodying masculine traits.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=33–34}} This can also manifest as [[homophobia]].{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=146–149}}

Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&q=%22meanings+of+manhood+vary%22|title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-774-0|editor1-last=Kimmel|editor1-first=Michael S.|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|page=xxiii|editor2-last=Aronson|editor2-first=Amy|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119212151/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&q=%22meanings+of+manhood+vary%22|url-status=live}}</ref> While the outward signs of masculinity look different in different cultures, there are some common aspects to its definition across cultures. In all cultures in the past, and still among traditional and non-Western cultures, getting married is the most common and definitive distinction between boyhood and manhood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Arnett|first=Jeffrey Jensen|date=1998|title=Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591|journal=Human Development|language=en|volume=41|issue=5–6|pages=295–315|doi=10.1159/000022591|s2cid=143862036|issn=0018-716X|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128080429/https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In the late 20th century, some qualities traditionally associated with marriage (such as the "triple Ps" of ''protecting, providing, and [[procreating]]'') were still considered signs of having achieved manhood.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/manhoodinmaking00davi|url-access=registration|title=Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity|last=Gilmore|first=David D.|date=1990|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-05076-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/manhoodinmaking00davi/page/48 48]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Relationships ===
[[File:Men playing oware in Ghana.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Two men playing a board game]]
{{See also|Male bonding}}
Platonic relationships are not significantly different between men and women, though some differences do exist. Friendships involving men tend to be based more on shared activities than self-disclosure and personal connection. Perceptions of friendship involving men varies among cultures and time periods.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=494–499}} In heterosexual romantic relationships, men are typically expected to take a proactive role, initiate the relationship, plan dates, and propose marriage.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=571–574}}

=== Status ===
[[Anthropology]] has shown that masculinity itself has [[social status]], just like wealth, [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] and social class. In [[Western culture]], for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=45–48}} Many English words such as ''virtue'' and ''virile'' (from the [[Indo-European root]] ''vir'' meaning ''man'') reflect this.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virtue (2009) |publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |year=2009 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virtue |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=25 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425184204/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virtue |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Virile (2009) |publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |year=2009 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virile |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=25 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425184113/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virile |url-status=live }}</ref> In most cultures, [[male privilege]] allows men more rights and privileges than women. In societies where men are not given special legal privileges, they typically hold more positions of power, and men are seen as being taken more seriously in society.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=45–48}} This is associated with a "gender-role strain" in which men face increased societal pressure to conform to gender roles.{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=119–121}}

== History ==
The earliest known recorded name of a man in writing is potentially [[Kushim (Uruk period)|Kushim]], who would have lived sometime between 3400 and 3000 BC in the [[Sumer]]ian city of [[Uruk]]; though his name may have been a title rather than his actual name.<ref name="Harari">{{cite book |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |title=[[Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind]] |publisher=[[Penguin Random House Canada]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7710-8351-8 |edition=Signal paperback |page=123 |chapter=Signed, Kushim |author-link=Yuval Noah Harari |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sapiensbriefhist0000hara/page/122/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref> The earliest confirmed names are that of Gal-Sal and his two slaves named En-pap X and Sukkalgir, from {{Circa|3100 BC}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Who's the First Person in History Whose Name We Know? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/whos-the-first-person-in-history-whose-name-we-know |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Science |language=en |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025918/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/whos-the-first-person-in-history-whose-name-we-know |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Father ==
{{Further|Father|Father's Day}}
[[File:Father and son 27.jpg|thumb|upright=1|A father and his son]]
Men may have children, whether biological or [[adopted]]; such men are called fathers. The role of men in the family has shifted considerably in the 20th and 21st centuries, taking on a more active role in raising children in most societies.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=University of California, Irvine |date=September 28, 2016 |title=Today's parents spend more time with their kids than moms and dads did 50 years ago |work=Science Daily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160928160716.htm |access-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030195725/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160928160716.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Livingston |first1=Gretchen |last2=Parker |first2=Kim |date=19 June 2019 |title=8 facts about American dads |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/12/fathers-day-facts/ |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310211846/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/12/fathers-day-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Blamires |first1=Diana |last2=Kirkham |first2=Sophie |date=17 August 2005 |title=Fathers play greater role in childcare |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/17/gender.children |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310211847/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/17/gender.children |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huerta |first1=Maria C. |last2=Adema |first2=Willem |last3=Baxter |first3=Jennifer |last4=Han |first4=Wen-Jui |last5=Lausten |first5=Mette |last6=Lee |first6=RaeHyuck |last7=Waldfogel |first7=Jane |date=16 December 2014 |title=Fathers' Leave and Fathers' Involvement: Evidence from Four OECD Countries |journal=European Journal of Social Security |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=308–346 |doi=10.1177/138826271401600403 |issn=1388-2627 |pmc=5415087 |pmid=28479865}}</ref> Men would traditionally marry a woman when raising children, but in modern times many countries now allow for [[same-sex marriage]], and for those couples to raise children either via adoption or [[surrogacy]]. Men may be [[single parent]]s, and are increasingly so in modern times, though women are three times more likely to be single parents than men.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Single-Parent Family {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/family-dynamics/single-parent-family |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731030026/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/family-dynamics/single-parent-family |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Paternalism|paternal]] societies, men have typically have been regarded as the "head of household" and held additional social privileges.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bell |first=Kenton |date=2014-12-25 |title=head of household definition {{!}} Open Education Sociology Dictionary |url=https://sociologydictionary.org/head-of-household/ |language=en-US |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310211847/https://sociologydictionary.org/head-of-household/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Work ==
Men have traditionally held jobs that were not available to women. Such jobs tended to be either more strenuous, more prestigious, or more dangerous. Modern men increasingly take untraditional career paths, such as staying home and raising children while their partner works.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heppner |first1=Mary J. |last2=Heppner |first2=P. Paul |date=September 2009 |title=On Men and Work: Taking the Road Less Traveled |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894845309340789 |journal=Journal of Career Development |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=49–67 |doi=10.1177/0894845309340789 |s2cid=145053662 |issn=0894-8453 |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310213702/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894845309340789 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Modern men tend to work longer than women, which impacts their ability to spend time with their families.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Joan C. |date=2013-05-29 |title=Why Men Work So Many Hours |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2013/05/why-men-work-so-many-hours |access-date=2023-03-10 |issn=0017-8012 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310213700/https://hbr.org/2013/05/why-men-work-so-many-hours |url-status=live }}</ref> Even in modern times, some jobs remain available only to men, such as military service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Micheletti |first=Alberto |date=2018-08-18 |title=Why is warfare almost exclusively male? |url=https://theprint.in/defence/why-is-warfare-almost-exclusively-male/100746/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731031518/https://theprint.in/defence/why-is-warfare-almost-exclusively-male/100746/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Conscription and sexism|Conscription is overwhelmingly discriminatory]], currently only ten countries include women in their conscription programs.<ref>Goldstein, Joshua S. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA108 "War and Gender: Men's War Roles – Boyhood and Coming of Age"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731031639/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA108 |date=31 July 2023 }}. In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin ''Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures''. Volume 1. [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]. p. 108. {{ISBN|978-0-306-47770-6}}. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Persson |first1=Alma |last2=Sundevall |first2=Fia |date=2019-03-22 |title=Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018 |journal=Women's History Review |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=1039–1056 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542 |issn=0961-2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Men continue to hold more dangerous jobs than women, even in developed countries. In the United States in 2020, ten times as many men died on the job as women, and a man was ten times more likely to die on the job than a woman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeVore |first=Chuck |title=Fatal Employment: Men 10 Times More Likely Than Women To Be Killed At Work |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckdevore/2018/12/19/fatal-employment-men-10-times-more-likely-than-women-to-be-killed-at-work/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310220400/https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckdevore/2018/12/19/fatal-employment-men-10-times-more-likely-than-women-to-be-killed-at-work/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Entertainment and media ==
Media portrayals of men often replicate traditional understanding of masculinity. Men are portrayed more frequently in television than women and most commonly appear as leads in action and drama programming. Men are typically more active in television programming than women and typically hold more power and status. Due to their prominence, men are more likely to be both the objects and instigators of humorous or disparaging content. Fathers are often portrayed in television as either idealized and caring or clumsy and inept. In advertising, men are disproportionately featured in advertisements for alcohol, vehicles, and business products.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fejes |first=Fred J. |title=Masculinity as Fact: A Review of Empirical Mass Communication Research on Masculinity |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8039-4163-2 |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Steve |pages=9–22 |chapter=Considering Men and the Media}}</ref>

== Clothing ==
[[File:Denim Jeans Pant Display.JPG|thumb|upright=1|A man wearing a [[business suit]] stands next to a display of men's [[blue jeans]] at a clothing factory.]]
Men's clothing typically encompasses a range of garments designed for various occasions, seasons, and styles. Fundamental items of a man's wardrobe include shirts, trousers, suits, and jackets, which are designed to provide both comfort and style while prioritizing functionality. Men's fashion also encompasses more casual garments such as [[t-shirts]], [[sweatshirts]], [[jeans]], [[shorts]], and [[swimwear]], which are typically intended for informal settings. Cultural and regional traditions often influence men's fashion, resulting in diverse styles and garments that reflect the unique characteristics of different parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karlen |first1=Josh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVE3N2rBEF0C |title=The Indispensable Guide to Classic Men's Clothing |last2=Sulavik |first2=Christopher |date=1999 |publisher=Tatra Press |isbn=978-0-9661847-1-6 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407034928/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVE3N2rBEF0C |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Life Class 1908 Edinburgh College of Art.jpg|thumb|upright=1|An all-male [[figure drawing]] class in 1908 at [[Edinburgh College of Art]]]]
{{See also|Sex differences in education|Gender gaps in mathematics and reading|Sexism in academia}}
Men traditionally received more education than women as a result of [[single-sex education]]. Universal education, meaning state-provided primary and secondary education independent of gender, is not yet a global norm, even if it is assumed in most developed countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical summary of faculty, students, degrees, and finances in degree-granting institutions: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2005–06 |url=http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/tables/dt07_178.asp |access-date=2014-08-22 |publisher=Nces.ed.gov |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117072828/https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/tables/dt07_178.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Women (Still) Need Not Apply:The Gender and Science Reader |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |location=New York |pages=13–23 |author1=Eisenhart, A. Margaret |author2=Finkel, Elizabeth }}</ref> In the 21st century, the balance has shifted in many developed nations, and men now lag behind women in education.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Directorate-General for Education |first1=Youth |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/509505 |title=Study on gender behaviour and its impact on education outcomes (with a special focus on the performance of boys and young men in education): final report |last2=ECORYS |last3=Staring |first3=François |last4=Donlevy |first4=Vicki |last5=Day |first5=Laurie |last6=Georgallis |first6=Marianna |last7=Broughton |first7=Andrea |date=2021 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-40249-7 |location=LU |doi=10.2766/509505 |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731031752/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/414f506c-df95-11eb-895a-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Men are more likely than women to be faculty at universities.<ref>{{cite book |title=A six-year Longitudinal Study of Undergraduate Women in Engineering and Science:The Gender and Science Reader |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |location=New York |pages=24–37 |author1=Brainard, Susanne G. |author2=Carlin, Linda }}</ref>

In 2020, 90% of the world's men were [[Literacy|literate]], compared to 87% of women. But sub-Saharan Africa, and southwest Asia lagged behind the rest of the world; only 72% of men in sub-Saharan Africa were literate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This is how much global literacy has changed over 200 years |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/reading-writing-global-literacy-rate-changed/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=World Economic Forum |date=12 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204824/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/reading-writing-global-literacy-rate-changed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Rights ==
{{Further information|Men's movement|Male privilege|Discrimination against men}}
In most societies, men have more legal and cultural rights than women,{{Sfn|Helgeson|2017|pp=45–48}} and [[misogyny]] is far more prevalent than [[misandry]] in society.<ref name="Ouellette">{{cite book |last=Ouellette |first=Marc |title=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-33343-6 |editor1=Flood, Michael |editor1-link=Michael Flood |location=Abingdon; New York |pages=442–443 |chapter=Misandry |display-editors=etal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T54J3Q_VwnIC&q=misandry&pg=PA442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmore |first=David D. |title=Misogyny: The Male Malady |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8122-0032-4 |pages=12–13}}</ref> However, there are exceptions to this generalization. While one in six males experience [[Child sexual abuse|childhood sexual abuse]],<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Child Abuse &#38; Neglect | title=Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women | volume=27 | pages=1205–1222 | date= 2003| issue=10 | doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.008 | pmid=14602100 | last1=Briere | first1=John | last2=Elliott | first2=Diana M. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=Journal of the American Medical Association | title=Sexual abuse of boys: Definition, prevalence, correlates, sequelae, and management | volume=280 | pages=1855–1862 | date= 1998| issue=21 | doi=10.1001/jama.280.21.1855 | pmid=9846781 | last1=Holmes | first1=W. C. | last2=Slap | first2=G. B. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=Child Abuse &#38; Neglect | title=Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors | volume=14 | pages=19–28 | date= 1990| issue=1 | doi=10.1016/0145-2134(90)90077-7 | pmid=2310970 | last1=Finkelhor | first1=David | last2=Hotaling | first2=Gerald | last3=Lewis | first3=I.A | last4=Smith | first4=Christine }}</ref> men typically receive less support after being victims of it,<ref>{{cite journal | journal=International Criminal Law Review | title=Sexual Violence against Men and International Law – Criminalising the Unmentionable | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=665–695 | date= 2013 | url=https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01303004 | doi=10.1163/15718123-01303004 | last1=Mouthaan | first1=Solange | url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[rape of males]] is stigmatized.<ref name="Rabin">{{cite news |last=Rabin |first=Roni Caryn |date=23 January 2012 |title=Men Struggle for Rape Awareness |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/health/as-victims-men-struggle-for-rape-awareness.html |access-date=30 November 2013 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010112128/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/health/as-victims-men-struggle-for-rape-awareness.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Domestic violence against men]] is similarly stigmatized,<ref name="Marginalizing">{{cite journal |last=Migliaccio |first=Todd A. |date=Winter 2001 |title=Marginalizing the Battered Male |journal=[[The Journal of Men's Studies]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=205–226 |doi=10.3149/jms.0902.205 |s2cid=145293675}} {{subscription required}}</ref> although men make up half of the victims in [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]] couples.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Trauma Violence Abuse | title=Female perpetration of violence in heterosexual intimate relationships: adolescence through adulthood | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=227–49 | date= October 2008 | doi=10.1177/1524838008324418| pmid=18936281 | pmc=2663360 | last1=Williams | first1=J. R. | last2=Ghandour | first2=R. M. | last3=Kub | first3=J. E. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=Review of General Psychology | title=Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=291–322 | date= 2004 | url=https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291 | doi=10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291 | last1=Archer | first1=John | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=Report on Intimate | title=The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey 2016/2017 | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=https://www.cdc.gov/nisvs/documentation/nisvsreportonipv_2022.pdf?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs/NISVSReportonIPV_2022.pdf}}</ref> Opponents of [[circumcision]] describe it as a human rights violation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Allan J. |last2=Arora |first2=Kavita Shah |date=2015-02-01 |title=Ritual Male Infant Circumcision and Human Rights |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2014.990162 |journal=The American Journal of Bioethics |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1080/15265161.2014.990162 |issn=1526-5161 |pmid=25674955|s2cid=6581063 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[fathers' rights movement]] seeks to support separated fathers that do not receive equal rights to care for their children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flood |first=Michael |date=2012-12-01 |title=Separated fathers and the 'fathers' rights' movement |url=https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.235 |journal=Journal of Family Studies |volume=18 |issue=2–3 |pages=235–345 |doi=10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.235 |s2cid=55469150 |issn=1322-9400 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023191114/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5172/jfs.2012.18.2-3.235 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[men's movement]] is the response to issues faced by men in Western countries. It includes [[Pro-feminism|pro-feminist]] groups such as the [[men's liberation movement]],<ref>{{Citation | title=Where does Men's Liberation Come From? | date=27 October 2022| url=https://www.nextgenmen.ca/blog/mens-liberation-history-feminism}}</ref> and [[Antifeminism|anti-feminist]] groups such as the [[manosphere]].

== Gender symbol ==
{{main|Gender symbol}}
The [[Mars symbol]] (♂) is a common symbol that represents the male sex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schott|first=G D|date=24 December 2005|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=331|issue=7531|pages=1509–1510|doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1322246|pmid=16373733}}</ref> The symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of [[Mars]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solar System Symbols|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/680/solar-system-symbols|access-date=18 August 2021|website=NASA Solar System Exploration|date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220171351/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/680/solar-system-symbols/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was first used to denote sex by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1751.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stearn |first=William T. |author-link=William T. Stearn |title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |date=May 1962 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=109–113 |url=https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf |jstor=1217734 |doi=10.2307/1217734 |bibcode=1962Taxon..11..109S |issn=0040-0262 |quote=Their first biological use is in the Linnaean dissertation {{lang|la|Plantae hybridae xxx sistit J. J. Haartman}} (1751) where in discussing hybrid plants Linnaeus denoted the supposed female parent species by the sign ♀, the male parent by the sign ♂, the hybrid by ☿: '{{lang|la|matrem signo ♀, patrem ♂ & plantam hybridam ☿ designavero}}'. In subsequent publications he retained the signs ♀ and ♂ for male and female individuals but discarded ☿ for hybrids. |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527105139/https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The symbol is sometimes seen as a stylized representation of the shield and spear of the [[Roman mythology|Roman god]] [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]. According to Stearn, however, this derivation is "fanciful" and all the historical evidence favours "the conclusion of the French classical scholar [[Claude de Saumaise]]" that it is derived from ''{{lang|grc|θρ}}'', the contraction of a Greek [[Epithets_in_Homer|epithet]] for Mars, ''{{lang|grc|θοῦρος}}'' (''Thouros'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stearn|first=William T.|date=1962|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734|journal=Taxon|volume=11|issue=4|pages=109–113|doi=10.2307/1217734|jstor=1217734|bibcode=1962Taxon..11..109S |issn=0040-0262|access-date=18 August 2021|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024837/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[International Men's Day]]
* [[International Men's Health Week]]
* [[Lists of men]]
* [[Men's studies]]
* [[Patriarchy]]
* [[Sexism]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Helgeson |first=Vicki S. |title=Psychology of Gender |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-138-18687-3 |edition=5th}}

== Further reading ==
* Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, [[bell hooks]], ''The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and Representation'', MIT Press, 1995.
* [[Pierre Bourdieu]], ''Masculine Domination'', Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press, 2001.
* Robert W. Connell, ''Masculinities'', Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995.
* [[Warren Farrell]], ''The Myth of Male Power'', Berkley Trade, 1993. {{ISBN|0-425-18144-8}}.
* [[Michael Kimmel]] (ed.), Robert W. Connell (ed.), Jeff Hearn (ed.), ''Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities'', Sage Publications, 2004.

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline|man}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons-inline|Man|Men}}

{{Sexual identities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Male| ]]
[[Category:Men| ]]
[[Category:Terms for men| ]]
[[Category:Gender identity]]