View source for M1/M3 (railcar)

{{Short description|Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North car}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox train
| background = turquoise
| name = M1/M3
| image = LIRR Train 2820 leaves Cedarhurst.jpg
| imagealt = 
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = An M3 on the [[Long Island Rail Road]] at [[Cedarhurst station|Cedarhurst]] in 2008
| interiorimage = Budd Company M3A Metro-North Railcar Interior @ Grand Central Terminal.jpg
| interiorimagealt = 
| interiorcaption = Interior of an MNRR M3A
| stocktype = 
| service = M1: 1968–2007<br />M1A: 1971–2009<br />M3: 1984–present<br />M3A: 1984–present
| manufacturer = [[Budd Company]]
| factory = Red Lion Assembly Plant<br />[[Northeast Philadelphia]], PA
| family = Budd Metropolitan
| replaced = 
| yearconstruction = M1/M1A: 1968–1973<br />M3/M3A: 1984–1986
| yearservice = M1: 1968<br />M1A: 1971<br />M3: 1984<br />M3A: 1984
| refurbishment = 
| yearscrapped = M1: 2007<br />M1A: 2009<br />M3: 2018–present<br />M3A: TBA
| numberbuilt = '''1264'''<br />{{unbulleted list|M1: 770|M1A: 178|M3: 174|M3A: 142}}
| numberservice = M3: 94 (+5 in work service)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://new.mta.info/document/25251 |title=Joint Metro-North and Long Island Committees Meeting |date=December 2020 |website=mta.info |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |page=143 |format=PDF}}</ref><br />M3A: 140<ref>{{cite web |url=https://new.mta.info/document/72526 |title=Joint Long Island and Metro-North Committees Meeting |date=January 2022 |website=mta.info |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |format=PDF}}</ref>
| numberpreserved = 7 (4 M1, 3 M3)
| numberscrapped = '''1012'''<br />{{unbulleted list|M1: 766|M1A: 178|M3: 66|M3A: 2}}
| formation = Married Pair
| fleetnumbers = M1: 9001–9770<br />M1A: 8200–8377<br />M3: 9771–9890, 9893–9946<br />M3A: 8000–8141
| capacity = 120 (M3)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/mta/compliance/pdf/supplemental-info.pdf|title=Supplementary Information for §1269(d) 2012 – 2017|last=|first=|date=2012|website=mta.info|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref>
| operator = [[Long Island Rail Road]]<br />[[Penn Central]]<br />[[Conrail]]<br />[[Metro-North Railroad]]
| depots = 
| lines = 
| carbody = [[Stainless Steel]], with [[fiberglass]] end caps on the operating ends
| trainlength = {{convert|170|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} - {{convert|1020|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
| carlength = {{convert|85|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|10|ft|6|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|13|ft|mm|0|abbr=on}} excluding rooftop horns
| floorheight = {{convert|4|ft|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| platformheight = {{convert|4|ft|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| entrylevelorstep = 
| doors = Quarter point, double leaf automatic
| art-sections = 
| wheeldiameter = 
| wheelbase = 
| maxspeed = {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} design<br />{{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} service
| weight = 
| axleload = 
| traction = DC camshaft resistance control ([[General Electric|GE]])
| traction motors = M1/M1A: 4 × {{convert|148|hp|abbr=on}} GE 1255 A2 DC motor<br />M3/M3A: 4 × {{convert|160|hp|abbr=on}} GE 1261 DC motor
| poweroutput = M1/M1A: {{convert|592|hp|abbr=on}}<br />M3/M3A: {{convert|640|hp|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = 
| transmission = 
| acceleration = 
| deceleration = 
| aux = 
| powersupply = 
| hvac = electric heat, [[air conditioning]]
| electricsystem = 650–750 V DC [[third rail]]
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| uicclass = Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′
| aarwheels = B-B+B-B
| bogies = M1: Budd Pioneer<br />M3: [[General Steel Industries|General Steel]] GSI 70
| brakes = [[Railway air brake|Pneumatic]], [[Dynamic braking|dynamic]]
| safety = [[Automatic train control|ATC]] ([[Automatic train operation|ATO]]) and [[Pulse code cab signaling]]
| coupling = [[WABCO N-Type|WABCO Model N-2]]
| multipleworking = 
| light = Halogen light bulbs
| gauge = {{track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}
| notes = 
}}
The '''M1''' and '''M3''' are two similar series of [[electric multiple unit]] rail cars built by the [[Budd Company]] for the [[Long Island Rail Road]], the [[Metro-North Railroad]], and Metro-North's predecessors, [[Penn Central]] and [[Conrail]].{{sfn|Cudahy|2003|p=264}} Originally branded by Budd as '''Metropolitans''', the cars are more popularly known under their model names, M1 (late 1960s/early 1970s cars) and M3 (mid-1980s cars). The Metro-North cars were branded under the M1A and M3A series.

==Overview==
[[Image:Mnrr M1A.jpg|thumb|left|A then-recently-retired Metro-North M1A on the unpowered siding at Harmon Shops, in April 2006]]

Even though the LIRR's fleet of some 900 [[PRR MP54|MP54]] electric MU cars constructed between 1908 and 1930 had been augmented between 1955 and 1963 by about 150 newer MP72 and [[MP75]] EMUs, the roster still contained a large number of increasingly elderly [[New York Central MU Cars|pre-war cars]], which the cash-strapped LIRR was unable to replace. In 1965, the nearly bankrupt commuter railroad was taken over by the state-owned Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority (later renamed the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] in 1968), which was then able to provide large amounts of capital funding to bring the system to a state of good repair. One of the first items on the list was a massive order of brand new self-propelled electric railcars that could replace the remaining MP54s and provide modern levels of comfort and performance.

The Metropolitans, at the time of their introduction, were notable for their rounded ends and quarter-point sliding doors. The cars were fully air conditioned, accommodated only high-level boarding, used lightweight construction, and were built with a top speed of {{Cvt|100|mph|4=0}}{{sfn|Middleton|2001|p=271}} and support for [[Automatic Train Operation]]. The Metropolitan cars were also the catalyst of change for their respective systems as the high-level boarding required all stations in the electrified zone to be rebuilt between 1966 and 1968,{{sfn|Cudahy|2003|p=212}} and the increased power demand forced the LIRR to update its third rail power supply from 650&nbsp;[[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] to 750&nbsp;V DC to take advantage of the car's performance. On December 30, 1968, the M1s went into revenue service, with the first revenue train being an 8-car local from [[Babylon station|Babylon]] to [[New York Penn Station|Penn Station]].

The Metropolitans blurred the line between traditional commuter rail and rapid transit, with the later [[R44 (New York City Subway car)|R44]] and [[R46 (New York City Subway car)|R46]] series of cars for the sister [[New York City Subway]] adopting many of their design elements. Compared to the older cars with their drop sash windows, slow speeds, rough suspension, and growling gearboxes, the Metropolitans ushered in a new era of commuting in the New York region.{{Dubious|date=September 2024|reason=This has no citations and was phrased like an enthusiast's comments.}}

==M1/M1A series==
[[File:Long Island Rail Road, Jamaica, N.Y. Station on November 9, 1969 (26630710475).jpg|thumb|left|M1 cars at [[Jamaica station]] in 1969]]
The M1 series were funded by both [[New York State]] and the then-fledgling [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]], which gained operation of the lines partway through the order.{{sfn|Cudahy|2003|p=264}} The 770 M1s (9001–9770) built for the LIRR between 1968 and 1973 represented the largest single order of electric multiple units in North America up until that time. 620 cars were in the base order from 1968–71, with 150 option cars following in 1973. In addition, 178 M1As (8200–8377) were built for the former [[New York Central]] commuter operations from 1971 and 1973, allowing the railroad to replace its [[New York Central MU Cars|remaining pre-war MU cars]] and the 100 4500 series [[ACMU]]s (which were in need of a 20-year overhaul). Using Budd [[Pioneer III]] trucks and powered by four {{convert|148|hp|4=0}} GE 1255 A2 [[traction motor]]s, each car had {{convert|592|hp|4=}}. They were designed to achieve {{Cvt|100|mph|4=0}} running in service, achieving only {{Cvt|80|mph|4=0}} in service due to track and signaling limitations. The LIRR cars also featured support for [[Automatic Train Operation]], although this, too, was never seen in service.
<!--===GTELs===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}
In the late 1970s, eight "GTEL" ('''G'''as '''T'''urbine-'''EL'''ectric) trains were built; four were built by [[Garrett AiResearch]] and four by [[General Electric]]. These cars were numbered 4001–4008, and were powered by both a gas turbine engine and third rail collection for a dual-mode operation. They were tested by the LIRR to see the feasibility of running such cars on non-electrified branches. They used the M1 bodies, but had low-level boarding stairs. After around 1977, the cars were out of service. The Garrett-built cars were ultimately scrapped, while the General Electric-built cars became M1As for Metro-North.
-->

==M3/M3A series==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}[[File:Blue Man.jpg|thumb|left|A Metro-North M3A train entering [[Ossining station|Ossining]] on the [[Hudson Line (Metro-North)|Hudson]] line]]
With electrification areas of both railroads expanding, the MTA placed an order for another series in 1982, the M3 series. Essentially compatible with, and (on the exterior) very similar to, the M1 series, the M3s had updated mechanical elements, such as the use of [[General Steel Industries|General Steel]] GSI 70 trucks and a few other small differences. Traction motor cooling was added to the M3 at the cost of added weight which was compensated for by the use of more powerful {{convert|160|hp}} GE 1261 motors. Even with the extra power, this created different acceleration and braking rates from the M1. While LIRR chose to mix M1s and M3s in the same consist, Metro-North chose not to and would always run with uniform trainsets. A total of 174 M3s (9771–9944, with 9891 and 9892 renumbered to 9945 and 9946 after the [[1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting]]) were produced for the LIRR between 1984 and 1986, while 142 M3As (8000–8141) were produced for Metro-North, arriving between 1984 and early 1985.

This order would be the second-to-last handled by Budd, which in April 1987, left the railroad business after taking the name "TransitAmerica," under which the last M3s were produced, though their builders' plates kept the Budd name.

==Refurbishment==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}
With the arrival of the M3 series, the M1 and M1A cars each saw midlife rebuilds in the late 1980s in order to prolong their lives. The overhauled interiors were very similar to those of the M3s. Still, time began to take its toll on the original M1 cars, and by the end of the 20th century, the time for the cars was running short.

Some Metro-North M3As received minor interior refreshes throughout 2006/2007. The LIRR M3s, however, have remained with their original, old-fashioned interior style of wood and faux leather.

==Retirement==
[[File:M1's, P-72's and other preserved LIRR Cars.jpg|thumb|A retired LIRR M1 with other cars at the [[Railroad Museum of Long Island]] in [[Riverhead (CDP), New York|Riverhead]]]]

===M1===
In 1999, the MTA awarded [[Bombardier Transportation]] the contract to build the replacement for the M1 series, the [[M7 (railcar)|M7]] series. With the arrival of the first M7s to the LIRR in 2002 and the first M7As to Metro-North in 2004, both roads began to retire the M1 series. LIRR retired the last M1 cars in January 2007, while a small number of M1As remained in service on Metro-North until March 2009. In preparation for the retirement of the M1s, the Sunrise Trail chapter of the [[National Railway Historical Society]] hosted a "Farewell to the M1s" fan trip on November 4, 2006.

The [[Railroad Museum of Long Island]] in [[Riverhead (CDP), New York|Riverhead, NY]], has preserved M1 pair 9547–9548. Pair 9411–9412 survive as training cars at the Nassau County Fire Service Academy in [[Bethpage, New York|Bethpage]]. Pair 9745–9746 was held for preservation by the [[New York Transit Museum]] and was stored around the system until May 2018, when it was taken off property for scrapping.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/OBRRM/posts/10154556021942331|title=Oyster Bay Railroad Museum|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> Some cars were sold to USDOT for crash testing.

===M3===
[[file:LIRR Adhesion train passing on Babylon Line.jpg|thumb|right|250px|LIRR Adhesion car on the Babylon Branch]]
In the 1990s, car 9776 was wrecked in an accident and subsequently scrapped. Its mate, 9775, was stored out of service for many years until it was converted to a [[rail adhesion car]] and renumbered to E775.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=248pX3jw_rA|title = Long Island Railroad Sandite Train Passes New Hyde Park, NY|website = [[YouTube]]| date=February 20, 2019 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=September 2019}} Car 9932, which lost its mate for unknown reasons, was also converted to a rail adhesion car and renumbered to E932.<ref name="auto"/>{{Better source needed|date=September 2019}}

On January 22, 2013, car 9870 retired when it collided with a car at [[Brentwood (LIRR station)|Brentwood station]] and then caught fire; the railcar was eventually scrapped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pix11.com/2013/01/22/lirr-train-collides-with-vehicle-near-brentwood-train-station/|title=Car struck in deadly collision with LIRR train was trying to go around gates|date=January 22, 2013|last1=Pujol|first1=Rolando|last2=Diaz|first2=Mario|website=PIX11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Long-Island-Rail-Road-LIRR-Train-Crashes-into-Car-Suffolk-Avenue-Crossing-2-Killed-Brentwood-187903021.html|title=LIRR Train Collides With Car at Crossing, 2 Killed|first=Tracie|last=Strahan|date=January 22, 2013|website=NBC New York}}</ref> Its mate, 9869, was mated with 9772, which lost its mate, 9771, due to electrical failures in that car. By 2024, car 9869 was converted to a rail adhesion car and renumbered to E869, while car 9772 was scrapped.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirr/lirrmow.htm | title=MOW LIRR Photos }}</ref>

In 2018, M3 pair 9901–9902 was converted to a pair of rail adhesion cars. The cars were renumbered to E901–E902. Meanwhile, the same year, pair 9801–9802 were donated to the Suffolk County Fire Academy in [[Yaphank, NY]], as training cars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/LIRR/status/997172753064132608 |title=LIRR on Twitter: "We are donating two decommissioned M3 cars to the Suffolk County Fire Academy. This will allow hundreds of firefighters from across Suffolk County to receive hands-on training that will expose them to real-life scenarios like removing people from a train car engulfed in flames. Twitter |date=May 17, 2018 |access-date=July 20, 2023 }}</ref> A few years later, in 2024, car 9794 was sent to the Nassau County Police Academy in Bethpage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=TRAINS |first1=AGM |title=LIRR M3 Loaded Up and Truckin |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dL5T6TZVl1k |website=YouTube |date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=June 25, 2024}}</ref>

Cars E902 and E932 were retrofitted with high-powered lasers from Laser Precision Solutions from the [[Netherlands]] to incinerate leaf residue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/lirr-leaf-machine-1.37662090|title=LIRR turning to laser to clean tracks|website=Newsday|last=Castillo|first=Alfonso A.|date=October 18, 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019140459/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/lirr-leaf-machine-1.37662090|archive-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Long Island Rail Road M3 (May 2024).jpg|alt=Long Island Rail Road M3 (May 2024)|left|thumb|Long Island Rail Road M3 in the storage yard in Jamaica (May 2024)]]
Between 2011 and 2013, twenty M3 cars were prematurely taken out of service and stripped of parts to keep the other cars running. They were taken off property to be scrapped in 2018.

By 2013, the MTA had spent nearly $2 billion to procure a replacement for the M3 series, the [[M9 (railcar)|M9]].<ref name="cap_amend">{{cite web|url=http://mta.info/mta/budget/pdf/cap_amendment.pdf|title=MTA Capital Amendment, Page 11/12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807131725/http://mta.info/mta/budget/pdf/cap_amendment.pdf|archivedate=August 7, 2008}}</ref><ref name="cap_plan">{{cite web | url = http://web.mta.info/mta/budget/pdf/2008-2013%20Capital%20Plan.pdf |title = MTA 2008-2013 Capital Plan, Page 68}}</ref> The fleet is similar to the M7, and the first cars arrived in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | title=Video shows new LIRR cars arriving | website=Newsday | date=July 12, 2018 | last=Castillo | first=Alfonso A. | url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/lirr-new-trains-arrive-video-1.19788122 | access-date=January 2, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004734/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/lirr-new-trains-arrive-video-1.19788122 |archive-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> {{As of|October 2017}}, there were 92 M9 cars planned, with options for up to 494 more.<ref name="CPOC Oct 2016">{{Cite news |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/news/books/pdf/161026_1315_CPOC.pdf |title=Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting October 2016 |date=October 26, 2016 |website=mta.info |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |access-date=November 17, 2016}}</ref><ref name="ra 12/17">{{cite web | url=http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/passenger/rapid-transit/lirr-seeks-m9a-emus.html | title=LIRR seeks M9A EMUs | work=Railway Age | date=December 6, 2017 | last=Vantuono |first=William C. | accessdate=January 21, 2018}}</ref> However, due to delays in the M9 contract, the Long Island Rail Road is keeping around 100 M3 cars in service; the cars are expected to be rebuilt to last through at least 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Castillo | first=Alfonso A. | date=July 17, 2022 | url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/lirr-m3-train-cars-m9-ygpbfp8a | title=LIRR's 1980s-era train cars back in fleet, with M9s on wait-list | work=Newsday}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Preliminary Budget July Financial Plan 2020 - 2023 Summary of Major Plan-To-Plan Changes |date=July 24, 2019 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/127872292@N06/48368699101/ |access-date=July 24, 2019 |publisher=[[Long Island Rail Road]] |type=A screenshot of an MTA-LIRR budget. |via=Flickr}}</ref> Metro-North also planned to overhaul their M3A units,<ref name="Metro-North/LIRR Committee Meeting June 2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y44jS1ynSRU  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/y44jS1ynSRU |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Metro-North/LIRR Committee Meeting: June 2018 |date=June 18, 2018 |website=MTA}}{{cbignore}}</ref> but later stated that they "are working with LIRR to procure new M9A cars in the next Capital Program to provide additional capacity and replace M3s."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/news/books/pdf/181113_0830_MNR.pdf |title=Metro-North Railroad Committee Meeting |date=November 13, 2018 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=December 1, 2018 |page=85 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133558/http://web.mta.info/mta/news/books/pdf/181113_0830_MNR.pdf |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

For the MTA's 2025–2029 plan, the MTA announced a plan to purchase 160 M9A cars to replace the fleet of M3s and expand the size of the LIRR's fleet.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Castillo |first=Alfonso A. |date=September 21, 2024 |title=$6B for LIRR in MTA plan: Train cars, repairs, Mets accessibility part of proposal |work=[[Newsday]] |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/transportation/mta-lirr-budget-q0e88m6m|location=[[Long Island]] |pages=A3|volume=85 |issue=19}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[M2/M4/M6 (railcar)]]
*[[M7 (railcar)]]
*[[M8 (railcar)]]
*[[M9 (railcar)]]
*[[Budd Silverliner]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cudahy-Subways}}
* {{Middleton-Electrified-2nd}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|M1/M3 (railcar)}}
*[http://www.mta.info/lirr MTA Long Island Railroad official website]
*[http://www.mta.info/mnr MTA Metro North Railroad official website]

{{LIRR and MNCR rolling stock}}
{{Budd Company}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:M1 M3 (railcar)}}
[[Category:Train-related introductions in 1968]]
[[Category:Train-related introductions in 1984]]
[[Category:Long Island Rail Road multiple units]]
[[Category:Metro-North Railroad multiple units]]
[[Category:Budd multiple units]]
[[Category:Rail passenger cars of the United States]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of the United States]]
[[Category:750 V DC multiple units]]
[[Category:1968 in rail transport]]
[[Category:1984 in rail transport]]