View source for Makemake

{{Short description|Dwarf planet}}
{{About|the dwarf planet|the Rapa Nui god|Makemake (deity)|other uses}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| background = #C2E0FF
| name = 136472 Makemake
| symbol = [[File:Makemake symbol (bold).svg|24px|🝼]] (mostly astrological)
| image = Makemake and its moon.jpg
| caption = Low-resolution image of Makemake and its unnamed moon [[S/2015 (136472) 1]] by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], April 2015
| discoverer = {{plainlist |
* [[Michael E. Brown]]
* [[Chad Trujillo]]
* [[David Rabinowitz]]
 }}
| discovered = March 31, 2005
| earliest_precovery_date = January 29, 1955
| mpc_name = (136472) Makemake
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|m|æ|k|i|ˈ|m|æ|k|i}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|m|ɑː|k|i|ˈ|m|ɑː|k|i}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Makemake.ogg|ˌ|m|ɑː|k|eɪ|ˈ|m|ɑː|k|eɪ}}{{refn|The [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] pronunciation is {{IPA|rap|ˈmakeˈmake|}}, which is anglicized as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|k|i|ˈ|m|æ|k|i}} in the UK and {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑː|k|i|ˈ|m|ɑː|k|i}}<ref name="brownblog"/> as well as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑː|k|eɪ|ˈ|m|ɑː|k|eɪ}} in the US.<ref name="brownblog2"/><ref name="MW"/> The distinction between {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} and {{IPAc-en|æ}} reflect how the US and UK [[Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩|handle the Polynesian 'a']] (parallel to the first 'a' in Italian 'pasta'); the {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} pronunciation attempts to approximate the Polynesian 'e', and is used by Brown and his students.<ref>Podcast [http://365daysofastronomy.org/2009/03/31/march-31st/ ''Dwarf Planet Haumea''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220034436/http://365daysofastronomy.org/2009/03/31/march-31st/ |date=2012-02-20 }} (Darin Ragozzine, at 3′11″)</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}
| alt_names = {{mp|2005 FY|9}}
| adjectives = Makemakean<ref name="ParkerA2016"/>
| named_after = [[Makemake (deity)|Makemake]]
| mp_category = {{ubli|[[Dwarf planet]]|[[Trans-Neptunian object|TNO]]|[[cubewano]]<ref name="MPEC2009-P26"/>|[[scattered disc|scattered-near]]<ref group=lower-alpha name="B"/>}}
| orbit_ref = <ref name=jpldata/>
| epoch = May 31, 2020<br />([[Julian day|JD]] 2458900.5)
| aphelion = {{cvt|52.756|AU|Tm|lk=on}}
| perihelion = {{cvt|38.104|AU|Tm}}
| time_periastron = 17 November 2186<ref name="Horizons2186"/>
| semimajor = {{cvt|45.430|AU|Tm}}
| eccentricity = 0.16126
| period = 306.21 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (111,845 [[day|d]])
| avg_speed = 4.419&nbsp;km/[[second|s]]
| inclination = 28.9835[[degree (angle)|°]]
| asc_node = 79.620°
| arg_peri = 294.834°
| mean_anomaly = 165.514°
| satellites = 1 ([[S/2015 (136472) 1]])
| axial_tilt = 
| sidereal_day = {{val|22.8266|0.0001|u=hours}}<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>
| dimensions = {{plainlist|
{{nowrap|({{val|1434|48|-18}})}}&thinsp;×&thinsp;projected {{nowrap|({{val|1420|18|-24|u=km}})}}<!--now known not viewed pole-on--><ref name=Brown2013/>
}}
| mean_radius = {{plainlist|
* {{val|715|19|-11|u=km}}<ref name=Brown2013/>}}
| flattening = 0.0098{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=flattening1|Calculated using ''(a−b)/a'' and the dimensions from Brown<ref name=Brown2013/>}}
| surface_area = {{val|6.42|e=6|u=km2}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=surface-vol|Calculated using the dimensions from Brown<ref name="Brown2013"/> assuming an [[ellipsoid|oblate spheroid]].}}<ref name=surfacecalc>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=surface+ellipsoid+717x717x710|title=surface ellipsoid 717x717x710 – Wolfram-Alpha|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=2019-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222034931/https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=surface+ellipsoid+717x717x710|url-status=live}}</ref>
| volume = {{val|1.53|e=9|u=km3}}{{refn||group=lower-alpha|name=surface-vol}}<ref name=volumecalc>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=volume+ellipsoid+717x717x710|title=volume ellipsoid 717x717x710 – Wolfram-Alpha|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=2019-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222034937/https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=volume+ellipsoid+717x717x710|url-status=live}}</ref>
| mass = {{val|3.1|e=21|u=kg|p=≈&thinsp;}}<ref name=Parker2018>Parker et al. (2018) [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204084356/http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~tmueller/sbnaf/doc/parker_dps18.pdf The Mass, Density, and Figure of the Kuiper Belt Dwarf Planet Makemake]</ref>
| density = {{ubli|{{val|1.7|u=g/cm3|p=≈&thinsp;}} (using Ortiz et al. 2012 radius)|{{val|2.1|u=g/cm3|p=≈&thinsp;}} (using Brown 2013 radius<ref name=Brown2013/>)<ref name=Parker2018/>}}
| surface_grav = <&thinsp;{{Gr|4.4|715|2}} m/s<sup>2</sup>
| escape_velocity = <&thinsp;{{V2|4.4|715|2}} km/s
| albedo = {{ubli|{{val|0.82|0.02}} [[geometric albedo|geometric]]<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>|{{val|0.74|0.06}} [[Bond albedo|Bond]]<ref name="Verbiscer2022"/>}}
| single_temperature = {{ubli|32–36&nbsp;K (single-terrain model)|40–44&nbsp;K (two-terrain model)<ref name=Ortiz2012/>}}
| spectral_type = [[Trans-Neptunian object#Colors|B−V]]=0.83, V−R=0.5<ref name="Snodgrass2009"/>
| abs_magnitude = {{ubli|{{val|-0.12}}<ref name=jpldata/>|{{val|0.049|0.020}}<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>}}
| magnitude = 17.0 ([[Opposition (astronomy and astrology)|opposition]])<ref name="AstDys"/><ref name="Horizons"/>
}}

'''Makemake'''{{refn|Pronounced as four syllables, with stress on the a's. Values of the vowels vary; see info-box.|group=lower-alpha}} ([[minor-planet designation]]: '''136472 Makemake''') is a [[dwarf planet]] and the largest of what is known as the [[Classical Kuiper belt object|classical population]] of [[Kuiper belt]] objects,{{refn|Astronomers [[Michael E. Brown|Mike Brown]], [[David Jewitt]] and [[Marc Buie]] classify Makemake as a near [[scattered disc|scattered]] object but the [[Minor Planet Center]], from which Wikipedia draws most of its definitions for the trans-Neptunian population, places it among the main Kuiper belt population.<ref name="Buie"/><ref name="brown"/><ref name="Delsanti2006"/><ref name="MPC"/>|group=lower-alpha|name=B}} with a diameter approximately that of Saturn's moon [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]], or 60% that of [[Pluto]].<ref name="Lim2010"/><ref name="IAU0806"/> It has [[S/2015 (136472) 1|one known satellite]].<ref name="HubbleSite"/> Its extremely low average temperature, about {{cvt|40|K|C|lk=in|-1}}, means its surface is covered with [[methane]], [[ethane]], and possibly [[solid nitrogen|nitrogen ices]].<ref name="brown"/> Makemake shows signs of geothermal activity and thus may be capable of supporting active geology and harboring an active subsurface ocean.<ref name="scitechdaily.com">{{cite web | url=https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-uncover-surprising-activity-on-the-dwarf-planets-eris-and-makemake/ | title=Astronomers Uncover Surprising Activity on the Dwarf Planets Eris and Makemake | date=20 February 2024 }}</ref>

Makemake was discovered on March 31, 2005, by a team led by [[Michael E. Brown]], and announced on July 29, 2005. It was initially known as '''{{mp|2005 FY|9}}''' and later given the minor-planet number 136472. In July 2008, it was named after [[Makemake (deity)|Makemake]], a creator god in the [[Rapa Nui mythology]] of [[Easter Island]], under the expectation by the [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) that it would prove to be a dwarf planet.<ref name="IAU0806"/><ref name="Brown"/><ref name="name"/><ref name="Tancredi"/>

==History==
===Discovery===
Makemake was discovered on March 31, 2005, by a team at the [[Palomar Observatory]], led by [[Michael E. Brown]],<ref name=jpldata/> and was announced to the public on July 29, 2005. The team had planned to delay announcing their discoveries of the bright objects Makemake and {{dp|Eris}} until further observations and calculations were complete, but announced them both on July 29 when the discovery of another large object they had been tracking, {{dp|Haumea}}, was [[Controversy over the discovery of Haumea|controversially announced]] on July 27 by a different team in Spain.<ref name="Maugh"/>

The earliest known [[precovery]] observations of Makemake have been found in [[photographic plate]]s of the Palomar Observatory's [[Digitized Sky Survey]] from January 29, 1955 to May 1, 1998.<ref name="MPC-object"/>

Despite its relative brightness (a fifth as bright as Pluto),{{refn|It has an [[apparent magnitude]] at [[opposition (astronomy)|opposition]] of 16.7 vs. [[Pluto#Observation|15.1 for Pluto]].<ref name="Rabinowitz2007"/>|group=lower-alpha}} Makemake was not discovered until after many much fainter Kuiper belt objects. Most searches for minor planets are conducted relatively close to the [[ecliptic]] (the region of the sky that the Sun, Moon, and planets appear to lie in, as seen from Earth), due to the greater likelihood of finding objects there. It probably escaped detection during the earlier surveys due to its relatively high [[orbital inclination]], and the fact that it was at its farthest distance from the ecliptic at the time of its discovery, in the northern [[constellation]] of [[Coma Berenices]].<ref name="Horizons"/>

Makemake is the brightest [[trans-Neptunian object]] after [[Pluto]],<ref name="Brown2006-discovery"/> with an apparent magnitude of 16.2 in late 1930,<ref name=magnitude>{{Cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=2005FY9|title=HORIZONS Web-Interface|access-date=2020-06-30|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204223838/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1|url-status=live}}</ref> it is theoretically bright enough to have been discovered by [[Clyde Tombaugh]], whose search for trans-Neptunian objects was sensitive to objects up to magnitude 17. Indeed, in 1934 Tombaugh reported that there were no other planets out to a magnitude of 16.5 and an inclination of 17 degrees, or of greater inclination but within 50 degrees of either node.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tombaugh|first=Clyde|author2=Patrick Moore|title=Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto|publisher=Stackpole Books|date=1980|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|page=163|isbn=978-0-8117-1163-0|url=https://archive.org/details/outofdarkness00tomb/page/163}}</ref>
And Makemake was there: At the time of Tombaugh's survey (1930–1943), Makemake varied from 5.5 to 13.2 degrees from the ecliptic,<ref name=magnitude/> moving across [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]], starting near the northwest corner of [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] and cutting across a corner of [[Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]].{{refn|Based on Minor Planet Center online Minor Planet Ephemeris Service: March 1, 1930: RA: 05h51m, Dec: +29.0.|group=lower-alpha}} The starting position, however, was very close to the [[galactic anticenter]], and Makemake would have been almost impossible to find against the dense background of stars.{{Dubious|Precovery and Tombaugh|date=June 2020|reason=Why haven't precovery images been found in Tombaugh's plates, now that we know where to look? Was Makemake in one of the rich star fields that Tombaugh decided not to photograph?}} Tombaugh continued searching for thirteen years after his discovery of Pluto (and Makemake, though growing dimmer, was still magnitude 16.6 in early 1943, the last year of his search),<ref name=magnitude/> but by then he was searching higher latitudes and did not find any more objects orbiting beyond Neptune.<ref name="Tombaugh"/>

=== Name and symbol ===
The [[Provisional designation in astronomy|provisional designation]] {{mp|2005 FY|9}} was given to Makemake when the discovery was made public. Before that, the discovery team used the codename "[[Easter Bunny|Easterbunny]]" for the object, because of its discovery shortly after [[Easter]].<ref name="brownblog"/>

In July 2008, in accordance with IAU rules for classical Kuiper belt objects, {{mp|2005 FY|9}} was given the name of a [[creator deity]].<ref name="Slashdot, July 13, 2008"/><!-- This rule is not mentioned in Mike Brown's story --> The name of [[Makemake (deity)|Makemake]], the creator of humanity and god of fertility in the myths of the [[Rapa Nui people|Rapa Nui]], the native people of [[Easter Island]],<ref name="name"/> was chosen in part to preserve the object's connection with Easter.<ref name="brownblog"/>

[[Planetary symbol]]s are no longer much used in astronomy. A Makemake symbol {{angbr|[[File:Makemake symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|🝼]]}} is included in [[Unicode]] as U+1F77C:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html |title=Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline |access-date=2022-01-29 |archive-date=2022-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129110620/https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it is mostly used by astrologers,<ref name=miller>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21224-dwarf-planet-syms.pdf|title=Unicode request for dwarf-planet symbols|last=Miller|first=Kirk|date=26 October 2021|website=unicode.org|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=23 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323174107/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21224-dwarf-planet-syms.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> but has also been used by NASA.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |author= JPL/NASA |date= April 22, 2015 |website= Jet Propulsion Laboratory |title= What is a Dwarf Planet? |access-date= 2021-09-24 |archive-date= 2021-01-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210119181743/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet |url-status= live }}</ref> The symbol was designed by Denis Moskowitz and John T. Whelan; it is a traditional petroglyph of Makemake's face stylized to resemble an 'M'.<ref name=anderson>{{cite web |url=http://blog.unicode.org/2022/05/out-of-this-world-new-astronomy-symbols.html |title=Out of this World: New Astronomy Symbols Approved for the Unicode Standard |last=Anderson |first=Deborah |date=4 May 2022 |website=unicode.org |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806075352/http://blog.unicode.org/2022/05/out-of-this-world-new-astronomy-symbols.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The commercial ''Solar Fire'' astrology software uses an alternative symbol ([[File:Makemake symbol (Solar Fire).png|16px]]),<ref name=miller/> a crossed variant of a symbol ([[file:Makemake symbol (Seltzer).svg|16px]]) created by astrologer Henry Seltzer for his commercial software.

== Orbit and classification ==
[[File:TheKuiperBelt Orbits 2003EL61 2005FY9.svg|thumb|left|Orbits of Makemake (blue), {{dp|Haumea}} (green), contrasted with the orbit of Pluto (red) and the ecliptic (grey). The [[perihelion|perihelia]] (q) and the [[aphelion|aphelia]] (Q) are marked with the dates of passage. The positions in April 2006 are marked with the spheres illustrating relative sizes and differences in [[Albedo#Astronomical albedo|albedo]] and colour.]]
[[File:Quaoar Haumea Makemake orbits 2018.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Makemake's orbit outside of Neptune is similar to [[Haumea]]'s. The positions are as of 1 January 2018.]]

{{as of|April 2019}}, Makemake was {{convert|52.5|AU|e9km|lk=in|abbr=unit}} from the Sun,<ref name="AstDys"/><ref name="Horizons"/> almost as far from the Sun as it ever reaches on its orbit.<ref name="brown"/> Makemake follows an orbit very similar to that of {{dp|Haumea}}: highly [[orbital inclination|inclined]] at 29° and a moderate [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of about 0.16.<ref name="Tegler"/> But still, Makemake's orbit is slightly farther from the Sun in terms of both the [[Semi-major and semi-minor axes|semi-major axis]] and [[apsis|perihelion]]. Its [[orbital period]] is 306&nbsp;years,<ref name=jpldata/> more than Pluto's 248&nbsp;years and Haumea's 283&nbsp;years. Both Makemake and Haumea are currently far from the [[ecliptic]] (at an angular distance of almost 29°). Makemake will reach its [[apsis|aphelion]] in 2033,<ref name="Horizons"/> whereas Haumea passed its aphelion in early 1992.<ref name="Haumea_aphelion"/>

Makemake is a [[classical Kuiper belt object]] (KBO),<ref name="MPEC2009-P26"/><ref group=lower-alpha name="B"/> which means its orbit lies far enough from Neptune to remain stable over the age of the Solar System.<ref name="jewitt"/><ref name=Luu2002/> Unlike [[plutino]]s, which can cross Neptune's orbit due to their 2:3 [[orbital resonance|resonance]] with the planet, the classical objects have [[apsis|perihelia]] further from the Sun, free from Neptune's [[Perturbation (astronomy)|perturbation]].<ref name="jewitt"/> Such objects have relatively low eccentricities (''e'' below 0.2) and orbit the Sun in much the same way the planets do. Makemake, however, is a member of the "dynamically hot" class of classical KBOs, meaning that it has a high inclination compared to others in its population.<ref name = "Levison2003"/> Makemake is, probably coincidentally, [[Orbital resonance#Coincidental 'near' ratios of mean motion|near]] the 13:7 resonance with Neptune.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orbitsimulator.com/yabbfiles/Attachments/Makemake40000y_13to7.gif |title=The 2009-02-04 nominal (non-librating) rotating frame for Makemake. |access-date=2009-04-06 |archive-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928165551/http://www.orbitsimulator.com/yabbfiles/Attachments/Makemake40000y_13to7.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Physical characteristics ==

=== Brightness, size, and rotation ===
[[File:Makemake-LB1-2009Nov26-11UT.jpg|thumb|left|Makemake ([[apparent magnitude]] 16.9) with edge-on galaxy [https://in-the-sky.org/data/object.php?id=9128 IC 3587] ]]
Makemake is currently visually the second-brightest [[Kuiper belt]] object after [[Pluto]],<ref name="Brown2006-discovery"/> having a March [[Opposition (planets)|opposition]] [[apparent magnitude]] of 17.0<ref name="AstDys"/> it will pass from its present [[constellation]] [[Coma Berenices]] to [[Boötes]] in November 2028.<ref name="Horizons"/> It is bright enough to be visible using a high-end [[amateur astronomy|amateur]] [[telescope]].

Combining the detection in infrared by the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] and [[Herschel Space Observatory|Herschel Space Telescope]] with the similarities of Pluto's spectrum yielded an estimated diameter from 1,360 to 1,480&nbsp;km.<ref name="Lim2010"/> From the 2011 stellar occultation by Makemake, its dimensions had initially been measured at {{nowrap|(1,502 ± 45) × (1,430 ± 9) km}}. However, the occultation data was later reanalyzed,<ref name=Brown2013/> leading to an estimate of {{nowrap|({{val|1434|48|-18}})&thinsp;×&thinsp;({{val|1420|18|-24}} km)}} without a pole-orientation constraint.<ref name=Brown2013/> Makemake was the fourth [[dwarf planet]] recognized, because it has a bright [[Photometric system|V-band]] [[absolute magnitude]] of 0.05.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/> Makemake has a highly reflective surface with a [[geometrical albedo]] of {{val|0.82|0.02}}.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>

The rotation period of Makemake is estimated at 22.83 hours.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/> A rotation period of 7.77 hours published in 2009<ref name=Heinze2009/> later turned out to be an [[Aliasing|alias]] of the actual rotation period. The possibility of this had been mentioned in the 2009 study, and the data from that study agrees well with the 22.83-hour period.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/> This rotation period is relatively long for a dwarf planet. Part of this may be due to [[tidal acceleration]] from Makemake's satellite. It has been suggested that a second large, undiscovered satellite might better explain the dwarf planet's unusually long rotation.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>

Makemake's lightcurve amplitude is small, only 0.03 ''mag''.<ref name=Brown2013/><ref name="Hromakina2019"/> This was thought to be due to Makemake currently being viewed pole on from Earth; however, [[S/2015 (136472) 1]]'s orbital plane (which is probably orbiting with little inclination relative to Makemake's equator due to tidal effects) is edge-on from Earth, implying that Makemake is being viewed equator-on.<ref name="planetary.org"/>

=== Spectra and surface ===

Like Pluto, Makemake appears red in the visible spectrum, and significantly redder than the surface of Eris (see [[trans-Neptunian object#Colors|colour comparison of TNOs]]).<ref name="atmosphere"/> The near-infrared spectrum is marked by the presence of the broad [[methane]] (CH<sub>4</sub>) [[absorption band]]s. Methane is observed also on Pluto and Eris, but its spectral signature is much weaker.<ref name="atmosphere"/>

Spectral analysis of Makemake's surface revealed that methane must be present in the form of large grains at least one centimetre in size.<ref name="brown"/> Large amounts of [[ethane]] and [[tholin]]s, as well as smaller amounts of [[ethylene]], [[acetylene]], and high-mass [[alkane]]s (like [[propane]]), may be present, most likely created by [[Photodissociation|photolysis]] of methane by solar radiation.<ref name="brown"/><ref name="brown2015"/> The tholins are probably responsible for the red color of the visible spectrum. Although evidence exists for the presence of [[solid nitrogen|nitrogen ice]] on its surface, at least mixed with other ices, there is nowhere near the same level of [[nitrogen]] as on Pluto and [[Triton (moon)|Triton]], where it composes more than 98&nbsp;percent of the crust. The relative lack of nitrogen ice suggests that its supply of nitrogen has somehow been depleted over the age of the Solar System.<ref name="brown"/><ref name="Tegler2008"/><ref name=Owen1993/>

The [[Far infrared|far-infrared]] (24–70&nbsp;μm) and [[Submillimetre astronomy|submillimeter]] (70–500&nbsp;μm) photometry performed by Spitzer and Herschel telescopes revealed that the surface of Makemake is not homogeneous. Although the majority of it is covered by nitrogen and methane ices, where the albedo ranges from 78 to 90%, there are small patches of dark terrain whose albedo is only 2 to 12%, and that make up 3 to 7% of the surface.<ref name="Lim2010"/> These studies were made before S/2015&nbsp;(136472) 1 was discovered; thus, these small dark patches may have instead been the dark surface of the satellite rather than any actual surface features on Makemake.<ref name="Takacs-Farkas2019"/>

However, some experiments have refuted these studies. Spectroscopic studies, collected from 2005 to 2008 using the William Herschel Telescope (La Palma, Spain) were analyzed together with other spectra in the literature, as of 2014. They show some degree of variation in the spectral slope, which would be associated with different abundance of the complex organic materials, byproducts of the irradiation of the ices present on the surface of Makemake. However, the relative ratio of the two dominant icy species, methane, and nitrogen, remains quite stable on the surface revealing a low degree of inhomogeneity in the ice component.<ref name="Lorenzi2015"/> These results were recently confirmed when the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo acquired new visible and near infra-red spectra for Makemake, between 2006 and 2013, that covered nearly 80% of its surface; this study found that the variations in the spectra were negligible, suggesting that Makemake's surface may indeed be homogenous.<ref name="Perna2017"/> Based on optical observations conducted between 2006 and 2017, Hromakina ''et al.'' concluded that Makemake's lightcurve was likely due to heterogeneities across its surface, but that the variations (of the order of 3%) were too small to have been detected spectroscopically.<ref name="Hromakina2019"/>

More research shows that [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]], [[Pluto]] and Makemake show signs of noticeable geothermal activity and could likely harbor active subsurface oceans. Rebuking the earlier speculations about distant celestial objects being uninhabitable.<ref name="scitechdaily.com"/>

=== Atmosphere ===
Makemake was expected to have an [[atmosphere]] similar to that of [[Pluto]] but with a lower surface pressure. However, on 23 April 2011, Makemake [[Occultation#Occultations by asteroids|passed in front]] of an 18th-magnitude star and abruptly blocked its light.<ref name="Occultation"/> The results showed that Makemake presently lacks a substantial atmosphere and placed an upper limit of 0.4–1.2 [[millipascal]]s on the pressure at its surface.<ref name=Ortiz2012/>

The presence of methane and possibly nitrogen suggests that Makemake could have a transient atmosphere similar to that of Pluto near its [[apsis|perihelion]].<ref name="atmosphere"/> Nitrogen, if present, will be the dominant component of it.<ref name="brown"/> The existence of an atmosphere also provides a natural explanation for the nitrogen depletion: because the gravity of Makemake is weaker than that of Pluto, Eris and Triton, a large amount of nitrogen was probably lost via [[atmospheric escape]]; methane is lighter than nitrogen, but has significantly lower vapor pressure at temperatures prevalent at the surface of Makemake (32–36&nbsp;K),<ref name=Ortiz2012/> which hinders its escape; the result of this process is a higher relative abundance of methane.<ref name="Schaller2007"/> However, studies of Pluto's atmosphere by ''[[New Horizons]]'' suggest that methane, not nitrogen, is the dominant escaping gas, suggesting that the reasons for Makemake's absence of nitrogen may be more complicated.<ref name="Keeter2016"/><ref name="Beatty2017"/>

== Satellite ==
[[File:Makemake moon Hubble two images.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Two images of Makemake and its satellite taken by Hubble two days apart in April 2015]]
{{main|S/2015 (136472) 1}}

Makemake has a single discovered moon, S/2015 (136472) 1 and nicknamed MK2. It was seen 21,000&nbsp;km (13,000&nbsp;mi) from the dwarf planet, and its diameter is estimated at {{convert|175|km|4=-1|abbr=on}} (for an assumed albedo of 4%).<ref name="ParkerA2016"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Makemake System
!Name
!Diameter (km)
!Discovery Date
|-
|Makemake
|≈ 1430 
|March 31, 2005 
|-
|[[S/2015 (136472) 1]]
|≈ 175
|April 27, 2015
|}

==Exploration==
[[File:Makemake New Horizons.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|Makemake, indicated with red bars, as imaged by the ''[[New Horizons]]'' spacecraft in October 2007]]
Makemake was observed from afar by the ''[[New Horizons]]'' spacecraft in October 2007 and January 2017, from distances of 52&nbsp;AU and 70&nbsp;AU, respectively.<ref name="Verbiscer2022"/> The spacecraft's outbound trajectory permitted observations of Makemake at high [[phase angle (astronomy)|phase angles]] that are otherwise unobtainable from Earth, enabling the determination of the light scattering properties and [[phase curve (astronomy)|phase curve]] behavior of Makemake's surface.<ref name="Verbiscer2022"/>

It has been calculated that a flyby mission to Makemake could take just over 16 years using a Jupiter [[gravity assist]], based on a launch date of 24 August 2036. Makemake would be approximately 52 AU from the Sun when the spacecraft arrives.<ref name=McGranaghan/>

== See also ==
* [[Astronomical naming conventions]]
* [[Clearing the neighbourhood]]
* [[International Astronomical Union]]
* [[Planets beyond Neptune]]
* [[List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun]]
* [[Ocean worlds]]
* [[Extraterrestrial liquid water]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=jpldata>{{cite web |type=2019-05-12 last obs |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 136472 Makemake ({{mp|2005 FY|9}}) |work=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=136472 |access-date=2020-02-20 |archive-date=2019-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616154758/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=136472 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web |title=(136472) Makemake = 2005 FY9 |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=136472 |work=Minor Planet Center |publisher=International Astronomical Union |access-date=2020-11-01 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222200522/https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=136472 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Horizons">{{cite web |title=Asteroid 136472 Makemake (2005 FY9) |work=HORIZONS Web-Interface |publisher=JPL Solar System Dynamics |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/?spk=20136472 |access-date=2024-08-09 }}</ref>

<ref name="AstDys">{{cite web |title=AstDys (136472) Makemake Ephemerides |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy |url=http://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.0&n=Makemake |access-date=2019-04-09 |archive-date=2019-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925030925/http://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.0&n=Makemake |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=McGranaghan>{{cite journal |author1=McGranaghan, R. |author2=Sagan, B. |author3=Dove, G. |author4=Tullos, A. |author5=Lyne, J. E. |author6=Emery, J. P. |date=2011 |title=A Survey of Mission Opportunities to Trans-Neptunian Objects |journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society |volume=64 |pages=296–303 |bibcode=2011JBIS...64..296M}}</ref>

<ref name="Slashdot, July 13, 2008">{{cite web |url=http://science.slashdot.org/story/08/07/14/0147250/makemake-becomes-the-newest-dwarf-planet |title=Makemake Becomes the Newest Dwarf Planet |publisher=[[Slashdot]] |date=July 13, 2008 |access-date=November 23, 2012 |archive-date=June 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610221656/http://science.slashdot.org/story/08/07/14/0147250/makemake-becomes-the-newest-dwarf-planet |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="name">{{cite web |date=2008-11-07 |title=Dwarf Planets and their Systems |work=Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets |access-date=2008-07-13 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |archive-date=2007-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714225312/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Maugh">{{cite news |title=His Stellar Discovery Is Eclipsed |author=Thomas H. Maugh II |author2=John Johnson Jr. |name-list-style=amp |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-oct-16-me-planet16-story.html |access-date=2008-07-14 |date=2005-10-16 |archive-date=2017-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221203505/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/16/local/me-planet16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Brown2006-discovery">{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/501524 |last1=Brown |first1=M. E. |author-link=Michael E. Brown |last2=Van Dam |first2=M. A. |last3=Bouchez |first3=A. H. |last4=Le Mignant |first4=D. |last5=Campbell |first5=R. D. |last6=Chin |first6=J. C. Y. |last7=Conrad |first7=A. |last8=Hartman |first8=S. K. |last9=Johansson |first9=E. M. |last10=Lafon |first10=R. E. |last11=Rabinowitz |first11=D. L. Rabinowitz |last12=Stomski |first12=P. J. Jr. |last13=Summers |first13=D. M. |last14=Trujillo |first14=C. A. |last15=Wizinowich |first15=P. L. |year=2006 |title=Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=639 |issue=1 |pages=L43–L46 |arxiv=astro-ph/0510029 |bibcode=2006ApJ...639L..43B |s2cid=2578831 |url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/gab.pdf |access-date=2011-10-19 |ref={{sfnRef |Brown Van Dam et al. |2006}} |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103094637/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/gab.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="brownblog">{{cite web |title=Mike Brown's Planets: What's in a name? (part 2) |last=Brown |first=Mike |publisher=California Institute of Technology |date=2008 |url=http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/07/whats-in-name-part-2.html |access-date=2008-07-14 |archive-date=2020-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513105137/http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/07/whats-in-name-part-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Haumea_aphelion">{{cite web |title=Asteroid 136108 (2003 EL61) |work=HORIZONS Web-Interface |publisher=JPL Solar System Dynamics |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=2003EL61 |access-date=2008-08-04 |archive-date=2008-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718195959/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=2003EL61 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MPEC2009-P26">{{cite web |title=MPEC 2009-P26 :Distant Minor Planets (2009 AUG. 17.0 TT) |publisher=IAU Minor Planet Center |date=2009-08-07 |url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K09/K09P26.html |access-date=2009-08-28 |archive-date=2018-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002032710/https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K09/K09P26.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Lorenzi2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Lorenzi |first1=V. |last2=Pinilla-Alonso |first2=N. |last3=Licandro |first3=J. |date=2015-05-01 |title=Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of dwarf planet (136472) Makemake |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=577 |pages=A86 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201425575 |issn=0004-6361 |arxiv=1504.02350 |bibcode=2015A&A...577A..86L|s2cid=119253105 }}</ref>

<ref name="Perna2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Perna |first1=D. |last2=Hromakina |first2=T. |last3=Merlin |first3=F. |last4=Ieva |first4=S. |last5=Fornasier |first5=S. |last6=Belskaya |first6=I. |last7=Epifani |first7=E. Mazzotta |date=2017-04-21 |title=The very homogeneous surface of the dwarf planet Makemake |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |volume=466 |issue=3 |pages=3594–3599 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stw3272 |doi-access=free |issn=0035-8711 |bibcode=2017MNRAS.466.3594P |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01526061/file/stw3272.pdf |access-date=2019-07-01 |archive-date=2021-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831190833/https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01526061/file/stw3272.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Schaller2007">{{cite journal |author=E.L. Schaller |author2=M.E. Brown |title=Volatile Loss and Retention on Kuiper Belt Objects |date=2007-04-10 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=659 |issue=1 |pages=L61–L64 |doi=10.1086/516709 |bibcode=2007ApJ...659L..61S |s2cid=10782167 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/17521/1/SCHAapjl07a.pdf |access-date=2020-04-12 |archive-date=2020-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804014215/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/17521/1/SCHAapjl07a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Owen1993>{{cite journal |title=Surface Ices and the Atmospheric Composition of Pluto |author=Tobias C. Owen |journal=Science |date=1993-08-06 |volume=261 |issue=5122 |pages=745–748 |doi=10.1126/science.261.5122.745 |bibcode=1993Sci...261..745O |pmid=17757212 |name-list-style=vanc |author2=Ted L. Roush |display-authors=2 |last3=Cruikshank |first3=D. P. |last4=Elliot |first4=J. L. |last5=Young |first5=L. A. |last6=De Bergh |first6=C. |last7=Schmitt |first7=B. |last8=Geballe |first8=T. R. |last9=Brown |first9=R. H.|s2cid=6039266 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bf97/96ebcb8fd07633e0af0f3cd8a0814e8475da.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219053243/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bf97/96ebcb8fd07633e0af0f3cd8a0814e8475da.pdf  |archive-date=2020-02-19 }}</ref>

<ref name="Tegler2008">{{cite journal |title=Evidence of N2-ice on the surface of the icy dwarf Planet 136472 (2005 FY9) |author=S.C. Tegler |display-authors=4 |author2=W.M. Grundy |author3=F. Vilas |author4=W. Romanishin |author5=D.M. Cornelison |author6=G.J. Consolmagno |name-list-style=amp |journal=Icarus |volume=195 |issue=2 |date=June 2008 |pages=844–850 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.015 |bibcode=2008Icar..195..844T |arxiv=0801.3115 |s2cid=119113255 }}</ref>

<ref name="brown2015" >{{cite journal |title=Irradiation products on the dwarf planet Makemake |author=M. E. Brown
 |author2=E. L. Schaller |author3=G. A. Blake |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=149 |issue=3 |page=105 |year=2015 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/149/3/105 |bibcode=2015AJ....149..105B |s2cid=39534359
 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0a61/555601e2bd748b32852e12277183602517f4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412141821/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0a61/555601e2bd748b32852e12277183602517f4.pdf  |archive-date=2020-04-12 }}</ref>

<ref name="atmosphere">{{cite journal |title=The methane ice rich surface of large TNO 2005 FY<sub>9</sub>: a Pluto-twin in the trans-neptunian belt? |author=J. Licandro |display-authors=4 |author2=N. Pinilla-Alonso |author3=M. Pedani |author4=E. Oliva |author5=G. P. Tozzi |author6=W. M. Grundy |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=2006 |volume=445 |issue=3 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200500219 |pages=L35–L38 |bibcode=2006A&A...445L..35L|s2cid=56343540 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Tegler">{{cite journal |author=S. C. Tegler |display-authors=4 |author2=W. M. Grundy |author3=W. Romanishin |author4=G. J. Consolmagno |author5=K. Mogren |author6=F. Vilas |title=Optical Spectroscopy of the Large Kuiper Belt Objects 136472 (2005 FY<sub>9</sub>) and 136108 (2003 EL<sub>61</sub>) |date=2007-01-08 |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=526–530 |doi=10.1086/510134 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |bibcode=2007AJ....133..526T |arxiv=astro-ph/0611135 |s2cid=10673951 }}</ref>

<ref name="Ortiz2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Ortiz |first1=J. L. |last2=Sicardy |first2=B. |last3=Braga-Ribas |first3=F. |last4=Alvarez-Candal |first4=A. |last5=Lellouch |first5=E. |last6=Duffard |first6=R. |last7=Pinilla-Alonso |first7=N. |last8=Ivanov |first8=V. D. |last9=Littlefair |first9=S. P. |last10=Camargo |doi=10.1038/nature11597 |first10=J. I. B. |last11=Assafin |first11=M. |last12=Unda-Sanzana |first12=E. |last13=Jehin |first13=E. |last14=Morales |first14=N. |last15=Tancredi |first15=G. |last16=Gil-Hutton |first16=R. |last17=De La Cueva |first17=I. |last18=Colque |first18=J. P. |last19=Da Silva Neto |first19=D. N. |last20=Manfroid |first20=J. |last21=Thirouin |first21=A. |last22=Gutiérrez |first22=P. J. |last23=Lecacheux |first23=J. |last24=Gillon |first24=M. |last25=Maury |first25=A. |last26=Colas |first26=F. |last27=Licandro |first27=J. |last28=Mueller |first28=T. |last29=Jacques |first29=C. |last30=Weaver |first30=D. |title=Albedo and atmospheric constraints of dwarf planet Makemake from a stellar occultation |journal=Nature |volume=491 |issue=7425 |pages=566–569 |year=2012 |pmid=23172214 |bibcode=2012Natur.491..566O |hdl=2268/142198 |s2cid=4350486 |url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/142198 |access-date=2019-07-01 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208231950/https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/142198 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }} (ESO 21 November 2012 press release: [http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1246/ Dwarf Planet Makemake Lacks Atmosphere] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118211929/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1246/ |date=2017-01-18 }})</ref>

<ref name="Occultation">{{cite news |title=Dwarf Planet Makemake Lacks Atmosphere |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1246/ |access-date=23 November 2012 |newspaper=ESO Press Release |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118211929/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1246/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Heinze2009>{{Cite journal |author1=A. N. Heinze |author2=D. deLahunta |title=The rotation period and light-curve amplitude of Kuiper belt dwarf planet 136472 Makemake (2005 FY9) |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=138 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=428–438 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/428|bibcode=2009AJ....138..428H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="brownblog2">{{cite web |title=Mike Brown's Planets: Make-make |last=Brown |first=Mike |publisher=California Institute of Technology |date=2008 |url=http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/07/make-make.html |access-date=2008-07-14 |archive-date=2008-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717010831/http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/07/make-make.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Snodgrass2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200913031 |last1=Snodgrass |first1=C. |last2=Carry |first2=B. |last3=Dumas |first3=C. |last4=Hainaut |first4=O. |title=Characterisation of candidate members of (136108) Haumea's family |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=511 |pages=A72 |date=February 2010 |arxiv=0912.3171 |bibcode=2010A&A...511A..72S |s2cid=62880843 }}</ref>

<ref name="Lim2010">{{cite journal |author=T.L. Lim |author2=J. Stansberry |author3=T.G. Müller |title="TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region III. Thermophysical properties of 90482 Orcus and 136472 Makemake |date=2010 |volume=518 |page=L148 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201014701 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |bibcode=2010A&A...518L.148L |arxiv=1202.3657}}</ref>

<ref name="Levison2003">{{cite journal
 |last=Levison |first=H. F. |author-link=Harold F. Levison |author2=Morbidelli, A. |title=The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during Neptune's migration |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=426 |pages=419–421 |date=2003-11-27 |doi=10.1038/nature02120 |pmid=14647375 |issue=6965 |bibcode=2003Natur.426..419L |s2cid=4395099 }}</ref>

<ref name=Brown2013>{{cite journal |author=M.E. Brown |year=2013 |arxiv=1304.1041v1 |title=On the size, shape, and density of dwarf planet Makemake |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=767 |issue=1 |pages=L7(5pp) |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L7 |bibcode=2013ApJ...767L...7B |s2cid=12937717 }}</ref>

<ref name="brown">{{cite journal |title=Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2005 FY<sub>9</sub> |author=Mike Brown |display-authors=4 |author2=K. M. Barksume |author3=G. L. Blake |author4=E. L. Schaller |author5=D. L. Rabinowitz |author6=H. G. Roe |author7=C. A. Trujillo |name-list-style=amp |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2007 |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=284–289 |doi=10.1086/509734 |bibcode=2007AJ....133..284B |s2cid=12146168 |url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/7288/1/BROaj07.pdf |access-date=2018-11-04 |archive-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524150449/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/7288/1/BROaj07.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MW">{{MW|Makemake}}</ref>

<ref name="Tancredi">{{cite journal |author=Gonzalo Tancredi |author2=Sofia Favre |title=Which are the dwarfs in the Solar System? |date=June 2008 |journal=Icarus |volume=195 |issue=2 |pages=851–862 |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2008/pdf/8261.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.020 |access-date=2008-08-03 |bibcode=2008Icar..195..851T |archive-date=2016-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603215320/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2008/pdf/8261.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Rabinowitz2007">{{cite journal |author=David L. Rabinowitz |author2=Bradley E. Schaefer |author3=Suzanne W. Tourtellotte |title=The Diverse Solar Phase Curves of Distant Icy Bodies. I. Photometric Observations of 18 Trans-Neptunian Objects, 7 Centaurs, and Nereid |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=26–43 |date=2007 |doi=10.1086/508931 |arxiv=astro-ph/0605745 |bibcode=2007AJ....133...26R|s2cid=119406900 }}</ref>

<ref name="IAU0806">{{cite press release |publisher=International Astronomical Union (News Release – IAU0806) |title=Fourth dwarf planet named Makemake |author=International Astronomical Union |url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0806/ |date=2008-07-19 |access-date=2008-07-20 |archive-date=2008-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723021818/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0806/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Brown">{{cite web |author=Michael E. Brown |title=The Dwarf Planets |publisher=California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences |url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/ |access-date=2008-01-26 |archive-date=2008-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129195021/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Luu2002>{{cite journal |author=Jane X. Luu |author2=David C. Jewitt |name-list-style=amp |date=2002 |journal=Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=63–101 |doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.40.060401.093818 |title=Kuiper Belt Objects: Relics from the Accretion Disk of the Sun |url=http://www.gsmt.noao.edu/gsmt_swg/SWG_Apr03/The_Kuiper_Belt.pdf |access-date=2008-08-04 |bibcode=2002ARA&A..40...63L |archive-date=2007-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809103013/http://www.gsmt.noao.edu/gsmt_swg/SWG_Apr03/The_Kuiper_Belt.pdf  }}</ref>

<ref name="jewitt">{{cite web |title=Classical Kuiper Belt Objects (CKBOs) |author=David Jewitt |publisher=University of Hawaii |url=http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/kb-classical.html |date=February 2000 |access-date=2008-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805020742/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/kb/kb-classical.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Delsanti2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/publications/preprints/06preprints/Delsanti_06-009.pdf |title=The Solar System Beyond The Planets |author=Audrey Delsanti |author2=David Jewitt |publisher=University of Hawaii |access-date=2008-08-03 |archive-date=2012-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019203227/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/publications/preprints/06preprints/Delsanti_06-009.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/TNOs.html |work=Minor Planet Center |title=List Of Transneptunian Objects |publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics |access-date=2008-08-03 |archive-date=2010-10-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20101027133511/http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/TNOs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="HubbleSite">{{cite press release |publisher=HubbleSite (News Release no. STScI-2016-18) |title=Hubble Discovers Moon Orbiting the Dwarf Planet Makemake |author=HubbleSite |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2016/18/full/ |date=2016-04-26 |access-date=2016-04-26 |archive-date=2019-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929065046/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2016/18/full/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Tombaugh">{{cite web |title=Clyde W. Tombaugh |work=New Mexico Museum of Space History |url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=51 |access-date=2008-06-29 |archive-date=2019-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925004602/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=51 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Hromakina2019">{{cite journal |title=Long-term photometric monitoring of the dwarf planet (136472) Makemake |author1=T. A. Hromakina |author2=I. N. Belskaya |author3=Yu. N. Krugly |author4=V. G. Shevchenko |author5=J. L. Ortiz |author6=P. Santos-Sanz |author7=R. Duffard |author8=N. Morales |author9=A. Thirouin |author10=R. Ya. Inasaridze |author11=V. R. Ayvazian |author12=V. T. Zhuzhunadze |author13=D. Perna |author14=V. V. Rumyantsev |author15=I. V. Reva |author16=A. V. Serebryanskiy |author17=A. V. Sergeyev |author18=I. E. Molotov |author19=V. A. Voropaev |author20=S. F. Velichko |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=625 |pages=A46 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201935274 |arxiv=1904.03679 |date=2019-04-09|bibcode=2019A&A...625A..46H |s2cid=102350991 }}</ref>

<ref name="planetary.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2016/0502-a-moon-for-makemake.html |title=A Moon for Makemake |last=Parker |first=Alex |website=www.planetary.org |date=2016-05-02 |access-date=2016-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021071304/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2016/0502-a-moon-for-makemake.html |archive-date=2018-10-21  }}</ref>

<ref name="Buie">{{cite web |author=Marc W. Buie |author-link=Marc W. Buie |date=2008-04-05 |title=Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 136472 |publisher=SwRI (Space Science Department) |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/136472.html |access-date=2008-07-13 |archive-date=2020-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527191044/https://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/136472.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Keeter2016">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-s-interaction-with-the-solar-wind-is-unique-study-finds |title=Pluto's Interaction with the Solar Wind is Unique, Study Finds |last=Keeter |first=Bill |date=2016-05-04 |work=NASA |access-date=2017-05-03 |language=en |archive-date=2017-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518122428/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-s-interaction-with-the-solar-wind-is-unique-study-finds/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Beatty2017">{{Cite news |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/plutos-atmosphere-confounds-researchers-032520166/ |title=Pluto's Atmosphere Confounds Researchers |last=Beatty |first=Kelly |date=2016-03-25 |work=Sky & Telescope |access-date=2017-05-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2016-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407162627/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/plutos-atmosphere-confounds-researchers-032520166/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ParkerA2016">{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=A. H. |last2=Buie |first2=M. W. |last3=Grundy |first3=W. M. |last4=Noll |first4=K. S. |title=Discovery of a Makemakean Moon |date=2016-04-25 |arxiv=1604.07461 |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L9 |volume=825 |issue=1 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |page=L9 |bibcode=2016ApJ...825L...9P |s2cid=119270442 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Takacs-Farkas2019">{{cite conference
 |title=Makemake's thermal emission reconsidered
 |url=https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2019/EPSC-DPS2019-86-1.pdf
 |first1=Anikó
 |last1=Takács-Farkas
 |first2=Csaba
 |last2=Kiss
 |first3=Thomas
 |last3=Müller
 |first4=Michael
 |last4=Mommert
 |date=September 2019
 |conference=EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019
 |publisher=European Planetary Science Congress
 |volume=13
 |access-date=2020-06-16
 |archive-date=2020-08-03
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803161844/https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2019/EPSC-DPS2019-86-1.pdf
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name="Verbiscer2022">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = etal
  |first1 = Anne J. |last1 = Verbiscer
  |first2 = Paul |last2 = Helfenstein
  |first3 = Simon B. |last3 = Porter
  |first4 = Susan D. |last4 = Benecchi
  |first5 = J. J. |last5 = Kavelaars
  |first6 = Tod R. |last6 = Lauer
  |title      = The Diverse Shapes of Dwarf Planet and Large KBO Phase Curves Observed from New Horizons
  |journal    = The Planetary Science Journal
  |date       = April 2022
  |volume     = 3
  |issue      = 4
  |id         = 95
  |page      = 31
  |doi-access = free
  |doi        = 10.3847/PSJ/ac63a6
  |bibcode    = 2022PSJ.....3...95V}}</ref>

<ref name="Horizons2186">{{cite web
  |title=Horizons Batch for 136472 Makemake (2005 FY9) on 2186-Nov-17
  |publisher=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]]
  |type=Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive
  |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Makemake%27&START_TIME=%272186-11-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272186-11-30%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
  |access-date=2021-09-25
  |archive-date=2021-09-25
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925102147/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Makemake%27&START_TIME=%272186-11-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272186-11-30%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
  |url-status=live
  }}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|136472 Makemake}}
* [https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/mpec/K05/K05O42.html MPEC listing for Makemake]
* [https://newton.spacedys.com/cgi-bin/astdys/astibo?objects:Makemake;main AstDys]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} orbital elements
* [https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=136472;orb=1;view=Far Orbital simulation] from JPL (Java) / [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=136472 Ephemeris]
* [https://www.ing.iac.es/PR/press/2005FY9.html Press release] from [[William Herschel Telescope|WHT]] and [[Telescopio Nazionale Galileo|TNG]] on Makemake's similarity to Pluto.
* [https://theskylive.com/makemake-info Makemake Sky Charts and Coordinates]
* [http://www.klet.org/klenot/html/k05f09y.html Precovery image] with the 1.06 m [[Kleť Observatory]] telescope on April 20, 2003
* [http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/makemake.gif Makemake as seen on 2010-02-18 UT] with the [[W. M. Keck Observatory|Keck 1]]
* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap080716.html Makemake of the Outer Solar System] [[APOD]] July 15, 2008
* [http://www.orbitsimulator.com/gravity/articles/newtno.html Simulation of Makemake ({{mp|2005 FY|9}})'s orbit]

{{Minor planets navigator|(136471) 2005 FJ7|number=136472|PageName=136472 Makemake|136473 Bakosgáspár|state=autocollapse}}
{{Dwarf planets}}
{{Trans-Neptunian objects}}
{{Solar System}}
{{Moons of dwarf planets}}
{{Portal bar|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Science}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Makemake| ]]
[[Category:Classical Kuiper belt objects]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Chad Trujillo]]
[[Category:Discoveries by David L. Rabinowitz]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Michael E. Brown]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Objects observed by stellar occultation|136472]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2005|20050331]]
[[Category:Dwarf planets]]
[[Category:Solar System]]