View source for Lu Ban

{{Short description|5th-century BC Chinese engineer and inventor}}
{{for|the director|Lü Ban (director)}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Lu (surname 鲁)|Lu]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{chinese
|pic=File:Luban sculpture weifang 2010 06 06.jpg |piccap=Sculpture of Lu Ban in [[Weifang]]
|s={{linktext|鲁|班}} |w=Lu Pan |t={{linktext|魯|班}} |p=Lǔ Bān 
|altname=Gongshu Yizhi |t2={{linktext|公輸|依|智}} |s2={{linktext|公输|依|智}} |p2=Gōngshū Yīzhì |w2=Kung-shu I-chih
|altname3=Gongshu Ban |t3={{linktext|公輸|班}}<br>{{linktext|公輸|般}} |s3={{linktext|公输|班}}<br>{{linktext|公输|般}}|p3=Gōngshū Bān |w3=Kung-shu Pan
|altname4=Gongshu Pan |t4={{linktext|公輸|盤}} |s4={{linktext|公输|盘}} |p4=Gōngshū Pán |w4=Kung-shu P'an
}}

'''Lu Ban'''{{efn|Known as '''Lo Pan''' in Cantonese contexts. Sometimes spelled as '''Lu Pan'''.}} ({{circa|lk=no|507}}–444{{nbsp}}BC){{sfnp|Yan|2007}}<ref name=cc>{{citation|contribution-url=http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/Kaleidoscope56bye237.html |contribution=Lu Ban |url=http://www.cultural-china.com |title=Cultural China |location=Shanghai |publisher=Shanghai Digital Century Network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210011150/http://www.cultural-china.com/ |archive-date=2014-12-10 }}.</ref> was an ancient Chinese master [[carpenter]], [[architect]], [[structural engineer]] and [[inventor]] during the [[Spring and Autumn period]] of the [[Eastern Zhou Dynasty]]. He is revered as the [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese]] [[Chinese gods|Deity]] (Patron) of builders and contractors.{{anchor|History|Biography}}

==Life==
Lu Ban was born in the [[state of Lu]]; a few sources claim he was born further to the west, in [[Dunhuang]],<ref>''[[Youyang Zazu]]'', Vol. XXIV.</ref>{{sfnp|Yan|2007}} to a family of carpenters<ref name=cc/> or artisans{{sfnp|Yan|2007}} during the [[Spring and Autumn period]] of the [[Zhou dynasty]]. His original name was {{nowrap|'''Gongshu Yizhi'''.}} He was also referred to as {{nowrap|'''Gongshu Ban'''}} or '''Pan'''. He was supposed to have been an indifferent pupil until his love of learning was kindled by the scholar [[Zi Xia]].{{sfnp|Yan|2007}} He later learned woodworking from Bao Laodong.{{sfnp|Yan|2007}} The great demand for his work supposedly compelled him to invent or improve several carpenter's tools—the [[saw]], the [[carpenter's square|square]], the [[plane (tool)|planer]], the [[drill]], the [[shovel]], and an ink marking tool—to complete his many projects more quickly.{{sfnp|Yan|2007}} His wife was also credited with inventing the [[umbrella]] in order to permit him to work in inclement weather.{{sfnp|Yan|2007}}

==Inventions==
According to tradition, he was responsible for several inventions:<ref>''[[Mozi]]'', Ch. 49 & 50.</ref>

* Cloud ladder—a mobile, counterweighted siege ladder.{{efn|{{lang|zh-hant|公輸盤爲楚造雲梯之械，成，將以攻宋。}} "Gongshu Ban had completed the construction of Cloud ladders for the State of Chu and was going to attack the State of Song with them."<ref>[http://ctext.org/mozi/gong-shu#n877 ''Mozi'', Ch. 50, Para. 1].</ref>}}
* Grappling hooks and ram—implements for naval warfare.{{efn|{{lang|zh-hant|公輸子自魯南遊楚，焉始爲舟戰之器，作爲鉤強之備，退者鉤之，進者強之，量其鉤強之長，而製爲之兵。楚之兵節，越之兵不節，楚人因此若埶，亟敗越人。}} "Gongshuzi came south from the State of Lu to the State of Chu, and began making implements for naval warfare which consisted of grappling hooks and rams. When the enemy were retreating they used the hooks. And when the enemy were advancing they employed the rams. And the weapons were made according to the length of these hooks and rams. The weapons of the State of Chu thus were all standardized, and those of the State of Yue were not. And, with this advantage, the people of Chu greatly defeated the people of Yue."<ref>[http://ctext.org/mozi/lus-question#n874 ''Mozi'', Ch. 49, Para. 20].</ref>}}
* Wooden bird—a non-powered, flying, wooden bird which could stay in the air for three days. It has been suggested to be a prototype of a kite.{{efn|{{lang|zh-hant|公輸子削竹木以為鵲，成而飛之，三日不下。}} "Gongshuzi constructed a bird from bamboo and wood and when it was completed he flew it. It stayed up [in the air] for three days."<ref>[http://ctext.org/mozi/lus-question#n875 ''Mozi'', Ch. 49, Para. 21].</ref>}}
*The [[saw]]—legend has it that when Lu Ban was grabbing hold of tree trunks in order to climb a steep slope while gathering firewood, his hand was cut by a leaf with spiny texture. He then realized that he could turn the leaf's texture into a more efficient tool for tree-cutting, namely the saw.
*The Lu Ban lock— a toy made of six interlocking wooden sticks using [[Mortise and tenon|mortise]] techniques.<ref name="GuoEymanSun">{{Cite book |last=Guo |first=Li |title=Games & Play in Chinese & Sinophone Cultures |last2=Eyman |first2=Douglas |last3=Sun |first3=Hongmei |date=2024 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=9780295752402 |editor-last=Guo |editor-first=Li |location=Seattle, WA |pages=6 |chapter=Introduction |editor-last2=Eyman |editor-first2=Douglas |editor-last3=Sun |editor-first3=Hongmei}}</ref> 

Other inventions were also attributed to him, such as a lifting implement to assist with burial,<ref>''[[Liji]]'', Ch. 4.</ref> a wooden horse carriage and coachman,<ref>''Lunheng'', Ch. 85, by Wang Chong (b. 27).</ref> a pedal-powered cycle,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2010/03/24/was-this-the-worlds-first-ever-cycle-189288/|title=Was this the world's first-ever cycle?|author=|date=24 March 2010|website=metro.co.uk}}</ref> and other woodworking mentioned in various texts, which thereafter led Lu Ban to be acknowledged as a master craftsman:

* ''The Book of Lineages'' (''[[Shiben]]''), written c. the 3rd century BC.
* ''The Tales of the Marvelous'' ({{lang|zh-hant|述異記}}), by Ren Fang, written c. the 5th century AD.
* ''The Records of Origin on Things and Affairs'' ({{lang|zh|事物紀原}}), by Gao Cheng, written c. the 11th century.
* ''The Origin on Things'' ({{lang|zh|物原}}), by Luo Qi, written c. the 15th century.
* ''The Treatise of Lu Ban'' ({{lang|zh-hant|魯班經}}), attributed to Lu Ban, written in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century.

==Legacy==
Lu Ban is revered as the god of carpentry and masonry in [[Chinese folk religion]]. His personality is assumed by the master carpenter involved in the construction of houses among the [[Kam people]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnXfBQAAQBAJ |title=Architecture and Movement: The Dynamic Experience of Buildings and Landscapes |editor=Peter Blundell Jones |editor2=Mark Meagher |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |date=2015 |last=Kong |first=Derong |author-mask=Kong Derong |contribution=House Construction among the Dong |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnXfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tnXfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 229] |isbn=9781317655305 }}.</ref> He is sometimes counted among the [[Five Kings of the Water Immortals]], [[Taoism in China|Taoist]] [[water gods]] invoked by sailors for protection while carrying out journeys.<ref name=ayu>{{citation |contribution=臺灣水仙尊王崇祀之溯源 [''Táiwān Shuǐxiān Zūnwáng Chóngsì zhī Sùyuán'', Tracing the Worship of the Honorable Water Immortal Kings] |last=Huang |first=A-yu |author-mask=Huang A-yu |title=''人文研究期刊 [''Rénwén Yánjiū Qīkān'','' Humanities Periodical''], No. 8'' |date=December 2010 |pages=81–112 |contribution-url=http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?DocID=19967934-201012-201307160003-201307160003-81-112 }}. {{in lang|zh}}{{nbsp}}& {{in lang|en}}</ref>

He is referenced in a number of [[chengyu|Chinese idioms]]. The Chinese equivalent of "[[Teaching grandmother to suck eggs|teaching one's grandmother to suck eggs]]" is to "brandish one's axe at Lu Ban's door"<ref name=needy>{{harvp|Needham|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PehoSnJfstUC&pg=PA20 20]}}</ref> (班门弄斧<ref>{{cite web |url= https://thechinaproject.com/2020/10/19/lu-ban-chinas-inventor-of-everything/#:~:text=Even%20today%20the%20phrase%20%E7%8F%AD%E9%97%A8%E5%BC%84%E6%96%A7%20b%C4%81n%20m%C3%A9n%20n%C3%B2ng%20f%C7%94%20%E2%80%94%20literally%2C%20%E2%80%9Cto%20brandish%20your%20axe%20at%20Lu%20Ban%E2%80%99s%20door%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%94%20is%20a%20common%20idiom%2C%20used%20to%20describe%20people%20who%20unwittingly%20boast%20their%20small%20achievements%20in%20front%20of%20those%20who%E2%80%99ve%20set%20the%20bar%2C%20like%20showing%20off%20one%E2%80%99s%20front%2Dcrawl%20to%20Michael%20Phelps|title=Lu Ban, China's inventor of everything |last=Colville |first=Alex |date=2020-10-19 |website=The China Culture Project |publisher= |access-date=2024-03-07 |quote=Even today the phrase 班门弄斧 bān mén nòng fǔ — literally, “to brandish your axe at Lu Ban’s door” — is a common idiom, used to describe people who unwittingly boast their small achievements in front of those who’ve set the bar, like showing off one’s front-crawl to Michael Phelps}}</ref>). His cultural companion is the stone worker Wang Er, who lived around the same time.<ref name=needy/>

The Lu Ban Ruler (魯班尺) is used in [[feng shui]] practices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.redbrick.sg/blog/ruler/ |title= 
The Magic Ruler|author=The Redbrick Team |date= |website=REDBRICK MORTGAGE ADVISORY |publisher= |access-date=2024-03-07 |quote=The Lu Ban ruler is synonymous with Fengshui or geomancy, which is the Chinese art of living in harmony with nature by harnessing Qi (energy). It is practised by arranging buildings or other sites auspiciously.}}</ref>

The modern artist [[Shi Lu]] has claimed that Lu Ban was an alias of his contemporary [[Confucius]], but this seems dubious.<ref>{{citation |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y_VLkX4tjAMC&pg=PA83 83] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_VLkX4tjAMC |title=Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76 |editor=Richard King |editor2=Ralph Croizier |editor3=Zheng Shengtian |editor4=Scott Watson |display-editors=0 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia|UBC]] Press |location=Vancouver |date=2010 |last=Hawks |first=Shelley Drake |isbn = 9789888028641|contribution=Summoning Confucius: Inside Shi Lu's Imagination |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_VLkX4tjAMC&pg=PA58 }}.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shuixian Zunwang]]
* [[Lo Pan Temple]], [[Kennedy Town]], [[Hong Kong]]
* [[Pisatao]]

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Du |first=Shiran |author-mask=Du Shiran |title=Biographies of Ancient Chinese Scientists Series One |contribution-url=http://www.xys.org/xys/ebooks/others/science/history/china/luban.txt  |contribution=Lu Ban | publisher=Kexue Chubanshe | location=Beijing | pages=22–25 | year=1992 | isbn=7-03-002926-7 }}.
* {{cite journal |last=Le Chevoir |first=Patrick |title=L'Unite de Mesure de Lu Ban (魯班尺): Une Unité de Mesure Conceptuelle au Service des Statuaires d'Yilan (宜蘭市) à Taiwan |volume=III |issue=1 |pages=2–14 |journal=Anthroepotes |date=1998 |url=http://www.lexiaolong.com/html/francais/016lubanchi.html |language=fr |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427123459/http://www.lexiaolong.com/html/francais/016lubanchi.html |archive-date=2010-04-27 |url-status=dead }}.
* {{citation |last=Li |first=Shaoyuan |author-mask=Li Shaoyuan |author2=Zhao Beizhi |display-authors=1 |title=Stories of Chinese Scientist and Inventors | publisher=Jindun Publishing House | pages=1–8 | location=Beijing | year=1996 | isbn=7-5082-0168-X }}.
* {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PehoSnJfstUC |title=The Shorter Science and Civilization of China |volume=4 |last=Needham |first=Joseph |editor=Colin A. Ronan |display-editors=0 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] |date=1994 |isbn=9780521329958 }}.
* {{citation |last=Wang |first=Fu |author-mask=Wang Fu| title=Records of Lu Ban: China's Earliest Inventor: Lu Ban | publisher=Zhongguo Kexue Jishu Chubanshe| pages=3–6 | location=Beijing | year=1994 | isbn=7-5046-1676-1 }}.
* {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjYWGIH9rZcC |title=Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery |last=Yan |first=Hong-sen |series=''History of Mechanism and Machine Science'', No. 3 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |date=2007 |isbn=9781402064609 |at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gjYWGIH9rZcC&pg=PA269 §8.1: "Lu Ban the Man"] }}.
* {{citation |last=Yu |first=Xuecai |author-mask=Yu Xuecai |author2=Li Chunfu |display-authors=1 |contribution=Gongshu Ban, Monograph in Research Library of Chinese Architectural Culture No. 22 |title=Huazhong Architecture Bimonthly |date=May 2004 |contribution-url=http://www.cotsa.com/cotsa/files/公输般.pdf }}.

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060926105515/http://www.techno.edu.ru:8001/images/pub_en_jour/2006/03/01/0000028428/hmm_3-22.pdf A Restoration of Lu-Ban's Wooden Horse Carriage] (PDF)
*[http://ctext.org/mozi Mozi (Chinese text and Mei translation)] - [[Chinese Text Project]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lu, Ban}}
[[Category:507 BC births]]
[[Category:444 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Chinese people]]
[[Category:Chinese carpenters]]
[[Category:Chinese gods]]
[[Category:Construction deities]]
[[Category:Chinese inventors]]
[[Category:Chinese structural engineers]]
[[Category:Deified Chinese men]]
[[Category:Engineers from Shandong]]
[[Category:Lu state people]]
[[Category:Water gods]]
[[Category:5th-century BC architects]]
[[Category:Mohism]]