View source for Magyar tribes

{{Short description|Political units in the Hungarian tribal confederation}}
[[File:Summarised map of occurrences of Hungarian tribe names (according to the settlement names).jpg|right|thumb|300px|The appearance of Hungarian tribe names in settlement names. It suggests where arriving Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and helped in reconstructing where arriving tribes settled.]]

The '''Magyar''' or '''Hungarian tribes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|ɡ|j|ɑːr}} {{respell|MAG|yar}}, {{langx|hu|magyar törzsek}}) or '''Hungarian clans''' were the fundamental political units within whose framework the [[Hungarians]] (Magyars) lived, before the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] and the subsequent establishment of the [[Principality of Hungary]].<ref name="Hodos">George H. Hodos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz7aKaJNfokC&pg=PA19 The East-Central European region: an historical outline], Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19</ref><ref>S. Wise Bauer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA586 The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade], W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586</ref>

==Etymology==
{{See also|Name of Hungary}}
The origin of the term "Hungary", the [[ethnonym]] of the Hungarian tribal alliance, is uncertain. According to one view, following the description in the 13th-century chronicle, ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'', the federation was called "Hetumoger" (modern Hungarian: ''hét magyar'', {{Literal translation|seven Magyars}}), as in the [[Latin]] phrase, "''VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur''" ("seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars").<ref>Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0XbwAAAAMAAJ&q=Hetumoger Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63], Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99</ref> The word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called ''Megyer'', which became used to refer to the [[Hungarians|Hungarian people]] as a whole.<ref>György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation The Magyars: the birth of a European nation], Corvina, 1989, p. 8</ref><ref>Alan W. Ertl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&pg=PA358 Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration], Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358</ref><ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ&q=common+name Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063], Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3</ref> Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] when they still lived on the [[Pontic-Caspian Steppe]]. For example, [[Georgius Monachus]] used "Ungri" to refer to them in 837, the  ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' used "Ungri" in 862, and the ''[[Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus]]'' used "Ungari" in 881. The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of these Latin forms.

==History==
{{Main|Hungarian prehistory}}
[[File:Székely Bertalan Vérszerződés.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The [[Blood oath (Hungarians)|blood oath]] in [[Etelköz]].]]
According to [[Hungarian history|Hungarian historian]] and [[History of the Hungarian language|linguist]] [[András Róna-Tas]], the locality in which the Hungarians, the ''Manicha-Er'' group, emerged was between the [[Volga|Volga River]] and the [[Ural Mountains]].<ref name="Róna">András Róna-Tas, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA319 Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history], Central European University Press, 1999, p. 319</ref> It is proposed that most of the early Hungarian tribes originated from the Volga-Kama and [[Southern Ural|Southern Urals]],<ref name="Szeifert Gerber 2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Szeifert |first1=Bea |last2=Gerber |first2=Dániel |last3=Csáky |first3=Veronika |last4=Langó |first4=Péter |last5=Stashenkov |first5=Dmitrii A |last6=Khokhlov |first6=Aleksandr A |last7=Sitdikov |first7=Ayrat G |last8=Gazimzyanov |first8=Ilgizar R |last9=Volkova |first9=Elizaveta V |last10=Matveeva |first10=Natalia P |last11=Zelenkov |first11=Alexander S |last12=Poshekhonova |first12=Olga E |last13=Sleptsova |first13=Anastasiia V |last14=Karacharov |first14=Konstantin G |last15=Ilyushina |first15=Viktoria V |date=27 July 2022 |title=Tracing genetic connections of ancient Hungarians to the 6th–14th century populations of the Volga-Ural region |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/31/19/3266/6582494 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |language=en |volume=31 |issue=19 |pages=3266–3280 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddac106 |issn=0964-6906 |pmc=9523560 |pmid=35531973 |last16=Konikov |first16=Boris A |last17=Sungatov |first17=Flarit A |last18=Kolonskikh |first18=Alexander G |last19=Botalov |first19=Sergei G |last20=Grudochko |first20=Ivan V |last21=Komar |first21=Oleksii |last22=Egyed |first22=Balázs |last23=Mende |first23=Balázs G |last24=Türk |first24=Attila |last25=Szécsényi-Nagy |first25=Anna}}</ref> or the Southern Urals and [[Western Siberia]], where they were composed of a mixed population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Post |first1=Helen |last2=Németh |first2=Endre |last3=Klima |first3=László |last4=Flores |first4=Rodrigo |last5=Fehér |first5=Tibor |last6=Türk |first6=Attila |last7=Székely |first7=Gábor |last8=Sahakyan |first8=Hovhannes |last9=Mondal |first9=Mayukh |last10=Montinaro |first10=Francesco |last11=Karmin |first11=Monika |last12=Saag |first12=Lauri |last13=Yunusbayev |first13=Bayazit |last14=Khusnutdinova |first14=Elza K. |last15=Metspalu |first15=Ene |date=2019-05-24 |title=Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=7786 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7786P |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6534673 |pmid=31127140 |quote=Agreeing with the linguistic results most of the archaeologists propose that the putative homeland of the ancestors of the Hungarian speaking population must have been in West Siberia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-23 |title=Hungarian people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hungarian-people |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Britannica |language=en |quote=The proto-Hungarians were apparently an ethnic blend of Ugric and Turkish peoples living in western Siberia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A magyarság nyugat-szibériai gyökerei nyomában |url=https://www.btk.elte.hu/content/a-magyarsag-nyugat-sziberiai-gyokerei-nyomaban.t.8217 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.btk.elte.hu |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zemplényi |first=Lili |date=2023-07-08 |title=The Khanty and the Mansi, the Closest Linguistic Relatives of the Hungarians |url=https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/khanty_mansi_linguistic_relatives_hungarians_siberia_russia/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Hungarian Conservative |language=en-US}}</ref> Fóthi et al. 2022 suggests that they originated from three distinct regions on the [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasian steppe]]: the [[Lake Baikal]]-[[Altai Mountains]] region, spanning present-day northwestern [[Mongolia]] and southern [[Siberia]], the [[Southern Ural|Southern Urals]]-[[Western Siberia]] and the [[Black Sea]]-[[North Caucasus|Northern Caucasus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338574213 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210317023118/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338574213_Genetic_analysis_of_male_Hungarian_Conquerors_European_and_Asian_paternal_lineages_of_the_conquering_Hungarian_tribes |archive-date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, Neparáczki et al. 2018 proposes that over a third of the Hungarian conquerors’ maternal lineages derive from [[Inner Asia]], concentrated in present-day eastern Mongolia and southeastern Siberia, while the remainder is derived from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic-Caspian Steppe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |last3=Kalmár |first3=Tibor |last4=Kocsy |first4=Klaudia |last5=Maár |first5=Kitti |last6=Bihari |first6=Péter |last7=Nagy |first7=István |last8=Fóthi |first8=Erzsébet |last9=Pap |first9=Ildikó |last10=Kustár |first10=Ágnes |last11=Pálfi |first11=György |last12=Raskó |first12=István |last13=Zink |first13=Albert |last14=Török |first14=Tibor |date=2018-10-18 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e0205920 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205920 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6193700 |pmid=30335830|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305920N }}</ref> 

According to genetic study, the proto-Ugric groups were part of the [[Scytho-Siberian world|Scytho-Siberian]] societies in the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe-forest zone in the northern Kazakhstan region, near of the [[Mezhovskaya culture]] territory. The ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors lived in the [[Eurasian Steppe|steppe zone]] during the [[Bronze Age]] together with the [[Mansi people|Mansis]]. During the [[Iron Age]], the Mansis migrated northward, while the ancestor of Hungarian conquerors remained at the steppe-forest zone and admixed with the [[Sarmatians]]. Later the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors admixed with the [[Huns]], this admixture happened before the arrival of the Huns to the Volga region in 370. The Huns integrated local tribes east of the Urals, among them Sarmatians and the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors.<ref name="Hun Avar Hungarian Genetics 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Maróti |first1=Zoltán |last2=Neparáczki |first2=Endre |last3=Schütz |first3=Oszkár |last4=Maár |first4=Kitti |last5=Varga |first5=Gergely I.B. |last6=Kovács |first6=Bence |last7=Kalmár |first7=Tibor |last8=Nyerki |first8=Emil |last9=Nagy |first9=István |last10=Latinovics |first10=Dóra |last11=Tihanyi |first11=Balázs |last12=Marcsik |first12=Antónia |last13=Pálfi |first13=György |last14=Bernert |first14=Zsolt |last15=Gallina |first15=Zsolt |date=25 May 2022 |title=The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)00732-1 |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=13 |pages=2858–2870.e7 |bibcode=2022CBio...32E2858M |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093 |pmid=35617951 |s2cid=246191357 |last16=Horváth |first16=Ciprián |last17=Varga |first17=Sándor |last18=Költő |first18=László |last19=Raskó |first19=István |last20=Nagy |first20=Péter L. |last21=Balogh |first21=Csilla |last22=Zink |first22=Albert |last23=Maixner |first23=Frank |last24=Götherström |first24=Anders |last25=George |first25=Robert |last26=Szalontai |first26=Csaba |last27=Szenthe |first27=Gergely |last28=Gáll |first28=Erwin |last29=Kiss |first29=Attila P. |last30=Gulyás |first30=Bence |last31=Kovacsóczy |first31=Bernadett Ny. |last32=Gál |first32=Sándor Szilárd |last33=Tomka |first33=Péter |last34=Török |first34=Tibor}}</ref><ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Török |first=Tibor |date=26 June 2023 |title=Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians |journal=Genes |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=1345 |doi=10.3390/genes14071345 |pmc=10379071 |pmid=37510249 |doi-access=free}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> 

Around 830&nbsp;CE, when [[Álmos]], the future [[Grand Prince of the Hungarians]], was about 10 years old, the seven related tribes (''[[Jenő]]'', ''[[Ker (surname)|Kér]]'', ''[[Keszi]]'', ''[[Kürt-Gyarmat]]'', ''{{ill|Megyer (tribe)|lt=Megyer|hu|Megyer (törzs)}}'', ''[[Nyék]]'', and ''[[Tarján (tribe)|Tarján]]'') formed a [[confederation]] in [[Etelköz]], called "''Hétmagyar''" ({{Literal translation|Seven Magyars}}).<ref name="Brook">Kevin Alan Brook, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rgxm_E2Fq1gC&pg=PA164 The Jews of Khazaria], Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, pp. 163-164.</ref><ref name="Lendvai">Paul Lendvai, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIr97n3tP0C&pg=PA533 The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat], C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533</ref><ref name="Waldman">Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA508 Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1], Infobase Publishing, 2006, p. 508</ref> Their leaders, the [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars]], besides Álmos, included [[Előd]], Ond, [[Kond (chieftain)|Kond]], Tas, [[Huba (chieftain)|Huba]] and [[Tétény_(genus)|Töhötöm]], who all took a [[Blood oath (Hungarians)|blood oath]] swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos.<ref>http://www.kislexikon.hu/hetmagyar.html (Hungarian)</ref> Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108&nbsp;[[clan]]s.<ref>John P. C. Matthews, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fCyh3zIlkbsC&pg=PA69 Explosion: the Hungarian Revolution of 1956], Hippocrene Books, 2007, p. 69</ref>

Before 881&nbsp;CE, three [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes rebelled against the rule of the [[Khagan]] of the [[Khazars]], but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the Khazar Empire and voluntarily joined the ''Hétmagyar'' confederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, called [[Kabar]], and later they played the roles of [[tactical formation|vanguard]] and [[rear guard]] during the joint military actions of the confederation. The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the [[Onogurs|On-ogur]] (''Ten Arrows'').<ref name='Brook'/>

==Tribes==
Hungarian chroniclers of the 13th century spoke of [[Magna Hungaria]] (modern [[Bashkortostan]]) and reported that speakers of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] were located there. According to 20th century turanists and turkologists the [[Hungarians|Magyars]] and [[Bashkirs]] had close contact before the former's migration west, as there are many parallels between old Hungarian and Bashkir tribal names.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Benjamin Golden |title=The Migrations of the Oghuz |pages=65–67}}</ref> Further, most of these names do not have such similarities with Central or Inner Asian languages, implying they may be a unique product of a local Bashkir-Magyar symbiosis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Denis Sinor |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |year=1990 |volume=1 |pages=245}}</ref> [[Turkology|Turkologists]] [[Gyula Németh (linguist)|Gyula Neméth]] and [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter B. Golden]] have compared the following names to this end: 

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Hungarian !! Bashkir !! Constantine Porphyrogenitus
|-
| Nyék || Negmen (tribal name) || Νέκη
|-
| Kürt-Gyarmat || Yurmatı (tribal name) || Κουρτουγερμάτου
|-
| Jenő || Yeney (tribal name) || Γενάχ
|-
| Keszi || Kese (branch name) || Καση
|-
| Gyula (title) || Yulaman (clan name) || Γυλᾶς
|-
| Tarján || Tarxany (tribal name) || Ταριάνου
|-
| Megyer || Mišer-Yurmatı (of the Yurmatı) || Μεγέρη
|-
| Magyar || Možeriane, Možarka, etc., (ethnonym, toponym etc.) || 
|}

==Social organization==
The Hungarian [[social structure]] was of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin.<ref>Makkai 2001, pp. 415-416.</ref>

==Genetics==
[[Hungarians|Magyars]] comprised seven clans, and later three more clans made of [[Kabar]] people. Recent genetic research has shown that the first-generation Magyar core [[gene pool]] originated in [[Demographics of Central Asia|Central Asia]]/[[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|South Siberia]] and, as Magyars migrated westward, [[Genetic admixture|admixed]] with various [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] peoples and peoples of the [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasus]]. Burial samples of the Karos-Eperjesszög Magyars place them genetically closest to [[Turkic peoples]], modern [[south Caucasian peoples]], and modern [[Western Europe|Western Europeans]] to a limited degree, while no specific [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]] markers were found.<ref>Juhász, Pamjav, Fehér, Csányi, Zink, Maixner, Pálfi, Molnár, Pap, Kustár, Révész, Raskó, Török (July 15, 2016). "Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred
from mtDNA haplotypes and Y‑chromosome haplogroups
in a small cemetery]." ([http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/10604/1/Vegleges_cikk_u.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719062950/http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/10604/1/Vegleges_cikk_u.pdf |date=2018-07-19 }}) ''Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg''. doi:10.1007/s00438-016-1267-z</ref> However, a 2008 study done on 10th-century Magyar skeletons did find a few [[Uralic people|Uralic]] samples.<ref name="csanyi">{{cite journal|last1=Csányi|first1=B.|last2=Bogácsi-Szabó|first2=E.|last3=Tömöry|first3=Gy.|last4=Czibula|first4=Á.|last5=Priskin|first5=K.|last6=Csõsz|first6=A.|last7=Mende|first7=B.|last8=Langó|first8=P.|last9=Csete|first9=K.|last10=Zsolnai|first10=A.|last11=Conant|first11=E. K.|last12=Downes|first12=C. S.|last13=Raskó|first13=I.|title=Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|date=1 July 2008|volume=72|issue=4|pages=519–534|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x|language=en|issn=1469-1809|pmid=18373723}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Álmos]]
* [[Grand Prince of the Hungarians]]
* [[Hungarians]]
* [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]]
* [[Ügyek]]
* [[Zoltán of Hungary]]

==Sources==
* ''Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9-14. század)'', főszerkesztő: Kristó, Gyula, szerkesztők: Engel, Pál és Makk, Ferenc (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1994)
* Kristó, Gyula: ''A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmúltja (1301-ig)'' (Szegedi Középkortörténeti Könyvtár, Szeged, 1993)
* ''Magyarország Történeti Kronológiája I. – A kezdetektől 1526-ig'', főszerkesztő: Benda Kálmán (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1981)
* Makkai, László (2001). ''Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526)'', In: Béla Köpeczi, HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001, {{ISBN|0880334797}}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magyar Tribes}}
[[Category:Hungarian prehistory]]
[[Category:Hungarian tribes and clans]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]