View source for M-84

{{short description|Yugoslav T-72 variant}}
{{distinguish|text=[[T-84]], a Ukrainian main battle tank}}
{{About|the Yugoslav tank|other uses|M84 (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = M-84
| image              = [[Image:M-84 VS.jpg|280px]]
| caption            = [[Serbian Army]] M-84 tank
| origin             = [[Yugoslavia]]
| type               = [[Main battle tank]]
| is_vehicle         = yes
| service            = 1985–present
| wars               = [[Persian Gulf War]]<br/>[[Yugoslav Wars]]<br/>[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
| designer           = [[Military Technical Institute]]
| design_date        = 1979‒1983
| manufacturer       = [[Đuro Đaković (company)|Đuro Đaković]]
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1984‒1991 (Yugoslavia)<br />1991‒1999 (Serbia and Montenegro)<br />1992‒2003 (Croatian modernization)<br />2004‒2020 (Serbian modernization)
| number             = ~680
| variants           = 
| crew               = 3 (commander, gunner, driver)
| length             = 6.86 m (9.53m with the [[cannon|gun]])
| width              = 3.57 m
| height             = 2.19 m
| weight             = 41.5 tonnes
| armour             = composite alloy; including high-hardness steel, glass-reinforced plastic, RHA steel, and either sand or granite in the front of turret (M-84A).
| primary_armament   = 125 mm [[2A46]] [[smoothbore]] gun
| secondary_armament = 1× 7.62 mm [[coaxial]] machine gun<br />1× 12.7mm anti-aircraft gun<br /> 5× smoke grenade launchers
| engine             = diesel V-46TK
| engine_power       = {{convert|1000|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| transmission       = 
| fuel_capacity      = 1200 + 400l
| suspension         = [[torsion bar]]
| clearance          = 
| speed              = 68&nbsp;km/h
| pw_ratio           = 24.10 hp/tonne
| vehicle_range      = 700&nbsp;km
}}

The '''M-84''' is a [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] [[main battle tank]] based on the Soviet [[T-72]]. It is still in service with [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Kuwait]].

==Development and production==

===Development===
The M-84 is based on the Soviet [[T-72|T-72M]], the export variant of T-72A, brought to T-72M1 standard,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Worldwide Equipment Guide |url=https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/land/row/weg.pdf |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |publisher=TRADOC |at=section 4, pages 17-18}}</ref> with many improvements, including a domestic fire-control system that the T-72M lacked, improved composite armor, and a 1,000-[[Horsepower|hp]] engine.<ref name="Roblin" /> The M-84 entered service with the Yugoslav People's Army in 1984, and the improved M-84A version entered service a few years later, the M-84A housing an upgraded engine.<ref name=":0" /> Other variants were introduced later, most being modernization packages.

===Production in Yugoslavia===

About 240 Yugoslav factories directly participated in the production of the M-84, and about 1,000 others participated indirectly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srpskioklop.paluba.info/m84/proizvidacim84.htm|title=Prizvodnja tenka M-84|website=srpskioklop.paluba.info|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125230905/http://www.srpskioklop.paluba.info/m84/proizvidacim84.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The manufacturer was chosen by [[Josip Broz Tito]] to be the [[Đuro Đaković (company)|Đuro Đaković]] in Croatia, over other proposed manufacturers in Serbia: [[Goša FOM]] Smederevska Palanka and [[Mašinska Industrija Niš]], at that time the biggest producers of locomotives and wagons in Yugoslavia.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url = http://www.glassumadije.rs/kovacnica-gusenice-za-jugoslovenski-tenk-m84-i-ruski-t-72/|title = Kovačnica: Gusenice Za Jugoslovenski Tenk M84 I Ruski T 72|date = 5 February 2020|access-date = 16 April 2020|archive-date = 21 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230721025731/https://www.glassumadije.rs/kovacnica-gusenice-za-jugoslovenski-tenk-m84-i-ruski-t-72/|url-status = live}}</ref> The biggest manufacturers directly involved in production of the M84 main battle tank in SFR Yugoslavia and [[Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] among former republics were:

*[[Bratstvo]], Novi Travnik, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]],- gun with barrel 125mm
*[[Slovenske železarne]], Ravne, [[Slovenia]] – steel, turret and armor 
*[[Iskra (company)|Iskra]], [[Slovenia]] – laser designation
*[[FAMOS]], Sarajevo, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] – engine
*[[PPT-Petoletka]], Trstenik, [[Serbia]] – hydraulics and turret movement system
*[[ATB Sever]], Subotica, [[Serbia]] – automatic loading system 
*[[Rudi Čajavec (company)|Rudi Čajavec]], Banja Luka, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] – electronics and communications systems
*[[Zrak]], Sarajevo, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] – optics
*[[Pretis]], Vogošća, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] – ammunition
*[[Sloboda (defense company)|Sloboda]], Čačak, [[Serbia]] – ammunition
*[[Zastava Arms]], Kragujevac, [[Serbia]] – coaxial 7.62mm and anti-air 12.7mm machine gun
*[[Metalski Zavod Tito]], Skopje, [[North Macedonia]] – transmission parts
*[[14. oktobar]], Kruševac, [[Serbia]] – modular tank engine manufacturer, engine and transmission parts
*[[Đuro Đaković (company)|Đuro Đaković]], Slavonski Brod, [[Croatia]] – finalist, tank hull, metalwork, assembly line, maintenance, LCS

===Production and development in Serbia===
====Development====

*[[Military Technical Institute]], Belgrade  – primary designer of tanks, designer and developer of reactive armor and other armor, materials like high quality steel for armor, tank ammunition, tank engines, modernization suits and designer of tank crew training and simulation system – TOPOT<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/drustvo/ovo-je-simulator-na-kome-ce-se-obucavati-srpski-tenkisti/48gyqd9|title=Ovo je simulator na kome će se obučavati srpski tenkisti|date=2 November 2018|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611133626/https://www.blic.rs/vesti/drustvo/ovo-je-simulator-na-kome-ce-se-obucavati-srpski-tenkisti/48gyqd9|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Producers in Serbia====

*[[ATB Sever]], Subotica – automatic loading system<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gradsubotica.co.rs/moze-li-sever-da-remontuje-tenkove-m-84/|title=Može li SEVER da remontuje tenkove M – 84|date=21 April 2011|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721025727/https://gradsubotica.co.rs/moze-li-sever-da-remontuje-tenkove-m-84/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sloboda (defense company)|Sloboda]], Čačak – ammunition<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sloboda.co.rs/fsp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410004136/http://www.sloboda.co.rs/fsp.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |title=FABRIKA SPECIJALNIH PROIZVODA}}</ref> and smoke discharge units
*[[PPT Namenska]], Trstenik – hydraulics, transmission parts and turret movement system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.danas.rs/ekonomija/prva-petoletka-inzenjeri-nece-biti-problem/|title=Prva petoletka: Inženjeri neće biti problem – Ekonomija – Dnevni list Danas|date=27 April 2011|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428105955/https://www.danas.rs/ekonomija/prva-petoletka-inzenjeri-nece-biti-problem/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Teleoptik-žiroskopi]], Zemun – optics, gyroscopes and gyroscopic devices and [[Fire-control system]] with software, electronics and electronic elements of active protection system<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ziroskopi.rs/category/proizvodni-program/borbena-vozila/ziroblok/|title=Жироблок Archives|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415234322/http://ziroskopi.rs/category/proizvodni-program/borbena-vozila/ziroblok/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Zastava Arms]], [[Zastava kovačnica]] subsidiary,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zastava-kovacnica-kg.rs/index.html|title=Zastava Kovačnica|website=zastava-kovacnica-kg.rs|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721025721/http://www.zastava-kovacnica-kg.rs/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kragujevac – tank tracks<ref name="auto"/>
*[[Technical Overhaul Institute "Čačak"]] – reactive and other armor,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/390643/Drustvo/Najbolji-domaci-tenk-brani-se-dimnim-kutijama-od-lasera|title=Najbolji domaći tenk brani se dimnim kutijama od lasera|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008210837/https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/390643/Drustvo/Najbolji-domaci-tenk-brani-se-dimnim-kutijama-od-lasera|url-status=live}}</ref> overhaul and modernization center<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaportal.rs/2018/09/28/obelezen-dan-tehnicko-remontnog-zavoda/|title=Obeležen Dan Tehničko-remontnog zavoda &#124; MediaPortal.rs|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024030025/https://mediaportal.rs/2018/09/28/obelezen-dan-tehnicko-remontnog-zavoda/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekapija.com/news/1559630/trz-cacak-obelezio-91-godinu-postojanja-cilj-osvajanje-remonta-tenka-m-84|title=TRZ Čačak obeležio 91 godinu postojanja – Cilj osvajanje remonta tenka M-84|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721025719/https://www.ekapija.com/news/1559630/trz-cacak-obelezio-91-godinu-postojanja-cilj-osvajanje-remonta-tenka-m-84|url-status=live}}</ref> and possible finalist for new tanks
*[[14. oktobar]], Kruševac -<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hltOAQAAMAAJ&q=14.+oktobar%2C+Kru%C5%A1evac+m-84&pg=SA1-PA110|title=Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945-1995|year=1996|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426113726/https://books.google.com/books?id=hltOAQAAMAAJ&q=14.+oktobar%2C+Kru%C5%A1evac+m-84&pg=SA1-PA110#v=snippet&q=14.%20oktobar%2C%20Kru%C5%A1evac%20m-84&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> modular tank engine manufacturer, engine and transmission parts, shell parts for ammunition<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.14oktobar.rs/product/body-shell-with-copper-ring-he-125mm-m86p1-for-tank-m-84/|title=Body shell with copper ring HE 125mm M86P1 (for tank M-84)|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721031230/https://www.14oktobar.rs/product/body-shell-with-copper-ring-he-125mm-m86p1-for-tank-m-84/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.14oktobar.rs/product/body-shell-with-copper-ring-125mm-heat-t|title=Body shell with copper ring 125mm HEAT-T|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721025731/https://www.14oktobar.rs/product/body-shell-with-copper-ring-125mm-heat-t/|url-status=live}}</ref>  
*[[Yugoimport SDPR]], [[Borbeni složeni sistemi]] subsidiary, Velika Plana – 125mm gun and barrels, welded turrets, rcws, radio-logical-chemical subsystem, fire suppression subsystems<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yugoimport.com/en/proizvodi/podsistemi-borbenih-vozila|title=Combat vehicle subsystems &#124; SDPR – Yugoimport|website=yugoimport.com|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206180636/https://yugoimport.com/en/proizvodi/podsistemi-borbenih-vozila|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yugoimport.com/lat/proizvodi/tenk-m-84ab1|title=Tеnk M-84AB1 &#124; SDPR – Yugoimport|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008022710/https://www.yugoimport.com/lat/proizvodi/tenk-m-84ab1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Imtel komunikacije]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insimtel.com/?p=home|title=Imtel Komunikacije|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721025724/http://www.insimtel.com/?p=home|url-status=live}}</ref> Belgrade – UORZ – Radar warning and direction finding system – part of protection system
*[[Zastava Arms]], Kragujevac – machine-guns 12.7mm and coaxial 7.62mm

The M-84ASA, a Serbian version of the M-84, was unveiled in 2004. It has a new fire control system, [[Kontakt-5]] ERA armor, [[9M119|AT-11 Sniper]] anti-tank missiles, Agava-2 thermal sight, and the [[Shtora]] defensive suite. It is very similar to the Russian [[T-90S]] in appearance and in capability. The latest prototype version from Serbia, [[M-84AS1]], unveiled in 2017, has a new fire control system with domestic laser and radar warning system, RCWS 12.7mm and soft active protection suite with a new version of domestic [[explosive reactive armor]] (ERA). A later prototype of the same tank unveiled in 2020 has better-shaped ERA M19 reactive armour, some new situational awareness equipment, and new ammunition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/drustvo/3979923/modernizovani-tenk-m-84-prezentacija.html|title=Predstavljen modernizovani tenk M-84|website=rts.rs|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702030816/https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/drustvo/3979923/modernizovani-tenk-m-84-prezentacija.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Exports===

About 150 M-84 tanks were exported to Kuwait. The disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s prevented further exports of the M-84.<ref name="Roblin" /> Sales of the M84 including negotiations of contracts with foreign partners were done through [[Yugoimport SDPR]], at that time acting as a Yugoslav state agency. Production and delivery was performed by Đuro Đaković.

==Design==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}

===Armament===
The '''M-84A''' is armed with a 125&nbsp;mm smoothbore cannon derived from the Soviet 2A46. The fume extractor positioned in the middle of the barrel is shielded with a thermal coating that minimizes deformation of the barrel from high temperatures and ensures it is cooled at the same rate during rapid firing. The M-84 uses an automatic loader, which enables it to sustain a firing rate of 8 rounds per minute.

The cannon's 40 rounds of ammunition are stowed in the hull of the tank beneath the turret. This concept was inherited from the original Soviet design for the T-72, and is both a strength and weakness of the tank. The lower hull beneath the turret is one of the least likely place to be hit and penetrated by antitank rounds or mines, but in the event of penetration and secondary detonation of the ammunition the crew and tank are unlikely to survive the resulting catastrophic explosion.

Along with its primary armament, the M-84 is also armed with one 7.62mm [[coaxial]] machine gun, and one 12.7mm anti-aircraft gun mounted on the commander's turret.

All versions of the M-84 have a crew of three. The commander sits on the right side of the turret, the gunner on the left, and the driver sits centrally at the front of the vehicle. Like most Soviet-derived vehicles, the M-84 series of tanks have an [[autoloader]] rather than a manual loader.

===Protection===
The basic tank has a cast steel turret with maximal thickness of 410mm; later, in the M-84A version, a segment made out of a non-metal, most likely rubber and boron carbide (see [[Chobham armour]]), was sandwiched between layers of steel. The glacis uses laminate armor, glass in plastic resin between two steel plates; in the A version a 16mm steel plate was welded on the glacis. Total armor protection ranges between 550mm-650mm for the glacis and 560mm-700mm for the turret. During the wars in Yugoslavia the M-84's frontal armor proved very effective against any type of AT threat.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Side or rear hits often result in a [[Jack-in-the-box effect|catastrophic ammo explosion]].

Twelve smoke [[grenade]]s are positioned in front of the turret in banks of five and seven grenades. Night vision and gunner's sights are positioned on the top-right side of the turret. The M-84 has a searchlight used in short-range combat situations.

The M-84 tank has nuclear, biological and chemical ([[Weapons of mass destruction|NBC]]) protection capabilities.

===Mobility===
The base M-84 engine is a 12-cylinder water-cooled V46-6 diesel engine, rated at 574 [[kW]] (780 [[Horsepower|hp]]). The improved M-84A has a more powerful, V46-TK 735&nbsp;kW (1,000 [[Horsepower|hp]]) engine. With maximum fuel load of 1,200 litres the tank's range is 450&nbsp;km, extendable to 650&nbsp;km, with external fuel tanks.

The Croatian-made variants have enhanced power plants. The M-84A4 ''Sniper'' model has a German-built {{convert|820|kW|hp|abbr=on}} engine, while the M-84D has an {{convert|895|kW|hp|abbr=on}} engine, the most powerful of all M-84 variants. The M-84D also has greater fuel capacity (1,450 litres).

The tank can ford 1.2 meters of water, increasing to 5 meters with a snorkel.

==Variants==
*'''M-84''' (Yugoslavia) – The initial version based on the Soviet [[T-72|T-72M]] and produced between 1984 and 1987. Less than 150 units manufactured
*'''M-84A''' (Yugoslavia) – An upgraded version similar to the Soviet [[T-72|T-72M1]] but with a significantly more powerful engine and additional armour plating. It comes with the new SUV-M-84 computerized [[fire-control system]], including the DNNS-2 gunner's day/night sight, with independent stabilization in two planes and integral [[laser rangefinder]]. It also comes with the TNP-160 [[periscope]], TNPA-65 auxiliary periscope, and DNKS-2 day/night commander's periscopes, as well as the TNPO-168V driver's periscope. Produced between 1988 and 1991, closely analogous to the M-84AB. Roughly 450 vehicles manufactured including the M-84AB
*'''M-84AB''' (Yugoslavia) – Kuwaiti version of the M-84A. The M-84AB is fitted with new communication and [[intercom]] systems. The Kuwaiti 35th Ash-Shahid (Martyr's) Armoured Brigade, armed with several dozen M-84ABs, took part in [[Operation Desert Storm]]. During the fighting two M-84ABs were lost, but both were later recovered. Kuwait originally ordered over 200 tanks, but received only 150 before the break-up of Yugoslavia and the end of tank production. All instruments marked in English and Arabic
*'''M-84ABN''' (Yugoslavia) – The M-84AB fitted with land navigation equipment
*'''M-84AK / ABK Command Tank''' (Yugoslavia) – M-84AB version fitted with extensive communication equipment, land navigation equipment, and a generator for the command role
*'''M-91 "Vihor" ("whirlwind")''' (Yugoslavia) – Further development of the M-84, with the main focus being improving the tank's firepower by installing modern optics and developing improved [[APFSDS]] shells. The turret was also redesigned, and some sources say that a new 1200 HP engine was planned. At least 2 prototypes were made before the outbreak of the civil war
*'''M-84A4 ''Sniper''''' (Croatia) – This version includes the all-new SCS-84 day/night sight, DBR-84 ballistic computer, improved elevation and traverse sensors, and EFCS-3 fire control system.<ref name=":0" /> Croatia purchased around 40 of these models from 1996 till 2003 from its domestic factory. It is rumored, but not officially confirmed, that these tanks have a different engine of German origin, rated at 1,100&nbsp;hp instead of the 1,000&nbsp;hp engine originally installed. A [[Racal]] communication suite replaced the older communication set. By 2008 the entire Croatian M-84 tank fleet had been upgraded to the M-84A4 standard
*'''M-84AI armoured recovery vehicle''' (Yugoslavia and Poland) – During the mid-1990s Kuwait requested an armoured recovery vehicle variant of the '''M-84A''' tank as part of the deal to buy a large batch of M-84A tanks. The vehicle had to be developed in very short time so it was decided that it should be based on an already working foreign vehicle rather than designed and built independently. The Polish [[WZT#WZT-3|WZT-3]] license was bought and Polish parts were used in the M-84AI project completed in the [[IMK 14. oktobar Kruševac|"14 October" factory]] in [[Kruševac]]. There was also a plan for a '''M-84ABI''' for Kuwait, but this idea failed. It is armed only with a 12.7mm machine-gun fitted to the commander's hatch and 12 smoke grenade mortars (8 right and 4 left). Standard equipment includes: A TD-50 [[crane (machine)|crane]], front-mounted stabilizing dozer blade, main and secondary winches
*[[M-84AS]] (Serbia) – Upgrade package of the M-84A. Adding a new fire control system, new armor consisting of cylindrical pad, high-hardness steel, titanium, aluminum, and NERA as well as modular Kontakt-5 armor, new [[AT-11 Sniper]] and Agava-2 thermal sights, and the [[Shtora]] defense suite. The first public appearance of the [[M-84AS]] was in July 2004 at the Nikinci military base. It appeared to be very similar to the Russian [[T-90|T-90S]], both in appearance and in capability. The differences reportedly consist of better armour on the T-90S, whereas the M-84AS has superior maneuverability. The M-84AS was also tested by the [[Kuwaiti Army]] as part of an international tender. It can survive multiple hits at relatively close ranges from [[ATGM]]s or other hits from tanks. New thermal imaging cameras were mounted for the commander and driver so that the tank can operate at night. It is fitted with the 125&nbsp;mm 2A46M smooth-bore gun and a 1,200&nbsp;hp diesel engine giving a maximum speed of 72&nbsp;km/h. A number of undisclosed Arab countries were interested in purchasing the M-84AS{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}
*'''[[M-84AS1]]''' (Serbia) – Latest Serbian variant in prototype stage. Adds additional armour, including [[Reactive armour#Explosive reactive armour|explosive reactive armour]], integrated day-night sighting system with thermal imager, command information system, a [[Active protection system#Soft-kill measures|soft-kill active protection system]], new radio system, Remote-controlled Weapons Station with 12.7&nbsp;mm machine gun, and [[CBRN defense|CBRN]] protection equipment.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Foss|first1=Christopher F|title=Serbia takes wraps off enhanced M-84 MBT offerings|url=http://www.janes.com/article/72105|website=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170707012402/http://www.janes.com/article/72105/serbia-takes-wraps-off-enhanced-m-84-mbt-offerings|archive-date=7 July 2017|location=Belgrade|date=6 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, a domestic-developed 1200 HP engine was proposed, but was not accepted yet
*'''M-84D''' (Croatia) – This variant brings existing M-84 variants to the [[M-84D]] standard, equipped with a new 1,200&nbsp;hp (895&nbsp;kW) engine and new RRAK ERA armour. The M-84D is equipped with a [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael Defense System]] – [[Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station]], and a new Omega ballistic computer (Slovenian Fotona-made digital ballistic computer). M-84A4 and M-84D have an operational range of 700&nbsp;km and a maximum speed of 65&nbsp;km/h. The M-84D has also a 15% faster auto loader, enabling a rate of fire of 9, rather than 8, rounds per minute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrbi.hr/_images/files/izdavastvo_52.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626234938/http://www.hrbi.hr/_images/files/izdavastvo_52.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Holistic Approach to MBT development<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=26 June 2008}}</ref> The M-84D is a second version of the upgraded tanks. It has also chains on the back of the tank to protect the engine and has SLAT armor around the ammunition to prevent an ATG or a shell from hitting it. M-84D received few additional upgrades, Turret basket was added to provide extra space for extra ammunition and to provide increased armor protection. Turret basket has additional slat armor, which adds additional armor to the exterior of the tank. M84D and M84A4 are to receive 12.7mm [[Kongsberg Gruppen|Kongsberg]] Protector Remote Weapon Stations which are to be integrated on to all M84D and M84A4 tanks. M-84D will also feature LIRD-4B – Laser irradiation detector and warner and [[LAHAT]] anti tank missiles. There is a potential for integration of Swiss 120&nbsp;mm compact gun developed by RUAG. This option is being now seriously considered as this would allow Croatia to use NATO 120&nbsp;m standard ammunition. 120&nbsp;mm [[RUAG]] compact gun is a preferred option over German [[Rheinmetall]] L44 120&nbsp;mm cannon which is more expensive and would require German support, whereas RUAG will provide technical know how and technology transfer to [[Đuro Đaković (factory)|Đuro Đaković specijalna vozila d.d.]] Only two Croatian tanks have been upgraded to this standard due to budgetary restraints

===Gallery===
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:M-84A VS.jpg|M-84A
File:Sadejstvo 2020 - M-84AS1 VS 01.jpg|M-84AS1
File:M-84AB1 - Partner 2019 - 1.jpg|M-84AB1
File:M-84AK Vojske Srbije - Odbrana slobode 2019 Niš 3.jpg|M-84AK
File:Kuwaiti M-84.JPEG|Kuwait M-84AB
File:Croatian M-84 Zagreb Military Parade.JPG|M-84A4
File:Žđ.jpg|M84D
File:M84AS2.jpg|M-84AS2
</gallery>

==Operational history==

===Desert Storm===

[[File:Kuwaiti M-84, Operation Desert Storm.jpg|thumb|right|A Kuwaiti M-84 during [[Persian Gulf War#Operation Desert Shield|Operation Desert Shield]].]]

Before the [[Persian Gulf War]], [[Kuwait]] ordered 170 M-84ABs, 15 M-84ABI ARVs and 15 M-84ABK command tanks, from Yugoslavia. Four M-84A tanks were delivered; however, the [[Iraqi Ground Forces|Iraqi Army]] soon captured them after the occupation. Further deliveries were stopped for the duration of the war. The Kuwaiti 35th Al-Shaheed Armored Brigade was equipped with 70 M-84s.<ref name="Roblin" /> During the retaking of the country, the 35th Brigade did not directly take part in battles with Iraqi tanks because of the M-84's similarity to Iraqi [[T-72]] or [[Asad Babil]]s. The M-84 was however very effective against [[T-62]]s and [[T-55]]s but some unconfirmed reports claim that a few of them were damaged, but recovered and repaired.

===Yugoslav Wars===
{{main|Yugoslav Wars}}

====Slovenia====
During the [[Ten-Day War]], the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) attempted to regain control over border crossings, airports and other strategic positions in Slovenia. The [[Slovenian Territorial Defence]] had no armoured units of its own and JNA M-84s were commonly used to break through barricades. Slovenia inherited all the M-84s within its territory, once the [[ceasefire]] and Slovenia's independence was accepted.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

====Croatia====
The M-84 saw action in the [[Battle of Vukovar]], where the JNA employed tanks against [[Croatian National Guard]]smen (ZNG). Although the JNA ultimately prevailed, it's estimated they've lost around 100 tanks, including 20 M-84s to minefields and ambushes by ZNG anti-tank teams. Four of these M-84 tanks were knocked out during an ambush on Trpinjska Road, though entrenched JNA M-84s were successful in defeating a Croatian counteroffensive, knocking out three T-55 tanks.<ref name="Roblin">{{cite news |last1=Roblin |first1=Sébastien |title=The Fearsome Tanks That Fought Saddam Hussein May Soon Come for Vladimir Putin |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a46599461/kuwait-may-send-m84-tanks-to-ukraine/ |access-date=30 October 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329202004/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a46599461/kuwait-may-send-m84-tanks-to-ukraine/ |work=Popular Mechanics |date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

====Bosnia and Herzegovina====
During the [[Bosnian War]], M-84s were used by Croatian forces in the Krajina region, and in the [[Siege of Sarajevo]] by both the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] (VRS) and (in smaller numbers) the [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref name="Roblin" />

In the mountainous terrain of the Bosnian theater, the limited main gun elevation/depression proved to be a problem, while the use of [[Pakistan]]i-supplied [[HJ-8]] anti-tank guided missiles by Bosnian forces proved to be a threat. While the frontal armor of the M-84 was reportedly never penetrated during the conflict, around 40 M-84s were lost by all sides (though some were repairable) at the end of the conflict, mostly from hits at the thinner lower-side armor or anti-tank mines penetrating the belly armor, causing the ammuntion stored in the crew compartment to detonate, often resulting in [[Jack-in-the-box effect|turrets popping off]].<ref name="Roblin" />

==== Preševo Valley ====
The M-84 was used by Yugoslav ground forces in the [[Battle of Oraovica]] during the [[Insurgency in the Preševo Valley]].<ref name="Roblin" /> 


==Operators==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2011}}
[[File:M-84 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with M-84 operators in blue with former operators in red.]]
[[File:M-84 DanOSRH2011.JPG|thumb|right|[[Croatian Army]] M-84A4.]]
[[File:Kuwaiti Tanks.JPEG|thumb|right|Kuwaiti M-84AB.]]
[[File:Slom84.jpg|thumb|right|Slovenian M-84.]]

===Current===

;;{{flag|Croatia}}
* The [[Croatian Army]] is equipped with 74 M-84A4 Sniper MBTs awaiting replacement with the [[Leopard 2|Leopard 2A8]] while 30 M-84A4 will be donated to Ukraine.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=79}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Hrvatska nabavlja najmodernije tenkove Leopard 2A8, a Ukrajini šalje svoje M-84 i borbena oklopna vozila M-80 |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska-nabavlja-najmodernije-tenkove-leopard-2a8-a-ukrajini-salje-svoje-m-84-i-borbena-oklopna-vozila-m-80-1811407 |work=www.vecernji.hr |language=hr}}</ref>

;;{{flag|Kuwait}}
* The [[Kuwaiti Army]] have 75 M-84ABs in active service and 75 in storage as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024a|page=366}} 

;;{{flag|Serbia}}
[[File:M84AS2.jpg|thumb|Serbian M-84AS2]]
* The [[Serbian Army]] operates 195 M-84s, with 4+ M-84AS1 undergoing trials as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=133}} 

;;{{flag|Slovenia}}
* The [[Military of Slovenia|Slovenian Army]] had 40 M-84 tanks in 2011.{{sfn|Foss|2011|page=138}} As of 2024, 14 remain operational for training-only while 32 remain in storage.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=137}} All tanks were upgraded to the M-84A4 Sniper variant. A German offer of sending German-made vehicles in exchange of M-84A4s for Ukraine fell through.<ref name="Roblin" />
** 14 are used by 45th center of tracked combat vehicles in Pivka<ref>{{Cite web |last=vojak |first=Postani |title=45. center goseničnih bojnih vozil |url=https://postanivojak.si/enote/logbr/157logp/45cgbv/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Postani vojak |language=sl}}</ref>

===Future===
;;{{flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Asof|2024|10}} the [[Ukrainian Ground Forces]] will receive 30 M-84A4 Sniper MBTs from Croatia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hrvatska nabavlja najmodernije tenkove Leopard 2A8, a Ukrajini šalje svoje M-84 i borbena oklopna vozila M-80 |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska-nabavlja-najmodernije-tenkove-leopard-2a8-a-ukrajini-salje-svoje-m-84-i-borbena-oklopna-vozila-m-80-1811407 |work=www.vecernji.hr |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://deaidua.org/news/2024/10/29/144-million-deal-ringtausch-croatia/ |work= deaidua.org |title= The €144 million deal — A Ringtausch with Croatia |date= 2024-10-29 |access-date= 2024-10-29}}</ref> Delivered by December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany to provide Ukraine with 50 additional missiles to IRIS-T |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/germany-to-provide-ukraine-with-50-additional-missiles-to-iris-t/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Militarnyi |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Former===
;{{flag|Yugoslavia}}
* The [[Yugoslav People's Army]] operated about 450 M-84s in M-84 and M-84A versions. The M-84 was intended to fully replace the [[T-34]], [[M4 Sherman]] and [[M47 Patton]] tanks then held in storage as well as some of the older [[T-55]] units. Most JNA tanks were passed to the successor state – FR Yugoslavia, while a number was also captured by Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia in the war.
** 1st Armored Brigade of 14th Corps at [[Ljubljana]]{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2006|page=9}}
** 4th Armored Brigade of 10th Corps at [[Zagreb]]{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2006|page=9}}
** 211th Armored Brigade of 21st Corps at [[Niš]]{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2006|page=9}}
** 252nd Armored Brigade of 37th Corps at [[Kragujevac]]{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2006|page=9}}
** 329th Armored Brigade of 5th Corps at [[Banja Luka]]{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2006|page=9}}
** 326th Armored Brigade of 37th Corps at [[Titovo Užice]]{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2006|page=9}}
** 243rd Armored Brigade of 41st Corps from [[Skopje]]{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2006|page=9}}
** 265th Armored Brigade of 32nd Corps at [[Varaždin]]{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2006|page=9}}

;{{flagicon|FR Yugoslavia}} [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]
* [[Military of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Yugoslav Army]]:{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2013|page=41}}
** 1st Armored Brigade of [[Belgrade]] Special Forces Corps{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2013|page=45}}
** 36th Armored Brigade of [[Novi Sad]] Corps{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2013|page=45}}
** 211th Armored Brigade of [[Niš]] Corps{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2013|page=45}}
** 15th Armored Bridgade of [[Priština]] Corps{{sfn|Thomas|Mikulan|2013|page=45}}

;{{flagicon|SCG}} [[Serbia and Montenegro]]
* [[Ground Forces of Serbia and Montenegro]]:
** 211th Armoured Brigade of [[Niš]] Corps
** 243rd Armoured Brigade of [[Priština]] Corps
** 252nd Armoured Brigade of [[Priština]] Corps

;{{flagicon|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] captured and operated 3 M-84s.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://bosnae.info/index.php/tenkovi-m84-arbih|title = Tenkovi M84 u redovima ARBiH|date = 30 July 2016|access-date = 14 August 2020|archive-date = 18 September 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918100643/http://bosnae.info/index.php/tenkovi-m84-arbih|url-status = live}}</ref>
** 3rd Corps, operated 2 M-84s
** 5th Corps, operated 1 M-84

;{{flagcountry|Republika Srpska (1992–95)}}
* The [[Army of Republika Srpska]] (VRS) operated about 65 M-84s. After the VRS was integrated into the [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (OSBiH), they were used by the OSBiH as late as 2011{{sfn|Foss|2011|page=138}}
** 101st Armored Brigade at [[Banja Luka]] operated about 65 M-84s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csees.net/?page=country_section&country_id=2&sec=8|title=Centre for Southeast European Studies|access-date=28 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126185233/http://www.csees.net/?page=country_section&country_id=2&sec=8|archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref>

;[[File:State Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg|23px|border]] [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]]
* [[Serbian Army of Krajina]] operated an unknown number of M-84 tanks in 1995{{sfn|IISS|1995|page=82}}

;{{BIH}} 
* Operated 71 M-84 tanks,{{sfn|Foss|2011|page=138}} replaced with [[M60A3 TTS]] tanks.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=75}}

;{{Flag|Iraq|1991}}

* Captured M-84 tanks during the [[invasion of Kuwait]].<ref name="Roblin" />

==See also==
===Related developments===
*{{lwc|T-72}}
*{{lwc|PT-91 Twardy}}
*{{lwc|M-84AS}}
*{{lwc|M-95 Degman}}

===Designation sequence===
[[T-72]] – M-84 – M-91 Vihor – [[M-84D]] – [[M-95 Degman]] & [[M-84AS]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Foss |editor1-first=Christopher F |title=Jane's Armour and Artillery 2011-2012 |date=2011 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2960-9 |edition=32nd |url=https://archive.org/details/janesarmourartil0000unse |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 1995-1996 |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-828055-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VRbAAAACAAJ |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|1995}} |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}
*{{cite journal |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=Chapter Three: Europe |journal=The Military Balance |date=12 February 2024 |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=54–157 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2024.2298591 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2024.2298591 |access-date=31 October 2024 |language=en |issn=0459-7222 |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024}} |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=Chapter Six: Middle East and North Africa |journal=The Military Balance |date=12 February 2024 |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=328–395 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2024.2298594 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2024.2298594 |access-date=31 October 2024 |language=en |issn=0459-7222 |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024a}} |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Nigel |last2=Mikulan |first2=Krunoslav |title=The Yugoslav Wars (1): Slovenia & Croatia 1991–95 |date=2006 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-84176-963-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7pNvgAACAAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Nigel |last2=Mikulan |first2=Krunoslav |title=The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia 1992–2001 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-0196-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHyHCwAAQBAJ |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons|M-84}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090326135834/http://www.odbrana.mod.gov.rs/odbrana001/64-65.pdf Article on the M84-AB1] (.pdf, in Serbian)
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/m-84.htm M-84] at the FAS.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nacional.hr/en/articles/view/33530/18/ |title=300 Million Dollar Deal for Djuro Djakovic |author=Eduard Šoštarić |date=17 April 2007 |access-date=25 July 2012 |publisher=[[Nacional (weekly)]] |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717003721/http://www.nacional.hr/en/clanak/33530/300-million-dollar-deal-for-djuro-djakovic }}—Kuwait deal with Croatia to update M-84 to M-84D.

{{Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Military Technical Institute Belgrade}}
{{T-64_navigation|style=wide}}

[[Category:Main battle tanks of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations]]
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[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s]]
[[Category:T-72]]