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{{Short description|Test nuclear reactor built by the US Army}}
{{about|the nuclear reactor|the launch platform|Mobile Launcher Platform 3}}

[[Image:ML-1 mobile nuclear power plant in Idaho, ca. 1961-1965.jpg|thumb|400px|Full-scale ML-1 mockup at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho. The actual reactor was tested nearby.]]

'''ML-1''' was an experimental [[nuclear reactor]] built as part of the US [[Army Nuclear Power Program]] between 1961 and 1965. It was intended to provide truck-mounted nuclear power that could accompany troops from place to place and provide power to command and communication centers, evacuation hospitals, depots, and radar and weapons systems.<ref name="Suid">{{cite book |last1=Suid |first1=Lawrence H. |title=The Army's Nuclear Power Program: The Evolution of a Support Agency |date=1990 |publisher=Contributions in Military Studies, Number 98 |isbn=978-0-313-27226-4 }}</ref>{{rp|99}}

Unlike the other seven reactors of this program, it did not use a steam turbine, but instead used a nitrogen coolant at {{convert|315|psi}} to drive a [[closed-cycle gas turbine]]. It was designed to produce 3.3 MW<sub>thermal</sub> of heat and 400&nbsp;kW of shaft horsepower with an outlet temperature of {{convert|1200|°F}}.<ref name="wayne">{{cite journal |last1=Wayne |first1=W. D. |title=ML-1 nuclear power plant initial power tests |journal=American Nuclear Society 9th Annual Meeting |date=1963-06-15 |publisher=Aerojet-General Nucleonics |location=Salt Lake City, UT (United States)|osti=4880928 }}</ref>

Though the concept of a nitrogen closed cycle gas turbine was strong, the design failed to live up to expectations, and was abandoned with the closure of ML-1 in 1965 after several major refits and with only a few hundred hours of testing completed in all. Similar concepts have been more recently proposed as part of the [[Pebble bed reactor|PBMR]] program as derivatives thereof.

A 1964 economic analysis concluded that the overall cost of purchasing and operating the ML-1 for a period of 10 years would be about ten times that of a comparable diesel plant at normal fuel costs.<ref name="AECAuthFeb64">{{cite journal |last1=United States |title=AEC Authorizing Legislation: Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States. 88th Congress, 2nd session |journal=United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy |date=Feb 19, 1964 |page=414 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d03584645q&seq=130 |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

==Concept==

[[Image:ML1diagram.png|thumb|400px|Simplified diagram of the ML-1]]

The basic concept of a closed-cycle gas turbine using nitrogen, a relatively inert gas, in a closed loop with a fission heat source interposed between the compressor and turbine stages of a gas turbine was and remains very strong.

As such, the Atomic Energy Commission saw that such a reactor might meet the needs of the Army; the Army was interested, and the design and fabrication process began.

==Design and fabrication==

The design of ML-1 was driven by the requirements of the customer, i.e., the Army, which wanted a turbine transportable by aircraft (having a low weight and being a cargo container in size) which led the engineers of [[Aerojet|Aerojet-General]] Nucleonics, the principal contractor, to make unusual design choices.

Extensive shielding was omitted in favor of a personnel exclusion zone of {{convert|500|ft}} while in operation; efficiency enhancing devices such as recuperators were incorporated; insulation was specified to keep thermal values within optimum limits; a complex control system and a complex core were implemented; a completely new gas turbine was designed for the application; and the working fluid - nitrogen - was compressed to {{convert|9|atm}}.

The design specification achieved its goals; the plant worked (on paper); and was transportable to Army requirements.

The ML-1 was fabricated as specified, though it was discovered later that materials not to specification were present (the specified [[stainless steel]] alloy for some of the piping, grade [[Stainless steel#Grades|316L]] had insufficient [[chromium]] in its composition in several locations, making it susceptible to corrosion) though this was not immediately evident in the delivered product.

==Acceptance testing==

The ML-1 first operated as a power plant on September 21, 1962, producing only a few kilowatts of electricity. It first reached full power on February 28, 1963 {{r|Suid|p=100}}. On March 4, after the first 100-hour high power test, it was discovered that coolant gas was leaking into the moderator water. The plant was disassembled and rebuilt, and went back online in the spring of 1964.{{r|Suid|p=101}}

The ML-1 worked (though never to specification, only achieving a peak output of 66% of the specified electrical output), but it had numerous major issues along the route to working. Rapid shutdowns were commonplace, often due to spurious sensor readings, while real mechanical problems - with the non-nuclear components of the system - often were undetected until a degree of damage occurred. Fairly or unfairly, it became regarded to a certain extent as a "lemon" by top Army brass, and budget cuts due to the Vietnam War shut it down for good in 1965.

==Analysis==

Rodney Adams, in a 1996 Atomic Insights article, argues that the ML-1 design and implementation was flawed due to the decision to build an advanced, highly efficient, easily transportable closed-cycle nitrogen gas turbine before any other functional version of the design had been created.<ref name="AdamsML1PostMortem">{{cite web|url=http://www.atomicinsights.com/nov95/ML-1.html|title=ML-1 Mobile Power System: Reactor in a Box|last=Adams|first=Rodney (Rod) M.|date=November 1995|work=Atomic Insights|publisher=Adams Atomic Engines, Inc.|access-date=2009-10-27|location=USA}}</ref>

Adams opines that the designers of ML-1 made several incorrect decisions, including adding an unnecessary recuperator to enhance efficiency, using a calandria-based water-tube fission heat source unproven in the "real world", using nine atmospheres of pressure at the compressor inlet that saved space but required a custom-built turbine rather than one designed for atmospheric pressures, placing insulating foil within the gas piping to improve efficiency (the foil later broke off and contaminated the closed loop with its flecks, causing deflaking problems for engineers), and using custom-built, first-of-a-kind components instead of using commercially proven aircraft or power generation derived turbines.<ref name="AdamsML1PostMortem" />

==References & notes==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Exhibits/Nuclear-Power-Program/Experimental/ Army Nuclear Power Program - Experimental Reactors] Virtual Exhibit at US Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102458182] The ML-1 design report (1960)
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102456019] Transportability studies: ML-1 nuclear power plant (1960)
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102458180] Full power and limited endurance test of the ML-1 nuclear power plant (1964)
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009487207] Army Gas-Cooled Reactor Systems program quarterly progress reports (1963-1964)
* [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/12029770-ml-reactor-relocation] ML-1 reactor relocation (1965), description and photos of moving the ML-1 from its test location to another site nearby on a truck
* [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000068228798&view=1up&seq=165&skin=2021] ML-1 program description and history, from Atomic Energy Commission Authorizing Legislation (1966)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPPp5rtu04A ML-1 Mobile Nuclear Power Plant] an Atomic Energy Commission documentary about the ML-1
* [http://www.atomicinsights.com/nov95/ML-1.html Account of ML-1] objectives and problems.

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[[Category:Former nuclear power stations in the United States]]
[[Category:Military nuclear reactors]]
[[Category:Nuclear research reactors]]