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The term "'''M-Base'''" is used in several ways. In the 1980s, a loose collective of young African American musicians including [[Steve Coleman]], [[Graham Haynes]], [[Cassandra Wilson]], [[Geri Allen]], [[Robin Eubanks]], and [[Greg Osby]] emerged in [[Brooklyn]] with a new sound and specific ideas about creative expression. Using a term coined by Steve Coleman, they called these ideas "M-Base-concept" (short for "'''m'''acro'''-b'''asic '''a'''rray of '''s'''tructured '''e'''xtemporization") and critics have used this term to categorize this scene's music as a jazz style.<ref>"…the word [M-Base] had spread. But it spread in association with the music, and so it became for them a musical style." (Steve Coleman, interviewed by Julian Joseph for BBC Radio 3 Jazz Legends, 2001)</ref> But Coleman stressed "M-Base" doesn't denote a musical style but a way of thinking about creating music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m-base.com/mbase_explanation.html|title=Steve Coleman|publisher=M-base.com|access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> Coleman also refuses the word "jazz" as a label for his music and the music tradition represented by musicians like [[John Coltrane]], [[Charlie Parker]], [[Louis Armstrong]], etc. However, the musicians of the M-Base movement, which also included dancers and poets, strived for common creative musical languages, so their early recordings show many similarities reflecting their common ideas, the experiences of working together, and their similar cultural background. To label this kind of music, jazz critics have established the word "M-Base" as a jazz style for lack of a better term, distorting its original meaning.<ref>e.g. The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, London/New York 2001, p. 739</ref>

==Music associated with the term "M-Base"==
In 1991 a significant number of M-Base participants labelled as "M-Base Collective" recorded the CD ''Anatomy of a Groove''. Most of them previously contributed to CDs by alto saxophonist Steve Coleman, whose creativity has been a pivotal factor in that movement,<ref>Coleman has been called "the leader" for example in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz'', London/New York 2001, p. 739</ref> although he refused to be called its leader or founder. Coleman and his friend Greg Osby, who plays alto saxophone in a related style, together led the group Strata Institute, which recorded two CDs (the second with tenor saxophonist Von Freeman as a further leader). Under the name of Osby, a number of CDs with a specific character have been released starting in 1987, which also coined the perception of "M-Base" jazz. Tenor saxophonist and flutist Gary Thomas admittedly didn't take part in the M-Base initiative, but joined them, and there were similarities in his way of playing. He can be heard on recordings of Coleman and Osby, and his own CDs are also labelled as "M-Base-style". All three saxophonists contributed to the CD ''Jump World'' by singer Cassandra Wilson.

Pianist [[Andrew Hill (jazz musician)|Andrew Hill]] said about Greg Osby: "He has an incredible sense of rhythm and harmonic accuracy, and picks the right notes with a precision that isn't common to people with his technical versatility. He's developed into a fully rounded artist who can play various styles extremely well – better than most."<ref>Quoted in liner notes of CD ''The Invisible Hand'' by Greg Osby</ref> Greg Osby said about [[Gary Thomas (musician)|Gary Thomas]]: "He's extremely intelligent and has a capacity for absorption that exceeds that of most people that I know […] He has his own compositional and improvisational method that is peerless in my opinion. He's my favourite tenor saxophone player on the contemporary scene."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gregosby.com/interviews5.html|title=Interviewed by Fred Jung, April 11, 2000|work=Greg Osby - Jazz Saxophonist|access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> Clarinettist and composer Don Byron called Steve Coleman "an exceptional personality of American music history."<ref>Christian Broecking, Der Marsalis-Faktor, 1995, p. 120</ref>

Antecedents to M-Base were identified by jazz critic [[Bill Milkowski]] as the [[Miles Davis]]-led band featured on recordings like 1975's ''[[Agharta (album)|Agharta]]''; he noted the combination of [[Sonny Fortune]]'s acerbic saxophone lines atop the syncopated [[groove (music)|grooves]] performed by the rhythm section of drummer [[Al Foster]], bassist [[Michael Henderson]], and rhythm guitarist [[Reggie Lucas]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Alkyer|editor1-first=Frank|editor2-last=Enright|editor2-first=Ed|editor3-last=Koransky|editor3-first=Jason|year=2007|title=The Miles Davis Reader|publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation]]|isbn=978-1-4234-3076-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/downbeathalloffa00fran/page/307 307]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/downbeathalloffa00fran/page/307}}</ref>

==Further history==
The ideas of the M-Base concept were largely incompatible with the requirements of music business. Most participants of the M-Base movement turned to more conventional music. Cassandra Wilson's blues- and folk-influenced music has been fairly suitable for an adaption to the taste of a larger audience. Wilson has been signed to [[Blue Note Records]] since 1993. Though two of Gary Thomas' recordings were highly rated by ''[[DownBeat]]''<ref>[http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/487]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619060329/http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/487|date=June 19, 2010}}</ref> he only had a contract with a small European company and his performance opportunities were virtually limited to Europe. Since 1997, he has put his career as a bandleader on hold to teach at Peabody Music Institute.<ref>[http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/3020]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620161210/http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/3020|date=June 20, 2010}}</ref> Greg Osby signed with Blue Note Records in 1990 and developed a specific balancing act between an enhanced reverence to tradition and maintaining his new direction. In 2008, Osby launched his own small label.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gregosby.com/bio.html|title=Greg Osby - Jazz Saxophonist/Composer: Biography|work=Greg Osby - Jazz Saxophonist|access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> Steve Coleman has developed his music further in accordance with the M-Base concept. In the 1990s his CDs were released by the major label [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]]. Thereafter he became practically an underground artist in the U.S. again, in that his music was only available as imports, distributed by a small French label.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://innerviews.org/inner/coleman.html|title=Innerviews: Steve Coleman - Digging deep|author=Innerviews|work=Innerviews: Music Without Borders|access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> In 2007 [[John Zorn]]'s small label [[Tzadik Records]] released a solo CD of Coleman. In 2010 the small advanced label [[Pi Recordings]] began to release Steve Coleman's recordings.

Although the musical line initially called "M-Base" became more than ever focused on Steve Coleman, a number of younger musicians (e.g. a range of excellent drummers) have made substantial creative contributions to his music and his influence is to be found in several musical fields – both in terms of music technique and of the music's meaning. Pianist [[Vijay Iyer]] (who was chosen as "Jazz Musician of the Year 2010" by the [[Jazz Journalists Association]]) said, "It's hard to overstate Steve [Coleman's] influence. He's affected more than one generation, as much as anyone since John Coltrane. It's not just that you can connect the dots by playing seven or 11 beats. What sits behind his influence is this global perspective on music and life. He has a point of view of what he does and why he does it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294532527380178|title=A Saxophonist's Reverberant Sound|author=Larry Blumenfeld|date=11 June 2010|work=WSJ|access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref>

==M-Base concept==
Steve Coleman explained the substantial elements of the concept as:
* improvisation and structure
* contemporary relevance
* music as expression of life experience
* growth through creativity and philosophical broadening
* use of non-western concepts

The M-Base concept reminds of the creative energy of the bebop originators, their loose collective, and also of their musical goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m-base.com/the-dozens-steve-coleman-on-charlie-parker|title=cf. Coleman's article about Charlie Parker|publisher=jazz.com|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> The concept does not include "neo-classical jazz", [[free improvisation|free]] music without structures, [[fusion music]], music which isn't mainly improvised, or music shaped with respect to commercial aspects.

==References==
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==External links==
*[http://www.m-base.com/mbase.html What is M-Base?]
*[http://cnmat.org/~vijay/mbase3.html Steve Coleman, M-Base, and Music Collectivism by Vijay Iyer]
*[http://www.m-base.com/m-base_collective.html M-Base Collective]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051001051829/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/iviews/osby.htm Greg Osby Interview]

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[[Category:Jazz genres]]