View source for M41 Walker Bulldog

{{Short description|Cold War-era American light tank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = M41 Walker Bulldog
| image              = M41 Bulldog Fort Meade.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = M41 Bulldog tank at Fort Meade Museum, Maryland.
| origin             = [[United States]]
| type               = [[Light tank]]
| is_vehicle         = yes
| service            = 1953–1969 (US Armed Forces)
1961–present (foreign users)
| used_by            = See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
| wars               = [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]]<br />[[Guatemalan Civil War]]<br />[[1964 Brazilian coup d'état]]<br />[[Vietnam War]]<br />[[Ethiopian Civil War]]<br />[[Lebanese Civil War]]<br />[[Ogaden War]]<br />[[Sino-Vietnamese War]]<br />[[Somali Civil War]]<br />[[2006 Thai coup d'état]]
 <!-- Production history -->| design_date        = 1944<ref name="Jane2">Foss, 1976. p 213–216</ref>
| manufacturer       = [[Cadillac]]<ref name="Recognition">{{cite book |last=Christopher F. Foss |title=Jane's Tanks and Combat Vehicles Recognition Guide |date=16 May 2000 |edition=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/janestankcombatv00foss/page/122 122–123] |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |isbn=978-0-00-472452-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/janestankcombatv00foss/page/122}}</ref>
| unit_cost          = [[United States dollar|USD]] $162,000 <small>(secondhand, FY1988)</small><ref name="Forecast">{{cite web|title=M41 Walker Bulldog|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_old_pdf.cfm?ARC_ID=1151|location=Newtown, Connecticut, United States|publisher=Forecast International, Incorporated|date=March 1997|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626180321/https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_old_pdf.cfm?ARC_ID=1151|archive-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>  ({{Inflation|US-GDP|162000|1988|fmt=eq}}){{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}}
| production_date    = 1951<ref name="Jane2" />–1954<ref name="Evolution">{{cite book|last=Ogorkiewicz|first=Richard|date=2015|title=Tanks: 100 Years of Evolution|pages=166–169, 217–229|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-0670-3}}</ref>
| number             = 5,467<ref name="Forecast" />
| variants           = See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
 <!-- General specifications -->| weight             = {{convert|23.49|t|ST LT|lk=out}}<ref name="Compendium">{{cite book |last=Chant |first=Christopher |title=A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware |location=New York |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1987 |isbn=0-7102-0720-4 |oclc=14965544 |pages=24–25}}</ref>
| length             = {{convert|5.81|m|ftin|abbr=on}} <small>''(hull)''</small><ref name="Jane2" />
| width              = {{convert|3.19|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="Jane2" />
| height             = {{convert|2.72|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="Jane2" />
| crew               = 4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver)<ref name="Jane2" />
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->| armour             = {{unbulleted list|Welded steel<ref name="Jane3">{{cite book |last=Foss |first=Christopher F. |title=Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006 |pages=186–194 |year=2005 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=London |isbn=978-0-7106-2686-8}}</ref><br /> {{convert|25.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} turret front<ref name="Jane3" /><br /> {{convert|25|mm|in|abbr=on}} turret sides and rear<ref name="Jane3" /><br /> {{convert|12.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} turret top<ref name="Jane3" /> <br /> {{convert|31.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} at 30° hull [[Glacis#Armored vehicles|upper glacis plate]]<ref name="Jane3" /><br /> {{convert|25.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} at 45° hull [[Glacis#Armored vehicles|lower glacis plate]]<ref name="Jane3" /><br /> {{convert|19|mm|in|abbr=on}} hull rear<ref name="Jane3" /> <br /> {{convert|9.25|mm|in|abbr=on}} hull floor<ref name="Jane3" />}}
| primary_armament   = 76&nbsp;mm M32A1 rifled cannon (65 rounds)<ref name="Jane2" />
| secondary_armament = {{unbulleted list|.30 caliber [[M1919 Browning|M1919A4]] coaxial machine gun (5,000 rounds)<ref name="Compendium" />| .50 caliber [[Browning M2]] roof-mounted machine gun (2,175 rounds)<ref name="Compendium" />}}
| engine             = [[Continental Motors Company|Continental]] AOS-895-3 six-cylinder air-cooled petrol<ref name="Forecast" />
| engine_power       = {{convert|500|bhp|kW|abbr=on}}<ref name="Jane2" />
| transmission       = 
| fuel_capacity      = {{convert|530|L|USgal|abbr=on}}<ref name="Compendium" />
| pw_ratio           = {{convert|21.2|hp|kW|abbr=on}}/tonne<ref name="Forecast" />
| suspension         = [[Torsion bar suspension|Torsion bar]]<ref name="Jane3" />
| clearance          = {{convert|0.45|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="Compendium" />
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|161|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Compendium" />
| speed              = {{convert|72.4|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref name="Compendium" />
}}
{{stack end}}

The '''M41 Walker Bulldog''', officially '''76-mm gun tank M41''', was an American [[light tank]] developed for armed [[reconnaissance]] purposes.<ref name=Haskew>{{cite book|last=Haskew|first=Matthew|title=Tanks: Inside And Out|date=April 2015|pages=74–79|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4488-5980-1}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Department of the Army Technical Manual FM 17-80:Tanks, 76-mm Gun M41 and M41A1|publisher=Department of the Army|year=1956|location=Washington DC|pages=4}}</ref> It was produced by [[Cadillac]] between 1951 and 1954 and marketed successfully to the [[United States Army]] as a replacement for its aging fleet of [[World War II]]-vintage [[M24 Chaffee]] tanks.<ref name="Compendium" /> Although engineered as a reconnaissance vehicle, the M41's weight and armament also made it effective in the close infantry support role and for rapid airborne deployments.<ref name=Haskew /> Upon entering US service, all M41s received the designation ''Little Bulldog'' and subsequently, ''Walker Bulldog'' after the late General [[Walton Walker]], who was killed in a Jeep accident in 1950.<ref name="Jane2" /> The M41 was the first postwar American light tank to see worldwide service, and was exported in considerable numbers by the United States, particularly to Asia.<ref name=Haskew />

Development of the M41 proceeded slowly until the outbreak of the [[Korean War]], when the US Army's renewed demands for more tanks resulted in its being rushed into production.<ref name="Evolution" /> The haste with which it was initially produced led to technical problems,<ref name="Evolution" /> which, coupled with the relatively cramped dimensions of its hull interior, and poor armament gave it a mediocre reputation among American tank crews.<ref name=Haskew /> It was also considered too large in comparison to the Chaffee for reconnaissance.<ref name="Evolution" /> Funding for the M41 program was slashed accordingly, and more emphasis placed on the development of new [[main battle tank]]s such as the [[M47 Patton]].<ref name="Evolution" /> Cadillac ceased production of the M41A1 in late 1954. It was replaced by the [[M551 Sheridan]] during the 1960s when the gun could no longer penetrate fielded medium tanks.<ref name="Evolution" />

==Development==
Beginning in 1946, the United States Army commissioned a project to oversee the replacement of the [[M24 Chaffee]] light tank in the reconnaissance role.<ref name="Evolution" /> For preliminary purposes this hypothetical tank was to be known as ''T37''.<ref name="Jane2" /> However, in the wake of [[World War II]] most armored vehicle development programs suffered from a lack of impetus and inadequate funding.<ref name="Colt">{{cite book |title=Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of U.S. Armored Forces |date=August 1999 |pages=257–258 |last=Bolte |first=Phillip |editor1-last=Hoffman |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Starry |editor2-first=Donn |location=Lexington, KY |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-2130-7}}</ref> The T37 concept did not reach viability until 1949, when three disparate prototypes were finally built.<ref name="Jane2" /> The second prototype of the trio, ''T37 Phase Two'', was selected for further testing and received a unique designation, ''T41''.<ref name="Jane2" /><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xksEAAAAMBAJ&q=belgian+battalion+29th+brigade&pg=PA26 |title=The Best Light Tank |work=[[Life Magazine]] |date=26 Feb 1951|access-date=2010-11-02|publisher=Time Inc}}</ref> In its final, pre-production form this model was known as ''T41E1'' to the US Army.<ref name="Jane2" />

The T41E1 was envisaged as a highly mobile light tank, capable of undertaking aggressive reconnaissance and being sufficiently armed to engage the latest Soviet [[medium tank]]s if necessary.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact |pages=152–153 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-57607-995-9}}</ref> It was to utilize automotive parts and components already common to other US military vehicles<ref name=Haskew /> and incorporate a modular hull capable of being converted for a variety of other specialized roles.<ref name="Tucker" /> For example, the US Army requirement called not only for a light tank, but an air defense platform and an armored personnel carrier based on the same chassis.<ref name="Tucker" /> A specific powerplant had even been pre-selected for all three proposed vehicles: a Continental or [[Lycoming Engines|Lycoming]] six-cylinder, air-cooled gasoline engine. This made the T41E1 one of the first American tanks to be designed around a preexisting engine type, rather than being built first and then adopting a suitable engine.<ref name="Tucker" /> Weighing nearly 52,000 pounds, the T41E1 was so heavy it would have easily been classed as a medium tank in its own right only about five years earlier, and was no longer deemed suitable for frequent airborne deployments.<ref name="Tucker" />

[[File:Photograph of President Truman standing next to the new T-41 "Walker Bulldog" tank, named after the late General... - NARA - 200277.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Harry Truman]] with a T41 prototype undergoing trials at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]].]]
The Army placed orders for the T41 circa August 1950.<ref>{{cite news |title=House Group Seeks to Rush New Tanks; Armed Services Expediting Panel on Radar Also Set for Inquiry This Week |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/08/06/archives/house-group-seeks-to-rush-new-tanks-armed-services-expediting-panel.html |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=6 August 1950}}</ref> The tank was christened the "Walker Bulldog"—after the late General [[Walton Walker]] who was killed in a Jeep accident a year earlier—at a demonstration for President [[Harry S. Truman]] at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] in February 1951.<ref name="christening">{{cite news |last1=Leviero |first1=Anthony |title=Latest Guns Score in Test for Truman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/02/18/archives/latest-guns-score-in-test-for-truman-president-arrives-at-aberdeen.html |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=18 February 1951}}</ref>

Serial production was delayed by technical difficulties stemming from the decision to incorporate an integral rangefinder directly into the steel turret.<ref name=Haskew /> A renewed sense of urgency introduced by the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] and increasing demands by the US Army for more tanks resulted in production hurriedly commencing in mid-1951.<ref name="Evolution" /> The hasty production cycle led to numerous modifications during the course of and after manufacture.<ref name="DoD">{{cite journal|title=Volume I: Rearming for the Cold War, 1945–1960 |journal=History of Acquisition in the Department of Defense |last=Converse|first= Elliott Vanveltner|editor-last=Asner|editor-first=Glen|url=https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/acquisition_pub/OSDHO-Acquisition-Series-Vol1.pdf?ver=2014-05-28-103257-540|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense|year=2012|access-date=4 January 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208123538/http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/acquisition_pub/OSDHO-Acquisition-Series-Vol1.pdf?ver=2014-05-28-103257-540|archive-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Cadillac repurposed a warehouse in Cleveland in August 1950 and began outfitting the location for production of the Walker Bulldog and other combat vehicles, namely the Cadillac [[M42 Duster]]. The plant, employing 3700, delivered the first production M41 Walker Bulldog in March 1951.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army Receives 'Best Light Tank in the World' as production of 'Walker Bulldog' is Started |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/03/28/archives/army-receives-best-light-tank-in-the-world-as-production-of-walker.html |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=27 March 1951 |ref=first production}}</ref> The first eight Bulldogs were delivered to the US Army in July.<ref name="DoD" />

By March 1952 over 900 M41s had already been manufactured.<ref name="Colt" /> These entered service too late to take part in the Korean War,<ref name="Colt" /> though some may have been shipped out to US forces in that region just as the fighting ended.<ref name=Haskew /> Roughly 1,802 were built, but these suffered from a variety of technical issues due to their somewhat rushed production, and a second mark, the M41A1, was introduced to correct these problems.<ref name="Jane3" /> Over 4,000 engineering design changes were requested by the US Army between July 1951 and July 1952.<ref name="DoD" /> Approval to issue the M41 type to regular units was denied until December 1952, when the new mark was introduced.<ref name="DoD" /> Another 1,631 baseline M41s were also relegated to storage at the Ordnance Corps Depot in [[Lima, Ohio]] until their deficiencies could be corrected.<ref name="DoD" />

The M41A1 was later superseded by the M41A2 and M41A3, which had the advantage of greater ammunition stowage, and considerably simplified gun and turret systems.<ref name="Compendium" /> Despite these detail improvements, the M41 series did not prove especially popular in US service.<ref name=Haskew /> Crew members seated in the turret often complained of limited interior space.<ref name=Haskew /> Reconnaissance units criticized the height and size of the design, which reduced its ability to reconnoiter discreetly,<ref name="Evolution" /> and although it was intended for employment with airborne units, its weight made it impractical for airdrops.<ref name=Haskew /> This led to the development of the [[M551 Sheridan]], which was designed for airdrops, and in which low combat weight was considered a key factor.<ref name="Evolution" /> M41 production ceased around late 1954, allowing the US Army to refocus on developing medium tanks such as the [[M47 Patton]].<ref name="Evolution" /> As early as mid-1952 the US government had become so disillusioned by the M41's perceived shortcomings that it recommended the M41 acquisition process be terminated and a new light tank development project initiated; however, General [[J. Lawton Collins]], then [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]], successfully argued for the existing purchase orders to be filled.<ref name="DoD" />

With the introduction of increasingly well-armored Soviet [[main battle tank]]s, the M41 was no longer perceived as powerful enough for frontline service, and it was replaced by the much lighter and more heavily armed Sheridan during the late 1960s.<ref name="Evolution" /> Most second-hand US M41s were refurbished and subsequently sold or donated to US allies abroad, namely Brazil, Japan, and South Vietnam.<ref name="Evolution" /><ref name=Haskew />

===Derivatives===
When the M41 entered production, it was not considered economical to simply manufacture a single tank chassis and hull. The US Army wanted the M41 series to include various supporting vehicles built using the same chassis, engine, tracks and as many as other associated automotive components as possible to simplify logistics.<ref name="DoD" /> Cadillac obligingly produced the [[M42 Duster]] anti-aircraft vehicle, as well as the [[M44 self propelled howitzer|M44 and M52]] self-propelled howitzers, and the [[M75 armored personnel carrier]], all based on an M41 chassis and drive train.<ref name="Jane3" /> The acquisition process for these vehicles was risky because unlike the M41, no prototype or test models were manufactured and trialed.<ref name="DoD" /> In January 1951, under intense pressure to meet the US Army's requirements, representatives of the Army Ordnance Corps agreed to approve the anti-aircraft platform, self-propelled guns, and armored personnel carrier for production "with the full knowledge that in doing so there were certain inherent risks involved by forgoing complete tests and evaluation".<ref name="DoD" /> The technical problems encountered with the series, coupled with those of the M41 in general, led to the US Army only adopting the M75 in large numbers.<ref name="DoD" />

==Service history==
===Bay of Pigs Invasion===
During the prelude to the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] proposed creating a single tank platoon composed of anti-communist exiles to support [[Brigade 2506]]'s incursion and subsequent seizure of strategic sites in [[Cuba]] likely to be patrolled or defended by armor, mostly Soviet-supplied [[T-34]]-85 medium tanks.<ref name="CIA1">{{cite web|title=Memorandum From the Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretary of Defense McNamara|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d56|location=Washington, DC|publisher=United States Department of State|date=3 February 1961|access-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313195512/http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d35|archive-date=13 March 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> To that end, the CIA procured five M41 tanks from US Army reserve stocks and earmarked them for this purpose.<ref name="CIA2">{{cite web|title=Memorandum From the Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretary of Defense McNamara|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d56|location=Washington, DC
|publisher=United States Department of State|date=10 March 1961|access-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220023144/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d56|archive-date=20 December 2015}}</ref> American instructors trained the prospective Cuban tank crews at [[Fort Knox]] in March 1961, teaching them driving and gunnery basics.<ref name="CIA2" /> The tanks were transported to the Cuban coast by a single [[Landing Craft Mechanized|Mechanized Landing Craft]] on April 17, then came ashore with infantry support in a combined arms amphibious assault on [[Playa Girón]].<ref name=Bay>{{cite book|last=De Quesada|first=Alejandro|title=The Bay of Pigs: Cuba 1961|date=2009|pages=14, 24–45|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84603-323-0}}</ref> Due to a lack of adequate air support, the ''brigadista'' M41s had to land under heavy fire from circling Cuban aircraft, although all of the tanks succeeded in advancing past the beach intact.<ref name=Bay /> They immediately attacked a local airstrip, inflicting heavy casualties among the defending Cuban militiamen, who did not possess adequate anti-tank weapons.<ref name=Bay /> The militia organized an ill-advised counterattack with a single battalion, which was annihilated by the tanks and ''brigadista'' mortar crews in an engagement remembered in Cuba as the "Slaughter of the Lost Battalion".<ref name=Bay />

Although the exiles had arrived at multiple landing sites, since Playa Girón was the furthest inland Cuban president [[Fidel Castro]] ordered the military to concentrate on destroying the exile force there.<ref name=Bay /> Four infantry battalions and two companies of Cuban T-34-85 tanks were ordered to retake the airfield and beachhead, but their radio transmissions were intercepted by the exiles, allowing them to plan their defense accordingly.<ref name=Bay /> The Cuban forces shelled Playa Girón with artillery around midnight, then advanced towards the village by road, with the T-34-85s in the lead.<ref name=Rasenberger>{{cite book|last=Rasenberger|first=Jim|title=The Brilliant Disaster: JFK, Castro, and America's Doomed Invasion of Cuba's Bay of Pigs|url=https://archive.org/details/brilliantdisaste0000rase|url-access=registration|date=1997|pages=[https://archive.org/details/brilliantdisaste0000rase/page/209 209–271]|publisher=Scribner Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-9653-0}}</ref> Three M41s which had taken up positions directly opposite the road junction nearest the beach then opened fire on the column at extremely close range.<ref name=Rasenberger /> At least two T-34-85s were initially destroyed, a third disabled by track damage, and a fourth captured by the rebels intact when its crew surrendered.<ref name=Bay /> The M41s succeeded in knocking out several more attacking T-34-85s which became stranded on the narrow road and bottlenecked due to difficulties their crews encountered in skirting the existing wreckage.<ref name=Rasenberger /> However, this success was short-lived: the unexpectedly heavy resistance encountered by Cuban armor ensured that by noon the following afternoon all the M41 crews had exhausted their ammunition.<ref name=Rasenberger />

At one point American Defense Secretary [[Robert McNamara]] proposed using the US Navy vessels within the vicinity to move another eight M41s and their associated ammunition to support the exiles; however, without sufficient supplies or air support Brigade 2506 was unable to hold its positions against repeated Cuban armored attacks and was overwhelmed.<ref name=Rasenberger /> The surviving M41s were abandoned on the beach near Playa Girón when the invasion ended.<ref name=Bay />

===Vietnam War===
[[File:ARVN M41 Walker Bulldog.jpg|thumb|left|[[South Vietnam]]ese M41 tanks during a training operation.]]

The [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] (ARVN)'s fledgling armored corps had its roots in a colonial armored corps established by [[French Indochina]] in 1950 and equipped with old [[M24 Chaffee]] and [[M3 Stuart|M5 Stuart]] light tanks.<ref name=Starry1>{{cite book|last=Starry|first=Donn|title=Armor Combat in Vietnam|date=1980|pages=[https://archive.org/details/armoredcombatinv00star/page/17 17–21, 112, 191–213]|publisher=Arno Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-405-13699-3|url=https://archive.org/details/armoredcombatinv00star/page/17}}</ref> Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s South Vietnamese armor was not used in offensive maneuvers and was often unserviceable due to logistical problems and age.<ref name=Starry1 /> With the formation of the [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]] (MACV) in 1962, US influence on ARVN doctrine grew; all armored units were subsequently reorganized and patterned after the US cavalry regiments.<ref name=Starry1 /> American advisers also made a concerted attempted to refurbish the ARVN M24 fleet but encountered sourcing problems with the US Army supply system's dwindling stock of [[M24 Chaffee|M24]] parts, most of which had already been disposed of or donated to other countries.<ref name=Starry1 /> They arranged to have the engines from the ARVN [[M24 Chaffee|M24]]s periodically sent to Japan for overhaul, but this was considered neither practical nor economic in the long term.<ref name=Starry1 />

In mid-1964, as part of a greater effort to introduce more modern equipment to the ARVN, the MACV proposed that the South Vietnamese armored corps be increased by five tank squadrons.<ref name=Starry1 /> Between January and April 1965 all the ARVN M24s were decommissioned or passed to the [[Republic of Vietnam Air Force]] base security units and replaced by M41A3s.<ref name=Starry1 /> The M41 proved extremely popular with South Vietnamese tank crews, who were generally of smaller stature than their American counterparts and did not experience the same discomfort operating within the tank's limited interior space.<ref name=Haskew /> ARVN M41s undertook their first combat employment less than a year later, and played an instrumental role in crushing the [[Buddhist Uprising|1966 Buddhist Uprising]].<ref name=Dunstan>{{cite book|last=Dunstan|first=Simon|title=Armour of the Vietnam Wars|date=1985|pages=11–15|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-85045-585-4}}</ref> The tanks were mostly used to support ARVN infantry in street fighting, especially around [[Danang|Da Nang]].<ref name=Dunstan />

[[File:ARVN M41 Walker Bulldong Saigon.jpg|thumb|left|ARVN M41 operating against enemy positions in Saigon, 1968.]]

Seventeen ARVN M41s were initially sent into [[Laos]] as part of [[Operation Lam Son 719]] between February and March 1971, an abortive cross-border incursion to disrupt strategic supply lines for the [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (PAVN) and the [[Viet Cong]].<ref name=Starry1 /> The tanks were to coordinate their actions with several ARVN heliborne and paratroop units, who would be joining them by air.<ref name=Starry1 /> Their offensive soon stalled when a PAVN tank battalion equipped with [[T-54/55|T-54]] and [[PT-76]] tanks attempted to overrun one of the ARVN's designated landing zones.<ref name=Starry1 /> In the first major armor engagement of the Vietnam War, the M41s counterattacked, and ARVN claimed six T-54s and seventeen PT-76s were destroyed.<ref name=Dunstan /><ref name=Mesko>{{cite book|last=Mesko|first=Jim|title=Armor in Vietnam: A Pictorial History|date=1982|pages=71–80|publisher=Squadron and Signal Publications, Incorporated|location=Carrollton, Texas|isbn=978-0-89747-126-8}}</ref> Five M41s and 25 APCs were lost during the same encounter, mostly to land mines and rocket-propelled grenades.<ref name=Dunstan /> However, the PAVN continued to regroup and counterattack over the next week, forcing the outnumbered South Vietnamese units to abandon the landing zone and withdraw further south.<ref name=Starry1 /> Failure to maintain a cohesive withdrawal led to individual infantry or mechanized units with no armor support of their own being cut off and surrounded by PAVN tanks.<ref name=Starry1 />

ARVN commanders declared they did not possess enough tanks or anti-tank weapons to eliminate the PAVN armored threat, which had been underestimated during their operational planning.<ref name=ARVN1>{{cite book|last=Sander|first=Robert|title=Invasion of Laos, 1971: Lam Son 719|date=2015|pages=152, 183–185|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman, Oklahoma|isbn=978-0-8061-4840-3}}</ref> For the remainder of the operation, the M41s were dug into defensive positions and essentially used as static artillery.<ref name=Starry1 /> This prevented the ARVN from taking full advantage of their mobility, and units elsewhere had to depend solely on well-timed air support from South Vietnamese or US bombers to stave off PAVN tanks.<ref name=ARVN1 /> Armor reinforcements were eventually dispatched to help bolster the ARVN forces in Laos, but these arrived piecemeal and it is unclear how many additional M41s actually reached the operational area.<ref name=ARVN1 /> Due in part to conflicting orders, the final ARVN withdrawal from Laos, conducted while under pursuit from PAVN T-54s, was disorderly and resulted in a number of M41s being abandoned intact by their crews.<ref name=ARVN1 /> The ARVN lost 54 M41 tanks during its abortive incursion into Laos.<ref>Lam Son 719. Major-General Nguyen Duy Hinh. Pickle Partners Publishing. 2015. P.126,131</ref>

During the PAVN [[Easter Offensive]] of 1972, M41s were again dug into static positions, and typically engaged attacking T-54 or [[Type 59 tank|Type 59]] tanks from defile.<ref name=Mesko /> As this tactic sacrificed the tanks' superior maneuverability, the PAVN tanks responded with flanking movements which enveloped and overran the M41s before they could maneuver.<ref name=Mesko /> North Vietnamese infantrymen also succeeded in knocking out several platoons of static M41s with [[9M14 Malyutka]] (''AT-3 Sagger'') anti-tank guided missiles.<ref name=Starry1 /> Still others were captured, and used by the PAVN at the [[Battle of An Lộc]], where defending US troops were forced to destroy them with [[M72 LAW]]s.<ref name=Hoof>{{cite book|last=Jarymowycz|first=Roman Johann|title=Cavalry From Hoof To Track|date=2008|pages=200–201|publisher=Praeger Books|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-98726-8}}</ref>

Between 1965 and 1972 the U.S. had shipped 580 second-hand M41A3s to supply various ARVN tank units and replace losses sustained in combat.<ref>The RVNAF. Van Khuyen Dong. U.S. Army Center of Military History. 1980. P.281</ref> According to SIPRI, between 1972 and 1974 the ARVN only took delivery of [[M48 Patton]]s,<ref name="trade">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade Registers |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org |access-date=2013-06-20}}</ref> which gradually superseded the M41 as the primary tank in South Vietnamese service.<ref name=Mesko /> According to MACV South Vietnam received 19 M41 tanks during 1974.<ref>Fiscal Year 1975 Authorization for Military Procurement, Research, and Development, and Active Duty, Selected Reserve and Civilian Personnel Strengths: Hearings, Ninety-third Congress, Second Session, on S. 3000. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974. P.1903</ref>

During the PAVN's [[1975 Spring Offensive]], 300 ARVN M41s were destroyed or captured.<ref name=Mesko />

===Other foreign service===
====Argentina====
During the early 1960s, Argentina received five M41s on ostensibly permanent loan from the United States.<ref name=Fogliani>{{cite book|last=Fogliani|first=Ricardo|title=Blindados Argentinos de Uruguay y Paraguay|date=1997|pages=43–44, 183–185|publisher=Ayer y Hoy Ediciones|location=Argentina|isbn=978-987-95832-7-2}}</ref> The terms of the transfer remain unclear, as despite formally entering service with the [[Argentine Army]] the five tanks were still listed as property of the American government.<ref name=Fogliani /> They were first publicly paraded in [[Buenos Aires]] following the [[Argentine Revolution|1966 coup]].<ref name=Fogliani /> Shortly afterwards, Argentine leaders ordered the tanks withdrawn from service and returned to the US due to continued political differences between the two countries.<ref name=Fogliani /> They were superseded in Argentine service by the [[AMX-13]], and a proposal to purchase or request the loan of more M41s from the US was canceled.<ref name=Fogliani />

====Brazil====
[[File:Tanques ocupam a Avenida Presidente Vargas, 1968-04-04.jpg|thumb|Brazilian M41s in the streets of [[Rio de Janeiro]], April 1968.]]
The M41 was the first tank to be adopted in large quantities by Brazil's armed forces, and formed the armored mainstay of both the [[Brazilian Army]] and the [[Brazilian Marine Corps]] well into the twenty-first century.<ref name="Evolution" /> In 1960, an initiative to modernize existing Brazilian armored units led to the purchase of 386 second-hand M41s from the US government.<ref name="Evolution" /> The tanks were delivered in successive shipments over a period of seven years.<ref name="trade" /> Between 1984 and 1985, [[Bernardini (company)|Bernardini S/A Industria e Comercio]], an industrial firm in [[São Paulo]], rebuilt and modernized all the Brazilian M41s to prolong their service life.<ref name="Tucker" /> The principal features of the modernization program were a replacement of the original Chrysler petrol engine with a diesel model, thicker armor, and replacement of the 76&nbsp;mm gun with a 90&nbsp;mm gun produced by boring out the original armament.<ref name="Tucker" /> The rebored gun was modified to fire Belgian fin-stabilized, shaped charge projectiles developed for the Cockerill Mk. III smoothbore cannon already fitted to Brazil's preexisting fleet of [[EE-9 Cascavel]] armored cars.<ref name="Evolution" /> The tank's transmission was also upgraded to increase acceleration and give it a maximum road speed of {{convert|70|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Jane3" /> In Brazilian service, these upgraded M41s received the designation M41B and M41C.<ref name="Jane3" />

====Lebanon====
In 1958, the [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Lebanese Army]] received either 20 to 50 M41A3 tanks from the US to replace its fleet of obsolete British [[Sherman Firefly]] medium tanks and French [[Hotchkiss H35]] and [[Renault R35]] light tanks employed during the [[1958 Lebanon crisis]].<ref>Mesko, Greer and Manley, ''M41 Walker Bulldog in action'' (1991), p. 39.</ref> The Lebanese Army M41s first saw action in 21 November 1969, when they engaged [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) guerrillas at the town of [[Nabatiyeh]] during the border clashes in the Rashaya district of southern Lebanon, and again at the [[Souk el-Khan]] sector of "[[Fatahland]]" in the early 1970s.<ref>Kassis, ''Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon'' (2012), p. 9.</ref> 

Later during the [[Lebanese Civil War]], M41s were extensively employed by the [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Lebanese Army]] and various armed groups in and outside [[Beirut]] between 1975 and 1977, following the collapse of the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] (LAF) structure in January 1976. During this period, most of the regular Army's M41s fell into the hands of the competing Christian-rightist [[Lebanese Front]] and Muslim-leftist [[Lebanese National Movement]] (LNM) militias or were taken way by dissident rebellious Lebanese Army factions. Captured M41s were employed by the [[Lebanese Arab Army]] (LAA),<ref name="auto6">Kassis, ''Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon'' (2012), p. 50.</ref> [[Army of Free Lebanon]] (AFL),<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=http://scale35.blogspot.com/2009/05/bulldog-in-aswek.html|title=LEBANON ... Scale 1/35: BULLDOG IN ASWEK|date=7 May 2009}}</ref> [[Kataeb Regulatory Forces]] (KRF),<ref name="auto4">Kassis, ''30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon'' (2003), pp. 28–29.</ref><ref name="auto1">Sex & Abi-Chahine, ''Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond'' (2021), p. 80.</ref> [[Tigers Militia]],<ref name="auto">Sex & Abi-Chahine, ''Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond'' (2021), p. 62.</ref> and the [[People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)|People's Liberation Army]] (PLA).<ref name="auto3">Abi-Chahine, ''The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991'' (2019), p. 122.</ref><ref name="auto2">Sex & Abi-Chahine, ''Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond'' (2021), p. 26.</ref> At least 18 M41s were eventually returned by the militias to the Lebanese Army in 1977–78, and remained in service until the 1983-84 [[Mountain War (Lebanon)|Mountain War]], when they were retired and quickly replaced by [[M48 Patton|M48A1 and M48A5]] [[main battle tank]]s provided by the US and [[Jordan]].<ref>Zaloga, ''Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2)'' (2003), pp. 63-64.</ref>

====New Zealand====
In 1960, the [[Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps]] procured ten<ref name="trade" /> M41s from the US to replace its obsolete [[Valentine tank]]s, which had been inherited from its close association with the British Army during World War II.<ref name=OxfordNZ>{{cite book|last1=McGibbon|first1=Ian|last2=Goldstone|first2=Paul|title=The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History|date=2001|pages=37–38|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-558376-2}}</ref> As a result of their adoption and the retirement of the Valentines, the organization of New Zealand's armored corps was altered from two tank squadrons to a single cavalry squadron consisting of M41s and [[M113 armored personnel carrier]]s.<ref name=OxfordNZ /> The decision to acquire the new tanks was made a year earlier, in 1959, and this allowed army maintenance technicians to be sent to the US well in advance and receive the necessary familiarization training at Fort Knox before the tanks reached New Zealand.<ref name=Kiwi1>{{cite book|last=Cape|first=Peter|title=Craftsmen in Uniform: The Corps of Royal New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers: an Account|date=1976|page=158|publisher=Corps of Royal New Zealand Electrical and Mechanical Engineers|location=Wellington |asin=B0006D1ANC}}</ref> After the acceleration of the US military commitment to Vietnam, General [[Maxwell D. Taylor]] suggested the New Zealand M41s be deployed there to support allied operations.<ref name=Starry1 /> The proposal was rejected, but Australia offered to send a squadron of [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion]] tanks in their stead.<ref name=Starry1 />

By 1978, New Zealand's M41s were no longer regarded as cost-effective due to their increasing age, as well as an inadequate budget for their continued maintenance.<ref name=Timing>{{cite book|last=Greener|first=Peter|title=Timing is Everything: The Politics and Processes of New Zealand Defence Acquisition Decision Making|date=2009|pages=128–129|publisher=Australian National University Press|location=Canberra|isbn=978-1-921536-64-9}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Defence (New Zealand)|Ministry of Defence]] argued that a cheaper light tank was needed, and in 1983 the M41s were decommissioned and replaced by the [[FV101 Scorpion]].<ref name=Timing /> Only one was retained in operational condition; this was donated to the [[National Army Museum (New Zealand)|New Zealand National Army Museum]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Richard|url=http://airforce.mil.nz/downloads/pdf/airforce-news/ak07002001.pdf|date=February 2007|title=Wings Over Wairapapa|journal=Royal New Zealand Air Force News|issue=78|page=10|access-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206032733/http://airforce.mil.nz/downloads/pdf/airforce-news/ak07002001.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>

====South Africa====
During the mid to late 1970s, the purported presence of M41 Walker Bulldog tanks in the [[South African Defence Force]] (SADF) aroused international interest, especially when press reports suggested they had been used as part of ''[[Operation Savannah (Angola)|Operation Savannah]]'', a controversial 1975 South African military incursion into [[Angola]].<ref name=SADF1>{{cite book|last=Ignat'ev|first=Oleg Konstantinovich|title=Secret Weapon In Africa|date=1977|pages=16, 140|publisher=Progress Publishers|location=Moscow|oclc=878988973}}</ref><ref name=SADF2>{{cite book|last=Elaigwu|first=J. Isawa|editor-last=Mazrui|editor-first=Ali Al Amin|title=The Warrior Tradition In Modern Africa|date=1997|pages=227–228|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-05646-6}}</ref><ref name=WMO>{{cite book|last1=Kaldor|first1=Mary|last2=Eide|first2=Asbjørn|title=The World Military Order: The Impact Of Military Technology On The Third World|date=1979|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldmilitaryord0000unse/page/191 191]|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=London |isbn=978-0-333-25394-6|url=https://archive.org/details/worldmilitaryord0000unse/page/191}}</ref> In 1977, an economist named Sean Gervasi at the [[Fernand Braudel Center]] claimed that the SADF was in possession of 100 M41s.<ref name="Revolution">{{cite book|last1=Duigan|first1=Peter|last2=Gann|first2=L.H.|title=South Africa: War, Revolution, or Peace?|url=https://archive.org/details/southafricawarre0000gann|url-access=registration|date=1978|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southafricawarre0000gann/page/28 28–29]|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|location=Stanford, CN|isbn=978-0-8179-6993-6}}</ref> Similar figures were subsequently repeated in a variety of literature and academic sources.<ref name=Harsch>{{cite book|last=Harsch|first=Earnest|title=South Africa: White Rule, Black Revolt|date=1980|page=142|publisher=Monad Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-913460-77-1}}</ref><ref name="Keegan">{{Cite book |title=World Armies |page=531 |edition=Second |last=Keegan |first=John |publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan |location=London |date=1983 |isbn=978-0-333-34079-0}}</ref><ref name="ZA">{{cite journal|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-A49-84-al.sff.document.nusa197708.pdf |date=August 1977 |title=What Arms Embargo? |journal=Southern Africa |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=4–5|access-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112203735/http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-A49-84-al.sff.document.nusa197708.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

As a voluntary arms embargo had been imposed on South Africa due to the passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 181]], Gervasi was invited to testify on this claim before the [[US House of Representatives]], which had a subcommittee on African relations.<ref name=Nyangoni>{{cite book|last=Nyangoni|first=Wellington Winter|title=United States Foreign Policy and the Republic of South Africa|date=1981|page=260|publisher=New World Research Committee of the Society for Common Insights (African Institute for the Study of Human Values)|location=New York|oclc=559560179}}</ref> According to the minutes from the discussion, the delivery of one M41 Walker Bulldog to South Africa was acknowledged by the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]], presumably for evaluation purposes, although this took place in the early 1950s and predated the arms embargo.<ref name="Hearing">{{cite report|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=United States-South Africa Relations: Arms Embargo Implementation: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, July 14 and 20, 1977|date=July 1977|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|location=Washington, DC|edition=First|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002943148|page=63|access-date=28 June 2017|quote=...the Walker Bulldog tank was transferred in the early 1950s. So I am certainly not going to deny that they [the South African government] have a Walker Bulldog tank that was transferred in the 1950s. It may be in their active inventory.}}</ref> William H. Lewis, director of the Bureau of Inter-African Affairs at the State Department, debunked Gervasi's allegations that the US had supplied South Africa with a large stockpile of tanks.<ref name="Hearing" />

As late as 1982 the Angolan government continued to make unsubstantiated claims that US-supplied M41s were being used during South African raids into Angola.<ref name="Africa">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ewEyAQAAIAAJ&q=%22M-41+tanks%22+ African Defence Journal]'': Article "Angola: Racist Aggression – Communique on SA Attacks". The Journal Publishers, 1982 volume, Collected Issues 17–28 p. 22.</ref>

====Taiwan====

The [[Republic of China Army]] (ROCA) began receiving M41A3s as military aid from the US in 1958.<ref name="Newdick">{{cite news |title=Taiwan Is Giving Up Its M41A3 Walker Bulldog Tanks After More Than Six Decades Of Service |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44406/taiwan-prepares-to-give-up-its-m41a3-walker-bulldog-tanks-after-more-than-six-decades |work=The Warzone |location=Miami |date=22 February 2022 |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801040123/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44406/taiwan-prepares-to-give-up-its-m41a3-walker-bulldog-tanks-after-more-than-six-decades |archive-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> The ROCA once had 700 M41s in various configurations in service.<ref name="Newdick"/> Those in front-line service received heavy upgrades and were redesignated M41D; the non-upgraded M41A3s were relegated to training and reserve roles.<ref name="Newdick"/> In February 2022, the ROCA announced it would be retiring its remaining M41A3s, although the M41D would remain in service.<ref name="Newdick"/>

====Uruguay====
Uruguay embarked on a significant revitalization campaign for its armored corps in 1981, purchasing 20 FN-4RM/62F light armored cars and 22 M41A1 Walker Bulldog tanks from Belgium.<ref name="trade" /> The tanks underwent a significant rebuild prior to their export, including the installation of new armor plate by a German contractor, and replacement of the turret armament with a 90&nbsp;mm Cockerill Mk. IV cannon and an [[FN MAG]] co-axial machine gun, respectively.<ref name=Fogliani /> The new cannon fired fin-stabilized [[High explosive anti-tank warhead|high explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) and [[high explosive squash head]] (HESH) shells.<ref name="Jane3" /> These M41s were designated ''M41A1U'' and were retrofitted with diesel engines by a Brazilian firm in 1991.<ref name="trade" />

====West Germany====
[[File:Manöver Südwind der Bundeswehr (Kiel 13.779).jpg|thumb|left|M41 tank of the [[3rd Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)|3rd Panzer Division]]'s ''[[Kampfgruppe]] A 3'' during the ''Manöver Südwind'' exercise in the Trittau and Neumünster area, 2 October 1957.]]
The M41 Walker Bulldog was the first postwar tank to be adopted by the [[Bundeswehr]] after its formation in 1955.<ref name=FRG1>{{cite book|editor-last1=Schlaffer|editor-first1=Rudolf|editor-last2=Schlaffer|title=Sonderfall Bundeswehr? Streitkräfte in nationalen Perspektiven und im internationalen Vergleich|date=2014|page=313|publisher=De Gruyter Oldenbourg|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-034812-5}}</ref><ref name=FRG2>{{cite book|last=Modrach|first=Siegfried|title=Panzer der NATO|date=1962|pages=126–128|publisher=Deutscher Militärverlag|location=Berlin|asin=B013TQAKC4}}</ref> In German service, it was primarily utilized for its traditional role of reconnaissance.<ref name=FRG2 /> Each Bundeswehr division was organized with an integral armored reconnaissance battalion of one M41 company and two companies of [[Schützenpanzer SPz 11-2 Kurz]] tracked scout vehicles.<ref name="Scouts">{{cite report|title=Scouts Out! The Development of Reconnaissance Units In Modern Armies|last=McGrath|first=John |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/scouts_out.pdf|location=Fort Leavenworth, KS|publisher=United States Army Combined Arms Center and the Combat Studies Institute |year=2008|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528043924/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/scouts_out.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref> The concept of light tanks proved unpopular with the Bundeswehr, and by 1966 all its M41s had been retired and replaced with the much heavier [[M48 Patton]] and [[Leopard 1]] in armored reconnaissance battalions.<ref name="Scouts" /> Additionally, the M41 was used in a tank destroyer role until 1969, first in divisional tank destroyer battalions and later also in the tank destroyer platoon of the heavy company of a mechanized infantry battalion.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stefan Marx |title=The Tanks M 41 and M 47 in German Army Service |series=Militärfahrzeug Spezial |issue=5012 |publisher=Tankograd Publishing |location=Erlangen |year=2006 |pages=8}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:M41WalkerBulldog Assembly1.JPG|right|thumb|M41s on the assembly line at the Cleveland Tank Plant, the Cadillac factory where they were manufactured from 1951 to 1954.<ref name="DoD" />]]
The hull of the M41 is of welded steel<ref name="Jane3"/> construction, with the driving compartment located at the front of the tank and to the left.<ref name="Jane2" /> This may be accessed through the hull by a single piece hatch cover opening to the right.<ref name="Jane2" /> When the hatch is closed, the tank is navigated by three driving periscopes mounted forward of the driver's position and one to the left.<ref name="Jane3" /> There is no night vision equipment fitted as standard, although in some models an infrared searchlight could be mounted externally on the turret or the day periscopes replaced with new infrared periscopes.<ref name="Jane3" /> An emergency escape hatch is situated beneath the driver's seat.<ref name="Jane2" /> The engine compartment is located towards the rear of the hull and is insulated from the crew by a fireproof bulkhead.<ref name="Jane3" /> The Allison Cross-Drive Model CD-500-3 transmission is located within this compartment, immediately behind the engine, and includes two forward and one reverse gear ratios.<ref name="Jane2" /> All M41 tanks utilize a [[torsion bar suspension]], which supports five road wheels with the drive sprocket at the rear and idler towards the front, and three track return rollers.<ref name="Jane3" /> The first, second, and fifth road wheel stations have hydraulic shock absorbers.<ref name="Jane2" /> Although the M41 is not considered amphibious, it was designed for fording up to 1.016 meters of water without preparation, and up to 2.44 meters of water with preparation.<ref name="Jane2" /> The hull is fitted with electric bilge pumps accordingly.<ref name="Jane3" />

Standard M41 turrets are of cast and welded steel construction and fitted with a turret basket.<ref name="Jane2" /> The crew commander and gunner are seated to the right and a loader seated to the left.<ref name="Jane3" /> Turret rotation is assisted by hydraulic/electrical drives and takes approximately ten seconds to traverse a full 360°.<ref name="Jane2" /> Crew commanders have a day periscope and a turret cupola with five vision blocks for observation; this is also provided with a hinged hatch cover opening forwards.<ref name="Jane3" /> Both the loader and gunner are also provided with periscopes.<ref name="Jane2002">{{cite book |last=Christopher F. Foss |title=Jane's Armour and Artillery |year=2001 |edition=2002 |page=182 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd |isbn=978-0-7106-2309-6}}</ref> In some models, there is an additional stowage basket welded to the rear of the turret, and a dome-shaped ventilator on the turret roof.<ref name="Jane2002" />

The M41 has a very distinctive, well sloped glacis plate with a horizontal top, and may also be readily identified by its large exhaust pipes on each side of the upper hull rear.<ref name="Recognition" /> Both turret sides are vertical and slightly sloped.<ref name="Recognition" /> Other identifying features on the turret include the bustle and stowage box at the rear, the commander's cupola to the right, and the muzzle brake with fume extractor on the main armament.<ref name="Recognition" />

===Armament and ammunition===
The M41A1, M41A2, and M41A3 were equipped with a 76&nbsp;mm M32A1 high velocity rifled cannon firing fixed [[Shell (projectile)#HE-Frag|high explosive]] (HE), [[Armor-piercing shell|armor piercing]] (AP), or [[Shell (projectile)#Armour-piercing, composite rigid|high velocity armor piercing]] (HVAP) ammunition.<ref name="Jane3" /> The baseline M41 was equipped with a very similar 76&nbsp;mm M32/T91E3 cannon.<ref name="Jane3" /> In all four marks, a co-axial .30 caliber machine gun is mounted to the left of the main armament; additionally, in US service an external .50 caliber machine gun was also mounted to the turret roof.<ref name="Jane2" /> The 76&nbsp;mm cannon has a maximum elevation of +19.75° and a depression of −9.75°.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Department of the Army Technical Manual FM 17-80:Tanks, 76-mm Gun M41 and M41A1|publisher=Department of the Army|year=1956|location=Washington, DC|pages=9}}</ref> It utilizes a vertical sliding breech block and a spring actuated, inertia percussion firing mechanism.<ref name="Jane2002" /> To prevent overpressure and help absorb recoil, the cannon has also been fitted with a bore evacuator, a blast deflector, and a concentric hydrospring recoil system.<ref name="Jane2002" /> Ranging is manual and conducted through the gunner's M97A1 telescopic sight.<ref name="Jane2002" /> Maximum range of the M32/T91E3 and M32A1 is estimated at 4,752 meters.<ref name="Jane3" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+M32A1 and M32/T91E3 ammunition<ref name="Jane2" /><ref name="Jane3" />
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
! Type
! Model
! Weight, kg (projectile)
! Muzzle velocity, m/s
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
|style="text-align:left" | AP-T
| | M339
| | Unknown
|style="text-align:right;" | 975
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
|style="text-align:left" | HVAP-T
| | M319
|style="text-align:right;" | 16.78
|style="text-align:right;" | 1,260
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
|style="text-align:left" | HE
| | M352
|style="text-align:right;" | 19.05
|style="text-align:right;" | 731
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
|style="text-align:left" | WP-SMK
| | M361
|style="text-align:right;" | 19.05
|style="text-align:right;" | 731
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
|style="text-align:left" | HVAP-DS-T
| | M331
| | Unknown
|style="text-align:right;" | 1,257
|}

In 1982, the [[AAI Corporation]] announced that it had developed a 76&nbsp;mm [[APFSDS]] shell for the M32A1 and M32/T91E3, which greatly increased the M41 tank's lethality. Both Denmark and the Republic of China (Taiwan) purchased an undisclosed amount of the new ammunition.<ref name="Jane3" />

==Variants==
[[File:M41D in Chengkungling 20111009a.jpg|right|thumb|M41D of the [[Republic of China Army]].]]
[[File:M 41 DK-1 Walker Bulldog Light Tank in Aalborg Forsvars- og Garnisonsmuseum, pic2.JPG|thumb|M41 DK-1 of the [[Royal Danish Army]].]]
* '''{{vanchor |M41}}''': Standard production model from 1951 to 1952.<ref name="DoD" /> Armed with an M32/T91E3 76&nbsp;mm rifled gun on an M76/T138E1 mount and carried fifty-seven rounds of 76&nbsp;mm ammunition.<ref name="Jane3" /> Turret traverse was conducted through a pulsing relay system and electrical drives, and the tank was powered by an AOS-895-3 petrol engine.<ref name="Jane2" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41A1}}''': Replaced the base M41 as the standard production model.<ref name="Jane3" /> Received the improved hydraulic turret traverse system with manual backup in 1953.{{sfn|Foss|1976|p=107}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Haskew |first=Michael E. |title=Tanks : inside & out |date=2012 |publisher=Rosen |pages=76 |oclc=1245825366}}</ref> Armed with an M32A1 76&nbsp;mm rifled gun on an M76A1 mount.<ref name="Jane3" /> Carried sixty-five rounds of 76&nbsp;mm ammunition.<ref name="Jane3" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41A2}}''': An improved variant of the M41A1 incorporated in 1956 with a fuel-injected Continental 6-cylinder gas engine,<ref name=":1" /> A much less fuel hungry AOS-895-5 fuel injection engine, dual power traverse for the tank commander, and a pinion-type gun elevation gear.<ref name="Jane3" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41A3}}''': Upgraded M41A1 tanks with fuel injection engines.<ref name=":1" />
* '''{{vanchor |QM41}}''': [[United States Navy]] model, fitted with a remote-control mechanism and employed for ordnance testing purposes.<ref name="Jane2" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41 105}}''': An M41 hull retrofitted with the complete turret and 105&nbsp;mm gun of the [[Stingray light tank]]. This prototype was trialed by [[Cadillac Gage]] as a potential market upgrade for preexisting M41 tanks but was not adopted by any country.<ref name="Jane2002" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41B}}''': M41 modernized by [[Bernardini (company)|Bernardini S/A Industria e Comercio]] for the [[Brazilian Army]].<ref name="Compendium" /> Fitted with a new Saab-Scania DS-14A 04 eight-cylinder diesel engine developing {{convert|405|hp|kW|abbr=on}}, enabling the tank to reach speeds of up to {{convert|70|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Compendium" /> A new cooling system was also installed, consisting of a radiator and two large fans. The size of this apparatus required the construction of an entirely new rear hull.<ref name="Compendium" /> The 76&nbsp;mm gun has been bored out to 90&nbsp;mm caliber, shortened, and fitted with a counterbalance on the barrel and a torsion bar compensator at the breech; this heavily modified M32 is known as the ''Ca 76/90 M32 BR2''.<ref name="Compendium" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41C}}''': M41B rebuilt to the specifications of the [[Brazilian Marine Corps]], including a different DS-12 OA diesel engine and a laser rangefinder.<ref name="Compendium" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41D}}''': M41 modified by the [[Republic of China Army]] with a new Detroit Diesel 8V-71T diesel engine, enabling the tank to reach speeds of up to {{convert|72|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and increasing its range to {{convert|450|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Jane3" /> The turret was altered to carry a Taiwanese-manufactured variant of the M32 known as the M32K1, as well as a co-axial Type 74 ([[FN MAG]]) general purpose machine gun.<ref name="Jane3" /> The M32K1 has a fume extractor and a different muzzle brake, and has been upgraded with thermal imaging sights.<ref name="Jane3" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41 DK-1}}''': M41 modified by the [[Royal Danish Army]] with an [[CBRN defense|NBC]] protection system, an external laser rangefinder, and thermal imaging equipment.<ref name="Recognition" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41E}}''': M41 modified by the [[Spanish Army]] with a new General Motors 8V-71T diesel engine developing {{convert|400|hp|kW|abbr=on}}; this increases the tank's range to about {{convert|483|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Compendium" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41GTI}}''': M41 modernized by German company GLS for the [[Royal Thai Army]]. Fitted with a new MTU MB 833 Aa501 diesel engine developing {{convert|442|hp|kW|abbr=on}}, enabling the tank to reach speeds of up to {{convert|60|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} and increasing its range to {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Compendium" /> The 76&nbsp;mm gun was also coupled to the MOLF 41 digital fire control system with thermal imaging sights and a laser rangefinder, as well as a new co-axial [[Heckler & Koch HK21]] machine gun.<ref name="Compendium" />
* '''{{vanchor |M41 HAKO}}''': Turretless M41 modified by the Spanish Army to carry a bank of [[HOT (missile)|HOT]] anti-tank guided missiles.<ref name="Jane4">{{cite book |last=Foss |first=Christopher F. |title=Jane's Armour and Artillery 1982–1983 |page=146 |year=1982 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=London |isbn=978-0-86720-620-3}}</ref>
* '''{{vanchor |M41U}}''': M41A1 with improved armor and a turret altered to carry the Belgian-designed 90&nbsp;mm Cockerill Mk. IV gun as well as a co-axial FN MAG general purpose machine gun.<ref name=Fogliani /> Developed by Belgium for the [[Uruguayan Army]].<ref name="Jane2002" />
* '''T49''': An experimental tank made as an improvement for the M41 Bulldog in 1954. Only two variants were built. The tank later served as a test bed for the [[M551 Sheridan|XM551 Sheridan]] and was mounted with a rounded turret and a 152mm cannon.
* '''Type 65''': A M41 designed by the Republic of China Army, similar to the M-41D but with significantly thicker armor and a co-axial [[M60 machine gun]].<ref name="Jane3" /> It is unclear whether the Type 65 is an M41 derivative built under license in the Republic of China, or simply a rebuilt M41A2/M41A3.<ref name="Jane3" /> Unlike the M41 series the Type 65's turret is entirely cast steel, and its interior dimensions are smaller.<ref name="Jane3" />
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! style=width:13em |T37{{sfn|Hunnicutt|1995|p=300}}
! style=width:13em |T41{{sfn|Hunnicutt|1995|p=301}}
! style=width:13em |M41 & M41A1{{sfn|Hunnicutt|1995|p=302}}
! style=width:13em |M41A2 & M41A3{{sfn|Hunnicutt|1995|p=303}}
! style=width:13em |T49{{sfn|Hunnicutt|1995|p=304}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Length
| {{convert|292.1|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|317.1|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|318.6|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (early muzzle brake)<br />{{convert|319.8|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (later muzzle brake)
| {{convert|319.8|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|313.0|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Width
|colspan="2"| {{convert|127|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|colspan="2"| {{convert|125.9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|128.9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Height
| {{convert|102|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (over cupola)
| {{convert|108|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|colspan="2"| {{convert|118.8|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|127.3|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (over MG)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ground clearance
|colspan="5"| {{convert|17.5|in|cm|1|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Top speed
|colspan="2"| {{convert|41|mph|0|abbr=on}}
|colspan="3"| {{convert|45|mph|0|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fording
| {{convert|44|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|45|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|colspan="3"| {{convert|48|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Max grade
|colspan="5"| 60 percent
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Max trench
| {{convert|8|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|5|ft|abbr=on}}
|colspan="2"| {{convert|8|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|6|ft|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Max wall
|colspan="2"| {{convert|26|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|colspan="3"| {{convert|28|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Range
|colspan="2"| {{convert|150|mi|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|110|mi|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|110|mi|abbr=on}} ({{convert|280|mi|abbr=on}} w/ jettison fuel tanks)
| {{convert|100|mi|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Power
|colspan="5"| {{convert|500|hp|abbr=on}} at 2800 rpm
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Power-to-weight ratio
| {{convert|20.7|hp/ST|kW/t|1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|19.4|hp/ST|kW/t|1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|19.5|hp/ST|kW/t|1|abbr=on}} (M41)<br />{{convert|19.3|hp/ST|kW/t|1|abbr=on}} (M41A1)
| {{convert|20.5|hp/ST|kW/t|1|abbr=on}} (M41A2)<br />{{convert|20.3|hp/ST|kW/t|1|abbr=on}} (M41A3)
| {{convert|18.8|hp/ST|kW/t|1|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Torque
|colspan="2"| {{convert|945|lbft|N.m|-1|abbr=on}} at 2400 rpm
|colspan="3"| {{convert|960|lbft|N.m|-1|abbr=on}} at 2400 rpm
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Weight, combat loaded
| {{convert|48280|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|51600|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|51200|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}} (M41)<br />{{convert|51800|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}} (M41A1)
| {{convert|51200|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}} (M41A2)<br />{{convert|51800|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}} (M41A3)
| {{convert|53200|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ground pressure
| {{convert|9.4|psi|kPa|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|10.1|psi|kPa|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|9.6|psi|kPa|0|abbr=on}} (M41)<br />{{convert|9.7|psi|kPa|0|abbr=on}} (M41A1)
| {{convert|9.6|psi|kPa|0|abbr=on}} (M41A2)<br />{{convert|9.7|psi|kPa|0|abbr=on}} (M41A3)
| {{convert|10.0|psi|kPa|0|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Main armament
| T94 76&nbsp;mm
| T91 76&nbsp;mm
|colspan="2"| M32 76&nbsp;mm
| T132E3 90&nbsp;mm
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Elevation
|colspan="2"| +20° / -9°
|colspan="2"| +20° / -10°
| +19.5° / -9.5°
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Traverse rate
| 12 seconds/360°
| 11 seconds/360°
|colspan="2"| 10 seconds/360°
| 13 seconds/360°
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Elevation rate
|colspan="2"| 6°/second
|colspan="3"| 4°/second
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Main gun ammo
| 60 rounds
| 46 rounds
|colspan="2"| 57 rounds
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Firing rate
|colspan="4"| 12 rounds per minute
| 10 rounds per minute
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

==Operators==
{{About|operators of the M41 Walker Bulldog light tank|operators of the APC derivative|M75 armored personnel carrier|operators of the self-propelled artillery derivative|M44 self propelled howitzer|operators of the anti-aircraft platform|M42 Duster|section=yes}}
[[File:M41 operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators{{legend|#0b60d4|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}]]

===Current===
* {{flag|Republic of China (Taiwan)}}: M41A3 used until 2022. Small numbers of M41D remain in service as of 2024<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newdick |first1=Thomas |title=M1A2 Abrams Tanks Arrive In Taiwan |url=https://www.twz.com/land/m1a2-abrams-tanks-arrive-in-taiwan |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=16 December 2024}}</ref>
* {{flag|Dominican Republic}}: 12 M41B as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024a|page=430}}
* {{THA}}: 24 as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=319}} 
* {{flag|Uruguay}}: 22 M41A1UR and 25 M41C as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024a|page=452}}

===Former===
[[File:عرض عسكري.JPG|thumb|A [[Saudi Arabian Army]] M41 Walker Bulldog on maneuvers.]]
* {{flag|Austria}}: 40<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Argentina}}: 5 on loan from the US; all returned<ref name=Fogliani />
* {{flag|Belgium}}: 135<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Brazil}}: 386<ref name="Jane3" />
* {{flag|Chile}}: 60, replaced by Leopard 1V MBT<ref name="Jane3" />
* {{flaglist|Denmark}}: 53<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Ethiopian Empire}}: 54<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|West Germany}}: 50<ref name=FRG1 /><ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Greece}}: 81<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Guatemala}}: 10<ref name="Jane3" /><ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Japan}}: 130<ref name="Evolution" />
* {{flag|Lebanon}}: 18 in service with the [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Lebanese Army]] (1958–1984)<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|New Zealand}}: 10<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: 50<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}: 7<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Portugal}}<ref name="Jane4" /><ref name=SADF1 />
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}: 60<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Somalia}}: 10<ref name="Jane3" /><ref name=Cordesman2016>{{cite book|last=Cordesman|first=Anthony|title=After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East|date=October 2016|page=733|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-4742-9256-6}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Africa|1928}}: 1 confirmed, presumably for evaluation purposes.<ref name="Hearing" /> Other sources claimed anywhere from 90 to 100 in service; this resulted in significant controversy in the late 1970s<ref name="Revolution" /><ref name=Nyangoni />
* {{flag|South Vietnam}}: 350<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Spain}}: 245<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Sudan}}: 53; donated by Saudi Arabia in 1981.<ref name="Jane4" />
* {{flag|Tunisia}}: 12<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|Turkey}}: 100<ref name="trade" />
* {{flag|United States}}<ref name="DoD" />
* {{flag|Vietnam}}: Captured or inherited from [[South Vietnam]],<ref name="Jane2" /> largely in reserve storage as of 2020<ref>{{cite web | url=https://militarymatters.online/weapons/vietnam-loves-american-booty-what-did-the-vietnam-peoples-army-do-with-all-the-captured-weapons | title=Vietnam Loves American Booty; What Did the Vietnam People's Army do with All the Captured Weapons? - Weapons - Military Matters | date=11 April 2020 }}</ref>

===Former non-state===
* [[File:Lebanesearmyfirstflag.png|22px|border]] [[Army of Free Lebanon]]: Seized from Lebanese Army stocks<ref name="auto5"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Brigade 2506.svg}} [[Brigade 2506]]: 5; all destroyed or captured during the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]]<ref name=Bay /><ref name=Rasenberger />
* {{flagicon|Eritrea|1952}} [[Eritrean Liberation Front]]: Captured from Ethiopia{{sfn|Cooper|Fontanellaz|2018|page=9}}
* [[File:Flag of Kataeb Party.svg|22px|border]] [[Kataeb Regulatory Forces]]: Seized from Lebanese Army stocks<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto1"/>
* [[File:Ahrar flag.gif|23px|border]] [[Tigers Militia]]: Seized from Lebanese Army stocks<ref name="auto"/>
* [[File:Lebanesearmyfirstflag.png|22px|border]] [[Lebanese Arab Army]]: Seized from Lebanese Army stocks<ref name="auto6"/>
* [[File:People's Liberation Army (Lebanon).jpg|22px]] [[People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)]]: Seized from Lebanese Army stocks<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/>

==See also==
* [[List of "M" series military vehicles]]
* [[Type 64 (tank)]]

===Vehicles of comparable role, performance, and era===
* {{lwc|SK-105 Kürassier}}
* {{lwc|Type 63 (light tank)}}
* {{lwc|Type 62}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

;Sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Abi-Chahine |first=Bassel |title=The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991 |publisher=Éditions Dergham |publication-place=Jdeideh (Beirut) |date=2019 |isbn=978-614-459-033-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Fontanellaz |first2=Adrien |title=Ethiopian-Eritrean Wars: Volume 2 - Eritrean War of Independence, 1988−1991 & Badme War, 1998−2001 |date=2018 |publisher=Helion and Company |isbn=978-1-913118-35-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4iWDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |first=Christopher F. |last=Foss |title=Jane's World Armoured Fighting Vehicles |date=1976 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd |isbn=0-354-01022-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Christopher F. |last=Foss |title=Jane's Tanks and Combat Vehicles Recognition Guide |date=16 May 2000 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |isbn=978-0-00-472452-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/janestankcombatv00foss}}
* {{cite book|last=Hunnicutt |first=R. P. |title=Sheridan: A History of the American Light Tank, Volume 2 |date=1995 |publisher=Presidio Press |isbn=978-0-89141-570-1}}
*{{cite journal |last1=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |title=Chapter Five: Asia |journal=The Military Balance |date=12 February 2024 |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=218-327 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2024.2298593 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2024.2298593 |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |issn=0459-7222 |ref={{refsfn|IISS|2024}}|url-access=subscription }}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFIISS2024}}
*{{cite journal |last1=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |title=Chapter Seven: Latin America and the Caribbean |journal=The Military Balance |date=12 February 2024 |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=396-457 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2024.2298595 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2024.2298595 |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |issn=0459-7222 |ref={{refsfn|IISS|2024a}}|url-access=subscription }}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFIISS2024a}}
* Jim Mesko, Don Greer and Perry Manley, ''M41 Walker Bulldog in action'' – Armor Number 29, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1991. {{ISBN|0-89747-262-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Kassis |first=Samer |title=Véhicules Militaires au Liban 1975–1981 |trans-title=Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975-1981 |language=fr |publisher=Trebia Publishing |publication-place=Chyah |date=2012 |isbn=978-9953-0-2372-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sex |first1=Zachary |last2=Abi-Chahine |first2=Bassel |title=Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond |series=Modern Conflicts Profile Guide |volume=II |publisher=AK Interactive |date=2021 |id={{EAN|8435568306073}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |title=Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present |publisher=Concord Publications |publication-place=Hong Kong |date=2003 |isbn=962-361-613-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/tankbattlesmidea00zalo_215}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|M41 Walker Bulldog}}
* [http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/m41bulldog.html AFV Database]
* [http://www.inetres.com/gp/military/cv/tank/M41.html Gary's Combat Vehicle Reference Guide]
* [http://www.olive-drab.com/idphoto/id_photos_m41.php3 M41 Photos at Olive-Drab]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=lCEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1951+%22survival+rifle%22&pg=RA1-PA36 ''New Tank Goes Faster, Hits Harder'' by W.W. Morris] 1951 ''Popular Science'' article on the T-41 the early evaluation version of the M-41. Rare photos.

{{Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{US tanks|style=wide}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walker Bulldog, M41}}
[[Category:Cold War tanks of the United States]]
[[Category:Light tanks of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Light tanks of the United States]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1950s]]