View source for MS 0735.6+7421

{{Short description|Galaxy cluster in the constellation Camelopardalis}}
{{Infobox galaxy cluster
| name = MS 0735.6+7421
| image = MS 0735.jpg
| caption = A composite image from [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] and [[Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra]]
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| ra = {{RA|07|41|50.2}}<ref name="ned">{{cite web
  | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
  | work=Results for
  | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/
  | access-date=2006-11-04}}</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|+74|14|51}}<ref name="ned" />
| constellation = [[Camelopardalis]]
| redshift = 64,800 ± 900 km/[[second|s]]<ref name="ned" />
| distance = 2.6 billion [[light-years]]
| notes =
| names = [[ZwCl]] 0735.7+7421<ref name="ned" />
}}

'''MS 0735.6+7421''' is a [[galaxy cluster]] located in the [[constellation]] [[Camelopardalis]], approximately 2.6 billion light-years away. It is notable as the location of one of the [[List of most massive black holes|largest central galactic black holes]] in the known universe, which has also apparently produced one of the most powerful [[active galactic nucleus]] eruptions discovered.<ref name=scidaily/>

In February 2020, it was reported that another similar but much more energetic AGN outburst - the [[Ophiuchus Supercluster eruption]] in the [[NeVe 1]] galaxy, was five times the energy of MS 0735.6+7421.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Devlin |first=Hannah |date=27 February 2020 |title=Biggest cosmic explosion ever detected left huge dent in space |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/27/biggest-cosmic-explosion-ever-detected-makes-huge-dent-in-space |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

== Black hole eruption ==
Using data from the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]], scientists have deduced that an eruption has been occurring for the last 100 million years at the heart of the galaxy cluster, releasing as much energy over this time as hundreds of millions of [[gamma ray burst]]s.<ref name="scidaily">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2005 |title=Most Powerful Eruption In The Universe Discovered |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/01/050106091317.htm |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> (The amount of energy released in a year is thus equivalent to several GRBs.) The remnants of the eruption are seen as two cavities on either side of a large central galaxy. If this outburst, with a total energy budget of more than 10<sup>55</sup> [[joules|J]], was caused by a [[black hole]] accretion event, it must have consumed nearly 600 million solar masses.

Work done by Brian McNamara et al. (2008) point out the striking possibility that the outburst was not the result of an accretion event, but was instead powered by the rotation of the black hole. Moreover, the scientists mentioned the possibility that the central black hole in MS 0735.6+7421 could be one of the [[List of most massive black holes|biggest black holes]] inhabiting the visible universe. This speculation is supported by the fact that the central cD Galaxy inside MS 0735.6+7421 possess the largest break radius known, as of today. With a calculated light deficit of more than 20 billion solar luminosities and an assumed light-to-mass ratio of 3, this yields a central black hole mass much above 10 billion solar masses, as far as the break radius was caused by the merger of several black holes in the past. In combination with the gargantuan energy outburst it is therefore very likely that MS 0735.6+7421 hosts a supermassive black hole in its core.
The cluster has a red shift of 64,800 ± 900&nbsp;km/[[second|s]] and an apparent size of 25{{prime}}.<ref>
{{cite web
| last = 
| first = 
| authorlink = 
| title = Galaxies: MS0735.6+7421 
| publisher = 
| date = November 3, 2006
| url = http://jumk.de/astronomie/galaxies/ms0735.shtml
| doi = 
| access-date = 12 July 2008}}</ref>

Newer calculations using the spheroidal luminosity of the central galaxy and the estimation of its break radius yielded black hole masses of 15.85 billion {{Solar mass}} and 51.3 billion {{Solar mass}}, respectively.<ref name=dullo2019>{{cite journal|last=Dullo|first=B.T.|title=The Most Massive Galaxies with Large Depleted Cores: Structural Parameter Relations and Black Hole Masses|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=22 November 2019|volume=886|issue=2|page=80|arxiv=1910.10240|bibcode=2019ApJ...886...80D|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab4d4f|s2cid=204838306 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=dullo2021a>{{cite journal|last1=Dullo|first1=B.T.|last2=de Paz|first2=A.G.|last3=Knapen|first3=J.H.|title=Ultramassive black holes in the most massive galaxies: M<sub>BH</sub>−σ versus M<sub>BH</sub>−R<sub>b</sub>|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=18 February 2021|volume=908|issue=2|page=134|arxiv=2012.04471|bibcode=2021ApJ...908..134D|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/abceae|s2cid=227745078 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Brightest cluster galaxy ==
{{Infobox galaxy|name=4C +74.13|epoch=[[J2000.0]]|image= The central galaxy of MS 0735.6+.jpg|image caption= The elliptical galaxy in the center is 4C +74.13|ra={{RA|07|41|44.47}}|dec={{DEC|+74|14|39.5}}|z=0.216000|h_radial_v=64,755 [[kilometer per second|km/s]]|dist_ly=2.599 [[light years|Billion Light Years]] (796.85 [[Megaparsecs|Mpc]])|type=cD|names=[[2MASX]] J07414444+7414395, [[Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database|LEDA]] 2760958, 8C  0735+743, MS 0735.6+7421 BCG}}

The [[brightest cluster galaxy]] in MS 0735.6+7421 is the [[elliptical galaxy]], '''4C +74.13'''. Known as '''LEDA 2760958''', it is classified as a [[radio galaxy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biava |first1=Nadia |last2=Brienza |first2=Marisa |last3=Bonafede |first3=Annalisa |last4=Gitti |first4=Myriam |last5=Bonnassieux |first5=Etienne |last6=Harwood |first6=Jeremy |last7=Edge |first7=Alastair C. |last8=Riseley |first8=Christopher J. |last9=Vantyghem |first9=Adrian |date=2021-06-01 |title=Constraining the AGN duty cycle in the cool-core cluster MS 0735.6+7421 with LOFAR data |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2021/06/aa40063-20/aa40063-20.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=650 |pages=A170 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202040063 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=2104.08294 |bibcode=2021A&A...650A.170B }}</ref> With a [[diameter]] of around 400 kpc, the galaxy shows a steep spectrum [[Astronomical radio source|radio source]]. The core of the 4C +74.13 has a spectrum index of α<sup>1400</sup><sub>325</sub> = -1.54, with its outer [[Radio lobe|radio lobes]] found to measure α<sup>1400</sup><sub>325</sub> < -3.1. According to studies, it is evident that the core activity has recently restarted in a form of two inner lobes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=A. S. |last2=Clarke |first2=T. E. |last3=Feretti |first3=L. |last4=Kassim |first4=N. E. |date=2005-02-01 |title=Resolving the Steep-Spectrum Emission in the Central Radio Source in ZwCl 0735.7+7421 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...620L...5C/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=620 |issue=1 |pages=L5–L8 |doi=10.1086/428572 |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=astro-ph/0501564 |bibcode=2005ApJ...620L...5C }}</ref>  It is also known to have ongoing [[star formation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffer |first1=Aaron S. |last2=Donahue |first2=Megan |last3=Hicks |first3=Amalia |last4=Barthelemy |first4=R. S. |date=2012-03-01 |title=Infrared and Ultraviolet Star Formation in Brightest Cluster Galaxies in the ACCEPT Sample |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJS..199...23H/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=199 |issue=1 |pages=23 |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/199/1/23 |issn=0067-0049|arxiv=1201.3373 |bibcode=2012ApJS..199...23H }}</ref> With its stellar core estimating to be 3.8 [[Parsec|kiloparsecs]] across, it is indicated 4C +74.13 might well contain an ultramassive black hole in its center.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McNamara |first1=B. R. |last2=Kazemzadeh |first2=F. |last3=Rafferty |first3=D. A. |last4=Bîrzan |first4=L. |last5=Nulsen |first5=P. E. J. |last6=Kirkpatrick |first6=C. C. |last7=Wise |first7=M. W. |date=2009-06-01 |title=An Energetic AGN Outburst Powered by a Rapidly Spinning Supermassive Black Hole or an Accreting Ultramassive Black Hole |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...698..594M/abstract |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=698 |issue=1 |pages=594–605 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/594 |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=0811.3020 |bibcode=2009ApJ...698..594M }}</ref>

==X-ray source==
[[File:Ms0735 xray 420.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra]] image of the hot X-ray emitting gas that pervades the galaxy cluster MS 0735.6+7421 in the [[constellation]] [[Camelopardalis (constellation)|Camelopardalis]]. Two vast cavities - each 600,000 lyrs in diameter appear on opposite sides of a large galaxy at the center of the cluster. These cavities are filled with a two-sided, elongated, magnetized bubble of extremely high-energy electrons that emit radio waves. Image is 4.2 arcmin per side. [[Right ascension|RA]] 07<sup>h</sup> 41<sup>m</sup> 50.20<sup>s</sup> [[Declination|Dec]] +74° 14' 51.00". Observation date: November 30, 2003. Credit: NASA/CXC/Ohio U./B.McNamara.]]
Hot X-ray emitting gas pervades MS 0735.6+7421. Two vast cavities—each 600,000 ly in diameter—appear on opposite sides of a large galaxy at the center of the cluster. These cavities are filled with a two-sided, elongated, magnetized bubble of extremely high-energy electrons that emit radio waves.

==See also==

* [[X-ray astronomy]]
* [[Astrophysical X-ray source]]
* [[AT 2021lwx]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/01/050106091317.htm Most Powerful Eruption In The Universe Discovered] NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (ScienceDaily) January 6, 2005
* [http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2005/ms0735/  MS 0735.6+7421: Most Powerful Eruption in the Universe Discovered] (CXO at Harvard)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230522221118/https://www.nasa.gov/missions/deepspace/chandra_eruption.html Hungry for More] (NASA)
* [http://www.universetoday.com/2006/11/02/super-supermassive-black-hole/ Super-Super-massive Black Hole] (Universetoday)
* [http://jumk.de/astronomie/galaxies/ms0735.shtml A site for the cluster]
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.3020 An Energetic AGN Outburst Powered by a Rapidly Spinning Supermassive Black Hole]
* [https://greenbankobservatory.org/burping-black-hole/ Scientists Reveal Secrets to Burping Black Hole with the Green Bank Telescope]


{{Camelopardalis|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MS 0735.6+7421}}
[[Category:Galaxy clusters]]
[[Category:Camelopardalis]]
[[Category:X-ray astronomy]]
[[Category:Astronomical X-ray sources]]