View source for M'saken

{{Short description|Town in Sousse Governorate, Tunisia}}
{{Original research|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
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|elevation_m            = 143
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'''M'saken''' ({{Langx|ar|مساكن}} ''Msākan''; also spelled ''Masakin'', ''Msaken'') is a town in north-eastern [[Tunisia]], close to [[Sousse]].

== Etymology ==
The origin of the word comes from "Msaken" masken (plural masken) meaning "habitat", "house" or "dwelling". 
This refers to "Houses of honorable people" (Masken el achraf). Ibn Khaldoun argues that the city owes its name to the Arab tribe of Beni Meskine who controlled the region in the 14th century.

== Administration ==

The town is the administrative center of a [[Delegations of Tunisia|"delegation"]] (district) of the same name, which at the 2014 Census had a population of 97,225.

== Municipality ==
[[File:Hotel de ville Msaken, Tunisie 2012.JPG|350px|frameless|Municipality of M'saken]]

M'saken municipality was found in 19 February 1921.

The actual municipal council was elected in the [[Tunisian local elections, 2018|Local elections of Tunisia on 9 May 2018]].
Its composition by party is as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Party !! Seats
|-
| Ennahdha || 12
|-
| Nidaa Tounes || 5
|-
| Courant démocrate || 4
|-
| Msakin Tourid (independent list) || 3
|-
| Front populaire || 2
|-
| Union civile || 2

|}

==[[Villages]] and [[town]]s of [[:fr:Délégation (Tunisie)|Delegation]]==
[[File:Siege delegation Msaken, Tunisie 2012.JPG|thumb|left|Msaken delegation]]
The following villages and Towns are part of M'saken delegation
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village/Town !! Distance to M'saken(Km) !! Population (2014) !! Municipality
|-
| [[:fr:Borjine|Borjine]] || 7 || 3,966 || M'saken
|-
| [[Beni Rabiâa]] || 6 || 3,528 || M'saken
|-
| [[Beni Kalthoum]] || 2  || 2,453 || M'saken
|-
| [[Knaies]] || 8 || 4,780 || M'saken
|-
| [[Frada]] || 26  || 1,434 || M'saken
|-
| [[Moureddine]] || 7 || 3,614 || M'saken
|-
| [[Messaadine]] || 2 || 12,930 || Messaadine
|}

== Notable people ==
*[[Habib Chatti]], Politician, Diplomat
*[[:fr:Mohamed Karim Krifa|Karim Krifa]], Politician.
*[[:fr:Zied Ladhari|Zied Ladhari]], Politician.
*[[Zoubeir Baya]], Football player
*[[Saïf Ghezal]], Football player.
* Ridha Layouni: President of [[:fr:Association des académies nationales olympiques d'Afrique|Association of National Olympic Academies of Africa]] (AANOA) and Former Tunisian National Olympic Committee.
* [[:fr:Brahim Babaï|Brahim Babaï]], Producer.
* [[Jalila Hafsia]], Journalist, Writer.
* [[:fr:Chedly Anouar|Chedly Anouar]], Musician.
* [[:fr:Mohamed Bellalouna|Mohamed Bellalouna]], Politician.
* [[Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel]] (1985-2016), perpetrator of the [[2016 Nice truck attack]].

== Traditional doors ==
Traditional houses of M'saken have typical traditional doors which are also found in the neighbour villages and towns ([[Zaouiet Sousse]], [[Ouerdanine]], [[Beni Kalthoum]], [[:fr:Borjine]], [[Moureddine]] ...).
The door can be double or with single leaf, and has always a small leaf inside called khoukha (literally =pear).

[[File:MSAKEN DOOR.jpg|frameless|upright=1.35|alt=M'saken Door]].
[[File:MSAKEN_DOOR_(open).jpg|frameless|upright=1.35|alt=M'saken Door opened]].
[[File:MSAKEN DOOR white.jpg|frameless|upright=1.8|alt=M'saken Door white]].

== History ==

According to local tradition, M'saken was founded by a group of descendants of [[Husayn Ibn Ali]], grandson of [[Muhammad]]. They had come to North Africa escaping from the [[Abbasid]] rulers of Baghdad, who had been engaged in a cruel fight against [[Sharif]]ians (descendants of Husayn and his brother [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hassan]]) the sons of [[Ali]].

They founded a Sharifian [[Emirate]] in near present-day [[Tiaret]] in west-central [[Algeria]]. After three generations, following the fall of this Emirate, some of their descendants lived in eastern Morocco near [[Oujda]] for some time, before moving to [[Kairouan]] in Tunisia. After some decades, they founded the town of M'saken at the time of the [[Hafsid dynasty]] which was based in Tunis.

Their town was originally called 'Kousour al Ashraf' (which means "Sharif's houses"), then 'Masakin al Ashraf' (which has the same meaning), and finally Masakin - or 'Msaken' as it is pronounced and spelled in North Africa. The town centre was built around the ''Jamma al Awsat'' (which means the central mosque) and was composed of five ksars (great houses).

==Ksours of Msaken==
The population which founded Msaken is composed of 5 groups (Ksour) having each a common paternal ancestor:
* Ksar El Nejejra
* Ksar El Menaama
* Ksar El Jabliyine
* Ksar El Qebliyine
* Ksar El Jedidiyine

==List of Family Names of Msaken ==
Ben Abdallah, Ben Salem, Ben Amor, Bouhlel, Mahjoub, Chatti, Gazzah, Rouis, Hamila, Mkhinini, Bhiri, Graa, Mliss, Chaarana, Gharbi, Magroun, Mribah, Naqouri, Said, Berriri, Guezguez, Zrouga, Gharmoul, Ben Khalifa, Rezgallah, Laadhari, Bouneb, Chebil, Braham, Bziouech, Gares, Turki, Landolsi, Ben Sik Ali, Chaieb, Chahed, Chouikha, Youssef, Zorgati, Zrelli,ben abdeljelil, Jeddi, Youssef

== Historic monuments ==
The Awsat [[Mosque]] of M'saken is among the oldest known monuments of M'saken city.  It was founded around the year 1360.

== Soufism ==
M'saken is known to be a religious city.  It included the [[Madrasa]] of Sidi Ali ben Khalifa and over the centuries has been home to a number of [[Sufism|Sufi]] figures:

* Sheikh Mohamed Gazzah
* Sheikh Ladharai
* Sidi Omar Shatti
* Sidi Ali Ben Khalifa

==Statistics==
* '''Population:'''	125,694 inhabitants (Whole delegation 2018 census)
* '''Altitude:'''	112 m
* '''Number of hospitals:''' (private and public) 	3

== Traditional dresses ==
Traditional dresses of M'saken as typical of North Africa and more specifically of the Tunisian Sahel region.

The Melya, traditional dress of women in North Africa, was used in M'saken but today it is no longer used.

In Tunisia, each village or region uses a specific color for its women [[:fr:Houli|Houli]] (Melya).
According to old people it had the color gold for M'saken women.

== Dialect ==
M'saken people speak the '''Msakni''' dialect, which is a branch of the [[Tunisian Arabic#Sahel|Sahli]] dialect, specific to the [[Sahel, Tunisia]] region, and which is a [[Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects|Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialect]]
and a [[:fr:Parlers préhilaliens citadins|citadin pre hilalian language]] 
The most characteristic word being the pronoun of the first person singular pronounced 'eni' in the Sahel instead of 'ena': In M'saken it is said 'yeni' by replacing the vowel 'e' by 'y'
M'saken dialect is also recognisable by the strong vowel 'i' at the end of many words (nouns and verbs ) which are pronounced at the end with a soft 'i' in the rest of the Sahel and as 'e' or 'a' in the rest of Tunisia and [[North Africa]].
* '''Examples''':
* He went: Mshi (M'saken), Mshei (rest of Sahel), Mshe (Tunis), Msha (Central and west Algeria)
* He ate : Kli (M'saken), Klei (rest ofSahel), Kle(Tunis), Kla (Central and west Algeria)
* Water: Mi (M'saken), Mei (rest of Sahel), Me(Tunis), Ma (Central and West Algeria)
* Here: Hni (M'saken), Hnei(Rest of Sahel), Hne or Houni(Tunis), Hna (Central and West Algeria)

== Migrations ==
M'saken has a large population living in foreign countries, mainly in France and more particularly in the [[Côte d'Azur]] region, in [[Nice]] and neighbouring areas. According to some sources, 40% of the population of M'saken lives outside Tunisia. The town's population increases very significantly in July and August every year following the return of migrants to their hometown for the holidays.

==DNA Haplogroup ==
Recent genetic studies of the Msaken population suggest a significant historical connection to West Asia. It is believed that the city was founded around 1360 AD by five related men who migrated from this region, and subsequent population growth included descendants of the founders as well as migrants from other parts of Tunisia. A Y-DNA analysis of 23 males from different Msaken families was conducted, using both Short Tandem Repeats (STR) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) markers. The study revealed that most of the  tested individuals belonged to the [[Haplogroup J-M172]], specifically the J-L271 subgroup. two individuals belonging to Kermous tribe were found belonging to Haplogroup [[Haplogroup R1a]] AND MORE PRECISELY R-Z93 The analysis estimated the Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor [[Most recent common ancestor]] (TMRCA) for the population to be between 1500 and 6200 years before present, with a notable genetic bottleneck around 5400 years ago. The geographic origin of this haplogroup is traced to East Anatolia, present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, and western Iran. Interestingly, 20-30% of random Tunisian STR haplotypes also exhibit the Msaken-Haplotype, linking the population's Y-DNA to broader regional genetic patterns (source).

For more information, see the published study by Kamel AL-Gazzah, Technical Director and Citizen Scientist, Tunisia (DOI: 10.61797/ijbic.v3i1.292).

== Climate ==
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies M'saken climate as [[hot semi-arid climate|hot semi-arid]] (BSh)<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/29382/ |title=Climate: M'saken - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=16 September 2018 }}</ref> bordering with [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate|hot-summer Mediterranean]] (Csa).

It is considered to be a local steppe climate.

There is little rainfall throughout the year.

The average annual temperature is 18.3&nbsp;°C in M'Saken.

In a year, the average rainfall is 347&nbsp;mm.

== Sports ==
M'saken has many sport teams:
* Football / Handball : [[CS M'saken|Croissant Sportif de M'saken]] founded in 1945.
* Rugby : [[:fr:Avenir sportif de M'saken|Avenir sportif de M'saken]] founded in 1991.

==See also==
*[[List of cities in Tunisia]]
*[[Haplogroup J-M172]]
*[[Sousse Governorate]]
*[[Sahel, Tunisia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.ins.tn/sites/default/files/publication/pdf/vol%201%20rgph%202014%20%281%29.pdf population]
*[http://www.commune-msaken.gov.tn/jumelage.html Twin cities]
*[https://en.climate-data.org/location/29382/ weather]
*[http://www.ins.tn/sites/default/files/publication/pdf/vol%201%20rgph%202014%20%281%29.pdf Statistics]
*[http://yfull.com/tree/j-l271 Msaken Tree]

== External links ==
*[http://www.commune-msaken.gov.tn Commune de M'saken]
*[https://en.climate-data.org/location/29382/ M'saken Climate]
*[http://gerflint.fr/Base/Tunisie1/bouhlel.pdf Msakenian language (fr)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/msaken.dna/ Msaken DNA group in Facebook]
*[https://researchlakejournals.com/index.php/IJBIC/article/view/292 Msaken, Tunisia: A Common Paternal Ancestor Confirmed by Y Chromosome DNA Analysis]
* {{Commons-inline|Category:Msaken|Msaken}}

{{Communes of Tunisia}}

[[Category:Communes of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Sousse Governorate]]