View source for Lyric Suite (Berg)

{{short description|String quartet music by Alban Berg}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name       = ''Lyric Suite''
| type       = [[String quartet]]
| composer   = [[Alban Berg]]
| image      = WP Alban Berg.jpg
| caption    = Sketch of Alban Berg by [[Emil Stumpp]] (1927)
| dedication = [[Alexander von Zemlinsky]]
| movements  = Six
| scoring    = 
| style      = 
| composed   = {{Start date|1925}}–26
}}
The '''''Lyric Suite''''' is a six-[[movement (music)|movement]] work for [[string quartet]] written by [[Alban Berg]] between 1925 and 1926 using methods derived from [[Arnold Schoenberg]]'s [[twelve-tone technique]]. Though publicly dedicated to [[Alexander von Zemlinsky]] (from whose ''[[Lyric Symphony (Zemlinsky)|Lyric Symphony]]'' it quotes), the work has been shown to possess a "secret dedication" and to outline a "secret programme".{{sfn|Perle|1977a|loc={{Page needed|date=October 2014}}}}

Berg arranged three of the "pieces" (movements) for string orchestra in 1928.

==Composition and analysis==
The string quartet has six movements:

{{Ordered list|type=upper-roman
|Allegretto gioviale
|Andante amoroso
|Allegro misterioso – Trio estatico
|Adagio appassionato
|Presto delirando – Tenebroso
|Largo desolato
}}
[[File:Berg's Lyric Suite Mov. I thematic statement.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|Initial [[Theme (music)|thematic]] statement of the [[tone row]], mm. 2–4, cyclically [[Permutation (music)|permuted]] to begin on E{{Music|flat}} in mm. 7–9{{sfn|Perle|1996|loc=20}}]]
As Berg's friend and fellow [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]] pupil [[Erwin Stein]] wrote in the preface to the score, "[t]he work (Ist and VIth part, the main part of the IIIrd and the middle section of the Vth) has been mostly written strictly in accordance with Schoenberg's technique of the '[[Twelve-tone technique|Composition with 12 inwardly related tones]]'. A set of 12 different tones gives the rough material of the composition, and the portions which have been treated more freely still adhere more or less to the technique".{{sfn|Perle|1990|loc=123}} [[George Perle]] points out that the first movement is not strictly twelve-tone, with the opening four chords being derived not from the series but from the [[interval cycle|interval-7 cycle]].{{sfn|Perle|1977a|loc=21}}

The first analysis was undertaken by [[Hans Redlich|H. F. Redlich]], who notices that "the first movement of the ''Lyric Suite'' develops out of the disorder of [[interval (music)|intervals]] in its first bar, the notes of which, strung out horizontally, present the complete [[chromatic scale]], and from this in the second and following bars, grows the Basic Set in its [[Theme (music)|thematic]] shape".{{sfn|Redlich|1957|loc={{Page needed|date=May 2011}}}}

[[Theodor W. Adorno]] called the quartet "a latent opera".{{sfn|Sandberger|1996}} Redlich described "the concealed vocality of the ''Lyric Suite''"{{sfn|Redlich|1957|loc=142}} despite having no knowledge of the setting of [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]]'s ''De profundis clamavi'' in the finale movement, deciphered by Douglass M. Green from what Perle calls "Berg's cryptic notations".{{sfn|Green|1977}}

Perle discovered a complete copy of the first edition annotated by Berg for his dedicatee, [[Hanna Fuchs-Robettin]] ([[Franz Werfel]]'s sister, with whom Berg had an affair in the 1920s), later that year.{{sfn|Perle|1990|loc={{Page needed|date=May 2011}}}} Berg used the [[musical cryptogram|signature]] [[motif (music)|motif]], [[A (musical note)|A]]-[[B♭ (musical note)|B]]-[[B (musical note)|H]]-[[F (musical note)|F]] (in German notation, B means B{{music|flat}}, while H means B{{music|natural}}), to combine Alban Berg (A. B.) and Hanna Fuchs-Robettin (H. F.).{{sfn|Reel|2010}} This is most prominent in the third movement. Berg also quotes a melody from Zemlinsky's ''[[Lyric Symphony]]'' in movement four which originally set the words "You are mine own". In the last movement, according to Berg's self-analysis, the "entire material, the tonal element too... as well as the [[Tristan motif]]" is developed "by strict adherence to the 12-note series".{{sfn|Sandberger|1996}}

=== I. Allegretto giovale ===
According to [[René Leibowitz]], the first movement is "entirely written in the [[twelve-tone technique]], [it] is a [[sonata form|sonata movement]] without the [[Musical development|development]]. Thus the [[recapitulation (music)|recapitulation]] follows directly upon the [[Exposition (music)|exposition]]; but, because of the highly advanced twelve-tone technique of [[Variation (music)|variation]], ''everything'' in this movement is developmental".{{sfn|Leibowitz|1947|loc={{Page needed|date=May 2011}}}}<!--It might be a good idea to use and cite Dika Newlin's translation here, rather than, or in addition to, the French original.-->

The [[tone row]] of the first movement is
:[[File:Lyric Suite Movement I tone row.svg|450x450px]]
:[[File:Lyric Suite Movement I tone row.mid]]

Pople adds a bar line to group the first and the last six pitches.{{sfn|Pople|1991|loc=18}} He also depicts it as:

:[[Image:Berg's Lyric Suite Mov. I tone row B-P.PNG|300x300px|Movement I tone row]]
:[[File:Berg's Lyric Suite Mov. I tone row B-P.mid]]

Whenever a given row-form is immediately repeated, a reversed coupling of the hexachords is employed to produce a [[secondary set]]. Berg had used the row previously, in 1925, in his first twelve-tone work, his second setting of "[[Schliesse mir die Augen beide]]".{{sfn|Perle|1996|loc=20}}

=== III. Allegro misterioso – Trio estatico ===
In the third movement, the outer sections of the ''Allegro misterioso'' present the same music forwards and then [[retrograde (music)|backwards]], while the ''Trio estatico'', the B section of the [[ternary form|ABA]], is [[through-composed]].{{sfn|Pople|1991|loc=17–18}} Berg generates a characteristic [[rhythmic cell]] through partitioning the series into a seven-note chromatic segment and a complementary five-note [[Motif (music)|motive]] from the remaining notes.{{sfn|Pople|1991|loc=15}}

According to [[Wolfgang Martin Stroh]],{{sfn|Stroh|1968|loc=26}} the tone row of the third movement is
:[[File:Lyric Suite Movement III tone row.svg|500x500px]]
which can be partitioned into a rising chromatic segment and remaining pitches:{{sfn|Stroh|1968|loc=26}}{{sfn|Perle|1990|loc={{Page needed|date=May 2011}}}}
:[[File:Berg's constructive rhythm.PNG|300x300px]]

George Perle,{{Citation needed|date=May 2011|reason=Three items by Perle are listed, any of which might include this analysis. A page reference to at least one of them is needed.}} gives
:[[File:Berg's Lyric Suite Mov. III tone row-P.PNG|300x300px]]

Despite assertions by Berg and others, George Perle, however, "had not yet been informed, as Leibowitz and Redlich were by the time they came to write their respective books, that everything in the 'strictly' dodecaphonic first movement had to be derived from a single serial ordering of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale." Rather, he, "recognized that the first three chords unfold [[tetrachord]]al segments of a single statement of the [[circle of fifths|cycle of fifths]] ([[interval cycle|C7]]), and that at the bottom of the same page, in bars 7–9, the cello presents a linear statement of the same cycle." The second violin unfolds "the initial tetrachordal segmentation of the perfect-5th cycle," again at the beginning of the recapitulation. He asks: "How could one [think] of the initial bar as 'disordered'? If anything is to be designated as an ''Urform'' here, surely it is this perfect-5th cycle, given its background role in relation to the tone row and other components of the movement."{{sfn|Perle|1990|loc=126}}

=== VI. Largo desolato ===
In the sixth movement, tone row 1 is{{sfn|Antokoletz|1992|loc=70}}
:[[File:Berg's Lyric Suite Mov. VI tone row 1-P.PNG|300x300px]]
:[[File:Berg's Lyric Suite Mov. VI tone row 1-P.mid]]
while tone row 2, derived from tone row 1, is{{sfn|Antokoletz|1992|loc=70}}
:[[File:Berg's Lyric Suite Mov. VI tone row 2-P.PNG|300x300px]]
:[[File:Berg's Lyric Suite Mov. VI tone row 2-P.mid]]

==Version for string orchestra==
In 1928, Berg arranged the second, third and fourth movements of the ''Lyric Suite'' for string orchestra. According to Adorno:

{{quote|If the lyrical nature of the ''Suite'' is best fostered in the quartet, its dramatic nature is best fostered in the string tutti; only here are its contours dissolved as completely and enigmatically as the accompanimental concept of the sound demands; and only here does the paroxysm attain its full catastrophic force.{{sfn|Adorno|1991|loc=105}}}}

==Recordings==
The piece has been recorded by and released on:
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* [[Felix Galimir|Galimir Quartet]] (ca. 1935). ''Alban Berg, Suite Lyrique pour quatuor à cordes''. 4-disc, 78-rpm set. Polydor 595.135 (disc 1); Polydor 595.136 (disc 2); Polydor 595.137 (disc 3); Polydor 595.138 (disc 4). Reissued Chicago, 1937: Brunswick Polydor BP-2 (95006, 95007, 95008, 95009). Reissued 1991 as part of a compilation, ''Récital du Quatuor Galimir'', with Maurice Ravel, String Quartet in F major; Darius Milhaud, String Quartets No. 7, op. 87. Cassette tape recording. {{ill|Fondation Armand Panigel|fr|3=Fondation Armand Panigel|lt=Armand Panigel Foundation}} 15. This compilation reissued 1999 as ''The Galimir Quartet of Vienna: The Polydor Recordings, 1934–35''. CD recording. New York, NY: Rockport Records, RR5007. ''Lyric Suite'' reissued in 1991 in another compilation, ''Webern conducts Berg'', with Berg's Violin Concerto (Louis Krasner, violin, BBC Symphony Orchestra, cond. Anton Webern). [London]: Continuum, SBT 1004.
* [[Felix Galimir|Galimir Quartet]] (1983). ''Alban Berg Lyric Suite 1926; String Quartet, op. 3''. LP recording. Vanguard VA-25017. Cassette recording. Vanguard CVA-25017.
* [[Pro Arte Quartet]] (ca. 1960). ''Alban Berg: Lyric Suite''. 12-inch LP recording. Dial 5.
* [[LaSalle Quartet]] (1958). Issued in 1996 on CD2 of 12-CD set, ''75 Jahre Donaueschinger Musiktage 1921–1996''. Col Legno WWE 12CD 31899.
* LaSalle Quartet (1972). ''Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern: Die Streichquartette''. 5-LP set. Deutsche Grammophon 2720 029 (2561 050 – 2561 054). Single-disc reissue as ''Alban Berg: Lyrische Suite für Streichquartett; Streichquartett, op. 3''. 12-inch LP recording. Deutsche Grammophon 2530 283.
* LaSalle Quartet (1987) ''Neue Wiener Schule: Schoenberg, Berg, Webern Streichquartette''. 4-CD set. Deutsche Grammophon 419 994-2 (419 995-2; 419 996-2; 419 997-2; 419 998-2).
* [[Arditti Quartet]] (1989 recording, 1994 release, 2000 reissue) ''Arditti Quartet Edition, Volume 1: Alban Berg''. Naïve Montaigne MO 782119
* [[Juilliard String Quartet]] (1950). ''Alban Berg: Lyric Suite''. 10-inch LP. Columbia ML 2148. Reissued as part of ''Arnold Schoenberg, Complete string Quartets'', with Alban Berg, ''Lyric Suite''; Anton Webern, ''Fünf Sätze für Streichquartett'', op. 5. 3-CD set. [France?]: United Archives
* Ramor Quartet (1961). ''Alban Berg. Lyric Suite; Arnold Schoenberg: Verklärte Nacht''. With Edith Lorincz (viola) and Zsolt Deaky (violoncello) in the Schoenberg. Music of Five Centuries. 12-inch LP recording. Vox DL 530. ''Lyric Suite'' reissued 1965 as part of: ''Alban Berg: Lyric Suite and String Quartet, op. 3'', with the Kohon Quartet in op. 3. 12-inch LP recording. Turnabout TV 34021S.
* Juilliard String Quartet (1961). ''Alban Berg: Lyric Suite; Anton Webern: Fünf Sätze''. 12-inch LP recording. RCA Victor LM 2531 (mono); LSC 2531 (stereo). ''Lyric Suite'' reissued in 2005 (together with Elliott Carter, Quartet No. 2, and William Schuman, Quartet No. 3) on CD as: ''Juilliard String Quartet plays Berg, Carter, Schuman''. Testament SBT 1374.
* Juilliard String Quartet (1970). ''Ludwig van Beethoven, Quartetto op. 135; Alban Berg, Suite lirica''. Recorded by Radiotelevisione della Svizzera Italiana, Ascona, Switzerland on 24 August 1970. Issued on CD in 1995, Ermitage ERM 160–2. Reissued on Aura Music AUR 167–2.
* Juilliard String Quartet (1996). ''Intimate Letters''. Sony Classical SK 66840
* [[Alban Berg Quartett]] (1974). ''Alban Berg. Streichquartett, op. 3 (1910); Lyrische Suite: (1925/26)''. 12-inch LP recording. Telefunken 6.41301; Telefunken SAT 22 549.
* {{ill|Artis-Quartett|de}} (1990). Karl Weigl: Streichquartett A-Dur, Op. 4; Alban Berg: Lyrische Suite. CD recording. Orfeo C 216 901 A
* [[Ludwig Quartet]] (1991). Alban Berg: Suite lyrique; Henri Dutilleux: Ainsi la nuit; Anton Webern: Langsamer Satz. CD recording. Timpani 1C1005.
* [[Vogler Quartet]] (1991). Alban Berg: Lyric Suite; Giuseppe Verdi: String Quartet in E minor. CD recording. RCA Victor Red Seal 09026-60855-2.
* [[Pražák Quartet]] and Vanda Tabery (1993). ''Arnold Schoenberg: String Quartet No. 1 in D minor, op. 7; Alban Berg: Lyric Suite''. Praga PR 250 034. ''Lyric Suite'' reissued 2000, as part of ''Alban Berg: Quartet Op. 3, Lyric Suite...''. Prajac Digital.
* [[Duke Quartet]] (1997). ''Alban Berg: Lyric Suite; Arnold Schoenberg: Verklärte Nacht''. With Helen Kamminga (viola) and Sophie Harris (cello) in the Schoenberg. Collins Classics 15062.
* [[Leipzig String Quartet]] (2000). ''Alban Berg, Anton Webern: Complete String Quartets''. Andreas Seidel, Tilman Büning (violins), Ivo Bauer (viola), [[Matthias Moosdorf]] (violoncello), [[Christiane Oelze]] (soprano). CD recording. MDG 307 0996-2.
* [[Kronos Quartet]] & [[Dawn Upshaw]] (2003). ''Berg: Lyric Suite''. Nonesuch 79696-2.
* Schoenberg Quartet (2001). ''Alban Berg: Chamber Music, Complete''. Chandos Records CHAN 9999.
* [[Oslo String Quartet]] (2003). ''Oslo String Quartet Plays Jean Sibelius, Hugo Wolf, Alban Berg''. Geir Inge Lotsberg, Per Kristian Skalstad (violins), Are Sandbakken (viola), Øystein Sonstad (violoncello). CD recording. CPO 999 977-2.
* [[New Zealand String Quartet]] (2007). ''Alban Berg, String Quartet, op. 3, Lyric Suite; Hugo Wolf: Italienische Serenade''. CD recording. Naxos 8.557374.
* Diotima Quartet (2010). Schoenberg, Webern, Berg. Arnold Schoenberg: String Quartet No. 2 in F-sharp Minor, op. 10, with soprano. Anton Webern: 6 bagatelles, op. 9, including an unpublished bagatelle Langsam: "Schmerz immer, Blick nach oben". Alban Berg: Lyric Suite, including Largo desolato: "De profundis clamavi" with voice, from a score annotated by Berg. With Sandrine Piau (soprano) and Marie-Nicole Lemieux (contralto). CD recording. Naïve V 5240.
* [[Tetzlaff Quartet]] (2014). ''Mendelssohn Quartet Op. 13 – Berg Lyric Suite''. [[Christian Tetzlaff]], Elisabeth Kufferath (violins), Hanna Weinmeister (viola), [[Tanja Tetzlaff]] (cello). CD recording. CAvi-music AVI8553266.
* Gerhard Quartet (2017). ''Schumann – Berg – Kurtág''. Lluís Castán, Judit Bardolet Vilaró (violins), Miquel Jordà Saún (viola), Jesús Miralles Roger (cello). CD recording. Harmonia Mundi 916108DI.
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|15em}}

'''Sources'''
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* {{cite book|last=Adorno|first=Theodor W.|author-link=Theodor W. Adorno|title=Alban Berg: Master of the Smallest Link|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=105|isbn=9780521338844|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRDx2ADJk44C&pg=PA105}}{{Full citation needed|date=October 2014|reason=Adorno wrote in German, not English; translator's name is needed, also series title, if this is for example one of the Cambridge Guides.}}
* {{cite book|last=Antokoletz|first=Elliott|year=1992|title=Twentieth-Century Music|location=|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=9780139341267}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Green|1977}}|reference=Green, Douglass (1977). "Berg's De Profundis: The Finale of the ''Lyric Suite''". ''International Alban Berg Society Newsletter'', no. 5 (June): 13–23.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Leibowitz|1947}}|reference=Leibowitz, Rene (1947). ''Schoenberg et son école''. Paris: Janin. English edition, as ''Schoenberg and his School'', translated by [[Dika Newlin]]. New York: Philosophical Library, 1949.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Perle|1977a}}|reference=[[George Perle|Perle, George]] (1977a). "The Secret Program of the ''Lyric Suite''". ''International Alban Berg Society Newsletter'', no. 5 (June): 4–12. Reprinted as "The Secret Programme of the ''Lyric Suite''". In ''Twentieth-Century Music'', edited by [[Ellen Rosand]], 277–289. Garland Library of the History of Western Music 10. New York: General Music Publishing; London: Garland, 1985. Reprinted in George Perle, ''The Right Notes: Twenty-Three Selected Essays by George Perle on Twentieth-Century Music'', with a foreword by [[Oliver Knussen]] and an introduction by Dave Headlam, 75–102. Monographs in Musicology., Stuyvesant, New York: Pendragon Press 1995. {{ISBN|0-945193-37-8}}.}}
* {{cite book|last=Perle|first=George|year=1990|title=The Listening Composer|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-06991-9}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Perle|1996}}|reference=Perle, George (1996). ''Twelve-Tone Tonality'', second edition, revised and expanded. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-20142-6}}.}}
* {{cite book|last=Pople|first=Anthony|year=1991|title=Berg: Violin Concerto|series=Cambridge Music Handbooks|location=Cambridge and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} {{ISBN|0-521-39066-4}} (cloth);  {{ISBN|0-521-39976-9}} (pbk).
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Redlich|1957}}|reference=Redlich, Hans Ferdinand (1957). ''Alban Berg, the Man and His Music''. London: John Calder; New York: Abelard-Schuman.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Reel|2010}}|reference=Reel, James (2010). "[{{Allmusic|class=work|id=c53893|pure_url=yes}} Lyric Suite]". ''AllMusic.com''.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Sandberger|1996}}|reference=Sandberger, Wolfgang (1996). Liner notes to ''Intimate Letters'', translated by Stewart Spencer. CD recording. Sony Classical SK 66840.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stroh|1968}}|reference=[[Wolfgang Martin Stroh|Stroh, Wolfgang Martin]] (1968). "Alban Berg's 'Constructive Rhythm'". ''[[Perspectives of New Music]]'' 7, no. 1 (Fall-Winter): 18–31.}}
{{div col end}}

==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* Becker, Tim (2005). "Alban Bergs ''Lyrische Suite für Streichquartett''". In ''Plastizität und Bewegung'', 205–232. Berlin: Frank & Timme. {{ISBN|978-3-86596-026-9}}.{{Full citation needed|date=October 2014|reason=Editor of collection needed.}}
* [[George Perle|Perle, George]] (1977b). "Berg's Master Array of the [[interval cycle|Interval Cycles]]". ''[[The Musical Quarterly]]'' 63, no. 1 (January): 1–30. {{JSTOR|741747}}.{{subscription required}}.
* Perle, George (2001). ''Style and Idea in the Lyric Suite of Alban Berg'', revised and enlarged edition. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press. {{ISBN|9781576470855}}.
* [[Erwin Stein|Stein, Erwin]] (1955). Prefatory notes to Alban Berg, ''Lyrische Suite für Streichquartett'' (score). Philharmonia no. 173; UE 8780. Vienna: Universal Edition.
* [[Arnold Whittall|Whittall, Arnold]] (2008). ''The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism''. Cambridge Introductions to Music. New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-86341-4}} (hardback) {{ISBN|978-0-521-68200-8}} (pbk).
{{div col end}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMSLP|work=Lyrische Suite (Berg, Alban)|cname=''Lyrische Suite''}}
* [[David Schiff|Schiff, David]] (September 21, 2003). [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/21/arts/art-the-secret-love-affair-behind-the-lyric-suite.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 "The Secret Love Affair Behind the ''Lyric Suite''"], ''[[The New York Times]]''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708220027/http://d1f.com/lyric_suite/ ''Lyric Suite''], D1f.com.
* [http://www.universaledition.com/Alban-Berg/composers-and-works/composer/51/work/12574 ''Lyric Suite''] for string orchestra, 3 pieces (Nr. 1, 5, 6) arr. [[Theo Verbey]], [[Universal Edition]].

{{Alban Berg}}
{{Second Viennese School}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music}}
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[[Category:Chamber music by Alban Berg]]
[[Category:Compositions for string quartet]]
[[Category:Compositions for string orchestra]]
[[Category:Twelve-tone compositions by Alban Berg]]
[[Category:Suites (music)]]
[[Category:1926 compositions]]
[[Category:Orchestral suites]]
[[Category:Chamber music compositions with vocals]]
[[Category:Musical settings of poems by Charles Baudelaire]]
[[Category:Composer tributes (classical music)]]
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