View source for Ma Hongbin

{{Short description|Chinese politician and warlord}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Ma (surname)|Ma]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Ma Hongbin<br>马鸿宾
| birth_date          = September 14, 1884
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1960|10|21|1884|09|14}}
| birth_place         = [[Linxia County]], [[Gansu]]
| death_place         = [[Lanzhou]]
| image               = Ma Hongbin.jpg
| caption             = General Ma Hongbin
| office              = Governor of [[Gansu]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/governmentpoliti0000tien|url-access=registration|quote=ma hung-pin.|title=Government and politics in Kuomintang China, 1927–1937|author=Hung-mao Tien|year=1972|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/governmentpoliti0000tien/page/186 186]|isbn=0-8047-0812-6|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
| term_start          = November 1930
| term_end            = December 1931
| lieutenant          = 
| predecessor         = Wang Zhen (Wang Chen)
| successor           = Ma Wenche (Ma Wen-ch'e)
| office2             = Governor of [[Ningxia]] (1st time)
| term_start2         = January 7, 1921
| term_end2           = December 1928
| lieutenant2         = 
| predecessor2        = Ma Fuxiang (Ma Fu-hsiang)
| successor2          = Men Zhizhong (Men Chih-chung)
| office3             = Governor of [[Ningxia]] (2nd time)
| term_start3         = 1948
| term_end3           = 1949
| lieutenant3         = 
| predecessor3        = [[Ma Hongkui]]
| successor3          = Pan Zili (P'an Tzu-li)
| party               = [[Kuomintang]]
| children            = [[Ma Dunjing (1906–1972)]]
| nationality         = [[Hui people|Hui]]
| nickname            = "Ma the Kind Man"
| allegiance          = {{flag|Qing Dynasty}}<br>{{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=Republic of China}}<br>{{PRC}}
| serviceyears        = 1910–1960
| rank                = [[General officer|General]]
| commands            = 
| unit                = [[Ma clique]]
| battles             = [[Second Zhili–Fengtian War]], [[Central Plains War]], [[War in Ningxia (1934)]], [[Long March]], [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], [[Chinese Civil War]]
| awards              = [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSl5cl_wt24C&q=ma+fuxiang+gelaohui&pg=PA203|title=Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915-1921)|author=Ann Heylen|year=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|location=Leuven, Belgium|page=203|isbn=90-5867-418-5|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
}}
'''Ma Hongbin''' ({{lang-zh|马鸿宾}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab|مَا خٌ‌بٍ}}, September 14, 1884 – October 21, 1960) was a prominent [[Hui Chinese|Chinese Muslim]] [[warlord]] active mainly during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican]] era, and was part of the [[Ma clique]]. He was the acting Chairman of Gansu and Ningxia Provinces for a short period.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Born+Kansu.+A+prominent+Moslem+leader.+Son+of+the+late+Ma+Fu-lin+and+cousin+of+Ma+Hung&btnG=Search+Books|title=British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia, Volume 1|author1=Paul Preston |author2=Michael Partridge |author3=Antony Best |publisher=University Publications of America|isbn=1-55655-768-X|page=37|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>

== Life ==
[[File:Chiang Kaishek with Ma Hongkui and Ma Hongbin.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], leader of China, in the middle, meets with the Muslim Generals Ma Hongbin (second from left), and [[Ma Hongkui]](second from right) at [[Ningxia]] August 1942.]]
[[File:Anti-Japanese Muslim guerillas in Northwest China, c. 1939.jpg|thumb|250px|left|1939, Northwest China, Chinese Muslim fighters gather to fight against the Japanese<ref name="Lin ">{{cite book|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting|last=Lin|first=Hsiao-ting|chapter=4 War and new frontier designs|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8YtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|series=Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia|date=13 September 2010|isbn=978-1-136-92393-7|publisher=Routledge|page=66}}</ref><ref name="Lin.">{{cite book|last=Lin|first=Hsiao-ting|chapter=4 War and new frontier designs|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBPJBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT137|series=Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia|date=13 September 2010|isbn=978-1-136-92392-0|publisher=Routledge|pages=137}}</ref>]]

Ma was born in the village of Hanchiachi, in [[Linxia County]], [[Gansu]]. He was the son of [[Ma Fulu]] who died in 1900 when fighting against the foreigners in the [[Battle of Peking (1900)]] in the [[Boxer Rebellion]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=ma+fulu+and+four+cousins&pg=PA169|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=0-295-97644-6|page=169|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&q=Hung-pin+son|title=Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40|author=American Asiatic Association|year=1940|publisher=Asia Pub. Co.|page=660|access-date=2011-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987, Volume 3|author=Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.)|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+fuxiang|page=20|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> As a nephew of [[Ma Fuxiang]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation and Communication|editor1-first=Stephane A.|editor1-last=Dudoignon|editor2-first=Komatsu|editor2-last=Hisao|editor3-first=Kosugi|editor3-last=Yasushi|volume=3 of New Horizons in Islamic Studies|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLo5d1pZR74C&q=ma+fuxiang&pg=PA342|page=342|isbn=1134205988|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> he followed him and later [[Feng Yuxiang]] into the army. He and Ma Fuxiang protected a Catholic mission in Sandaohe from attacks by the [[Gelaohui]], and he received the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)]] ("King Leopold decoration")<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSl5cl_wt24C&q=ma+fuxiang+gelaohui&pg=PA203|title=Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915-1921)|author=Ann Heylen|year=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|location=Leuven, Belgium|page=203|isbn=90-5867-418-5|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> During an [[Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)|uprising in Gansu]] in the [[Central Plains War]], the Muslim General Ma Tingxiang was attacked by Ma Hongbin who was serving in Feng's administration in Ningxia.<ref name=liu>刘国铭主编，中国国民党九千将领，北京：中华工商联合出版社, 1993年</ref><ref>[http://www.gs.xinhuanet.com/dfpd/2007-11/21/content_11731055.htm 清末民国两马家] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124226/http://www.gs.xinhuanet.com/dfpd/2007-11/21/content_11731055.htm |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>

Upon his cooperation with [[Chiang Kai-shek]], he was named commander of the 22nd Division, 24th Army, within the [[National Revolutionary Army]]. He was governor of [[Ningxia]] from 1921 to 1928 and chairman of the government of [[Ningxia]] in 1930. However, Ma Hongbin caused and consequently lost a power struggle with his cousin [[Ma Hongkui]], a fact that was exploited by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to his own advantage by preventing Hongbin's total defeat. In 1930, Chiang named Ma Hongbin as the Chairman of the Provincial Council of [[Gansu]], a post he held until 1931; Hongbin's control over Gansu remained very limited, however, as the province was mostly ruled by his rival [[Ma Zhongying]]. Even after Zhongying's departure to the [[Soviet Union]] in July 1934, Gansu's armies and civilian population was still loyal to Zhongying.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} Hongbin helped Ma Hongkui to fight off an [[War in Ningxia (1934)|invasion of Ningxia]] by fellow warlord [[Sun Dianying]] in early 1934.{{sfnp|Lin|2011|pp=37–39}}

The Japanese  planned to invade [[Ningxia]] from Suiyuan in 1939 and create a [[Hui people|Hui]] Muslim puppet state. The next year in 1940, the Japanese were defeated militarily by Ma Hongbin, who caused the plan to collapse. Ma Hongbin's Hui Muslim troops launched further attacks against Japan in the [[Battle of West Suiyuan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpqApZWrJyIC&q=suiyuan|title=Frontier passages: ethnopolitics and the rise of Chinese communism, 1921-1945|author=Xiaoyuan Liu|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=131|isbn=0-8047-4960-4|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foATAAAAIAAJ&q=Mohammedan|title=The China monthly review, Volumes 80-81|year=1937|publisher=J.W. Powell|page=320|access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref>

He became the commander of the 81st Corps during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and World War II.<ref name="Pettibone2013">{{cite book|author=Charles D. Pettibone|title=The Organization and Order of Battle of Militaries in World War II: Volume VIII ? China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud6fkR8lQnEC&pg=PA303|date=May 2013|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-9646-5|pages=303–}}</ref> In 1940 Ma Hongbin's Muslim troops took part in the [[Battle of West Suiyuan]] against Japan and their Mongol puppet state [[Mengjiang]].<ref name="George Barry O'Toole, Jên-yü Tsʻai 1941">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk3VAAAAMAAJ&q=Ma-Hung-kwei|title=The China monthly, Volumes 3–5|author1=George Barry O'Toole |author2=Jên-yü Tsʻai |year=1941|publisher=The China monthly incorporated.|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> In the same year at the [[Battle of Wuyuan]], Ma Hongbin led the 81st Corps against the Japanese. The Japanese were defeated by the Chinese Muslim forces and [[Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia|Wuyuan]] was retaken. Japan used poison gas against the Chinese Muslim armies at the [[Battle of Wuyuan]] and [[Battle of West Suiyuan]]. Throughout the war, Ma Hongbin continued military operations against the Japanese and their Mongolian allies.

Ma Hongbin's army was clan centered and feudal. In his 81st corps, his chief of staff was his brother in law, Ma Chiang-liang.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_pwAAAAMAAJ&q=The+armies+of+the+generals+Ma+were+typical+feudal+forces,+with+feudal+customs+and+bonds.+For+example,+General+Ma+Hung-pin+commanded+the+81st+Army.+His+chief+of+staff+was+his+wife's+brother,+Ma+Chiang-liang%3B+the+commander+of+the+35th|title=Along alien roads|author=Aleksandr I͡Akovlevich Kali͡agin, Aleksandr I︠A︡kovlevich Kali︠a︡gin|year=1983|publisher=East Asian Institute, Columbia University|page=29|isbn=0-913418-03-X|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The American Asiatic Association reported that he commanded the eighty fourth Army corps.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&q=Hung-pin+son|title=Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40|author=American Asiatic Association|year=1940|publisher=Asia Pub. Co.|page=660|access-date=2011-05-08}}</ref>

After the war, he became a senior adviser within the Northwestern Army Headquarters. When his cousin [[Ma Hongkui]] resigned from his positions and fled to Taiwan, those positions where transferred to Ma Hongbin. In 1949 during the [[Chinese Civil War]], when the [[People's Liberation Army]] was approaching the northwest, Ma Hongbin and his son [[Ma Dunjing (1906–1972)|Ma Dunjing]] led his 81st Corps to cross over to the [[Communist Party of China|communist]] side.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBcsAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+dunjing|title=China report: economic affairs, Issues 92-97|author=United States. Joint Publications Research Service|year=1984|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|page=34|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> He was named vice-chairman (later restyled vice-governor) of Gansu province. He was also vice-director of the Commission of Ethnic Affairs as well as a member of the National Defense Commission of the People's Republic of China.  He died in [[Lanzhou]] in 1960.
 

== Family ==
{{chinese
| s = 马鸿宾
| t = 馬鴻賓
| p = Mǎ Hóngbīn
| w = Ma Hung-pin
| xej = ﻣَﺎ ﺡْﻮ بٍ
}}
Ma Hongbin's father was [[Ma Fulu]], and his cousin was [[Ma Hongkui]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Paul Preston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4yQAAAAMAAJ&q=Hung-fin |title=British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia, Volume 2 |author2=Michael Partridge |author3=Antony Best |publisher=University Publications of America |year=2000 |isbn=1-55655-768-X |page=63 |access-date=2011-06-05}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=a4yQAAAAMAAJ]</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Anthony Best |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4yQAAAAMAAJ&q=Hung-fin |title=British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. From 1951 through 1956. Asia, 1955. Burma, China and Formosa, Japan, and Korea, 1955, Part 5 |author2=Michael Partridge |author3=Paul Preston |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-88692-723-3 |page=181 |access-date=2011-06-05}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=RWsOAQAAMAAJ]</ref> His uncles were [[Ma Fuxiang]], [[Ma Fushou]], and Ma Fucai. His grandfather was [[Ma Qianling]].

Ma Hongbin's son was General [[Ma Dunjing (1906–1972)]], three of his nephews were Generals Ma Dunhou (Ma Tun-hou, misspelled as Ma Tung-hou) 馬敦厚, [[Ma Dunjing (1910–2003)]], and Ma Dunren (Ma Tun-jen) 馬敦仁.<ref>[http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33588/11/15301511.pdf 甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表]</ref>

==Career==
*1921 - 1928 Governor of [[Ningxia]] Province
*1928 - ? Commander of the 22nd Division
*1930 - Chairman of the Government of [[Ningxia]] Province
*1930 - 1931 Chairman of the Provincial Council of Gansu
*1938 - 1945 General Officer Commanding 81st Corps
*1940 - 1941 Commander in Chief 17th Army Group
* Deputy Commander- in-chief of the XVnth Group Army

==See also==
* [[Ma clique]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book
|last = Lin
|first = Hsiao-ting
|title= Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
|date= 2011
|publisher= [[Routledge]]
|location= [[Abingdon-on-Thames]]
}}

{{Commons category}}

==External links==
* [http://rulers.org/indexm1.html Rulers]
* 民国军阀派系谈 (The Republic of China warlord cliques discussed ) http://www.2499cn.com/junfamulu.htm
* [http://www.generals.dk/general/Ma_Hongbin/_/China.html Ma Hongbin]

{{Warlord era}}

<!-- Honours -->

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ma, Hongbin}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Ma clique]]
[[Category:Republic of China warlords from Gansu]]
[[Category:National Revolutionary Army generals from Gansu]]
[[Category:Chinese Nationalist military figures]]
[[Category:Members of the Kuomintang]]
[[Category:Chinese military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Chinese Muslims]]
[[Category:Governors of Gansu]]
[[Category:People from Linxia]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty Muslims]]