View source for Lutheran Mariology

{{Short description|Lutheran views on Mary, mother of Jesus}}
{{Lutheranism|expanded=theology}}
'''Lutheran Mariology''' or '''Lutheran Marian theology''' is derived from [[Martin Luther]]'s views of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], the mother of Jesus and these positions have influenced those taught by the [[Lutheran Church]]es. Lutheran Mariology developed out of the deep Christian Marian devotion on which Luther was reared, and it was subsequently clarified as part of his mature Christocentric theology and piety.<ref>{{harvp|Gritsch|1992|pp=235-248, 379-384}}; cf. p. 235f.</ref> The [[Apology of the Augsburg Confession]], included in the [[Book of Concord]], teaches that Mary is "most worthy of the most ample honors" and that Mary "wishes us to consider and follow her example [the example of her faith and her humility]."<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Philipp Melanchthon]] |title=Apology of the Augsburg Confession |url=https://ccel.org/ccel/melanchthon/apology/apology.xxviii.html |publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> [[Lutherans]] hold Mary in high esteem, universally teaching the dogmas of the ''[[Theotokos]]'' and the [[virgin birth of Jesus|Virgin Birth]].<ref name="McNabbFennell2019"/> Luther dogmatically asserted what he considered firmly established biblical doctrines such as the divine motherhood of Mary while adhering to pious opinions of the [[Immaculate Conception]] and the [[perpetual virginity of Mary]],<ref name="ALPB1966">{{cite book |title=The American Lutheran, Volume 49 |date=1966 |publisher=American Lutheran Publicity Bureau |page=16 |language=en |quote=While the perpetual virginity of Mary is held as a pious opinion by many Lutheran confessors, it is not regarded as a binding teaching of the Scriptures.}}</ref><ref name="TNEB1983">{{cite book |title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 11 |date=1983 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |isbn=978-0-85229-400-0 |page=562 |language=en |quote=Partly because of these biblical problems, the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary has not been supported as unanimously as has the doctrine of the virginal conceptioon or title mother of God. It achieved dogmatic status, however, at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 and is therefore binding upon Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic believers; in addition, it is maintained by many Anglican, some Lutheran, and a few other Protestant theologians.}}</ref> along with the caveat that all doctrine and piety should exalt and not diminish the person and work of Jesus Christ. By the end of Luther's theological development, his emphasis was always placed on Mary as merely a receiver of God's love and favour.<ref>{{harvp|Gritsch|1992|pp=236-237}}</ref> His opposition to regarding Mary as a mediatrix of intercession or redemption was part of his greater and more extensive opposition to the belief that the merits of the saints could be added to those of Jesus Christ to save humanity.<ref>{{harvp|Gritsch|1992|p=238}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Grisar|1915|loc=vol. 4, pp. 502–503}}</ref> Lutheran denominations may differ in their teaching with respect to various Marian doctrines and have contributed to producing [[ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary]].

==Overview==
[[File:Martin Luther by Cranach-restoration.jpg|thumb|upright=0.86|[[Martin Luther]]]]
Despite Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the [[ecumenical council]]s and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the [[Theotokos]], the Mother of God.<ref name="Bäumer_190">{{harvp|Bäumer|1994|p=190}}</ref><ref name="McNabbFennell2019">{{cite book |last1=McNabb |first1=Kimberlynn |last2=Fennell |first2=Robert C. |title=Living Traditions: Half a Millennium of Re-Forming Christianity |date=2019 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-5326-5979-9 |language=en |quote=Luther's focused position on Mary has more in common with the Orthodox Christian view of the ''Theotokos'', Mary as the Mother of God, rather than with the Roman Catholic view of her as intercessor. ... As a result, the early Lutheran Reformation had both a "biblically based ''Theotokos''-dogma using the Mariology of the ancient church, and it had a Marian piety and devotion based on this dogma, taking its bearings from the soteriologically interpreted notion of God's condescension." ... Lutherans thus confessed in the Formula of Concord in the Solid Declaration, Article VIII.24: On account of this person union and communion of the natures, Mary, the most blessed virgin, did not conceive a mere, ordinary human being, but a human being who is truly the Son of the most high God, as the angel testifies. He demonstrated his divine majesty even in his mother's womb in that he was born of a virgin without violating her virginity. Therefore she is truly the mother of God and yet remained a virgin.}}</ref> Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some 300 years before the dogmatization of the [[Immaculate Conception]] by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which at that time was undefined in the Church; however, he maintained belief in [[Sinlessness of Mary|Mary's lifelong sinlessness]].<ref name="Bäumer_191">{{harvp|Bäumer|1994|p=191}}</ref> Regarding the [[Assumption of Mary]], he stated that the Bible did not say anything about it. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death.<ref name="Bäumer_190"/>

The centerpiece of Luther's Marian views was his 1521 ''[[Commentary on the Magnificat]]'' in which he extolled the magnitude of God's grace toward Mary and her own legacy of Christian instruction and example demonstrated in her canticle of praise.<ref>Martin Luther, ''Luther's Works'', The American Edition, Jaroslav J. Pelikan & Helmut Lehmann, eds., 55 vols., (St. Louis & Philadelphia: CPH & Fortress Press, 1955-1986), 295-358; cf. {{harvp|Anderson|Stafford|Burgess|1992|pp=236–237}}</ref> This canticle continues to have an important place in [[Divine Service (Lutheran)|Lutheran liturgy]].<ref>Anderson, 239, 381.</ref>

==Doctrines==
===Mother of God===
Lutherans believe that the person Jesus is God the Son, the second Person of the [[Trinity]], who was [[incarnation|incarnated]] in the womb of his mother Mary as a human being, and since, as a person, he was "born of the Virgin Mary".<ref>Cf. the [[Apostles' Creed]].</ref> Lutherans have always believed that Mary is the Theotokos, the God-bearer.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Martin Luther said:
{{blockquote|[S]he became the Mother of God, in which work so many and such great good things are bestowed on her as pass man's understanding. For on this there follows all honor, all blessedness, and her unique place in the whole of mankind, among which she has no equal, namely, that she had a child by the Father in heaven, and such a Child.... Hence men have crowded all her glory into a single word, calling her the Mother of God.... None can say of her nor announce to her greater things, even though he had as many tongues as the earth possesses flowers and blades of grass: the sky, stars; and the sea, grains of sand. It needs to be pondered in the heart what it means to be the Mother of God.<ref>''Luther's Works'', 21:326, cf. 21:346.</ref>}} This belief was officially confessed by Lutherans in their [[Formula of Concord]], Solid Declaration, article VIII.24: {{Blockquote|On account of this [[Hypostatic union|personal union]] and communion of the natures, Mary, the most blessed virgin, did not conceive a mere, ordinary human being, but a human being who is truly the Son of the most high God, as the angel testifies. He demonstrated his divine majesty even in his mother's womb in that he was born of a virgin without violating her virginity. Therefore she is truly the mother of God and yet remained a virgin.<ref>Theodore G. Tappert, ''The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church'', (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1959), 595.</ref>}}

===Virgin Birth===
The Lutheran Churches teach the doctrine of the [[Virgin birth of Jesus|virgin birth]], as summarized in the [[Formula of Concord]] in the Solid Declaration, Article VIII.24.<ref name="McNabbFennell2019"/>

===Perpetual virginity===
[[File:FranzPieper.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Franz Pieper]] (June 27, 1852 – June 3, 1931)]]
Luther accepted the idea of the [[perpetual virginity of Mary]]. [[Jaroslav Pelikan]] noted that the perpetual virginity of Mary was Luther's lifelong belief,<ref>''Luther's Works'', 22:214-215</ref> and Hartmann Grisar, a Roman Catholic biographer of Luther, concurs that "Luther always believed in the virginity of Mary, even ''post partum'', as affirmed in the Apostles' Creed, though afterwards he denied her power of intercession, as well as that of the saints in general, resorting to many misinterpretations and combated, as extreme and pagan, the extraordinary veneration which the [[Catholic Church]] showed towards Mary."<ref>{{harvp|Grisar|1915|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZXYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Luther+always+believed+in+the+virginity+of+Mary,+even+post+partum%22 p. 210]}}</ref>

The [[Smalcald Articles]], a [[confession of faith]] of the [[Lutheran Church]]es, affirm the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary.<ref name="Hillerbrand2004">{{cite book |last1=Hillerbrand |first1=Hans J. |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96028-5 |language=en |quote=This view of the proper place of Mary and the saints in the lives of the faithful is codified for Lutherans in the BOOK OF CONCORD (1580); these confessions also include the reaffirmation of Mary's perpetual virginity (in Luther's SCHMALKALDIC ARTICLES of 1537) and her title of ''Theotokos'', and praise her as "the most blessed virgin" (Formula of Concord, 1577).}}</ref> As such, this belief in the perpetual virginity of Mary was held by the Lutheran scholastics, including [[Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe]].<ref name="Kilcrease2013">{{cite book |last1=Kilcrease |first1=Jack D. |title=The Self-Donation of God: A Contemporary Lutheran approach to Christ and His Benefits |date=2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-62032-605-3 |language=en |quote=As it is well known, the perpetual virginity of Mary was taught widely in the early Church, some claim as early as St. Ireneaus in the late second century. Luther, Zwingli, Calvin and the later Lutheran scholastics also supported the doctrine.}}</ref><ref name="Hillerbrand2004b">{{cite book |last1=Hillerbrand |first1=Hans J. |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96028-5 |language=en |quote=The Confessional movement and a liturgical revival contributed to a greater interest in Mary and marian devotion among Protestants, particularly among the leadership of August Vilmar (1800–1868) and WILHELM LÖHE (1808–1872). Löhe published a liturgical calendar that contained three Marian festivals, affirmed Mary's perpetual virginity, and emphasized the role of saints as examples.}}</ref> For this reason [[Confessional Lutheranism|Confessional Lutheran]] scholars, such as [[Franz Pieper]] (1852–1931) refused to follow the tendency among non-Lutheran Protestants to insist that Mary and Joseph had marital relations and children after the birth of Jesus. It is implicit in his ''Christian Dogmatics'' that belief in Mary's perpetual virginity is the older and traditional view among Lutherans.<ref>{{harvp|Pieper|1950|pp=308–309}}</ref> Some American Lutheran groups such as the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]], however, later "found no difficulty with the view that Mary and Joseph themselves together had other children".<ref name="Jesus'' Brothers">[http://www.lcms.org/Document.fdoc?src=lcm&id=546 LCMS FAQ - New Testament]</ref> Another American Lutheran denomination, the [[Evangelical Catholic Church (Lutheran)|Evangelical Catholic Church]], on the other hand, considered "''Saint Mary Ever Virgin'', a title affirmed in ''The Smalcald Articles'' (''Part One'', IV [Latin]), and She recognizes her as ''that Most Praiseworthy Virgin'' (''Augsburg Confession'' III, 1 [German]; ''Formula of Concord'' VIII; ''Solid Declaration'' 100 [Latin])."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Church: What We Believe |url=http://www.apostle1.com/barwin-ev-cath-church/the-church-what_we_believe.htm |publisher=[[Evangelical Catholic Church (Lutheran)|Evangelical Catholic Church]] |access-date=1 May 2020 |language=en |date=2008}}</ref>

===Immaculate Conception===
In 1532, Luther said: 'God has formed the soul and body of the Virgin Mary full of the Holy Spirit, so that she is without all sins, for she has conceived and borne the Lord Jesus.'<ref>Martin Luther, ''D. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe'', 61 vols., (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nochfolger, 1883-1983), 52:39 [hereinafter: ''WA'']</ref>{{Request quotation|date=August 2019}} When concentrating specifically on Mary herself as the Mother of God, Luther acknowledges God's singular action in bringing her into the world, but in making general comments about the universality of human sinfulness, he includes her among all the rest of humanity.

{{blockquote|Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person.<ref>{{harvp|Luther|1996|p=291}}</ref>}}

The [[Book of Concord]] does not mention the Immaculate Conception.

===Queen of Heaven===
In his earlier years, Luther referred to Mary as the "[[Queen of Heaven]]", but he warned against people using the term too much.<ref>''Luther's Works'' 7:573</ref> Luther later rejected this title due to its lack of scriptural evidence and the fact that he felt that Mary's accomplishments should be ultimately attributed to Christ.<ref>Kreitzer "Luther Regarding the Virgin Mary"</ref>

===Mediatrix===
Before 1516, Luther's belief that Mary is a [[mediatrix]] between God and humanity was driven by his fear of Jesus being the implacable judge of all people.<ref>{{harvp|Brecht|1985|pp=76–77}}</ref> "The Virgin Mary remains in the middle between Christ and humankind. For in the very moment he was conceived and lived, he was full of grace. All other human beings are without grace, both in the first and second conception. But the Virgin Mary, though without grace in the first conception, was full of grace in the second ... whereas other human beings are conceived in sin, in soul as well as in body, and Christ was conceived without sin in soul as well as in body, the Virgin Mary was conceived in body without grace but in soul full of grace."<ref>{{harvp|Anderson|Stafford|Burgess|1992|p=238}}</ref>

Luther later rejected the stance of Mary as a mediator between Christ and humanity. Luther claimed that though Mary possessed many virtues, she could not intercede for sinners. He claimed that the evidence for Mary's powers as a mediatrix was a result of improper translation of the Annunciation. Instead, Luther believed that Mary's lack of power to intercede is seen in her praising God and his blessings, not in taking credit for herself.<ref>Kreitzer,"Luther Regarding the Virgin Mary"</ref>

===Development of doctrine===
The term "Mariology", although used by many Lutherans across liberal-conservative lines, was not originally a term coined by Lutherans. Today, some Lutherans prefer not to use the term "Mariology" to describe their own Marian doctrine because they are concerned the term implies an acceptance of the concept of [[development of doctrine]], though other Lutherans are comfortable with using the term "Mariology".<ref>{{harvp|Jackson|2007|p=244}}</ref><ref name="Chapman1997">{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Mark E. |title=A Lutheran Response to the Theme of the Virgin Mary as Mother of God, Icon of the Church and Spiritual Mother of Intercession |journal=Marian Studies |date=1997 |volume=48 |issue=12 |page=119}}</ref>

==Veneration==
[[File:StPierreJeuneP156.JPG|thumb|A statue of Mary in the Lutheran church of [[Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Protestant Church|Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune]], Strasbourg]]
A Marian Lutheran prayer titled 'Evangelical Praise of the Mother of God' was authored by Martin Luther:<ref name="Kimberling2025"/>
{{Quotation|O Blessed Virgin, Mother of God, what great comfort God has shown to us in you, by so graciously looking with favor on your unworthiness and humble state. By your example, we are encouraged to believe that He will not despise us poor and lowly ones, but graciously look with favor on us, as well. Amen.<ref name="Kimberling2025">{{cite web |title=Reciting the Lutheran Rosary |url=https://kimberlinglutheran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Lutheran-Rosary.doc |publisher=Shepherd of the Hills Lutheran Church |access-date=12 June 2025 |date=2025}}</ref>}}

Luther composed a number of venerational poems, which focus on Mary's virginity. He also translated old devotional Latin hymns on Mary into German. They express in various ways the incarnation of God through a virgin, as with the perpetual virgnity of Mary:<ref name="Bäumer_190"/>
{{Poemquote|''The virgin body was pregnant, but she remained pure''
''Here comes the saviour of the gentiles''
''Divine grace from heaven came over the virgin'' and others.<ref name="Bäumer_190"/>}}

The Lutheran views on the veneration of Mary were interpreted differently by different theologians over time. Key is his interpretation of the Magnificat of Mary, which to some is a relic of the Catholic past, but to others a clear indication that he maintained a Marian piety.<ref name="Bäumer_191"/> Luther states in his ''Magnificat'' that one should pray to Mary, so God would give and do, through her will, what we ask.<ref name="Bäumer_191"/> However, Luther’s statement reflects his transitional theology at the time. He did not entirely reject the concept of asking for Mary’s intercession early in his career. Later in his life, Luther clarified his position and strongly opposed the idea of praying to Mary or the saints, asserting that prayer should be directed to God alone through Jesus Christ. His mature theology rested on the belief in solus Christus—Christ as the only mediator. An important indicator of Luther's views on the veneration of Mary are not only his writings but also approved practices of Lutherans during his lifetime. The singing of the Magnificat in Latin was maintained in many German Lutheran communities. The Church Order (Kirchenordnung) of Brandenburg, Bugenhagen Braunschweig and other cities and districts decreed by the royal heads of the Lutheran Church maintained three [[Marian feast days]] to be observed as public holidays.<ref name="Bäumer_191"/>{{Request quotation|date=July 2015}} It is known that Martin Luther approved of this. He also approved of keeping Marian paintings and statues in the churches.<ref name="Bäumer_190"/> He also advocated the use of the pre-Trent version of the [[Hail Mary]] (that is, "Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee. Blessed art thou among women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.") as a sign of reverence for and devotion to the Blessed Virgin.<ref>''Luther's Works'', 10 II, 407–409</ref> The 1522 ''Betbüchlein'' (Prayer Book) retained the Ave Maria.<ref name="Johnson2015">{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Maxwell E. |title=The Church in Act: Lutheran Liturgical Theology in Ecumenical Conversation |date=2015 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-4514-9668-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The 'Evangelical Praise of the Mother of God' prayer and the pre-Trent 'Hail Mary' prayer are used by certain Lutherans who pray a form of the [[Rosary-based prayers|rosary]].<ref name="Kimberling2025"/><ref name="TavellaGrimmer2016">{{cite web |last1=Tavella |first1=Michael G. |last2=Grimmer |first2=N. Amanda |title=From the Pastors |url=https://www.holytrinity.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/2016JanEchoes.pdf |publisher=Holy Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church |page=1-2 |date=2016}}</ref><ref name="Paul2002">{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Darel E. |title=A Lutheran Rosary |url=http://orthodoxlutheran.fws1.com/bvm/lutheranrosary.pdf |publisher=Lutheran Orthodox Church |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513042655/http://orthodoxlutheran.fws1.com/bvm/lutheranrosary.pdf|archivedate=13 May 2008 |date=2002}}</ref>

==Comparison to Roman Catholic and Reformed views==
Luther came to criticize Roman Catholics for blurring the distinction between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is manifested in human beings and religious service offered to them and other mere creatures. In some instances he considered the Roman Catholic practice of making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be [[idolatry]].<ref>''Augsburg Confession XXI 2''</ref>

{{blockquote|Furthermore, how will you endure [the Romanists'] terrible idolatries? It was not enough that they venerated the saints and praised God in them, but they actually made them into gods. They put that noble child, the mother Mary, right into the place of Christ. They fashioned Christ into a judge and thus devised a tyrant for anguished consciences, so that all comfort and confidence was transferred from Christ to Mary, and then everyone turned from Christ to his particular saint. Can anyone deny this? Is it not true?<ref>''Luther's Works'', 47:45; cf. also {{harvp|Anderson|Stafford|Burgess|1992|p=29}}</ref>}}
[[File:Lübeck, Dom, Statue Maria mit Kind.JPG|thumb|Statue of the Virgin Mary in the [[Lübeck Cathedral|Lutheran Cathedral of Lübeck]], Germany.]]
This distinction separates Lutheran views from [[Roman Catholic Mariology]]. It is also significant in the context of Roman Catholic claims that modern Protestants deserted Luther's Mariology. Roman Catholics and Protestants may have held some similar views on Mary in the 16th century, but for Luther it was a "passive" Mariology, while for Roman Catholics it was "active" in suggesting devout veneration ("''hyperdulia''") and constant prayers for [[intercession]]. Questions have been raised as to whether the Marian views of Martin Luther could bring separated Christians closer together. There seems to be scepticism on both sides.<ref>{{harvp|Düfel|1968|p=}}{{Page needed|date=May 2017}}</ref> The eighth "Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue" addressed these issues.

Throughout Luther's life, he called Mary by the title Theotokos, Mother of God.<ref>''Luther's Works'', 21:346</ref>{{Request quotation|date=July 2015}} Martin Luther as well as [[Martin Chemnitz]], "the other Martin" of early Lutheranism, are said to have prayed the pre-Trent Hail Mary, and very likely other suddenly-ex-Catholic Lutheran priests who were contemporaries of the two Martins likewise did. In the present-day, many Lutheran synods usually reject or at least do not actively recommend the practice of directly addressing Mary and other saints in prayers of admiration or petition as part of their religious worship of God.<ref>{{harvp|Wright|1989|p=}}{{Page needed|date=May 2017}}</ref> Other Lutheran denominations (particularly those of Evangelical Catholic churchmanship), such as the Lutheran Orthodox Church, and congregations in various Lutheran synods encourage Marian Lutheran prayers such as the pre-Trent Hail Mary, or the Evangelical Praise of the Mother of God.<ref name="LOC2008">{{cite web |title=Jesus, Mary and Martin |url=http://orthodoxlutheran.fws1.com/bvm.html |publisher=Lutheran Orthodox Church |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327104613/http://orthodoxlutheran.fws1.com/bvm.html |date=2000|archivedate=27 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="Kimberling2025"/><ref name="TavellaGrimmer2016"/>

Lutherans defended various Marian doctrines, such as the [[perpetual virginity of Mary]], in order to distinguish and distance themselves from the Reformed (Calvinists).<ref name="Heal2007">{{cite book |last1=Heal |first1=Bridget |title=The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany: Protestant and Catholic Piety, 1500-1648 |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87103-7 |language=en}}</ref> When a Reformed preacher came to Saint Bartholomew's Lutheran Church in 1589 and preached against images, the Lutheran Church Fathers responded by placing a statue of the Virgin Mary on the high altar of the church, causing the preacher to retire to a quieter parish.<ref name="Heal2007"/> In general, Calvinist iconoclasm "provoked reactive riots by Lutheran mobs" in Germany and "antagonized the neighbouring Eastern Orthodox" in the Baltic region.<ref name="Marshall2009">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=The Reformation|url=https://archive.org/details/reformationverys00mars|url-access=limited|date=22 October 2009|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|isbn=9780191578885|page=[https://archive.org/details/reformationverys00mars/page/n122 114]|quote=Iconoclastic incidents during the Calvinist 'Second Reformation' in Germany provoked reactive riots by Lutheran mobs, while Protestant image-breaking in the Baltic region deeply antagonized the neighbouring Eastern Orthodox, a group with whom reformers might have hoped to make common cause.}}</ref> At Saint Marien Church in Danzig, Lutheran clergy retained sacred artwork depicting the Coronation of the Virgin Mary and lit candles beside it during the period of Calvinist dominance in the region.<ref name="Heal2007"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[John Calvin's views on Mary]]
* [[Mariology of Petrus Canisius]]
* [[Roman Catholic Mariology|Marian doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church]]
* [[History of Roman Catholic Mariology]]
* [[Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary]]

==References==
{{Reflist|24em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|32em}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=H. George |editor2-last=Stafford |editor2-first=J. Francis |editor3-last=Burgess |editor3-first=Joseph A. |year=1992 |title=The One Mediator, The Saints, and Mary |series=Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue |volume=VIII |location=Minneapolis |publisher=Augsburg |isbn=0-8066-2579-1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Bäumer |first=Remigius |year=1994 |title=Marienlexikon |edition=Gesamtausgabe |editor=Leo Scheffczyk |location=Regensburg |publisher=Institutum Marianum }}
*{{cite book |last=Brecht |first=Martin |year=1985 |series=Martin Luther |others=Translated by James Schaaf |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Fortress Press |volume=1 |title=His Road to Reformation, 1483–1521 |isbn=978-0-8006-2813-0 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Dhalenne |first=Abbé Lucien |year=1954 |series=wlsessays.net |others=Translated by Heinrich Vogel |journal=Lutherischer Rundblick |title=Antichristian Mariology |url=http://wlsessays.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/1180/DhalenneMary.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}
*{{cite book |last=Düfel |first=H. |year=1968 |title=Luthers Stellung zur Marienverehrung |trans-title=Luther's Position on the Adoration of Mary |language=de |location=Göttingen }}
*{{cite book |last=Grisar |first=Hartmann |year=1915 |title=Martin Luther |others=Translated by E.&nbsp;M. Lamond |editor=Luigi Cappadelta |location=St. Louis |publisher=B. Herder }}
*{{cite book |last=Gritsch |first=Eric W. |year=1992 |chapter=The views of Luther and Lutheranism on the veneration of Mary |editor=H. George Anderson |editor2=J. Francis Stafford |editor3=Joseph A. Burgess |title=The One Mediator, The Saints, and Mary |series=Lutherans and Roman Catholic in Dialogue |volume=VIII |location=Minneapolis |publisher=Augsburg Fortress |isbn=978-0-8066-2579-9 }}
*{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Gregory |year=2007 |title=Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant |location=Glendale, Arizona |publisher=Martin Chemnitz Press |isbn=978-0-6151-6635-3 |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/zb522o9migou8qg/catholic_lutheran_protestant.pdf?dl=0
}}
*{{cite book |last=Luther |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Luther |year=1996 |title=Sermons of Martin Luther |editor=John Nicholas Lenker |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=Baker Book House }}
*{{cite book |last=Pieper |first=Francis |author-link=Franz Pieper |year=1950 |title=Christian Dogmatics |volume=2 |location=St. Louis |publisher=CPH }}
*{{cite book |last=Tappert |first=Theodore G. |year=1959 |title=The Book of Concord: the Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Fortress Press }}
*{{cite book |last=White |first=James R. |year=1998 |title=Mary – Another Redeemer? |location=Minneapolis |publisher=Bethany House Publishers |isbn=978-0-764-22102-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/maryanotherredee00whit}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=David |year=1989 |title=Chosen By God: Mary in Evangelical Perspective |location=London |publisher=Marshall Pickering |isbn=978-0-551-01878-5 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Grisar, Hartmann. ''Martin Luther: His Life and Work''. Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1950. {{ISBN|0-404-02935-3}} {{ISBN|9780404029357}}
* [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav J]]. ''[[Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture]]''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996 {{ISBN|0-300-06951-0}} {{ISBN|9780300069518}}
* Tappolet, Walter, and Ebneter, Albert, eds. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jUYcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Das+Marienlob+der+Reformatoren%22 Das Marienlob der Reformatoren]''. Tübingen: Katzmann Verlag, 1962

== External links ==
*[https://lutheranreformation.org/theology/luthers-love-st-mary-queen-heaven/ Luther's Love for St. Mary, Queen of Heaven by Deaconess Betsy Karkan of Concordia University-Chicago - Lutheran Reformation]

{{Virgin Mary}}
{{Lutheran Church}}
{{Martin Luther}}

[[Category:Protestant views on Mary|Luther, Martin]]
[[Category:Lutheran theology|Mariology]]
[[Category:Mariology]]