View source for Makasae language

{{Short description|Language spoken in East Timor}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Makasae
|nativename=
|states=[[East Timor]]
|region=Timor Island, eastern end around Baucau and inland, west of Fataluku, from northern to southern coast in a dialect chain.
|coordinates = {{coord|8|39|S|126|30|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|speakers=102,000
|date=2010 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=[[Trans–New Guinea]] ?
|fam2=[[West Bomberai languages|West Bomberai]] ?
|fam3=[[Timor–Alor–Pantar languages|Timor–Alor–Pantar]]
|fam4=[[Eastern Timor languages|Eastern Timor]]
|minority=[[East Timor]]
|iso3=mkz
|glotto=maka1316
|glottorefname=Makasae-Makalero
|dia1=Sa'ane
|map=Makasae.png
|mapcaption=Distribution of Makasae mother-tongue speakers in East Timor
|map2=Makalero.png
|mapcaption2=Distribution of Makalero<br>[[File:Sa ane.png|center|300px]]<br>Distribution of Sa'ane
}}

'''Makasae''' (also known as '''Makassai''', '''Macassai''', '''Ma'asae''', '''Makasai''') is a [[Papuan language]] spoken by about 100,000 people in the eastern part of [[East Timor]], in the districts of [[Baucau (district)|Baucau]] and [[Viqueque (district)|Viqueque]], just to the west of [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]]. It is the most widely spoken Papuan language west of [[New Guinea]].

==Phonology==

The data in this section are from Huber (2017).<ref name="Schapper">{{cite book |author1=Huber, Juliette |editor1-last=Schapper |editor1-first=Antoinette |title=The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 2 |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=267–351 |chapter=Makalero and Makasae}}</ref>

===Consonants===

Native consonant phonemes are shown in the chart below for the Ossu dialect. Borrowed consonants are enclosed in parentheses.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
|-
!| &nbsp;
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]] 
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|b}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|t}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|d}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|k}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|g}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʔ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
!| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] 
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|f}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|s}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|h}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
|-
!| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|m}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|n}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; 
|-
!| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; 
|-
!| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPA link|r}}
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; 
|}

===Vowels===

====Monophthongs====
Makasae has five vowel phonemes.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''[[Monophthong]] phonemes'''
! &nbsp;
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} ({{IPA link|iː}})
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|u}} ({{IPA link|uː}})
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} ({{IPA link|eː}})
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|o}} ({{IPA link|oː}})
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|a}} ({{IPA link|aː}})
| &nbsp;
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Huber, Juliette (2008). ''First steps towards a grammar of Makasae: a language of East Timor''. LINCOM
* {{Cite thesis |last=Correia |first=Aderito |title=Describing Makasae: a trans-New Guinea language of East Timor |date=2011 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Western Sydney |url=http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/515065 }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Fogaça |first=Jessé Silveira |title=Fonética e fonologia da língua Makasae |trans-title=Phonetics and phonology of the Makasae language |date=2011 |degree=Master's |publisher=University of Brasília |url=https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/8420 |lang=pt }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Fogaça |first=Jessé Silveira |title=Aspectos gramaticais da língua makasae de timor-leste : fonologia, morfologia e sintaxe |date=2015 |degree=Doctor's |publisher=University of Brasília |trans-title=Grammar aspects of the East Timorese Makasae language: phonology, morphology and syntax |doi=10.26512/2015.11.T.20168 |doi-access=free |lang=pt }}

==External links==
* [https://hdl.handle.net/1839/f4dc4541-6db8-4fd4-a2ce-b00dc028653c Makasai] at The Language Archive

{{Languages of East Timor}}
{{West Trans–New Guinea languages}}

[[Category:Oirata–Makasai languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Timor-Leste]]