View source for Macro-Siouan languages

{{Short description|Proposed language family of North America}}
{{Infobox language family
  |name=Macro-Siouan
  |acceptance=controversial
  |region=eastern [[North America]]
  |familycolor=American
 |family   = Proposed language family
  |child1=[[Siouan languages|Siouan]]
  |child2=''[[Yuchi language|Yuchi]]''
  |child3=[[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]]
  |child4=[[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]
  |glotto=none
  |map=Macro-Siouan_langs.png
|mapcaption=Pre-contact distribution of the proposed Macro-Siouan language family
}}

The '''Macro-Siouan languages''' are a proposed [[language family]] that includes the [[Siouan languages|Siouan]], [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]], and [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] families. Most linguists remain unconvinced that these languages share a [[genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic relationship]], and the existence of a Macro-Siouan language family remains a subject of debate.

In the 19th century, [[Robert Gordon Latham|Robert Latham]] suggested that the Siouan languages are related to the [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] and [[Iroquoian languages]]. In 1931, Louis Allen presented the first list of systematic correspondences between a set of 25 lexical items in Siouan and Iroquoian. In the 1960s and 1970s, [[Wallace Chafe]] further explored the link between Siouan and Caddoan languages. In the 1990s, [[Marianne Mithun]] compared the morphology and syntax of all the three families.  At present, the Macro-Siouan hypothesis based on relations among Siouan, Caddoan, and Iroquoian is not universally accepted as proven.<ref>Mithun, Marianne. 1999. ''The languages of native North America''. p.305. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</ref>

==Vocabulary==
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in [[Proto-Siouan]], [[Proto-Iroquoian language|Proto-Iroquoian]], and [[Pawnee language|Pawnee]] (a [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan]] language).

;Abbreviations:
*N = Proto-Northern Iroquoian

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Siouan<ref>Rankin, Robert L., Carter, Richard T., Jones, A. Wesley, Koontz, John E., Rood, David S. & Hartmann, Iren (eds.). (2015). ''[http://csd.clld.org Comparative Siouan Dictionary]''. Leipzig, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</ref> !! Proto-Iroquoian<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Julian |first=Charles |year=2010 |url=http://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/1993/4175/1/julian_charles.pdf |title=A History of the Iroquoian Languages |type=PhD thesis |place=University of Manitoba}}</ref> !! Pawnee<ref>Parks, Douglas R. 1979. The Northern Caddoan Languages: Their Subgrouping and Time Depths. ''Nebraska History'' 60: 197-213.</ref>
|-
! head
| *rą-išú· || *-hskʷ- || páksuʔ
|-
! hair
| *rą·tų́ || *-kiɁɹh- || úːsuʔ
|-
! eye
| *ištá || N *-kahɹ- || kiríːkuʔ
|-
! ear
| *rą́·tpa; *rąxu·- || N *-(a)hõht- || 
|-
! nose
| *hpa-sú· || *-Ɂnjõːhs- || icúːsuʔ
|-
! tooth
| *i-hí·; *í·h-Sa (?) || N *-noɁts-, *-noɁtsj- || áːruʔ
|-
! tongue
| *i-ré·ši ||  || háːtuʔ
|-
! mouth
| *ʔí·he ||  || háːkauʔ
|-
! hand
| *rąpé > *i-rąpe; *ų́·ke (?) || *-oɁnj- || íksuʔ
|-
! foot
| *i-sí || *-aːhs-, *-aːhsiɁt- || ásuʔ
|-
! breast
| *á·si || *-nõɁt- || éːtuʔ
|-
! meat
| *i-yó· ||  || kísacki
|-
! blood
| *(wa-)ʔí·(-re) || N *-nkõ-, *-nkʷẽhs- || páːtuʔ
|-
! bone
| *wa-hú·(-re) || N *-Ɂnẽj-; *-hskẽɁɹ- || kíːsuʔ
|-
! person
| *wą́·ke || N *-õkʷeh, *-õkʷehsɹ-, *-õkʷeɁt- (v.) || cáhriks
|-
! name
| *yá·še || N *-hsẽn- || 
|-
! dog
| *wašų́ke, *wi-šų́·ke || *kiːɹ || ásaːki
|-
! fish
| *wi-hó· || *-tsjõɁt- || kacíːki
|-
! louse
| *(w-)hé· < **(wa-)hé· ||  || 
|-
! tree
|  || N *kaɹhit, *keɹhit, *keɹhiɁ, *kɹaheːt, *kɹahit || rahaːpe
|-
! leaf
| *á·pe || N *-nɹaht- || kuːtik
|-
! flower
| *xyá; *xyéhe || N *-ẽh- (Iroquoia) || 
|-
! water
| *yo; *wa-rį́· || *awẽɁ || kíːcuʔ
|-
! fire
| *(wa-)hpé·te || *-tsiːɹ || keːkauʔ ‘flame’
|-
! stone
| *(wa-)ʔį́·(-re); *rį́·sV; *į́-xʔe || *-nẽːj- || karítki
|-
! earth
| *awą́·- || N *-õhwẽtsj- || huráːruʔ
|-
! salt
|  || N *-tsikheɁt- || 
|-
! road
| *yą́·ku || N *-ah-, *-(a)hah- || hatúːruʔ
|-
! eat
| *rú·tE || *-k- || waːwa-a
|-
! die
| *tʔé·(-re) || N *-ihej- || hurahac
|-
! I
| *w- || *hskʷi (2:1.SG) || -t-
|-
! you
| *yi·- ~ *yį·- || *kõː (1:2.SG); N *iːts || -s-
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Campbell, Lyle (1997). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=i3g8DwAAQBAJ&q=Macro-Siouan American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

{{North American languages}}

[[Category:Macro-Siouan languages| ]]
[[Category:Proposed language families]]