View source for Macau

{{Short description|Special administrative region of China}}
{{Redirect|Macao||Macau (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Macau
| native_name = 澳門
| native_name_lang = zh-Hant-MO
| settlement_type = [[Special administrative regions of China|Special administrative region]]
| official_name = {{raise|0.2em|Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China}}{{collapsible list
  | titlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; line-height:normal; font-size:90%;
  | title = {{resize|1.0 em|Other official names}}
  | {{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle=font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;
  | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1=[[Chinese language|Chinese]]:|data1={{lang|zh-hant|中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區}}
  | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2=[[Yale romanisation of Cantonese|Cantonese Yale romanisation]]: |data2=''Jūng'wàh Yàhnmàhn Guhng'wòhgwok Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui''
  | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3=[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: |data3={{lang|pt|Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China}}
}}
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Macau.svg
| flag_size = 125
| flag_link = Flag of Macau
| image_seal = Regional Emblem of Macau.svg
| seal_size = 85
| seal_type = Emblem
| seal_link = Emblem of Macau
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.19|N|113.54|E|display=title}}
| image_map = Macau locator map.svg
| map_alt = Location of Macau within China
| map_caption = Location of Macau within China
| mapsize = 250px
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| established_title = [[Portuguese Macau|Portuguese lease]]
| established_date = 1557
| established_title2 = [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking|Treaty of Peking]]
| established_date2 = 1 December 1887
| established_title3 = [[Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration]]
| established_date3 = 26 March 1987
| established_title4 = [[Handover of Macau]]
| established_date4 = 20 December 1999
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]<ref name="wfb">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/ "Macau"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/ |date=24 January 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref><ref name="official-lang"/>{{efn|name=chinese-varieties|No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak [[Cantonese]], the de facto regional standard.}}|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref name="wfb"/><ref name="official-lang"/>{{efn|name=language-status|For most government use, documents written using [[Traditional Chinese characters]] are authoritative over ones inscribed with [[Simplified Chinese characters]]. Portuguese shares equal status with Chinese in all official proceedings.}}}}
| languages_type = [[Regional language]]s
| languages = {{hlist|[[Cantonese]]{{efn|name=chinese-varieties}}|[[Macanese Portuguese]]}}
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = [[Official script]]s
| languages2 = {{hlist|[[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]]{{efn|name=language-status}}|[[Portuguese orthography]]}}
| languages2_sub = yes
| ethnic_groups = 88.4% [[Chinese people|Chinese]]<br />4.6% [[Filipinos|Filipino]]<br />2.4% [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]<br />1.7% [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]<br />2.8% other<ref name="ethnicity2016">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=6}}.</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2016
| demonym = [[Macau people|Macau]]{{efn|The [[Macanese people]] are a distinct ethnic group of mixed Asian and European heritage (predominantly Cantonese and Portuguese).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://macaudailytimes.com.mo/archive-2009-2014/the-lobby/macau-faq/39087-what-are-the-characteristics-of-macanese-people.html |title=What are the characteristics of Macanese people? |work=Macau Daily Times |date=10 October 2012 |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085352/http://macaudailytimes.com.mo/archive-2009-2014/the-lobby/macau-faq/39087-what-are-the-characteristics-of-macanese-people.html |archive-date=16 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Attempts by the Portuguese colonial government in the mid-1990s to change this definition in the Portuguese and English languages ultimately failed.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness]] |first=Cathryn H. |last=Clayton |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2alTUjb6SX8C&pg=PA110 110]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=2alTUjb6SX8C&pg=PA113 113] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=2010 |isbn=978-0674035454}}</ref>}}
| largest_settlement_type = [[Parishes of Macau|parish]]<br />{{nobold|by population}}
| largest_settlement = [[Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Macau|Nossa Senhora de Fátima]]
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] [[Executive (government)|executive-led]] government within a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[one-party state]]<ref>{{cite web |title=China (People's Republic of) 1982 (rev. 2004) |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en |publisher=Constitute project |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717104412/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/China_2004?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Executive of Macau|Chief Executive]]
| leader_name1 = [[Sam Hou Fai]]
| leader_title2 = [[Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Macau)|Administration and Justice Secretary]]
| leader_name2 = [[Cheong Weng Chon|André Cheong Weng Chon]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[President of the Legislative Assembly of Macau|Assembly President]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Kou Hoi In]]
| leader_title4 = [[Court of Final Appeal (Macau)|Court President]]
| leader_name4 = [[Song Man Lei]]
| legislature = [[Legislative Assembly of Macau|Legislative Assembly]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[National People's Congress]]
| national_representation1 = 12 deputies
| national_representation_type2 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Chinese People's<br />{{nowrap|Political Consultative}}<br />Conference]]
| national_representation2 = 29 delegates<ref name="nationalReps">{{Cite news |date=27 November 2017 |title=Local NPC Deputies' Election Slated for Dec 17 |work=Macau News |url=https://macaunews.mo/local-npc-deputies-election-slated-dec-17/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011709/https://macaunews.mo/local-npc-deputies-election-slated-dec-17/ |archive-date=3 January 2018}}</ref>
| area_km2 = 119.3
| area_footnote = 
| area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]; (should not be any here as it is listed with a dash) -->
| area_sq_mi = 
| percent_water = 71.25<ref>[https://www.gov.mo/pt/noticias/114837/ RAEM passa a ter sob a sua jurisdição 85Km2 de áreas marítimas]</ref>
| elevation_max_m = 172.4
| elevation_max_point = [[Alto de Coloane]]
| population_estimate = 712,651
| population_census = 
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 
| population_census_year = 
| population_density_km2 = 20,300
| population_density_rank = 1st
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $92.995 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MO">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/MAC|title=World Economic Outlook|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=imf.org|access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 101st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $128,030<ref name="IMFWEO.MO" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 4th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $54.677 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MO" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 90th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $72,910<ref name="IMFWEO.MO" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8th
| Gini = 36.0 
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |website=CIA.gov |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.934 
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = {{efn|The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI.<ref name="HDI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/en-US/Home/Publication/MacaoInFigures|title=Macau in Figures, 2025|publisher=澳門統計暨普查局(DSEC)|page=4|language=en|access-date=2025-06-30}}</ref>}}
| currency = [[Macanese pataca]]
| currency_code = MOP
| timezone = [[Macau Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +08:00
| date_format = {{nowrap|dd/mm/yyyy}}<br />{{lang|zh|yyyy年mm月dd日}}
| electricity = 220 V–50 Hz
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Macau|+853]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Vehicle registration plates of China#Cross-border with Hong Kong and Macau|Licence plate prefixes]]
| blank_info_sec1 = None for local vehicles, 粤Z for cross-boundary vehicles
| blank7_name_sec1 = 
| blank7_info_sec1 = 
| iso_code = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:MO|MO]]|[[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-MO]]}}
| cctld = {{hlist|[[.mo]]|[[.澳門]]|[[.澳门]]}}
}}

'''Macau'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{IPAc-en|lang|audio=Macau pronunciation.mp3|m|ə|ˈ|k|aʊ}}; {{IPA|pt|mɐˈkaw|lang}}; {{zh|t=澳門}}, {{IPA|yue|ōu.mǔːn|lang}}|Officially the '''Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China''' ({{zh|t=中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區|cy=Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui}}, {{langx|pt|Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China}}).|Legally '''Macao, China''' in international treaties and organisations.}}}} or '''Macao'''{{efn|''Macau'' is the official spelling in the Portuguese language, while ''Macao'' is the official spelling in the English language. [[Macao Special Administrative Region passport|Macau passports]] use both spellings.}} is a [[special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). With a population of about {{significant figures|712,651|2}} people<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macao Population (2024) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/china-macao-sar-population/ |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Worldometer |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223161739/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/china-macao-sar-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a land area of {{cvt|32.9|km2|sqmi}}, it is the most [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|densely populated region]] in the world.

Formerly a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] colony, the territory of [[Portuguese Macau]] was first leased to [[Portugal]] by the [[Ming dynasty]] as a [[trading post]] in 1557. Portugal paid an annual rent and administered the territory under Chinese [[sovereignty]] until 1887, when Portugal gained perpetual colonial rights with the signing of the [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking]]. The colony remained under Portuguese rule until the [[1999 handover]] to China. Macau is a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] of China, which maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of [[mainland China]] under the principle of "[[one country, two systems]]".<ref name="NYTHandover">{{harvnb|Landler|1999}}.</ref> The unique blend of Portuguese and Chinese architecture in the city's [[Historic Centre of Macau|historic centre]] has resulted in its designation as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1110 |title=Historic Centre of Macao |department=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409164339/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1110 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The gambling industry of Macau is seven times larger than that of [[Las Vegas]].<ref name="ShengGuP72">{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|p=72}}.</ref> The city has one of the highest GDPs per capita and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDPs per capita by purchasing power parity]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc |title='GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)', World Development Indicators database |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006142025/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ShengGuP7778">{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|pp=77–78}}.</ref>

It has a very high [[Human Development Index]] of 0.934, as calculated by the [[Government of Macau]],<ref name="HDI" /> and has the [[List of countries by life expectancy|third-highest life expectancy]] in the world.<ref name="CIALifeExpectancy">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/ |title=Macau |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The territory is highly [[Urbanization|urbanised]], holding the status of the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated territory]] on Earth; two-thirds of the total land area is built on [[land reclamation|land reclaimed from the sea]].<ref name="LandReclamation">{{harvnb|Grydehøj|2015|p=102}}.</ref>

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Macau}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| t = {{linktext|澳門}}
| s = {{linktext|澳门}}
| l = Bay Gate
| p = Àomén
| w = {{tone superscript|Ao4-men2}}
| h = Au<sup>4</sup> mun<sup>2</sup>
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|ao|4|.|m|en|2}}
| y = Oumún
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|ou|3|.|m|un|2}}
| j = ou3 mun2
| gd = {{tone superscript|Ou3mun4*2}}
| wuu = au<sup>去</sup>men<sup>平</sup>
| poj = Ò-mn̂g
| buc = Ó̤-muòng
| altname = Macau Special Administrative Region
| t2 = 澳門特別行政區 (or 澳門特區)
| s2 = 澳门特别行政区 (or 澳门特区)
| p2 = Àomén Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū (Àomén Tèqū)
| w2 = {{tone superscript|Ao4-men2 T}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|e4-pieh2 Hsing2-cheng4-ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|ü1 (Ao4-men2 T}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|e4 Ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|ü1)}}
| y2 = Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjing Keūi
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|ou|3|.|m|un|2|-|d|ak|6|.|b|it|-|h|ang|4|.|z|ing|3|-|k|eoi|1|}}
| j2 = ou3 mun2 dak6 bit6 hang4 zing3 keoi1
| gd2 = {{tone superscript|Ou3mun>4*2 Deg6bid6 Heng4jing3 Kêu1}}
| h2 = Au<sup>4</sup>mun<sup>2</sup> Tet<sup>6</sup>piet<sup>6</sup> hang<sup>2</sup>zin<sup>4</sup>ki<sup>1</sup><br /> (Au<sup>4</sup>mun<sup>2</sup> Tet<sup>6</sup>ki<sup>1</sup>)
| wuu2 = au<sup>去</sup>men<sup>平</sup> deh<sup>入</sup>bih<sup>入</sup> ghan<sup>平</sup>tsen<sup>去</sup>chiu<sup>平</sup>
| poj2 = Ò-mn̂g Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu
| xej = اَوْمٍ
| languages = [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]<br />[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<br />[[English]]
| por = Região Administrativa Especial de Macau<br/>{{noitalics|{{IPA|pt|ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃w ɐðminiʃtɾɐˈtivɐ ɨʃpɨsiˈal dɨ mɐˈkaw|}}}}
| c = 
| bpmf = ㄠˋ ㄇㄣˊ
| tp = Ào-mén
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|ao|4|.|m|en|2|-|t|e|4|.|b|ie|2|-|x|ing|2|.|zh|eng|4|.|qu|1}} ({{IPAc-cmn|ao|4|.|m|en|2|-|t|e|4|.|qu|1}})
| bpmf2 = ㄠˋ ㄇㄣˊ ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄧㄝˊ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄓㄥˋ ㄑㄩ (ㄠˋ ㄇㄣˊ ㄊㄜˋ ㄑㄩ)
| tp2 = Ào-mén Tè-bié Síng-jhèng-cyu (Ào-mén Tè-cyu)
| pic = Macau (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = ''Macau'' in [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]] (top) and [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] (bottom) Chinese characters
| picsize = 120px
}}

The first known written record of the name ''Macau'', rendered as {{lang|zh-Latn|A Ma Gang}} ({{lang|zh-hant|亞/阿-媽/馬-港}}), is found in a letter dated 20 November 1555. The local inhabitants believed that the sea goddess [[Mazu (goddess)|Matsu]] (alternatively called {{lang|zh-Latn|A-Ma}}) had blessed and protected the harbour and referred to the waters around [[A-Ma Temple]] by her name.<ref name="WuJinEtymology">{{harvnb|Wu|Jin|2014}}.</ref> When Portuguese explorers first arrived in the area and asked for the place name, the locals thought they were asking about the temple and told them it was {{lang|zh-Latn|Ma Kok}} ({{lang|zh-hant|媽閣}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Hao|2011|pp=12–13}}.</ref> The earliest Portuguese spelling for this was {{lang|pt|Amaquão}}. Multiple variations were used until {{lang|pt|Amacão / Amacao}} and {{lang|pt|Macão / Macao}} became common during the 17th century.<ref name="WuJinEtymology" /> 

The 1911 [[reforms of Portuguese orthography|reform of Portuguese orthography]] standardised the spelling as ''Macau''; however, the use of ''Macao'' persisted in English and other European languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitmacao.com.au/macao-tourism-blog/faq/is-it-macau-or-macao/ |title=Is it Macau or Macao? |date=4 September 2019 |publisher=Visit Macao |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301045622/https://www.visitmacao.com.au/macao-tourism-blog/faq/is-it-macau-or-macao/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Macau Peninsula]] had many names in Chinese, including {{lang|zh-Latn|Jing'ao}} ({{lang|zh-hant|井澳/鏡澳}}), {{lang|zh-Latn|Haojing}} ({{lang|zh-hant|濠鏡}}), and {{lang|zh-Latn|Haojing'ao}} ({{lang|zh-hant|濠鏡澳}}).<ref name="WuJinEtymology" /><ref name="ChineseEtymology">{{harvnb|Hao|2011|pp=15–16}}.</ref> The islands [[Taipa]], [[Coloane]], and [[Hengqin]] were collectively called {{lang|zh-Latn|Shizimen}} ({{lang|zh-hant|十字門}}). These names would later become {{lang|zh-Latn|Oumún}} ({{lang|zh-hant|澳門}} 'bay gate' or 'port gate', [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] {{lang|zh-Latn|Àomén}}), referring to the whole territory.<ref name="ChineseEtymology" />

== History ==
{{Main|History of Macau}}

During the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC), the region was under the jurisdiction of [[Panyu County]], [[Nanhai District|Nanhai Prefecture]] of the province of [[Guangdong]].<ref name="2018YearbookP483">{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|p=483}}.</ref><ref name="MinahanP169">{{harvnb|Minahan|2014|p=169}}.</ref> The region is first known to have been settled during the [[Han dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hao|2011|p=15}}.</ref> It was administratively part of [[Dongguan Prefecture]] in the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] (266–420&nbsp;AD), and alternated under the control of Nanhai and Dongguan in later dynasties. In 1152, during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279 AD), it was under the jurisdiction of the new [[Zhongshan|Xiangshan County]].<ref name="2018YearbookP483" /> In 1277, approximately 50,000 refugees fleeing the [[Mongol conquest of China]] settled in the coastal area.<ref name="MinahanP169" /><ref>{{harvnb|U.S. State Department Notes on Macau|1994|p=2}}</ref>

The first European visitor to reach China by sea was the explorer [[Jorge Álvares]], who arrived in 1513.<ref name="Hao10">{{harvnb|Hao|2011|p=10}}.</ref> Merchants first established a trading post in [[Hong Kong]] waters at [[Tamão]], present-day [[Tuen Mun]], beginning regular trade with nearby settlements in southern China.<ref name="Hao10" /> Military clashes between the Ming and Portuguese navies followed the expulsion of the Tamão traders in 1521.<ref name="HaoTamao">{{harvnb|Hao|2011|pp=11–12}}</ref> Despite the trade ban, Portuguese merchants continued to attempt to settle on other parts of the Pearl River estuary, finally settling on Macau.<ref name="HaoTamao" /> 

In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeated by the Ming Chinese at the [[Battle of Tunmen]] in [[Tamão]] (or [[Tuen Mun]]) in 1521, where the Portuguese lost two ships. They were also defeated at the [[Battle of Sincouwaan]] around [[Lantau Island]], where the Portuguese lost two more ships. Other defeats include [[Shuangyu]] in 1548, where several Portuguese were captured, and near [[Dongshan County]] in 1549, where two Portuguese junks and [[Galeote Pereira]] were captured.

The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks in the [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)]]. They rented Macau as a trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver [[taels]] to Ming China.<ref>p. 343–344, Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&dq=Leonel+de+Sousa+Macau&pg=PA344 ''The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2''; Volume 8] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213141214/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&lpg=PA344&dq=Leonel%20de%20Sousa%20Macau&pg=PA344#v=onepage&q=Leonel%20de%20Sousa%20Macau&f=false |date=13 December 2022 }}, Cambridge University Press, 1978 {{ISBN|0521243335}}</ref> Luso-Canton trade relations were formally [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)|reestablished]] in 1554, and Portugal soon after acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557,<ref>{{harvnb|Wills|1998|pp=342–344}}</ref> agreeing to pay 500 taels of silver as annual land rent.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2003|p=496}}</ref>

Macau became a stopover on the [[sea lane]] that connected [[Japan]] with the wider world. The Portuguese could avoid the Pearl River and inched towards [[Quanzhou]] and [[Ningbo]]. But as they failed to establish trading relationships with the Chinese, the Portuguese focused on trade with Japan.<ref>{{cite book | author1= David Abulafia |title=The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2019 |page=638 |isbn=9780199934980 }}</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau]] was created in 1576, and by 1583 the [[Municipal Council of Macau]] had been established to handle municipal affairs for the growing settlement.<ref name="Mendes10">{{harvnb|Mendes|2013|p=10}}.</ref> Macau was at the peak of its prosperity as a major [[warehouse]] during the late 16th century, providing a crucial connection in exporting Chinese silk to Japan during the [[Nanban trade]] period.<ref>{{harvnb|Wills|1998|p=348}}</ref>

[[File:Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665 0739.tif|thumb|upright=1.2|Dutch ships firing their cannons in the waters of Macau, drawn in 1665]]
Although the Portuguese were initially prohibited from fortifying Macau or stockpiling weapons, the [[Fortaleza do Monte]] was constructed in response to [[Dutch–Portuguese War|frequent Dutch naval incursions]]. The Dutch attempted to take the city in the 1622 [[Battle of Macau]], but were repelled successfully by the Portuguese.<ref>{{harvnb|Garrett|2010|pp=11–13}}</ref> Macau entered a period of decline in the 1640s following a series of catastrophic events for the burgeoning colony: Portuguese access to trade routes was irreparably severed when [[Sakoku|Japan halted trade]] in 1639,<ref>{{harvnb|Lourido|2000|p=211}}</ref> and after the [[Portuguese Restoration War]] of 1640,<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|1993|p=8}}</ref> [[Portuguese Malacca]] fell to the Dutch in 1641.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=10}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hao|2011|p=21}}.</ref>

Maritime trade with China was banned in 1644 following the [[transition from Ming to Qing|Qing conquest]] under the ''[[Haijin]]'' policies. It was limited only to Macau on a lesser scale while the new dynasty focused on eliminating surviving [[Kingdom of Tungning|Ming loyalists]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zhihong|2006|p=8}}.</ref> While the [[Kangxi Emperor]] lifted the prohibition in 1684, China again restricted trade decades later under the [[Canton System]] in 1757.<ref>{{harvnb|Zhihong|2006|pp=8–10}}.</ref> Foreign ships were required to stop first at Macau before further proceeding to [[Guangzhou|Canton]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|p=77}}.</ref> Qing authorities exercised a much greater role in governing the territory during this period; Chinese residents were subject to Qing courts and new construction had to be approved by the resident [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] beginning in the 1740s.<ref>{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|p=75}}.</ref> As the opium trade became more lucrative during the 18th century, Macau again became an important stopping point en route to China.<ref>{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|pp=77–78}}.</ref>

[[File:China unknown artist early 19th C - Macao oil on canvas IMG 9411 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Macau in the early 19th century]]
Following the [[First Opium War]] and the establishment of [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] by the British, Macau lost its role as a major port.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=11}}.</ref> Firecracker and incense production, as well as tea and tobacco processing, were vital industries in the colony during this time.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=12}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|p=84}}.</ref> Portugal was able to capitalise on China's postwar weakness and assert its sovereignty; the [[Governor of Macau]] began refusing to pay China annual land rent for the colony in the 1840s,<ref name="deSousa79">{{harvnb|de Sousa|2009|p=79}}.</ref> and annexed [[Taipa]] and [[Coloane]], in 1851 and 1864, respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Luke|2000|p=723}}.</ref> Portugal also occupied nearby [[Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin islands|Lapa]] and [[Hengqin|Montanha]].<ref name="deSousa79" /> But these were returned to China by 1887, when perpetual occupation rights over Macau were formalised in the [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking]]. This agreement also prohibited Portugal from ceding Macau without Chinese approval.<ref>{{harvnb|Luke|2000|pp=723–724}}.</ref> Despite occasional conflict between Cantonese authorities and the colonial government, Macau's status remained unchanged through the republican revolutions of both [[5 October 1910 revolution|Portugal in 1910]] and [[Xinhai Revolution|China in 1911]].<ref name="Chan2003Republic">{{harvnb|Chan|2003|pp=497–498}}.</ref> The [[Kuomintang]] further affirmed Portuguese jurisdiction in Macau when the Treaty of Peking was renegotiated in 1928.<ref name="Chan2003Republic" />

During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the [[Empire of Japan]] did not occupy the colony and generally respected [[Portugal during World War II|Portuguese neutrality]] in Macau. However, after Japanese troops captured a British cargo ship in Macau waters in 1943, Japan installed a group of government "advisors" as an alternative to military occupation. The territory largely avoided military action during the war except in 1945, when the United States ordered air raids on Macau after learning that the colonial government was preparing to sell aviation fuel to Japan. In 1950, the United States paid Portugal more than US$20&nbsp;million in compensation for the damage during the war.<ref>{{harvnb|Garrett|2010|p=116}}.</ref>

Refugees from mainland China swelled the population as they fled from the [[Chinese Civil War]]. Access to a large workforce enabled Macau's economy to grow as the colony expanded its clothing and textiles manufacturing industry, developed its tourism industry, and legalised casino gaming.<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|1993|p=9}}.</ref> However, at the height of the [[Cultural Revolution]], residents dissatisfied with the colonial administration rioted in the 1966 [[12-3 incident]], in which 8 people were killed and more than 200 were injured. Portugal lost full control over the colony afterwards, and agreed to cooperate with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in exchange for continued administration of Macau.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2003|p=498}}.</ref>

Following the 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]], Portugal formally relinquished Macau as an overseas province and acknowledged it as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration".<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=175}}.</ref> After China first concluded [[Sino-British Joint Declaration|arrangements on Hong Kong's future]] with the [[United Kingdom]], it entered negotiations with Portugal over Macau in 1986. 

These concluded with the signing of the 1987 [[Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau]], in which Portugal agreed the handover of the colony in 1999 and China guaranteed Macau's political and economic systems for 50 years after the handover.<ref>{{harvnb|Mendes|2013|pp=7, 32}}.</ref> In the waning years of colonial rule, Macau rapidly urbanised and constructed large-scale infrastructure projects, including the [[Macau International Airport]] and a new [[Macau Container Port|container port]].<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|1993|pp=11–12}}.</ref> The [[handover of Macau]] was at midnight on 20 December 1999, after 442 years of Portuguese rule.<ref name="NYTHandover" />

Following the handover, Macau [[Gambling in Macau|liberalised its casino industry]] (which previously operated under a government-licensed monopoly) to allow foreign investors, starting a new period of economic development. The regional economy grew by a double-digit annual growth rate from 2002 to 2014, making Macau one of the richest economies in the world on a per capita basis.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|2016|p=522}}.</ref> Political debates have centred on the region's jurisdictional independence and the central government's adherence of "[[one country, two systems]]". While issues such as [[Macau national security law|national security legislation]] have been controversial, Macanese residents generally have high levels of trust in the government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/macau-china-one-country-two-systems-hong-kong-protest-xi-taiwan-12296344 |title=Commentary: Macau, China's other One Country, Two Systems model, seems to be working just fine |last1=Yu|first1=Hong|date=2 February 2020 |website=CNA |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202125730/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/macau-china-one-country-two-systems-hong-kong-protest-xi-taiwan-12296344 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> Kwong and Wong<ref>{{harvnb|Kwong|Wong|2017|pp=123–124}}</ref> explain this by comparing Macau to Hong Kong: "The case of Macau shows that the very small size of a 'microstate' helps central authorities to exercise political control, stifle political pluralism, and monopolize opinions, all of which strengthen regime persistence."

== Government and politics ==
{{main|Government of Macau|Politics of Macau|Elections in Macau}}

[[File:Legislative Council of the Macau Special Administrative Region 05-02-2023.jpg|thumb|The legislature meets in the [[Macau Legislative Assembly Building|Legislative Assembly Building]] in [[Sé, Macau|Sé]].]]

Macau is a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region of China]], with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the [[Government of China|national government]].<ref name="CastellucciBLFundamentals">{{harvnb|Castellucci|2012|pp=674–675}}.</ref> The [[Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau|Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration]] provided for economic and administrative continuity through the [[Handover of Macau|handover]], resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a Portuguese colony.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2003|pp=506–507}}.</ref> Under these terms and the "[[one country, two systems]]" principle, the [[Macao Basic Law|Basic Law of Macao]] is the regional [[constitution]].<ref>{{harvnb|Krebs|2000|pp=122–124}}.</ref> Because negotiations for the Joint Declaration and Basic Law began after transitional arrangements for Hong Kong were made, Macau's structure of government is very similar to Hong Kong's.<ref>{{harvnb|Castellucci|2012|pp=672–676}}.</ref>

The regional government is composed of three branches:
* ''Executive:'' The [[Chief Executive of Macau|Chief Executive]] is responsible for enforcing regional law,<ref name="BLM50">{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 50.</ref> can force reconsideration of legislation,<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 51.</ref> and appoints [[Executive Council of Macau|Executive Council]] members, a portion of the legislature, and principal officials.<ref name="BLM50" /> Acting with the Executive Council, the Chief Executive can propose new bills, issue [[Primary and secondary legislation|subordinate legislation]],<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 58.</ref> and has authority to dissolve the legislature.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 52.</ref>
* ''Legislature:'' The unicameral [[Legislative Assembly of Macau|Legislative Assembly]] enacts regional law, approves budgets, and has the power to impeach a sitting Chief Executive.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 71.</ref>
* ''Judiciary:'' The [[Court of Final Appeal (Macau)|Court of Final Appeal]] and [[Judiciary of Macau|lower courts]], whose judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the advice of a recommendation commission,<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 87.</ref> interpret laws and overturn those inconsistent with the Basic Law.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter VIII Article 143.</ref>

The Chief Executive is the head of government, and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 48.</ref> The [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] (led by the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of China]]) appoints the Chief Executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 400 business, community, and government leaders.<ref>{{harvnb|Chief Executive Election Results|2014}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter IV Article 47.</ref>

The Legislative Assembly has 33 members, each serving a four-year term: 14 are [[Directly elected member (Macau)|directly elected]], 12 [[Indirectly elected member|indirectly elected]], and 7 [[Appointed Member of the Legislative Assembly|appointed]] by the Chief Executive.<ref>{{harvnb|Chan|2003|p=506}}.</ref> Indirectly elected assemblymen are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups.<ref>{{harvnb|Yu|Chin|2012|pp=97–98}}.</ref> All directly elected members are chosen with [[proportional representation]].<ref>{{harvnb|Yu|Chin|2012|p=103}}.</ref>

Twelve political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Assembly in the [[2017 Macanese legislative election|2017 election]].<ref>{{harvnb|Legislative Assembly Election Results|2017}}.</ref> These parties have aligned themselves into two ideological groups: the [[Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)|pro-establishment]] (the current government) and [[Pro-democracy camp (Macau)|pro-democracy]] camps.<ref>{{harvnb|Li|2016|pp=527–528}}.</ref> Macau is represented in the [[National People's Congress]] by 12 deputies chosen through an electoral college, and 29 delegates in the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] appointed by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|central government]].<ref name="nationalReps" />

Macau has generally congenial relations with China's central government.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=182}}

[[File:Macau Government Headquarters 01.JPG|thumb|The [[Macau Government Headquarters]] is the official office of the [[Chief Executive of Macau|Chief Executive]].]]
[[Law of the People's Republic of China|Chinese national law]] does not generally apply in the region, and Macau is treated as a separate jurisdiction.<ref name="CastellucciBLFundamentals" /> Its judicial system is based on [[Law of Portugal|Portuguese civil law]], continuing the legal tradition established during colonial rule. Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, however, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's [[socialist law|socialist]] [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] system. Decisions made by the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] can also override territorial judicial processes.<ref>{{harvnb|Castellucci|2012|pp=675–677}}.</ref> In 2021, after similar actions were taken in Hong Kong following the [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|protests]] associated with the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement, 21 candidates running for office in the territorial elections were disqualified as a result of allegedly failing to support the Basic Law, although no specific violations were noted by the territory's electoral commission.<ref name="davidson">{{cite news |last1=Davidson |first1=Helen |title=China bans pro-democracy candidates in Macau elections |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/china-bans-pro-democracy-candidates-in-macau-elections |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826172845/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/china-bans-pro-democracy-candidates-in-macau-elections |url-status=live}}</ref>

The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its [[Visa policy of Macau|immigration]] and taxation policies. The Identification Department issues [[Macao Special Administrative Region passport|passports]] for permanent residents which differ from those issued by the mainland or Hong Kong, and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country.<ref>{{harvnb|Law No. 8/1999, Law about Permanent Resident and Right of Abode in the Macao Special Administrative Region}}.</ref> All travellers between Macau and China and Hong Kong must pass border controls, regardless of nationality.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://en.macaotourism.gov.mo/plan/entry_requirements_detail.php?id=1 |title=Entry Requirements – Passports and Visas |publisher=Tourism Office |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209132322/http://en.macaotourism.gov.mo/plan/entry_requirements_detail.php?id=1 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live}}
</ref> Chinese citizens resident in mainland China do not have the [[right of abode in Macau]] and are subject to immigration controls.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter III Article 24.</ref> Public finances are handled separately from the national government, and taxes levied in Macau do not fund the central authority.<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter V Article 104.</ref>

The [[Macao Garrison]] is responsible for the region's defence. Although the [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] is [[Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China|supreme commander]] of the armed forces,<ref>{{harvnb|Constitution of the People's Republic of China}} Chapter 3 §&nbsp;4 (93).</ref> the regional government may request assistance from the garrison.<ref>{{harvnb|Wang|2018|p=171}}.</ref> Macau residents are not required to perform military service and the law also has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence force is composed entirely of nonresidents.<ref>{{harvnb|Ho|2018}}.</ref>

The [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] and the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] handle diplomatic matters, but Macau retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural [[Foreign relations of Macau|relations with foreign nations]].<ref>{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter II Article 12.</ref> The territory negotiates its own trade agreements and actively participates in supranational organisations, including agencies of the [[World Trade Organization]] and [[United Nations]].<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/macao_china_e.htm |title=Macao, China in the WTO |publisher=[[World Trade Organization]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180152/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/macao_china_e.htm |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.unescap.org/about/member-states |title=ESCAP Member States and Associate Members |publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228155606/https://www.unescap.org/about/member-states |archive-date=28 December 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.fmcoprc.gov.mo/eng/ytygjzz/tyyflsw/314/t241610.htm |title=List of Agreements Concluded by the Macao SAR Government under Authorization by the Central People's Government |publisher=[[Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124542/http://www.fmcoprc.gov.mo/eng/ytygjzz/tyyflsw/314/t241610.htm |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live}}
</ref> The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations.<ref>{{harvnb|External Relations Facts|2018}}.</ref>

Public political demonstrations in Macau are generally rare.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=182}}

===Lusophonia membership===
Macau is not a member of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], despite Portuguese being one of its official languages. This is due to it not being a sovereign nation, but a subnational division of China. In 2006, during the II Ministerial meeting between China and [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|Portuguese Speaking Countries]], the CPLP Executive Secretary and Deputy ambassador Tadeu Soares invited the Chief Executive of the Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region, Edmund Ho, to request the Associate Observer status for Macau. The Government of Macau has yet to make this request. In 2016, Murade Murargy, then executive secretary of CPLP said in an interview that Macau's membership is a complicated question, since like the [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia region]] in [[Spain]], it is not an independent country, but only a part of China.<ref name="PontoFinal_2016-10-29">{{Cite web |last=Murargy |first=Murade |date=29 October 2016 |title=Adesáo de Macau á CPLP é questáo complicada, diz Murargy |url=https://pontofinalmacau.wordpress.com/2016/10/29/adesao-de-macau-a-cplp-e-questao-complicada-diz-murargy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803185347/https://pontofinalmacau.wordpress.com/2016/10/29/adesao-de-macau-a-cplp-e-questao-complicada-diz-murargy/ |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=pontofinalmacau.wordpress.com |quote=Mais difícil será, na perspectiva de Murade Murargy, urna eventual adesáo á CPLP de territorios, como a Regiáo Administrativa Especial de Macau ou a Galiza, ou, por outro lado, de comunidades luso-descendentes espalhadas pela Asia: "Isso nao, porque os territorios estáo dentro de países", afirmou Murargy, que lembrou no entanto que a China tem utilizado a Regiáo Administrativa Especial de Macau como urna plataforma para a cooperacáo com os países lusófonos, através do Fórum Macau}}</ref> However, the ''Instituto Internacional de Macau'' ({{lang|zh-Hant-MO|澳門國際研究所}})<!--Chinese from https://www.iimacau.org.mo/--> and the [[University of Saint Joseph|University of São José]] are Consultative Observers of the CPLP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa |date=5 September 2011 |title=Notícia - Seminário Festlatino de Macau |url=https://www.cplp.org/id-4447.aspx?Action=1&NewsId=1732&currentPage=73&M=NewsV2&PID=10872 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=www.cplp.org |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526110006/https://www.cplp.org/id-4447.aspx?Action=1&NewsId=1732&currentPage=73&M=NewsV2&PID=10872 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rocheleau |first=Jake |title=CPLP Consultative Observer - USJ |url=https://www.usj.edu.mo/en/international/observer-networks/ |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=USJ Macao |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105135157/https://www.usj.edu.mo/en/international/observer-networks/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Municipalities and parishes of Macau}}
[[File:Administrative Division of Macau.png|thumb|Administrative divisions of Macau]]
The territory is divided into seven parishes. [[Cotai]], a major area developed on reclaimed land between [[Taipa]] and [[Coloane]], and areas of the [[Macau New Urban Zone]] do not have defined parishes.<ref name="parishes">{{cite web |title=Area of parishes |url=https://www.dscc.gov.mo/ENG/knowledge/geo_statistic.html |publisher=Cartography and Cadastre Bureau |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929085121/http://www.dscc.gov.mo/ENG/knowledge/geo_statistic.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Historically, the parishes belonged to one of two municipalities (the [[Municipality of Macau]] or the [[Municipality of Ilhas]]) that were responsible for administering municipal services. The municipalities were abolished in 2001 and superseded by the [[Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau]] in providing local services.<ref>{{harvnb|Law No. 9/2018, Creation of the Institute for Municipal Affairs}}.</ref>

{| class="wikitable "
! Parish/Area
! Chinese
! Area<br>(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="parishes" />
|-
!colspan="3"| Parishes
|-
| [[Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Macau|Nossa Senhora de Fátima]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|花地瑪堂區}}
| 3.2
|-
| [[Santo António, Macau|Santo António]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|花王堂區}}
| 1.1
|-
| [[São Lázaro]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|望德堂區}}
| 0.6
|-
| [[São Lourenço, Macau|São Lourenço]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|風順堂區}}
| 1.0
|-
| [[Sé, Macau|Sé]] ''(including [[Macau New Urban Zone|New District Zone B]])''
| {{lang|zh-hant|大堂區 (包括新城B區)}}
| 3.4
|-
| [[Taipa|Nossa Senhora do Carmo]]<br> ''(including [[Macau New Urban Zone|New District Zone E]])''
| {{lang|zh-hant|嘉模堂區 (包括新城E區)}}
| 7.9
|-
| [[Coloane|São Francisco Xavier]]
| {{nowrap|{{lang|zh-hant|聖方濟各堂區}}}}
| 7.6
|-
!colspan="3"| Other areas
|-
| [[Cotai]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|路氹填海區}}
| 6.0
|-
| [[Macau New Urban Zone|New District Zone A]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|新城A區}}
| 1.4
|-
| [[Macau New Urban Zone|HZMB Zhuhai-Macau Port]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|港珠澳大橋珠澳口岸}}
| 0.7
|-
| [[University of Macau]] ([[Hengqin]] campus)
| {{lang|zh-hant|澳門大學 (橫琴校區)}}
| 1.0
|}

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Macau}}
{{Hidden begin
|titlestyle = background:#2E8B57;color:white;
|title = Map of the Pearl River Delta
}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|colspan=9 |{{Location map+ |Guangdong |width=1000 |position=center | places=
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=23|lat_min=07|lon_deg=113|lon_min=15|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''[[Guangzhou]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=22|lat_min=33|lon_deg=114|lon_min=06|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''[[Shenzhen]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=22|lat_min=16|lon_deg=114|lon_min=09|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''[[Hong Kong]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=23|lat_min=03|lon_deg=113|lon_min=43|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''[[Dongguan]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=23|lat_min=01|lon_deg=113|lon_min=07|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''[[Foshan]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=22|lat_min=35|lon_deg=113|lon_min=04|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''[[Jiangmen]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=23|lat_min=06|lon_deg=114|lon_min=24|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''[[Huizhou]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=22|lat_min=31|lon_deg=113|lon_min=21|background=skyblue|position=bottom|label=<small>'''[[Zhongshan]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=22|lat_min=16|lon_deg=113|lon_min=34|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''[[Zhuhai]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=22|lat_min=11|lon_deg=113|lon_min=33|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''Macau'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=23|lat_min=03|lon_deg=112|lon_min=27|background=skyblue|position=right|label=<small>'''[[Zhaoqing]]'''</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=22|lat_min=11|lon_deg=112|lon_min=18|background=skyblue|position=right|mark=Cyan pog.svg|label=<small>[[Enping]]</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=22|lat_min=40|lon_deg=112|lon_min=45|background=skyblue|position=right|mark=Cyan pog.svg|label=<small>[[Heshan, Guangdong|Heshan]]</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=22|lat_min=22|lon_deg=112|lon_min=41|background=skyblue|position=right|mark=Cyan pog.svg|label=<small>[[Kaiping]]</small>}}
 {{Location map~ |Guangdong |lat_deg=23|lat_min=21|lon_deg=112|lon_min=41|background=skyblue|position=right|mark=Cyan pog.svg|label=<small>[[Sihui]]</small>}}
}}
|}
{{Hidden end}}
[[File:Aerial view of Macau at night.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Macau Peninsula]]
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nf49-8.jpg|thumb|A 1954 map of the [[Zhongshan]] region. Macau is located at the bottom-right of the region.]]
[[File:Map of Macau, 1950s.jpg|thumb|Map of Macau]]
Macau is located on China's southern coast, {{cvt|60|km|mi}} west of [[Hong Kong]], on the western side of the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] estuary. It is surrounded by the [[South China Sea]] in the east and south, and neighbours the Guangdong city of [[Zhuhai]] to the west and north.<ref name="MokHoi202">{{harvnb|Mok|Hoi|2005|p=202}}.</ref> The territory consists of [[Macau Peninsula]], [[Taipa]], and [[Coloane]].<ref>{{harvnb|Huang|Ho|Du|2011|p=354}}.</ref> A {{cvt|1|km2|sqmi}} parcel of land in neighbouring [[Hengqin]] island that hosts the [[University of Macau]] also falls under the regional government's jurisdiction.<ref name="ShengGuP76" /> The territory's highest point is [[Coloane Alto]], {{cvt|170.6|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref name="parishes" />

Urban development is concentrated on peninsular Macau, where most of the population lives.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=10}}.</ref> The peninsula was originally a separate island with hilly terrain, which gradually became a [[tombolo]] as a connecting sandbar formed over time. Both natural sedimentation and [[land reclamation]] expanded the area enough to support urban growth.<ref>{{harvnb|Sheng|Tang|Grydehøj|2017|pp=202–203}}.</ref> Macau has tripled its land area in the last century, increasing from {{cvt|10.28|km2|sqmi}} in the late 19th century<ref name="LandReclamation" /> to {{cvt|32.9|km2|sqmi}} in 2018.<ref name="parishes" />

[[Cotai]], the area of reclaimed land connecting Taipa and Coloane, contains many of the newer casinos and resorts established after 1999.<ref name="ShengGuP7778" /> The region's jurisdiction over the surrounding sea was greatly expanded in 2015, when it was granted an additional {{cvt|85|km2|sqmi}} of maritime territory by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mok|Ng|2015}}.</ref> Further reclamation is underway to develop parts of the [[Macau New Urban Zone]].<ref>{{harvnb|Beitler|2019}}.</ref> The territory also has control over part of an artificial island to maintain a [[border checkpoint]] for the [[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge]].<ref name="parishes" /><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.dsat.gov.mo/hzmb/mac_area_info.aspx |title=Instalações do posto fronteiriço |publisher=Transport Bureau |language=pt |trans-title=Border Facilities |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155846/http://www.dsat.gov.mo/hzmb/mac_area_info.aspx |archive-date=15 February 2019 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

=== Climate ===
Despite being located south of the [[Tropic of Cancer]], Macau has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''), characteristic of southern China. The territory is dual season dominant – summer (May to September) and winter (December to February) are the longest seasons, while spring (March and April) and autumn (October and November) are relatively brief periods.<ref name="MokHoi202" /> The [[East Asian Monsoon|summer monsoon]] brings warm and humid air from the sea, with the most frequent rainfall occurring during the season. [[Typhoon]]s also occur most often then, bringing significant spikes in rainfall. During the winter, northern winds from the continent bring dry air and much less rainfall.<ref>{{harvnb|Mok|Hoi|2005|p=220}}.</ref> The highest and lowest temperatures recorded at the [[Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau]] are {{cvt|38.9|°C|°F|1}} on both 2 July 1930 and 6 July 1930 and {{cvt|-1.8|°C|°F|1}} on 26 January 1948.<ref name = macaoclimate/> 
{{Macau weatherbox|collapsed=Y}}

{{Panorama |image=File:Macau Peninsula Wikivoyage banner.jpg |height=220px |caption={{center|The Macau Peninsula skyline, viewed from Taipa}}}}
{{Panorama |image=File:Macau banner.jpg |height=180px |caption={{center|View of the Macau Old City}}}}

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Macau|Macau people|Religion in Macau}}
[[File:Macau single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|alt=Population graph|2020 [[population pyramid]]]]
The [[Statistics and Census Service]] estimated Macau's population at 667,400 at the end of 2018.<ref name="2019Population">{{cite report |title=Macao in Figures, 2019 |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service (Macau)]] |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/12eb1a83-ecbf-4494-9f50-263804f033b3/E_MN_PUB_2019_Y.aspx |page=5 |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729171425/https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/12eb1a83-ecbf-4494-9f50-263804f033b3/E_MN_PUB_2019_Y.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> With a population density of 21,340 people per square kilometre,<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=14}}.</ref> Macau is the most densely populated region in the world. The overwhelming majority (88.7 per cent) are [[Chinese people|Chinese]], many of whom originate from [[Guangdong]] (31.9 per cent) or [[Fujian]] (5.9 per cent).<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|pp=6, 47}}.</ref> The remaining 11.6 per cent are non ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily [[Filipinos]] (4.6 per cent), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (2.4 per cent), and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] (1.8 per cent).<ref name="ethnicity2016" /> Several thousand residents are of [[Macanese people|Macanese]] heritage, native-born [[multiracial]] people with mixed Portuguese ancestry.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=49}}.</ref> Of the total population (excluding migrants), 49.4 per cent were born in Macau, followed by 43.1 per cent in mainland China.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=5}}.</ref> A large portion of the population are [[Portuguese nationality law#Macau|Portuguese citizens]], a legacy of colonial rule; at the time of the handover in 1999, 107,000 residents held Portuguese passports.<ref>{{harvnb|Hook|Neves|2002|p=119}}.</ref>

Life expectancy in Macau was 81.7 years for males and 87.8 years for females in 2018,<ref name="CIALifeExpectancy" /> the fourth highest in the world.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/LIBRARY/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |title=Life Expectancy at Birth |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120024054/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}
</ref> [[Cancer]], [[cardiovascular disease|heart disease]], and [[respiratory disease]] are the territory's three leading causes of death. Most government-provided healthcare services are free of charge, though alternative treatment is also heavily subsidised.<ref>{{harvnb|Healthcare Facts|2018}}.</ref>

Migrant workers living in Macau account for over 25 per cent of the entire workforce.<ref name="foreignLabour2016">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=15}}.</ref> They largely work in lower wage sectors of the economy, including construction, hotels, and restaurants. As a growing proportion of local residents take up employment in the gaming industry, the disparity in income between local and migrant workers has been increasing.<ref name="ShengGuP76">{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|p=76}}.</ref> Rising living costs have also pushed a large portion of nonresident workers to live in [[Zhuhai]].<ref name="foreignLabour2016" />

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = [[Religion in Macau]] (2012)<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web |title=state.gov |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/eap/208228.htm |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525144756/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/eap/208228.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Buddhism]] (incl. [[Chinese folk religion]])
|value1 = 80
|color1 = yellow
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|value2 = 6.7
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = Other
|value3 = 13.7
|color3 = grey
}}

According to the Government Information Bureau, 80 per cent of the population practices [[Religion in Macau|Buddhism]], 6.7 per cent follow [[Religion in Macau|Christianity]] and 13.7 per cent follow other religion, such as Daoism and Confucianism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) - Macau |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/eap/208228.htm |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122022807/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/eap/208228.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Folk practices are also common among the citizens. According to [[Pew Research Center]], [[Chinese folk religion]]s have the most adherents (58.9 per cent) and are followed by [[Buddhism]] (17.3 per cent) and [[Christianity]] (7.2 per cent), while 15.4 per cent of the population profess no religious affiliation at all. Small minorities adhering to other religions (less than 1 per cent), including [[Hinduism]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam in Macau|Islam]], are also resident in Macau.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/macau#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |title=Religions in Macau |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125048/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/macau#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Language===
The predominant language is [[Cantonese]], a [[Varieties of Chinese|variety of Chinese]] originating in Guangdong. It is spoken by 87.5 per cent of the population, 80.1 per cent as a first language and 7.5 per cent as a second language. Only 2.3 per cent can speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], the other official language;<ref name="official-lang">{{harvnb|Basic Law}} Chapter I Article 9.</ref> 0.7 per cent are native speakers, and 1.6 per cent use it as a second language. Increased immigration from mainland China in recent years has added to the number of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] speakers, making up about half of the population (50.4 per cent); 5.5 per cent are native speakers and 44.9 per cent are second language speakers.<ref name="language2016">{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|pp=9, 53–54}}.</ref> [[Traditional Chinese characters]] are used in writing, rather than the [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified characters]] used on the mainland. English is considered an additional working language<ref>{{harvnb|Moody|2008|p=6}}.</ref> and is spoken by over a quarter of the population (27.5 per cent); 2.8 per cent are native speakers, and 24.7 per cent speak English as a second language.<ref name="language2016" /> [[Macanese Patois]], a local [[Creole language|creole]] generally known as ''Patuá'', is now spoken only by a few in the older Macanese community.<ref>{{harvnb|Yiu|2010}}.</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Macau|Tourism in Macau|Gambling in Macau}}
{{ multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | align = right
 | width = 250
 | footer = 
 | image1 = Macau Skyline (157820121).jpeg
 | caption1 = Casinos on the Macanese skyline
 | image2 = Marine photo g f.jpg
 | caption2 = Marina at [[Macau Fisherman's Wharf]]
 | image3 = 议事亭前地 - panoramio.jpg
 | caption3 = Tourism plays an important role in the economy of Macau, the people from Mainland China being the region's most prolific tourists.
 }}

Macau has a [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[service economy]] largely based on [[casino]] gaming and tourism. It is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|83rd-largest economy]], with a [[Gross domestic product#Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP|nominal GDP]] of approximately MOP433&nbsp;billion (US$53.9&nbsp;billion).<ref name="IMFWEO.MO" /> The GDP per capita was US$69,430 in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=Macau 2024 GDP set to grow by 10 pct: Economy tsar |url=https://www.macaubusiness.com/macau-2024-gdp-set-to-grow-by-10-pct-economy-tsar/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Macau Business |language=en-GB |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913231358/https://www.macaubusiness.com/macau-2024-gdp-set-to-grow-by-10-pct-economy-tsar/ |url-status=live|author-last1=Tu|author-first1=Therese}}</ref> Although Macau has one of the highest per capita GDPs, the territory also has a high level of [[Economic inequality|wealth disparity]].<ref name="ShengGuP7778" /> Macau's gambling industry is the largest in the world, generating over MOP195&nbsp;billion (US$24&nbsp;billion) in revenue and about seven times larger than that of [[Las Vegas]].<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> Macau's gambling revenue was $37&nbsp;billion in 2018.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news |title=Casino Boom in Asia Pressures Vegas Operators: Region's new revenues aim to draw gamblers beyond Macau, U.S. giants' longtime hub |author-first1=Ese |author-last1=Erheriene |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date=7 May 2019 |page=B5}}</ref> Taxes from gambling revenues fund a robust welfare system and an annual cash payment to Macau's citizens.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=204}}

The regional economy is heavily reliant on casino gaming.<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> The vast majority of government funding (79.6 per cent of total tax revenue) comes from gambling.<ref>{{harvnb|Monetary Authority Annual Report|2017|p=64}}.</ref> Local taxes on personal income, residential property, and retail sales range from non-existent to negligible.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Tim |title=Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution |date=2023 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1 |series=Globalization and Community series |location=Minneapolis, MN}}</ref>{{Rp|page=16}} Gambling as a share of GDP peaked in 2013 at over 60 per cent,<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> and continues to account for 49.1 per cent of total economic output. The vast majority of casino patrons are tourists from mainland China, making up 68 per cent of all visitors.<ref>{{harvnb|Tourism Statistics|2017|p=61}}.</ref> Casino gaming is illegal in both the mainland and Hong Kong, giving Macau a legal monopoly on the industry in China.<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> Revenue from Chinese high rollers has been falling and was forecast to fall as much as 10% more in 2019. Economic uncertainty may account for some of the drop, but alternate Asian gambling venues do as well. For example, Chinese visitors to the Philippines more than doubled between 2015 and 2018, since the City of Dreams casino opened in [[Manila]].<ref name=wsj/>

Casino gambling was legalised in 1962 and the gaming industry initially operated under a government-licensed monopoly granted to the [[Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau]]. This licence was renegotiated and renewed several times before ending in 2002 after 40 years.<ref>{{harvnb|Godinho|2014|p=4}}.</ref> The government then allowed open bidding for casino licences to attract foreign investors.<ref name="ShengGuP74">{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|p=74}}.</ref> Along with an easing of travel restrictions on mainland Chinese visitors, this triggered a period of rapid economic growth; from 1999 to 2016, Macau's [[gross domestic product]] multiplied by 7<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> and the unemployment rate dropped from 6.3 to 1.9 per cent.<ref name="ShengGuP76" /> The [[Sands Macao]], [[Wynn Macau]], [[MGM Macau]], and [[Venetian Macau]] were all opened during the first decade after liberalisation of casino concessions.<ref name="ShengGuP74" /> Casinos employ about 24 per cent of the total workforce in the region.<ref name="ShengGuP76" /> "Increased competition from casinos popping up across Asia to lure away Chinese high rollers and tourists" in Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Nepal, the Philippines, Australia, Vietnam and the Russian Far East led in 2019 to the lowest revenues in three years.<ref name= wsj/>

Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|1991|p=68}}.</ref> and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017.<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Industrial Structure|2017}}.</ref> The bulk of these exports were cotton textiles and apparel, but also included toys and electronics.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|1991|pp=70–71}}.</ref> At the handover in 1999, manufacturing, financial services, construction and real estate, and gaming were the four largest sectors of the economy.<ref name="ShengGuP72" /> Macau's shift to an economic model entirely dependent on gaming caused concern over its overexposure to a single sector, prompting the regional government to attempt re-diversifying its economy.<ref>{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|pp=78–80}}.</ref>

The government traditionally had a non-interventionist role in the economy and taxes corporations at very low rates.<ref>{{harvnb|Sit|Cremer|Wong|1991|p=176}}.</ref> Post-handover administrations have generally been more involved in enhancing social welfare to counter the cyclical nature of the gaming industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Lo|2009|p=17}}.</ref> Economic growth has been attributed in large part to the high number of mainlander visits to Macau, and the central government exercises a role in guiding casino business growth through its control of the flow of tourists.<ref>{{harvnb|Lo|2009|pp=37–41}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sheng|Gu|2018|pp=75–76}}.</ref> The [[Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement|Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement]] formalised a policy of free trade between Macau and mainland China, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.economia.gov.mo/en_US/web/public/pg_eetr_cepa_s |title=Mainland and Macao Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) Overview |publisher=Economic Bureau |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064312/https://www.economia.gov.mo/en_US/web/public/pg_eetr_cepa_s |archive-date=13 February 2019 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

Due to a lack of available land for farming, agriculture is not significant in the economy. Food is exclusively imported to Macau and almost all foreign goods are transshipped through Hong Kong.<ref>{{harvnb|Macau USDA Report|2018}}.</ref>

== Transport ==
{{main|Transport in Macau}}
[[File:Air Macau Airbus A321-200 B-MCA (24311327220).jpg|thumb|[[Air Macau]] Airbus A321 taxiing at [[Macau International Airport]]]]

Macau has a highly developed road system, with over {{cvt|400|km|mi}} of roads. Automobiles drive [[Left- and right-hand traffic|on the left]] (unlike in both mainland China and Portugal), due to historical influence of the British Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|McManus|2004|p=248}}.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=December 2023|reason=The source does not mention traffic in Macau, nor in Portuguese colonies in general.}} Vehicle traffic is extremely congested, especially in the oldest part of the city, where streets are the narrowest.<ref>{{harvnb|Sheng|Tang|Grydehøj|2017|p=205}}.</ref> Public bus services operate over 80 routes, supplemented by free hotel shuttle buses that also run routes to popular tourist attractions and downtown locations.<ref>{{harvnb|Teng|Siu|Lo|Fong|2017|p=117}}.</ref> About 1,500 black taxicabs are licensed in the territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|p=418}}.</ref> The [[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge]], opened in 2018, provides a direct link with the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary.<ref>{{harvnb|Griffiths|Lazarus|2018}}.</ref> Cross-boundary traffic to mainland China may also pass through border checkpoints at the [[Portas do Cerco]], [[Lótus Bridge]], and [[Qingmao Port]].<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|pp=421–422}}.</ref>

[[Macau International Airport]] serves over 8 million passengers each year and is the primary hub for local flag carrier [[Air Macau]].<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|pp=426–429}}.</ref> Ferry services to Hong Kong and mainland China operate out of ferry terminals such as [[Taipa Ferry Terminal]]. Daily helicopter service is also available to Hong Kong and Shenzhen.<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|pp=421–423}}.</ref> Phase 1 of the territory's first rail network, the [[Macau Light Rapid Transit]], began operations in December 2019. The [[Taipa line]] connects 11 metro stations throughout Taipa and Cotai.<ref>
{{cite web |title=About Macau Light Rapid Transit (MLRT) |url=http://www.mtr.com.mo/en/AboutUs-MLRT/index.html |publisher=[[MTR Corporation]] |access-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030204/http://www.mtr.com.mo/en/AboutUs-MLRT/index.html |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

== Healthcare ==
{{see also|Healthcare in Macau|List of hospitals in Macau}}

[[File:MUST Hospital 01.jpg|thumb|[[Macau University of Science and Technology Hospital]]]]

Macau is served by one major public hospital, the [[Hospital Conde S. Januário]], and one major private hospital, the [[Kiang Wu Hospital]], both located in Macau Peninsula, as well as a university associated hospital called [[Macau University of Science and Technology Hospital]] in [[Cotai]]. In addition to hospitals, Macau also has numerous health centres providing free basic medical care to residents. Consultation in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] is also available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/spage/CFA10_E.html |title=Macau Factsheet |access-date=13 November 2007 |publisher=The Govt. of Macau SAR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114173436/http://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/spage/CFA10_E.html |archive-date=14 November 2007}}</ref>

None of the Macau hospitals are independently assessed through [[international healthcare accreditation]]. A [[Western culture|Western]]-style medical school was opened in Macau in 2019 by the Macau University of Science and Technology, with an annual intake of 50 students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology |url=https://www.must.edu.mo/en/fmd |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920103139/https://www.must.edu.mo/en/fmd |url-status=live}}</ref> Local nurses are trained at the [[Macao Polytechnic University]] and the Kiang Wu [[Nursing]] College of Macau.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipm.edu.mo/ess/ |title=Macau Polytechnic Institute General Information |access-date=3 December 2007 |publisher=Macau Polytechnic Institute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218064708/http://www.ipm.edu.mo/ess/ |archive-date=18 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kwnc.edu.mo/web/cmain.htm |title=Homepage of the College of Nursing and Midwifery |access-date=13 November 2007 |publisher=College of Nursing and Midwifery, Macau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113002434/http://www.kwnc.edu.mo/web/cmain.htm |archive-date=13 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are no training courses in [[midwifery]] in Macau.{{sfn|Chan|Leong|Luk|Yeung|2010|p=471}} A study by the [[University of Macau]], commissioned by the Macau SAR government, concluded that Macau is too small to have its own medical specialist training centre.<ref name=Yaupatients>{{cite news |author=Yau, Elaine |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-beauty/article/2017927/why-macau-spends-millions-send-its-patients-hong-kong-some |title=Why Macau spends millions to send its patients to Hong Kong – some by air |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=12 September 2016 |access-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409114716/http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-beauty/article/2017927/why-macau-spends-millions-send-its-patients-hong-kong-some |archive-date=9 April 2017}} Print title: "Patients running out"</ref>

The [[Fire Services Bureau]] is responsible for ambulance service (Ambulância de Macau). The [[Macau Red Cross]] also operates ambulances ([[Toyota HiAce]] vans) for emergency and non-emergencies to local hospitals with volunteer staff. The organisation has a total of 739 uniformed firefighters and paramedics serving from 7 stations in Macau.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redcross.org.mo/en/care_ambulance.htm |title=Macau Red Cross |access-date=29 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235440/http://www.redcross.org.mo/en/care_ambulance.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

The Health Bureau in Macau is mainly responsible for coordinating the activities between the public and private organisations in the area of [[public health]], and assure the health of citizens through specialised and [[primary health care]] services, as well as disease prevention and [[health promotion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/introduction/e_introduce_fs.htm |title=The introduction of Health Bureau, Macau SAR |access-date=13 November 2007 |publisher=The Govt. of Macau SAR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912141127/http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/introduction/e_introduce_fs.htm |archive-date=12 September 2007}}</ref> The [[Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Macau)|Macau Centre for Disease Control and Prevention]] was established in 2001, which monitors the operation of hospitals, health centres, and the [[blood transfusion]] centre in Macau. It also handles the organisation of care and prevention of diseases affecting the population, sets guidelines for hospitals and private healthcare providers, and issues [[medical license|licenses]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/organization/e_legis_fs.htm |title=The policy and functions of the department of health, Macau SAR |access-date=13 November 2007 |publisher=The Govt. of Macau SAR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912140926/http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/organization/e_legis_fs.htm |archive-date=12 September 2007}}</ref>

{{As of|2016}}, Macau healthcare authorities send patients to [[Queen Mary Hospital (Hong Kong)|Queen Mary Hospital]] in Hong Kong in instances where the local Macau hospitals are not equipped to deal with their scenarios, and many Macau residents intentionally seek healthcare in Hong Kong because they place more trust in Hong Kong doctors than in Mainland-trained doctors operating in Macau.<ref name=Yaupatients/>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Macau}}

[[File:UM Hengqin 2.jpg|thumb|The main campus of the [[University of Macau]] is located in neighbouring [[Hengqin]].]]

Education in Macau does not have a single centralised set of standards or curriculum. Individual schools follow different educational models, including Chinese, Portuguese, Hong Kong, and British systems.<ref name="TangBrayEdu">{{harvnb|Tang|Bray|2000|pp=473–474}}.</ref> Children are required to attend school from the age of five until completion of lower secondary school, or at age 15. Of residents aged 3 and older, 69 per cent completed lower secondary education, 49 per cent graduated from an upper secondary school, 21 per cent earned a bachelor's degree or higher.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=8}}.</ref> Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 96.5 per cent. While lower than that of other developed economies, the rate is due to the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era. Much of the elderly population were not formally educated due to war and poverty.<ref>{{harvnb|Population By-Census|2016|p=9}}.</ref>

Most schools in the territory are private institutions. Out of the 77 non-tertiary schools, 10 are public and the other 67 are privately run.<ref name="2018YearbookP289">{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|p=289}}.</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau]] maintains an important position in territorial education, managing 27 primary and secondary schools.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Educational establishments |url=https://www.catholic.org.mo/en/list-34 |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau]] |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220122739/https://www.catholic.org.mo/en/list-34 |archive-date=20 February 2019 |url-status=live}}
</ref> The government provides 15 years of free education for all residents enrolled in publicly run schools,<ref name="2018YearbookP289" /> and subsidises tuition for students in private schools. Students at the secondary school level studying in neighbouring areas of Guangdong are also eligible for tuition subsidies.<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|p=291}}.</ref>

The vast majority of schools use Cantonese as the [[medium of instruction]], with written education in Chinese and compulsory classes in Mandarin. A minority of private schools use English or Portuguese as the primary teaching language. Portuguese-Chinese schools mainly use Chinese, but additionally require mandatory Portuguese-language classes as part of their curriculum.<ref name="TangBrayEdu" />

Macau has [[List of universities and colleges in Macau|ten universities and tertiary education institutes]]. The [[University of Macau]], founded in 1981, is the territory's only public comprehensive university. The [[Kiang Wu Hospital#Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau|Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau]] is the oldest higher institute, specialising in educating future nursing staff for the college's parent hospital. The [[University of Saint Joseph]], [[Macau University of Science and Technology]], and the [[City University of Macau]] were all established in subsequent years. Five other institutes specialise in specific vocations or provide [[continuing education]].<ref>{{harvnb|Macao Yearbook 2018|pp=298, 304–307}}.</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Macau}}
{{Multiple image
| align = 
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = 风顺堂区 - panoramio (2).jpg
| caption1 = [[Senado Square]]
| image2 = Templo Na Tcha, Macao, 2013-08-08, DD 01.jpg
| caption2 = [[Na Tcha Temple]]
}}

The mixing of [[Culture of China|Chinese]] and [[Portuguese culture]] and religious traditions for more than four centuries has left Macau with an inimitable collection of holidays, festivals and events. The biggest event of the year is the [[Macau Grand Prix]] each November,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macau.grandprix.gov.mo/en/ |title=Macau Grand Prix |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Macau Grand Prix Committee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701173824/https://www.macau.grandprix.gov.mo/en/ |archive-date=1 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> when the main streets of the Macau Peninsula are converted to a racetrack bearing similarities with the [[Monaco Grand Prix]]. Other annual events include Macau Arts festival in March, the International Fireworks Display Contest in September, the International Music festival in October or November, and the Macau International Marathon in December.

The Lunar [[Chinese New Year]] is the most important traditional festival, and celebration normally takes place in late January or early February.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/macau/macau-festivals-&-events/index.html |title=Macau Festivals & Events |publisher=AsiaRooms.com |date=17 February 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218044033/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/macau/macau-festivals-%26-events/index.html |archive-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> The Pou Tai Un Temple in Taipa is the place for the Feast of Tou Tei, the Earth god, in February. The Procession of the Passion of Our Lord is a well-known Roman Catholic rite and journey, which travels from Saint Austin's Church to the cathedral, also taking place in February.<ref name=Asiarooms>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/macau/macau-overview/macau-geography.html |title=Macau Geography |access-date=6 January 2008 |publisher=AsiaRooms.com |date=11 January 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112081315/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/macau/macau-overview/macau-geography.html |archive-date=12 January 2008}}</ref>

The A-Ma Temple, which honours the Goddess Matsu, is in full swing in April with many worshipers celebrating the A-Ma festival. In May, it is common to see dancing dragons at the Feast of the Drunken Dragon and twinkling-clean Buddhas at the Feast of the Bathing of Lord Buddha. In [[Coloane Village]], the [[Taoist]] god [[Tam Kong]] is also honoured on the same day.<ref name=Asiarooms/> [[Dragon Boat Festival]] is brought into play on Nam Van Lake in June and Hungry Ghosts' festival around late August and early September every year. All events and festivities of the year end with [[Dongzhi Festival|Winter Solstice]] in December.

[[File:Macau - Fortaleza de Guia (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|Capela de Nossa Senhora da Guia and Guia Lighthouse at the [[Guia Fortress]]]]

Macau preserves many historical properties in the urban area. Its [[Historic Centre of Macau|historic centre]], which includes some twenty-five historic locations, was officially listed as a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] on 15 July 2005 during the 29th session of the [[World Heritage Committee]], held in [[Durban]], South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/135 |date=July 15, 2005 |title=Mostar, Macao and Biblical vestiges in Israel are among the 17 cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List |access-date=5 September 2006 |publisher=UNESCO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813122915/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/135 |archive-date=13 August 2006}}</ref>
However, the Macao government is criticised for ignoring the conservation of heritage in urban planning.<ref name="YC2007">{{Cite book |title=China's Macao Transformed: Challenge and Development in the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbDIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA316 |last1=Yu |first1=Eilo W.Y. |last2=Chan |first2=Ming K. |publisher=City University of HK Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-9629372071 |pages=316 |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907221027/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbDIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA316#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, local residents of Macao wrote a letter to UNESCO complaining about construction projects around [[world heritage]] [[Guia Lighthouse]] (Focal height {{cvt|108|m}}), including the headquarter of the Liaison Office ({{cvt|91|m}}). UNESCO then issued a warning to the Macau government, which led former Chief Executive [[Edmund Ho]] to sign a notice regulating height restrictions on buildings around the site.<ref name="mdt2016"/> In 2015, the [[New Macau Association]] submitted a report to UNESCO claiming that the government had failed to protect Macao's cultural heritage against threats by urban development projects. One of the main examples of the report is that the headquarter of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government, which is located on the Guia foothill and obstructs the view of the [[Guia Fortress]] (one of the world heritages symbols of Macao). One year later, Roni Amelan, a spokesman from UNESCO Press service, said that the UNESCO has asked China for information and is still waiting for a reply.<ref>Meneses, J. (2016). The Victory of Heritage. Macau Business, July 2016, pp. 72–73.</ref><ref name="mdt2016">
{{Cite news |url=https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/new-macau-alerts-un-construction-project-near-lighthouse.html |title=New Macau Alerts UN to Construction Project near Lighthouse |date=8 November 2016 |work=Macau Daily Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203005837/https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/new-macau-alerts-un-construction-project-near-lighthouse.html |archive-date=3 February 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref> In 2016, the Macau government approved an {{convert|81|m|adj=on}}-tall construction limit for the residential project, which reportedly goes against the city's regulations on the height of buildings around world heritage site Guia Lighthouse.<ref name="mdt2016"/>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Macanese cuisine}}
{{Multiple image
|direction=horizontal |align=right |caption_align=center |total_width=350
|image1=MargaretCafe PasteisDeNata.JPG |height1=1600 |width1=2400
|image2=Porkchopbun.jpg |height2=1536 |width2=2048
|footer=''(Left)'': Macanese-style ''[[pastel de nata]]''. ''(Right)'': [[Pork chop bun]]s are popular street snacks.
}}
[[File:Minchi.jpg|thumb|'''Minchee''']]
[[File:Cononut milk.JPG|thumb|'''Coconut milk''']]
Food in Macau is mainly based on both [[Cantonese cuisine|Cantonese]] and [[Portuguese cuisine]], drawing influences from [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] and [[Malay cuisine|Malay]] dishes as well, reflecting a unique cultural and culinary blend after centuries of colonial rule.<ref>{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=389}}.</ref> Portuguese recipes were adapted to use local ingredients, such as fresh seafood, [[turmeric]], [[coconut milk]], and [[adzuki bean]]s. These adaptations produced Macanese variations of traditional Portuguese dishes including ''[[caldo verde]]'', [[minchee]], and ''[[cozido à portuguesa]]''. While many restaurants claim to serve traditional Portuguese or Macanese dishes, most serve a mix of Cantonese-Portuguese fusion cuisine. ''[[Galinha à portuguesa]]'' is an example of a Chinese dish that draws from Macanese influences, but is not part of Macanese cuisine.<ref name="LongMacauFood">{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=390}}.</ref> ''[[Cha chaan teng]]'', a type of fast casual diner originating in Hong Kong that serves that region's interpretation of Western food, are also prevalent in Macau.<ref>{{harvnb|Long|2015|p=391}}.</ref> ''[[Pastel de nata]]'', [[pork chop bun]]s, and [[almond biscuit]]s are popular street food items.<ref name="LongMacauFood" />

=== Sports ===
{{main|Sport in Macau}}
[[File:2008 Macau F3 GP.JPG|thumb|[[Formula Three]] racers in the 2008 [[Macau Grand Prix]]]]

Despite its small area, Macau is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities that have hosted a number of major international sporting events, including the [[2005 East Asian Games]], the [[2006 Lusophony Games]], and the [[2007 Asian Indoor Games]].

The territory regularly hosts the [[Macau Grand Prix]], one of the most significant annual motorsport competitions that uses city streets as the racetrack. It is the only [[street circuit]] that hosts [[Formula Three]], [[Touring car racing|touring car]], and motorcycle races in the same event. The [[Guia Circuit]], with narrow corner clearance and a winding path, is considered an extremely challenging course and a serious milestone for prospective [[Formula One]] racers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shadbolt |first=Peter |date=7 November 2013 |title=Macau Grand Prix: The final exam for racers |url=http://travel.cnn.com/macau-grand-prix-737446/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107172825/http://travel.cnn.com/macau-grand-prix-737446/ |archive-date=7 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Macau represents itself separately from mainland China with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory maintains its own [[Sports and Olympic Committee of Macau, China|National Olympic Committee]], but does not compete in the [[Olympic Games]]. [[International Olympic Committee]] rules specify that new NOCs can only be admitted if they represent sovereign states (Hong Kong has participated in the Olympics since before the regulation change in 1996).<ref>{{harvnb|Mallon|Heijmans|2011|p=211}}.</ref>

== Twin towns and sister cities ==
Macau has six [[Sister city|sister cities]], listed chronologically by year joined:<ref name="IAM Exchanges">{{Cite web |title=Exchanges Between IACM and Other Cities |url=https://www.iam.gov.mo/files/exchange_e.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124611/https://www.iam.gov.mo/files/exchange_e.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=8 February 2019 |publisher=[[Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau]]}}</ref>
{{colbegin}}
* {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal (1982)
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Uwajima, Ehime]], Japan (1987)
* {{flagdeco|MCO}} [[Monte Carlo]], Monaco (1992)
* {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Porto]], Portugal (1997)
* {{flagdeco|SWE}} [[Linköping]], Sweden (1997)
* {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal (1998)
* {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil (2000)
* {{flagdeco|CPV}} [[Praia]], Cape Verde (2007)
{{colend}}

Additionally, Macau has other cultural agreements with the following cities:<ref name="IAM Exchanges"/>
* {{flagdeco|BEL}} [[Brussels]], Belgium (1991)
* {{flagdeco|USA}} [[San Francisco]], United States (2001)
* {{flagdeco|VIE}} [[Da Nang]], Vietnam (2006)
* {{flagdeco|THA}} [[Phuket Province|Phuket]], Thailand (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government Information Bureau |date=9 May 2018 |title=Macao, Thailand's Phuket Sign Twinning Arrangement |url=https://www.gov.mo/en/news/95781/ |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=Macao SAR Government Portal |language=en-US |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212022600/https://www.gov.mo/en/news/95781/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Union of Luso-Afro-Americo-Asiatic Capital Cities ===
Macau is part of the Union of Luso-Afro-Americo-Asiatic Capital Cities<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uccla.pt/ |title=UCCLA |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113014425/http://www.uccla.pt/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IAM Exchanges" /> from 28 June 1985, establishing brotherly relations with the following cities:

{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagdeco|GNB}} [[Bissau]], Guinea-Bissau
* {{flagdeco|TLS}} [[Dili]], East Timor
* {{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal
* {{flagdeco|ANG}} [[Luanda]], Angola
* {{flagdeco|MOZ}} [[Maputo]], Mozambique
* {{flagdeco|IND}} [[Panaji]] (Panjim), India
* {{flagdeco|CPV}} [[Praia]], Cape Verde
* {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
* {{flagdeco|STP}} [[São Tomé]], São Tomé and Príncipe
{{colend}}

== See also ==
* [[Cuiheng|Cuiheng New Area]]
* [[Foreign relations of Macau]]
* [[Index of Macau-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Macau]]
* [[Hong Kong]]
{{Portal bar|China|Asia|Cities}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
==== Government reports ====
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite report |title=2016 Population By-Census Detailed Results |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service]] |date=May 2017 |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/e20c6bab-ada4-4f83-9349-e72605674a42/E_ICEN_PUB_2016_Y.aspx |ref={{harvid|Population By-Census|2016}} |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142710/https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/e20c6bab-ada4-4f83-9349-e72605674a42/E_ICEN_PUB_2016_Y.aspx |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=Background Notes, Macau |date=August 1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N9JAQAAMAAJ |publisher=[[Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs]], [[United States Department of State]] |access-date=22 April 2020 |ref={{harvid|U.S. State Department Notes on Macau|1994}} |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805224054/https://books.google.com/books?id=3N9JAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=Eleição do Chefe do Executivo |trans-title=Election of the Chief Executive |publisher=Electoral Affairs Commission |language=pt |date=31 August 2014 |url=https://www.ece.gov.mo/2014/download/ece2014geral.pdf |ref={{harvid|Chief Executive Election Results|2014}} |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211404/https://www.ece.gov.mo/2014/download/ece2014geral.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=External Relations |publisher=Government Information Bureau |date=July 2018 |url=https://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/factsheet/External_EN.pdf |ref={{harvid|External Relations Facts|2018}} |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180024/https://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/factsheet/External_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=Healthcare |publisher=Government Information Bureau |date=July 2018 |url=https://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/factsheet/Health_EN.pdf |ref={{harvid|Healthcare Facts|2018}} |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211411/https://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/factsheet/Health_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=Macao in Figures, 2021 |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service (Macau)]] |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo//getAttachment/b975a2eb-f733-43f7-b519-4d4dc6f74e2a/E_MN_PUB_2021_Y.aspx |page=4 |access-date=9 June 2021 |ref={{harvid|Macao in Figures|2021}} |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410134913/https://www.dsec.gov.mo//getAttachment/b975a2eb-f733-43f7-b519-4d4dc6f74e2a/E_MN_PUB_2021_Y.aspx |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=Macao Industrial Structure |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service]] |date=November 2018 |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/e901961f-cc6e-49fe-b153-69517eda334a/E_PIBP_FR_2017_Y.aspx |ref={{harvid|Macao Industrial Structure|2017}} |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064213/https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/e901961f-cc6e-49fe-b153-69517eda334a/E_PIBP_FR_2017_Y.aspx |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=Macau Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards Report |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=6 July 2018 |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Macau%20Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20Report_Hong%20Kong_Hong%20Kong_7-6-2018.pdf |ref={{harvid|Macau USDA Report|2018}} |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211400/https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Macau%20Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20Report_Hong%20Kong_Hong%20Kong_7-6-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |chapter=Public finance |chapter-url=https://www.amcm.gov.mo/files/research_and_stats/annual_reports/2017/en/ii.2.2.pdf |title=Annual Report 2017 |publisher=[[Monetary Authority of Macao]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.amcm.gov.mo/en/research-statistics/annual-reports/year-2017 |ref={{harvid|Monetary Authority Annual Report|2017}} |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142716/https://www.amcm.gov.mo/en/research-statistics/annual-reports/year-2017 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=Resultado da Eleição dos Deputados à Assembleia Legislativa da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau por Sufrágio Directo e Indirecto |trans-title=Result of the Election of Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Macao Special Administrative Region by Direct and Indirect Suffrage |publisher=Electoral Affairs Commission |language=pt |date=26 September 2017 |url=http://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2017/39/out-1-39-1-2017.pdf |ref={{harvid|Legislative Assembly Election Results|2017}} |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180402/https://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2017/39/out-1-39-1-2017.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |title=Tourism Statistics |publisher=[[Statistics and Census Service]] |date=April 2018 |url=https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/1bb88665-4d4a-45bb-be90-c2f450bbe762/E_TUR_PUB_2017_Y.aspx |ref={{harvid|Tourism Statistics|2017}} |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064217/https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/1bb88665-4d4a-45bb-be90-c2f450bbe762/E_TUR_PUB_2017_Y.aspx |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==== Academic publications ====
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Castellucci |first=Ignazio |date=2012 |title=Legal Hybridity in Hong Kong and Macau |journal=Journal of Contemporary China |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=665–720 |doi=10.7202/1013028ar |doi-access=free | issn=0024-9041}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chan |first=Ming K. |date=2003 |title=Different Roads to Home: The Retrocession of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese Sovereignty |journal=Journal of Contemporary China |volume=12 |issue=36 |pages=493–518 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2cf9/860dfb7365dd9b5349b3e3bcafdb4a50ea75.pdf |doi=10.1080/10670560305473 |s2cid=925886 |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150332/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2cf9/860dfb7365dd9b5349b3e3bcafdb4a50ea75.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Moon Fai |last2=Leong |first2=Sok Man |last3=Luk |first3=Andrew Leung |last4=Yeung |first4=Siu Ming |last5=Van |first5=Iat Kio |title=Exploring the profiles of nurses' job satisfaction in Macau: results of a cluster analysis |journal=Journal of Clinical Nursing |date=February 2010 |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=470–478 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02902.x |pmid=19886871 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02902.x |language=en |issn=0962-1067 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907221109/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02902.x |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite thesis |last=de Sousa |first=Trigo |year=2009 |title=Regional Integration and Differentiation in a Globalizing China: The Blending of Government and Business in Post-Colonial Macau |chapter=Macau in the Colonial Period (1557–1949) |chapter-url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/886038/68067_11.pdf |degree=PhD |institution=[[University of Amsterdam]] |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174406/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/886038/68067_11.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=du Cros |first=Hilary |year=2009 |title=Emerging Issues for Cultural Tourism in Macau |journal=Journal of Current Chinese Affairs |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=73–99 |doi=10.1177/186810260903800105 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Godinho |first=Jorge |date=2014 |title=Casino Gaming in Macau: Evolution, Regulation and Challenges |journal=UNLV Gaming Law Journal |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |url=https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=glj |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331013445/http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=glj |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Grydehøj |first=Adam |date=2015 |title=Making Ground, Losing Space: Land Reclamation and Urban Public Space in Island Cities |journal=Urban Island Studies |volume=1 |pages=96–117 |doi=10.20958/uis.2015.6 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hook |first1=Brian |last2=Neves |first2=Miguel Santos |date=2002 |title=The Role of Hong Kong and Macau in China's Relations with Europe |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=108–135 |doi=10.1017/S0009443902000086 |jstor=4618708 |s2cid=154934120}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Jinliang |last2=Ho |first2=Manhim |last3=Du |first3=Pengfei |date=2011 |title=Assessment of Temporal and Spatial Variation of Coastal Water Quality and Source Identification Along Macau Peninsula |journal=Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=353–361 |doi=10.1007/s00477-010-0373-4 |bibcode=2011SERRA..25..353H |s2cid=67845037}}
* {{cite journal |last=Krebs |first=Judith R. |date=2000 |title=One Country, Three Systems? Judicial Review in Macau After Ng Ka Ling |journal=Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=111–146 |hdl=1773.1/780 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kwong |first1=Ying-ho |last2=Wong |first2=Matthew Y.H. |date=2017 |title=State Size and Democratization in Hybrid Regimes: The Chinese Island Cities of Macau and Hong Kong |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=113–126 |doi=10.24043/isj.36 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Li |first=Sheng |date=2016 |title=The Transformation of Island City Politics: The Case of Macau |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=521–536 |doi=10.24043/isj.365 |s2cid=202681737 |url=https://www.islandstudies.ca/sites/islandstudies.ca/files/ISJ-11-2-MS362-LiSheng.pdf |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211405/https://www.islandstudies.ca/sites/islandstudies.ca/files/ISJ-11-2-MS362-LiSheng.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Lo |first=Sonny |date=2009 |title=Casino Capitalism and Its Legitimacy Impact on the Politico-administrative State in Macau |journal=Journal of Current Chinese Affairs |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=19–47 |doi=10.1177/186810260903800103 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Luke |first=Frances M. |date=2000 |title=The Imminent Threat to China's Intervention in Macau's Autonomy: Using Hong Kong's Past to Secure Macau's Future |journal=American University International Law Review |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=717–756 |url=https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1273&context=auilr |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142700/https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1273&context=auilr |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mok |first1=K.M. |last2=Hoi |first2=K.I. |date=2005 |title=Effects of Meteorological Conditions on PM<sub>10</sub> Concentrations – A Study in Macau |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=102 |issue=1–3 |pages=201–223 |doi=10.1007/s10661-005-6022-6 |pmid=15869187 |bibcode=2005EMnAs.102..201M |s2cid=36669151}}
* {{cite journal |last=Moody |first=Andrew |date=2008 |title=Macau English: Status, Functions and Forms |journal=English Today |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=3–15 |doi=10.1017/S0266078408000242 |s2cid=145731147}}
* {{cite journal |last=Porter |first=Jonathan |date=1993 |title=The Transformation of Macau |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=7–20 |doi=10.2307/2760013 |jstor=2760013}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sheng |first1=Mingjie |last2=Gu |first2=Chaolin |date=2018 |title=Economic Growth and Development in Macau (1999–2016): The Role of the Booming Gaming Industry |journal=Cities |volume=75 |pages=72–80 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2018.01.003 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sheng |first1=Ni |last2=Tang |first2=U Wa |last3=Grydehøj |first3=Adam |date=2017 |title=Urban Morphology and Urban Fragmentation in Macau, China: Island City Development in the Pearl River Delta Megacity Region |journal=Island Studies Journal |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=199–212 |doi=10.24043/isj.25 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sit |first=Victor F.S. |date=1991 |title=Evolution of Macau's Economy and Its Export-Oriented Industries |journal=Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies |volume=6 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.22439/cjas.v6i1.1799 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Kwok-Chun |last2=Bray |first2=Mark |date=2000 |title=Colonial Models and the Evolution of Education Systems: Centralization and Decentralization in Hong Kong and Macau |journal=Journal of Educational Administration |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=468–485 |doi=10.1108/09578230010378368 |hdl=10722/42080 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Teng |first1=Lawrence Iat Loi |last2=Siu |first2=Amy Ian So |last3=Lo |first3=Iris Sheungting |last4=Fong |first4=Lawrence Hoc Nang |date=2017 |title=Does the Quality of Tourist Shuttles Influence Revisit Intention Through Destination Image and Satisfaction? The Case of Macao |journal=Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management |volume=32 |pages=115–123 |doi=10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.06.002}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Elio Wing-yat |last2=Chin |first2=Natalie Ka-man |date=2012 |title=The Political Opposition and Democracy in Macao: Revolutionaries or Loyalists? |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01356.x |jstor=26350258 |s2cid=145507276}}
{{refend}}

==== Legislation ====
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{wikicite |reference=[https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/the-basic-law-of-the-macao-macau-special-administrative-region-of-the-prc Basic Law] |ref={{sfnref|Basic Law}}}}
* {{wikicite |reference=[http://www.asianlii.org/mo/legis/laws/cotproc424/ Constitution of the People's Republic of China] |ref={{sfnref|Constitution of the People's Republic of China}} }}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite act |title=Criação do Instituto para os Assuntos Municipais |trans-title=Creation of the Institute for Municipal Affairs |number=9 |year=2018 |language=Portuguese |url=http://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2018/31/lei-9-2018.pdf |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209232055/https://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2018/31/lei-9-2018.pdf |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209232055/https://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2018/31/lei-9-2018.pdf |date=9 February 2019 }} |ref={{sfnref|Law No. 9/2018, Creation of the Institute for Municipal Affairs}} }}
* {{wikicite |reference={{cite act |title=Lei sobre Residente Permanente e Direito de Residência na Região Administrativa Especial de Macau |trans-title=Law about Permanent Resident and Right of Abode in the Macao Special Administrative Region |number=8 |year=1999 |language=Portuguese |url=http://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/01/lei-8-1999.pdf |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211418/https://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/01/lei-8-1999.pdf |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211418/https://images.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/01/lei-8-1999.pdf |date=11 April 2019 }} |ref={{sfnref|Law No. 8/1999, Law about Permanent Resident and Right of Abode in the Macao Special Administrative Region}} }}
{{refend}}

==== Print ====
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Garrett |first=Richard J. |date=2010 |title=The Defences of Macau: Forts, Ships and Weapons over 450 years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24Wxr5vL1YcC |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-988-8028-49-8 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142833/https://books.google.com/books?id=24Wxr5vL1YcC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Hao |first=Zhidong |date=2011 |title=Macau History and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9q1dzVRYQC |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-988-8028-54-2 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142836/https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9q1dzVRYQC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Lucy M. |title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia |year=2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4422-2730-9 |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142837/https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Lourido |first=Rui D'Avila |chapter=The Impact of the Silk Trade: Macau – Manila, from the Beginning to 1640 |editor1-last=Elisseeff |editor1-first=Vadime |title=The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce |pages=209–247 |date=2000 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC |isbn=978-1-57181-222-3 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142838/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author=Macao Yearbook Editorial Team |title=Macao Yearbook |date=2018 |publisher=Government Information Bureau |url=http://yearbook.gcs.gov.mo/uploads/yearbook_pdf/2018/myb2018e.pdf |isbn=978-999-3756-44-6 |ref={{sfnref|Macao Yearbook 2018}} |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181341/http://yearbook.gcs.gov.mo/uploads/yearbook_pdf/2018/myb2018e.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mallon |first1=Bill |last2=Heijmans |first2=Jeroen |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |year=2011 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mM0XzW03AcC |isbn=978-0-8108-7249-3 |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142928/https://books.google.com/books?id=9mM0XzW03AcC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=McManus |first=Chris |date=2004 |title=Right Hand, Left Hand: The Origins of Asymmetry in Brains, Bodies, Atoms and Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20oza63ZuG4C |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-067-4016-13-2 |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142927/https://books.google.com/books?id=20oza63ZuG4C |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Mendes |first=Carmen Amado |date=2013 |title=Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986–1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kebmyB-5-IYC |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-988-8139-00-2 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223023934/https://books.google.com/books?id=kebmyB-5-IYC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James B. |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-017-1 |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607133434/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sit |first1=V.F.S. |last2=Cremer |first2=R. |last3=Wong |first3=S.L. |title=Entrepreneurs and Enterprises in Macau: A Study of Industrial Development |year=1991 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySvxAQAAQBAJ |isbn=962-209-206-3 |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223023934/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySvxAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Wang |first=Zhenmin |date=2018 |title=Relationship Between the Chinese Central Authorities and Regional Governments of Hong Kong and Macao: A Legal Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3dvDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-13-2320-1 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2322-5 |series=China Academic Library |s2cid=198105937 |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142930/https://books.google.com/books?id=f3dvDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Wills |first=John E. |chapter=Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662 |editor1-last=Twitchett |editor1-first=Denis |editor2-last=Mote |editor2-first=Frederick W. |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 |volume=2 |pages=333–375 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC |isbn=978-0-521-24333-9 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521243339.009 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502110612/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wu |first1=Zhiliang |last2=Jin |first2=Guoping |pages=147–168 |editor1-last=Wong |editor1-first=Katrine K. |editor2-last=Wei |editor2-first=C.X. George |chapter=The Evolution of Spellings of 'Macau': An Examination of Early Portuguese and Western Archival Materials. |title=Macao – Cultural Interaction and Literary Representations |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SJrAQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-62586-9 |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142931/https://books.google.com/books?id=5SJrAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Zhihong |first=Shi |chapter=China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840 |pages=4–23 |editor1-last=Latham |editor1-first=A.J.H. |editor2-last=Kawakatsu |editor2-first=Heita |editor-link=Heita Kawakatsu |title=Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market |year=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC |isbn=978-0-415-37207-7 |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522050315/https://books.google.com/books?id=mLBgaa8d4aMC |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==== News articles ====
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite news |last=Beitler |first=Daniel |date=4 January 2019 |title=The State of Land Reclamation |url=https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau-the-state-of-land-reclamation.html |work=[[Macau Daily Times]] |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155958/https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau-the-state-of-land-reclamation.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Griffiths |first1=James |last2=Lazarus |first2=Sarah |date=22 October 2018 |title=World's Longest Sea-Crossing Bridge Opens Between Hong Kong and China |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/21/world/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-intl/index.html |access-date=15 February 2019 |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216094145/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/21/world/hong-kong-zhuhai-macau-bridge-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Ho |first=Maggie |date=31 August 2018 |title=Beijing Considers Letting Hk Residents Join PLA |url=https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1415522-20180831.htm |publisher=[[RTHK]] |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173722/https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1415522-20180831.htm |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Landler |first=Mark |date=20 December 1999 |title=Portugal Lowers Its Flag, Handing Macao to China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/20/world/portugal-lowers-its-flag-handing-macao-to-china.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407183221/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/20/world/portugal-lowers-its-flag-handing-macao-to-china.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Mok |first1=Danny |last2=Ng |first2=Teddy |date=17 December 2015 |title=Macau to Extend Land and Sea Administrative Area |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1892248/green-light-given-extend-macau-administrative-area |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417160322/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1892248/green-light-given-extend-macau-administrative-area |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Yiu |first=Enoch |date=20 September 2010 |title=Macau's Buildings Safe, but Culture Collapsing |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/725260/macaus-buildings-safe-culture-collapsing |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226111400/https://www.scmp.com/article/725260/macaus-buildings-safe-culture-collapsing |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Macau|voy=Macau|n=Category:Macau}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/ Macau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/macau/ |date=24 January 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16599919 Macau] from [[BBC News]]
'''Government'''
* [https://www.gov.mo/en/ Gov.MO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214172241/https://www.gov.mo/en/ |date=14 February 2019 }}. Macau SAR Government Portal.
* [https://www.macaotourism.gov.mo/en/ Macao Government Tourism Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006121823/https://www.macaotourism.gov.mo/en |date=6 October 2023 }}
* [https://news.gov.mo/home/en Macau SAR News]
'''Trade'''
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/MAC/Year/2016/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Macao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123734/https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/MAC/Year/2016/Summary |date=9 February 2019 }}
'''Maps'''
* {{Wikiatlas|Macau}}
* {{OSM relation|1867188}}

{{Macau topics}}
{{Province-level divisions of China}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
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