View source for Lulav

{{italic title}}
{{short description|Closed frond of the date palm tree}}
[[Image:Arbaat haminim.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Four Species]], with the ''lulav'' longest in the middle]]

'''''Lulav''''' ({{langx|he|{{Script/Hebrew|לוּלָב}}}} {{IPA|he|luˈlav|}}) is a closed frond of the [[date palm]] tree. It is one of the [[Four Species]] used during the [[Jewish holiday]] of [[Sukkot]]. The other Species are the ''[[hadass]]'' ([[Myrtus|myrtle]]), ''[[Aravah (Sukkot)|aravah]]'' ([[willow]]), and ''[[etrog]]'' ([[citron]]). When bound together, the ''lulav'', ''hadass'', and ''aravah'' are commonly referred to as "the lulav".

{{judaism}}

==Codification in the Torah==
The Torah mentions the commandments to obtain a ''lulav'' for the ''Sukkot'' holiday once in [[Leviticus]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm|title=Leviticus 23 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre|work=mechon-mamre.org}}</ref>

''Leviticus 23:40''
: {{rtl-para|he|ולקחתם לכם ביום הראשון פרי עץ הדר כפת תמרים וענף עץ עבת וערבי נחל ושמחתם לפני ה׳ אלהיכם שבעת  ימים}}
:"And ye shall take you on the first day the fruit of goodly trees, branches of palm-trees, and boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook, and ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God seven days."<ref>Jewish Publication Society translation of 1917</ref>

In the [[Oral Torah]], the ''[[Mishnah]]'' comments that the biblical commandment to take the ''lulav'', along with the other three species, is for all seven days of ''[[Sukkot]]'' only in and around the [[Temple Mount]] when the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Holy Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] is extant, as indicated by the verse as "in the presence of Hashem, your God, for seven days."  In the rest of the [[Land of Israel]], as well as in the [[Diaspora]], the four species are biblically mandated only on the first day of ''[[Sukkot]]''.  After the destruction of the Temple in 70&nbsp;[[Common Era|CE]], [[Yochanan ben Zakai|Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai]] legislated a rabbinical enactment to take the four species for the entire seven days of the holiday in all locations as a commemoration of what was done in the Temple.<ref>''[[Mishna]]'' ''Sukkah'' 3:11</ref>

===Classical Jewish Biblical commentators===
[[File:Isidor Kaufmann Child with Lulav.jpg|left|thumb|[[Isidor Kaufmann]]: ''Child with Lulav'']]

As with all Biblical verses, Jewish law [[Talmudical Hermeneutics|derives numerous details and specifications relating to the commandments by interpreting]] the manner in which words are utilized, spelled and juxtaposed in the verses of the Torah.

[[Rashi]] explains the pertinent verse in the Bible based on the Talmud's erudition.<ref>''[[Bavli]]'' ''[[Sukkah (Talmud)|Sukkah]]'' 32a</ref> which focuses on the spelling of the words in the verse that refer to the ''lulav'': ''kapot t'marim'' (כפת תמרים, "palms [of] dates").<ref>''Leviticus 23:40'' + associated commentary of ''[[Rashi]]''</ref> The first word refers to date stalks (the strands on which the dates sprout) and is written in plural form (''kapót'' - כּפוֹת) instead of singular form (''kaf'' - כף), in order to indicate that the commandment is not to take merely a single leaf of the entire palm.  However the word is written in a deficient manner, without the letter ''vav'', as the plural word would normally contain (כפת instead of כפות).  Rashi further elucidates based on the [[Talmud|Talmud's]] erudition, that the missing letter ''vav'' is to indicate that only a single palm is to be taken. The [[Talmud]] also uses this spelling irregularity to suggest according to the opinion of [[Judah ben Ilai|Rabbi Yehudah]] in the name of [[Tarfon|Rabbi Tarfon]], that the ''lulav'' must be bound if its leaves spread away from the spine of the palm.  This teaching is derived from the similarity between the spelling of the Hebrew words for "palm" and "binding", which would not be a viable teaching had the word for palm been written in its strictly singular form of ''kaf''.

The ''[[Keli Yakar]]'' comments that the words verse in [[Psalms]] 96:12 ''az yeranenu kol atzei ya'ar'' (אז ירננו כל עצי יער, "then all the trees of the forest will sing with joy"), is not only a reference to the shaking of the four species but a hint to this Biblical specification: the Hebrew word ''az'' (אז, "then") is composed of two letters, an ''aleph'' (א), with a numerical value of 1, and a ''zayin'' (ז), with a numerical value of 7, hinting that the four species are to be taken 1 day outside of the Temple area and seven days in the Temple.
{{-}}

==Regulations of the ''lulav''==
[[File:Dan Hadani collection (990044422230205171).jpg|thumb|alt=A man testing whether a lulav is kosher, Jerusalem, 1969|A man testing whether a lulav is [[kosher]], [[Jerusalem]], 1969]]
A ''lulav'', as with all ''[[mitzvah]]'' articles (those used to fulfill biblical and rabbinical requirements within Judaism), must meet certain specifications in order to be kosher and permissible to be used to fulfill the commandment of the four species.

Ideally, a ''lulav'' consists of a tightly closed frond of the date palm tree.<ref>''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'' ''[[Orach Chaim]]'' 645:1, ''[[Moses Isserles|Rema]]'', based on the ''[[Nissim of Gerona|Ran]]'' in the 3rd chapter of ''[[Bavli]]'' ''[[Sukkah (Talmud)|Sukkah]]''</ref>

[[Image:Tiyomes.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The ''tiyomet'', or twin middle leaf of the ''lulav'', shown split]]
To qualify, the ''lulav'' must be straight, with whole leaves that lie closely together, and not be bent or broken at the top.  The twin middle-most leaves, which naturally grow together and are known as the ''tiyomet'' ({{Script/Hebrew|תיומת}}, "twin"), should ideally not be split at all; however, the ''lulav'' remains kosher as long as the twin middle leaves are not split more than a handbreadth, approximating 3-4 inches.<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Orach Chayim'' 645:3</ref> This rule applies on the first day of ''Sukkot'' in the [[Land of Israel]], and on the first two days elsewhere. On [[Chol HaMoed]], the disqualifications arising from using a ''lulav'' with a split middle leaf do not apply.<ref name="Goldwurm 1982 citing Kagan c. 1900">{{cite book|title=Succos: its significance, laws, and prayers: a presentation anthologized from Talmudic and traditional sources|last=Goldwurm|first=Rabbi Hersch|date=September 1982|publisher=Mesorah Publications|series=ArtScroll Mesorah series|isbn=0-89906-166-4|location=Brooklyn, N.Y.|at="The Laws: The Lulav", p. 86, §81}} Citing {{cite book|last=Kagan|first=Rabbi Yisrael Meir|title=[[Mishnah Berurah]]|year=c. 1900|at=645:3}}</ref>

The term ''lulav'' also refers to the ''lulav'' in combination with two of the other species&mdash;the ''[[Aravah (Sukkot)|aravah]]'' and the ''[[hadass]]''&mdash;that are bound together to perform the [[mitzvah]] of waving the ''lulav.'' These three species are held in one hand while the ''[[etrog]]'' is held in the other. The user brings his or her hands together and waves the species in all four directions, plus up and down, to attest to God's mastery over all of creation. This ritual also symbolically voices a prayer for adequate rainfall over all the Earth's vegetation in the coming year. ''(See [[Four Species]] for the complete description and symbolism of the waving ceremony.)''

Although Jews are commanded to take the four species together, the rabbinically ordained blessing mentions only the ''lulav'' because it is the largest and most evident of the four species.<ref>[[Alfred J. Kolatch|Kolatch, Alfred J.]] ''A Handbook for the Jewish Home'', Jonathan David Company, Inc. 2005, page 279.</ref>

The biblical reference to the four species in Sukkot can be found in Leviticus Chapter 23, verse 40. The etrog is referred to as "Citrus fruit" (Etz Hadar), and the Lulav is referred to as "[[Palm branch]]es" (Kapot t'marim).

Each species is said to kabbalistically represent an aspect of the user's body; the lulav represents the spine, the myrtle the eyes, the willow the lips, and the etrog represents the heart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beingjewish.com/yomtov/sukkos/four.html|title=Sukkos: The Four Species|work=beingjewish.com|date=20 December 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://shiratmiriam.com/symbolism-lulav-esrog/ The Symbolism of the Lulav and Esrog]

{{commonscatinline}}
{{Sukkot}}

[[Category:Sukkot]]
[[Category:Four species (Sukkot)]]
[[Category:Jewish law and rituals]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law]]