View source for MIRACL

{{Short description|Directed energy weapon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}

[[Image:Slbd front.jpg|thumb|SeaLite Beam Director, commonly used as the output for the MIRACL.]]
'''MIRACL''', or '''Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser''', is a [[directed energy weapon]] developed by the US Navy. It is a [[hydrogen fluoride laser|deuterium fluoride laser]], a type of [[chemical laser]].

The MIRACL laser first became operational in 1980.{{r|MIRACL_2002}} It can produce over a [[megawatt]] of output for up to 70 seconds,{{r|FAS page}} making it the most powerful continuous wave (CW) laser in the US.{{r|YAL-1A_FactSheet|page=5}} Its original goal was to be able to track and destroy anti-ship cruise missiles, but in later years it was used to test phenomenologies associated with national anti-ballistic and anti-satellite laser weapons.  Originally tested at a contractor facility in California, as of the later 1990s and early 2000s, it was located at the former [[Nike-X#MAR|MAR-1]] facility ({{coord|32.632|N|106.332|W|}}) in the [[White Sands Missile Range]] in New Mexico.{{r|DOD_PressRelease1997}}

The beam size in the resonator is about {{convert|21|by|3|cm|abbr=on}} wide. The beam is then reshaped to a {{convert|14|x|14|cm|abbr=on}} square.{{r|FAS page}}

Amid much controversy in October 1997, MIRACL was tested against [[Miniature Sensor Technology Integration-3|MSTI-3]], a [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] [[satellite]] at the end of its original mission in [[orbit]]{{r|CNN article}} at a distance of {{convert|432|km|abbr=on}}.{{r|Zack_MSTI}} MIRACL failed during the test and was damaged{{r|Bull_1977|page=1}} and the Pentagon claimed mixed results for other portions of the test. A second, lower-powered chemical laser was able to temporarily blind the MSTI-3 sensors during the test.{{r|Koplow|page=[https://archive.org/details/deathbymoderatio0000kopl/page/170 170]}}{{r|Grego_2012|page=7}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="MIRACL_2002">{{cite web  |  url = http://helstf-www.wsmr.army.mil/miracl.htm |  title = MIRACL |  date = 2002-04-09 |  website = [[White Sands Missile Range]] |  publisher = [[United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command]] |  location = [[New Mexico]] |  language = en-US |  access-date = 2022-09-30 |  url-status = dead |  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808184605/http://helstf-www.wsmr.army.mil/miracl.htm |  archive-date = 2007-08-08 |  quote = The Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL) is the first megawatt-class, continuous wave, chemical laser built in the free world. It is a deuterium fluoride (DF) chemical laser with energy spectra distributed among about ten lasing lines between 3.6 and 4.0 microns wavelength. Since it first lased in 1980, it has accumulated well over 3500 seconds of lasing time. |  df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name = "FAS page">{{cite web | url = http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/asat/miracl.htm | url-access =  | title = Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL) | last1 = Pike | first1 = John | author-link1 = GlobalSecurity.org | last2 = Sherman | first2 = Robert | date = 1998-03-21 | website = [[Federation of American Scientists]] | language = en-US | access-date = 2022-09-30 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070607185251/http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/asat/miracl.htm | archive-date = 2007-06-07 | quote =  | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="YAL-1A_FactSheet">{{cite tech report | date = 2003-02-27 | title = Airborne Laser (YAL{{hyphen}}1A) | url = http://www.de.afrl.af.mil/Factsheets/AirborneLaser.pdf | url-status = dead | format = PDF | institution = Airborne Laser System Program Office, [[United States Air Force]] | language = en-US | location = [[Kirtland Air Force Base]] | page = 5 | number =  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070324175913/http://www.de.afrl.af.mil/Factsheets/AirborneLaser.pdf | archive-date = 2007-03-24 | access-date = 2022-09-30 | quote = Later tests also were conducted at White Sands Missile Range aimed at finding out how effective  a laser would be.  For these tests, the  nation's most powerful laser, the Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser, was used. | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="DOD_PressRelease1997">{{cite press release |author = <!--Not stated--> | date = 1997-10-02  | title = Secretary Of Defense Approves Laser Experiment To Improve Satellite Protection | url = http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=1431 | url-status = dead | language = en-US | publisher = [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] [[Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs|Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs)]] | type = Press release | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080317204528/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=1431 | archive-date = 2008-03-17 | access-date = 2022-09-30 | quote = The experiment is being conducted by the U.S. Army's Mid-Infra-Red Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL) located at White Sands Missile Range, NM. The satellite that will be used for the test, the U.S. Air Force Miniature Sensor Technology Integration program's third satellite (MSTI-3), has exceeded its useful lifetime. The experiment will have two parts: (1) very brief laser illuminations of less than one second, and (2) an illumination of less than 10 seconds. | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name = "CNN article">{{cite news | last1 = Plante | first1 = Chris | author-link1 = Chris Plante | date = 1997-10-20 | title = Pentagon beams over military laser test | url = http://www.cnn.com/US/9710/20/pentagon.laser/ | url-status = dead | work = [[CNN]] | language = en-US | location = [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] | agency = [[Associated Press]], [[Reuters]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071230052044/http://www.cnn.com/US/9710/20/pentagon.laser/ | archive-date = 2007-12-30 | access-date = 2022-09-30 | quote = The announcement of Friday's laser test caused some political rock-throwing in and outside of Washington because of claims by some that the test is the first step in the militarization of space and a potential violation of treaties. [...] The Miniature Sensor Technology Integration (MSTI-3) satellite was "illuminated" by a high-powered, ground-based laser housed at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico shortly after dark on Friday evening. | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Zack_MSTI">{{cite web | url = http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/msti.htm | title = Miniature Sensor Technology Integration (MSTI) (U) | last1 = Zack | first1 = Ed | date = 1998-09-10 | website = [[Federation of American Scientists]] | language = en-US | access-date = 2022-09-30 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20001031061541/http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/msti.htm | archive-date = 2000-10-31 | quote = The MSTI 3 satellite served as a target for the US Armys Mid-Infra-Red Advance Chemical Laser (MIRACL) at White Sands, NM, to demonstrate the capability of a laser to interfere with the optical train, and analyze the data to determine the effect on the optics. The test consisted of a 1 sec burst to locate the satellite, followed by a 10 sec burst. This was the first test of a LASER against an orbiting satellite. | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Bull_1977">{{cite journal |  last1 = Bull |  first1 = Leona C.  |  date = 1997-12-11 |  title = MIRACL damaged in experiment |  url = http://www.aerotechnews.com/starc/120897/121197d.html |  journal = [[Aerotech News and Review]] |  language = en |  page = 1 |  issn = 1094-7302 |  oclc = 56975066 |  access-date = 2022-09-30 |  url-status = dead |  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030805111139/http://www.aerotechnews.com/starc/120897/121197d.html |  archive-date = 2003-08-05 |  quote = The Mid-Infrared Chemical Laser was slightly damaged twice during tests against the Air Force's Miniature Sensor Technology Integration (MSTI-3) satellite in October. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the effect of the laser on the satellite's infrared sensors. [...] Program experts believe that when the power was ramped up, a shock wave in the gases within the deuterium fluoride laser resulted, and caused it to move, which then caused a small amount of melting inside the device. |  df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Koplow">{{cite book |  last1 = Koplow |  first1 = David A. |  date = 2009-11-30 |  chapter = Chapter 7{{dash}}Antisatellite Weapons |  chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/deathbymoderatio0000kopl/page/150 |  chapter-url-access = registration |  title = Death by Moderation: The U.S. Military's Quest for Useable Weapons |  url = https://archive.org/details/deathbymoderatio0000kopl |  url-access = registration |  language = en |  edition = First |  publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |  pages = 150–187 |  isbn = 978-0521119511 |  lccn = 2009017285 |  oclc = 320434538 |  ol = OL23223530M |  access-date = 2022-09-30 |  via = [[Internet Archive]] |  quote = In any event, the outcome of the test was remarkable: although the MIRACL laser itself basically failed, a lower-powered companion laser, intended merely to align the system and track the satellite, proved sufficiently powerful to blind the target satellite temporarily without destroying or damaging the onboard sensors. Few had anticipated that what was essentially a piece of commercially available apparatus could have such militarily significant effects. |  quote-page = [https://archive.org/details/deathbymoderatio0000kopl/page/170 170] |  df = dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="Grego_2012">{{cite report |  last1 = Grego |  first1 = Laura | author1-link = Laura Grego |  date = January 2012 |  title = A History Of Anti-Satellite Programs |  url = https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/a-history-of-ASAT-programs_lo-res.pdf |  url-status = live |  department = Global Security Program |  work = [[Union of Concerned Scientists]] |  type = Report |  language = en |  page = 7 |  archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220727173259/https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/a-history-of-ASAT-programs_lo-res.pdf |  archive-date = 2022-07-27 |  access-date = 2022-09-30 |  quote = Both the MIRACL laser, which was damaged during the test, and a lower-power (30-watt) laser primarily intended for system alignment and satellite tracking were used. Results of the test are classified, but the DOD did report that the system tracked and illuminated the satellite, and the lower-power laser either temporarily dazzled or damaged the satellite's sensor. |  df = dmy-all}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lowery | first1 = Todd | date = January 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xwwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5 | title = Call it a Miracl | journal = [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–6 | doi = 10.1080/00963402.1998.11456798 }}{{ProQuest|45b681ab653fd446e1e2737622bc7f1a}}
*{{cite book | last1 = Lambakis | first1 = Steven | date = 2001-08-03 | chapter =  | chapter-url =  | chapter-url-access =  | title = On the Edge of Earth: The Future of American Space Power | url = https://archive.org/details/onedgeofearthfut0000lamb | url-access = registration | language = en | edition = First | publisher = [[University Press of Kentucky]] | page = 63 | doi = 10.2307/j.ctt5hjzw2 | isbn = 978-0813121987 | jstor = j.ctt5hjzw2 | lccn = 00012288 | oclc = 880890003 | ol = OL34003088M | access-date = 2022-09-30 | via = [[Internet Archive]] | quote =  | quote-page =  | quote-pages =  | df = dmy-all }}
{{refend}}

{{Chemical lasers}}

[[Category:Chemical lasers]]
[[Category:Military lasers]]
[[Category:Directed-energy weapons of the United States]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]]


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