View source for Macron below

{{Short description|Diacritical mark}}
{{Infobox diacritic|char=◌&#x331;
|name=
|unicode={{Unichar|0331|COMBINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌}}}}
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
!style="background: #ccf; font-size: 300%"|A̱a̱ḆḇC̱c̱
|}

'''Macron below''' is a [[combining diacritical mark]] that is used in various orthographies.<ref name="U0300">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf|title=Combining Diacritical Marks Code Chart, Range: 0300–036F|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2016-11-21}}</ref>

A non-combining form is {{unichar|02CD|MODIFIER LETTER LOW MACRON}}. It is not to be confused with {{Unichar|0320|COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW|nlink=Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|cwith=◌}}, {{Unichar|0332|COMBINING LOW LINE|nlink=Underline|cwith=◌}} and {{Unichar|005F|LOW LINE|nlink=Underline}}. The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter results in an unbroken underline when it is run together: compare <big>a̱ḇc̱</big> and <big>a̲b̲c̲</big> (only the latter should look like <big><u>abc</u></big>).<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch06.pdf|title=The Unicode Standard|version=Version 11.0.0|place=Mountain View, CA|publisher=The Unicode Consortium|publication-date=2018|isbn=978-1-936213-19-1 |chapter=6.2 General Punctuation|page=273|access-date=2018-12-12|quote=Spacing Overscores and Underscores. U+203E OVERLINE is the above-the-line counterpart to U+005F low line. It is a spacing character, not to be confused with U+0305 COMBINING OVERLINE. As with all overscores and underscores, a sequence of these characters should connect in an unbroken line. The overscoring characters also must be distinguished from U+0304 COMBINING MACRON, which does not connect horizontally in this way.}}</ref>


==Unicode==
===Macron below character===
[[Unicode]] defines several characters for the macron below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6" | macron below
|-
! colspan="3" | combining || colspan="3" | spacing
|-
! character || Unicode || HTML || character || Unicode || HTML
|-
| <span style="font-family: serif">{{char|◌̱}}</span> <br><small>single</small> || U+0331 || &amp;#817; || ˍ<br><small>letter</small> || U+02CD || &amp;#717; <!-- This sample uses <span style="font-family: serif"> because of a rendering limitation in Android (as of v13), that its default sans font fails to render "dotted circle + diacritic", so visitors just get a meaningless (to most) [X] mark. Please retain at least until the issue is resolved because this is a very large proportion of visitors. -->
|-
| <span style="font-family: serif">{{char|◌͟◌}}</span><br><small>double</small> || U+035F || &amp;#863; || || ||
|}

There are many similar marks covered elsewhere:
* Spacing [[underscore]]s, including
** {{Unichar|005F|LOW LINE|html=}}
** {{Unichar|2017|DOUBLE LOW LINE|html=}}
* Combining [[underline]]s, including
** {{Unichar|0332|COMBINING LOW LINE|cwith=◌|html=}}
** {{Unichar|0333|COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE|cwith=◌|html=}}
** {{Unichar|0347|COMBINING EQUALS SIGN BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}};
** {{Unichar|FE2B|COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}}
** {{Unichar|FE2C|COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}}
** {{Unichar|FE2D|COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}}
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] mark for [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|retracted or backed articulation]]:<ref name="U0300"/>
** {{Unichar|0320|COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}}
** {{Unichar|02D7|MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN|html=}}

===Precomposed characters===
Various [[precomposed character|precomposed]] letters with a macron below are defined in Unicode:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | upper case || colspan="3" | lower case || rowspan="2" | notes
|-
! letter || Unicode || HTML || letter || Unicode || HTML
|-
| Ḇ || U+1E06 || &amp;#7686; || ḇ || U+1E07 || &amp;#7687; || Used in the transliteration of [[Biblical Hebrew]] into the Roman alphabet to show the [[fricative consonant|fricative]] value of the letter [[bet (letter)|beth]] ({{lang|he|ב}}) representing [v], or perhaps {{IPAblink|β}}.
|-
| Ḏ || U+1E0E || &amp;#7694; || ḏ || U+1E0F || &amp;#7695; || Used in the transliteration of [[Biblical Hebrew]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] into the Roman alphabet to show the [[fricative consonant|fricative]] value of the letter [[dalet]] (ד), {{IPAblink|ð}}, and in the romanization of [[Pashto language|Pashto]], it is used sometimes to represent [[voiced retroflex plosive|retroflex D]]. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /d/.
|-
|  || || || ẖ || U+1E96 || &amp;#7830; || Sometimes used for Arabic {{lang|ar|خ}} [[Ḫāʼ|ẖāʼ]], Hebrew [[Heth (letter)]], [[Ancient Egyptian language|Egyptian]] <big>{{lang|egy|[[Egyptian uniliteral signs|𓄡]]}}</big>. 
There is no [[Precomposed character|precomposed]] upper case equivalent of '''ẖ''' so it uses a [[Combining character|combining]] macron below instead: '''H̱'''.
|-
| Ḵ || U+1E34 || &amp;#7732; || ḵ || U+1E35 || &amp;#7733; || Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter [[kaph (letter)|kaph]] ({{lang|he|כ}}) representing {{IPAblink|x}}.

Used in [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] and [[Haida language|Haida]] (among other [[Pacific Northwest languages]]) for the [[voiceless uvular stop]] {{IPAblink|q}}.  Close to [[Korean alphabet|Korean]] ㄲ kk; closest English "sho'''<u>ck</u>'''ing"

Used optionally in the K-dialect of [[Māori language#South Island dialects|Māori]] in the South Island of New Zealand, where an original ng has merged with k. The ḵ indicates that it corresponds to ng in other dialects. There is no difference in pronunciation between ḵ and k.
|-
| Ḻ || U+1E3A || &amp;#7738; || ḻ || U+1E3B || &amp;#7739; || One possible [[transliteration]] of the Dravidian retroflex approximant /ɻ/ as in [[Tamil script|Tamil]] letter [[ழ]]. Ḻ is used in the [[Seri language]] to represent {{IPAblink|l}}, like English ''l'', while unmodified "l" represents {{IPAblink|ɬ}}, like Welsh ''ll''. It is also used in the [[Mapudungun alphabet|proposed Unified Alphabet]] for [[Mapudungun language|Mapudungun]].
|-
| Ṉ || U+1E48 || &amp;#7752; || ṉ || U+1E49 || &amp;#7753; || Used in [[Pitjantjatjara language|Pitjantjatjara]] to represent {{IPAblink|ɳ}}, and in [[Saanich language|Saanich]] to represent both plain and [[glottalization|glottalized]] {{IPAblink|ɴ}}. In the romanization of [[Pashto language|Pashto]], it is used sometimes to represent [[retroflex nasal|retroflex N]]. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /n/.
|-
| Ṟ || U+1E5E || &amp;#7774; || ṟ || U+1E5F || &amp;#7775; || Used in [[Pitjantjatjara language|Pitjantjatjara]] to represent {{IPAblink|ɻ}}, and sometimes in the romanization of [[Pashto language|Pashto]] to represent the [[retroflex lateral flap|retroflex R]]. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar trill /r/.
|-
| Ṯ || U+1E6E || &amp;#7790; || ṯ || U+1E6F || &amp;#7791; || Used in the [[Mapudungun alphabet|proposed Unified Alphabet]] for [[Mapudungun language]] representing {{IPAblink|t̪}}. In the romanization of [[Pashto language|Pashto]], it is used sometimes to represent [[voiceless retroflex plosive|retroflex T]]. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /t/. In the romanization of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] this letter is used to transcribe the letter [[Ṯāʾ]].
|-
| Ẕ || U+1E94 || &amp;#7828; || ẕ || U+1E95 || &amp;#7829; || Used in the 1953 Hebrew Academy [[Romanization of Hebrew]] to represent [[tsade]] ({{lang|he|צ}}).
|-
| ₫ || U+20AB || &amp;#8363; || || || || [[Vietnamese đồng]].
|}

Note that the Unicode character names of precomposed characters whose [[Canonical decomposition|decompositions]] contain {{Unichar|0331|COMBINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌}} use "WITH LINE BELOW" rather than "WITH MACRON BELOW". Thus, {{Unichar|1E07|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW}} decomposes to {{Unichar|0062|LATIN SMALL LETTER B}} and {{Unichar|0331|COMBINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf|title=Latin Extended Additional Code Chart, Range: 1E00–1EFF|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2016-11-21}}</ref>

The [[Vietnamese đồng]] [[Currency symbol|currency sign]] resembles a lower case d with a stroke and macron below: {{Unichar|20AB|DONG SIGN|html=}} but is neither a letter nor decomposable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org|title=Unicode character database|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2016-11-21}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Underscore]]
*[[Macron (diacritic)|Macron]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Navbox diacritical marks}}
{{Latin script||macron}}

[[Category:Latin-script diacritics]]
[[Category:Aramaic languages]]
[[Category:Arabic language]]