View source for Lower East Side

{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Lower East Side
| settlement_type    = [[Neighborhoods of Manhattan|Neighborhood]]
| image_alt          =
| image_caption      = The corner of [[Orchard Street|Orchard]] and [[Rivington Street|Rivington]] Streets in the Lower East Side in 2005
| image_skyline      = Orchard St looking south at Rivington St.jpg<!-- other image (specify File: or Image: namespace) -->
| image_size         = 300px
| sports_nickname    =
| motto              =
| pushpin_map        = <!--USA New York City#USA New York#USA-->
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption =

<!--Location-->
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|zoom=13|type=line<!--shape-->|stroke-color=#000|stroke-width=1|id=Q1511813}}<!--{{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-lat=40.705|frame-long=-73.975|zoom=9|type=point|coord={{Coord|40.715|-73.985}}}}-->
| mapsize            = <!-- If used, px must be specified; default is 250px. -->
| map_caption        = Location of the Lower East Side in [[New York City]]

<!-- location ------------------>
| coordinates        = {{Coord|40.715|-73.985|region:US-NY_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{Flag|United States}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{Flag|New York}}
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name2  = [[New York City]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Borough (New York City)|Borough]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Manhattan]]
| subdivision_type4  = [[Community boards of Manhattan|Community District]]
| subdivision_name4  = [[Manhattan Community Board 3|Manhattan 3]]<ref name="NYCPlanning">{{cite web|title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles|url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/3|website=communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov|publisher=New York City Department of City Planning|access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref>
<!-- area ---------------------->| area_footnotes     = <ref name=PFF/>
| area_total_sq_mi   = 0.58
<!-- population ---------------->
| population_footnotes = <ref name=PFF/>
| population_total   = 49,149
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto -->
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_note    =
| population_demonym = <!-- demographics (section 1) -->
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=PFF/>
| demographics1_title1 = Hispanic
| demographics1_info1 = 30.7%
| demographics1_title2 = Asian
| demographics1_info2 = 25.0%
| demographics1_title3 = White
| demographics1_info3 = 31.2%
| demographics1_title4 = Black
| demographics1_info4 = 8.2%
| demographics1_title5 = Other
| demographics1_info5 = 4.1%

<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Economics
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="stats">{{cite web|title=Lower East Side neighborhood in New York|url=http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Lower-East-Side-New-York-NY.html|access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Median household income|Median income]]
| demographics2_info1 = $51,649
<!-- postal codes, area code --->
| timezone1          = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset1        = −05:00
| timezone1_DST      = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = −04:00
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code        = 10002
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]]
| area_code          = [[Area codes 212, 646, and 332|212, 332, 646]], and [[Area code 917|917]]
{{Infobox NRHP
| embed                    = yes
| name                     = Lower East Side Historic District
| nrhp_type                = hd
| nocat                    = yes
| image_size               =
| caption                  =
| location                 = Roughly bounded by [[Houston Street|East Houston]], [[Essex Street|Essex]], [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal]], Eldridge, [[South Street (Manhattan)|South]], and [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand Street]]s, and the [[Bowery]] and [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (original)<br />Roughly along [[Division Street (Manhattan)|Division]], Rutgers, [[Madison Street (Manhattan)|Madison]], [[Henry Street (Manhattan)|Henry]] and Grand Streets (increase)
| coordinates              = {{coord|40|43|2|N|73|59|23|W|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=inline}}
| district_map             = <!--Lower Manhattan Map LES.GIF-->
| map_caption              = <!--Neighborhood location in [[Lower Manhattan]] (blue)-->
| area                     =
| built                    =
| architect                =
| architecture             =
| added                    = September 7, 2000 (original)<br />May 2, 2006 (increase)<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2008a}}</ref>
| refnum                   = 00001015 (original)<br />04000297 (increase)
}}
}}

The '''Lower East Side''', sometimes abbreviated as '''LES''', is a historic [[neighborhood]] in the southeastern part of [[Manhattan]] in [[New York City]]. It is located roughly between the [[Bowery]] and the [[East River]] from [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal]] to [[Houston Street|Houston]] streets. Historically, it was understood to encompass a much larger area, from [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] to the East River and from [[14th Street (Manhattan)|East 14th Street]] to [[Fulton Street (Manhattan)|Fulton]] and Franklin Streets.

Traditionally an immigrant, [[working class]] neighborhood, it began rapid [[gentrification]] in the mid-2000s, prompting the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] to place the neighborhood on their list of [[America's Most Endangered Places]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20080521/ap_tr_ge/travel_yesterday_s_places_endangered_places |title=Threats to history seen in budget cuts, bulldozers |publisher=Yahoo! News |first1=Devlin |last1=Barrett |access-date=March 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603000929/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20080521/ap_tr_ge/travel_yesterday_s_places_endangered_places |archive-date=June 3, 2008  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/fashion/03misrahi.html?pagewanted=all|title=Lower East Side Is Under a Groove|last=Salkin|first=Allen|date=June 3, 2007|work=The New York Times|page=1|access-date=October 6, 2012}}</ref>

The Lower East Side is part of [[Manhattan Community Board 3|Manhattan Community District 3]], and its primary [[ZIP Code]] is 10002.<ref name="NYCPlanning"/> It is patrolled by the 7th Precinct of the [[New York City Police Department]].

{{TOC limit|4}}

==Boundaries==
[[File:LowerEastSideTenements.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Tenement#New York|Tenement]] buildings on the Lower East Side]]
The Lower East Side is roughly bounded by [[14th Street (Manhattan)|East 14th Street]] on the north, by the [[East River]] to the east, by [[Fulton Street (Manhattan)|Fulton]] and Franklin Streets to the south, and by [[Pearl Street (Manhattan)|Pearl Street]] and [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] to the west. This more extensive definition of the neighborhood includes [[Chinatown (Manhattan)|Chinatown]], the [[East Village (Manhattan)|East Village]], and [[Little Italy (Manhattan)|Little Italy]].<ref>Hodges "Lower East Side" in {{cite enc-nyc2|page=769}}</ref> A less extensive definition would have the neighborhood bordered in the south and west by [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], – which extends north to roughly Grand Street – in the west by [[Nolita]] and in the north by the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Virshup|first=Amy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/unitedstates/newyork/newyorkcity/fdrs_feat_111_13.html|title=New York Nabes|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news|last=McEvers |first=Kelly |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0510,mcevers,61581,15.html |title=Close-Up on the Lower East Side |publisher=Village Voice |date=March 2, 2005 |access-date=January 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023102800/http://www1.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0510%2Cmcevers%2C61581%2C15.html |archive-date=October 23, 2006 }}</ref>

Historically, the "Lower East Side" referred to the area alongside the [[East River]] from about the [[Manhattan Bridge]] and [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] up to [[14th Street (Manhattan)|14th Street]], and roughly bounded on the west by [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]. It included areas known today as [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]], [[Alphabet City, Manhattan|Alphabet City]], [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], [[Bowery]], [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]], and [[NoLIta]]. Parts of the East Village are still known as ''[[Loisaida]]'', a [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] pronunciation of "Lower East Side".

===Political representation===
Politically, the neighborhood is in [[New York's 7th congressional district|New York's 7th]]<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012c/CD_map_rep_07.pdf Congressional District 7], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> and [[New York's 12th congressional district|12th]]<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012c/CD_map_rep_12.pdf Congressional District 12], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> congressional districts.<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012c/CD_nyc.pdf New York City Congressional Districts], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> It is in the [[New York State Assembly]]'s 65th district and 74th district;<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_map_rep_065.pdf Assembly District 65], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_map_rep_065.pdf Assembly District 74], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> the [[New York State Senate]]'s 26th district;<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012s/SD_map_rep_26.pdf Senate District 26], New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> and [[New York City Council]]'s 1st and 2nd districts.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/dc/downloads/pdf/manhattan.pdf Current City Council Districts for New York County], [[New York City]]. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref>{{clear left}}

==History==
===Prior to Europeans===
As was true of all of Manhattan Island, the area now known as the Lower East Side was occupied by members of the [[Lenape]] tribe, who were organized in bands that moved from place to place according to the seasons, fishing on the rivers in the summer, and moving inland in the fall and winter to gather crops and hunt for food. Their main trail took approximately the route of [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]. One encampment on the Lower East Side near [[#Corlears Hook|Corlears Hook]] was called Rechtauck or Naghtogack.<ref>Brazee (2012), p.8</ref>

===Early settlement===
{{anchor|Dutch colony}}
[[File:NYC1776 labelled.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Corlears Hook (red arrow) is Crown Point in this [[British Empire|British]] map of 1776; "Delaney's [sic] New Square" (blue square northwest of Corlears Hook) was never built]]
The population of the Dutch colony of [[New Amsterdam]] was located primarily below the current [[Fulton Street (Manhattan)|Fulton Street]], while north of it were a number of small plantations and large farms called "''bouwerij''" ("bowery", equivalent to "''boerderij''" in present-day Dutch). Around these farms were a number of enclaves of free or "half-free" Africans, which served as a buffer between the Dutch and the Native Americans. One of the largest of these was located along the modern [[Bowery]] between Prince Street and [[Astor Place]], as well as the "only separate enclave" of this type within Manhattan.<ref>Brazee (2012), p.8-9</ref> These black farmers were some of the earliest settlers of the area.<ref name=encnyc>Hodges, Graham. "Lower East Side" in {{cite enc-nyc2}}, pp.769–770</ref>

Gradually, during the 17th century, there was an overall consolidation of the boweries and farms into larger parcels, and much of the Lower East Side was then part of the Delancey farm.<ref name=encnyc />

{{anchor|Delancey farm}}[[James DeLancey (politician)|James Delancey]]'s pre-Revolutionary farm east of [[Boston Post Road|post road]] leading from the city ([[Bowery]]) survives in the names [[Delancey Street]] and [[Orchard Street (Manhattan)|Orchard Street]]. On the modern map of Manhattan, the Delancey farm<ref>The Delancey town house later became [[Fraunces Tavern]].</ref> is represented in the grid of streets from Division Street north to Houston Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldstreets.com/index.asp?title=Delancey%20Farm%20Grid |title=Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York: Delancey Farm grid" |publisher=Oldstreets.com |access-date=May 14, 2011}}</ref> In response to the pressures of a growing city, Delancey began to survey streets in the southern part of the "West Farm"<ref>The division between the "West Farm" and the "East farm" ran approximately along today's Clinton Street, according to Eric Homberger, ''The Historical Atlas of New York City: a visual celebration of nearly 400 years'' 2005:60–61.</ref> in the 1760s. A spacious projected ''Delancey Square''—intended to cover the area within today's Eldridge, Essex, Hester and Broome Streets—was eliminated when the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|loyalist]] Delancey family's property was confiscated after the [[American Revolution]]. The city Commissioners of Forfeiture eliminated the aristocratic planned square for a grid, effacing Delancey's vision of a New York laid out like the [[West End of London]].

===<span class="anchor" id="Corlear's Hook"></span><span class="anchor" id="Corlaers Hook"></span><span class="anchor" id="Corlaer's Hook"></span>Corlears Hook===
The point of land on the East River now called '''Corlears Hook''' was also called '''Corlaers Hook''' under Dutch and British rule and briefly '''Crown Point''' during British occupation in the Revolution. It was named after the schoolmaster Jacobus van Corlaer, who settled on this "plantation" that in 1638 was called by a Europeanized version of its [[Lenape language|Lenape name]], ''Nechtans''<ref>Van Winkle, Edward; Vinckeboons, Joan; van Rensselaer, Kiliaen. ''Manhattan, 1624–1639'' 1916:13; Jacob, whose name was anglicised as "van Curler", leased it to William Hendriesen and Gysbert Cornelisson in September 1640; date given as "prior to 1640": {{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11976 |title=Corlears Park |publisher=Nycgovparks.org |date=November 17, 2001 |access-date=March 16, 2010}}</ref> or ''Nechtanc''.<ref>''Nechtanc'', in K. Scott and K. Stryker-Rodda, eds. ''New York Historical Manuscripts: Dutch'', vol. 1 (Baltimore) 1974 and R.S. Grumet, ''Native American Place-Names in New York City'' (New York) 1981, both noted in Eric W. Sanderson, ''Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City'' 2009:262.</ref> Corlaer sold the plantation to [[Wilhelmus Beekman|Wilhelmus Hendrickse Beekman]] (1623–1707), founder of the [[Beekman family]] of New York; his son [[Gerardus Beekman]] was christened at the plantation on August 17, 1653.

On February 25, 1643, as part of [[Kieft's War]], volunteers from the [[New Amsterdam]] colony killed forty [[Wappinger|Wiechquaesgecks]] at their encampment in the [[Massacre at Corlears Hook]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newcomb|first=Steven|title=A Dutch Massacre of Our Lenape Ancestors on Manhattan|url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/a-dutch-massacre-of-our-lenape-ancestors-on-manhattan|access-date=June 10, 2021|website=Indian Country Today|date=September 12, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> in retaliation for ongoing conflicts between the colonists and the natives of the area, including the natives' unwillingness to pay tribute and their refusal to turn over the accused killer of a colonist.<ref>{{cite gotham|pages=38–39}}</ref>

The projection into the East River that retained Corlaer's name was an important landmark for navigators for 300 years. On older maps and documents, it is usually spelled ''Corlaers'' Hook, but since the early 19th century, the spelling has been anglicized to ''Corlears''. The rough unplanned settlement that developed at Corlaer's Hook under the British occupation of New York during the Revolution was separated from the densely populated city by rugged hills of glacial till: "this region lay beyond the city proper, from which it was separated by high, uncultivated, and rough hills", observers recalled in 1843.<ref>Edwin Francis Hatfield, Samuel Hanson Cox, ''Patient Continuance in Well-doing: a memoir of Elihu W. Baldwin'', 1843:183.</ref>

As early as 1816, Corlears Hook was notorious for [[street prostitution|streetwalkers]], "a resort for the lewd and abandoned of both sexes", and in 1821 its "streets abounding every night with preconcerted groups of thieves and prostitutes" were noted by ''[[The Christian Herald]]''.<ref>Edwin Francis Hatfield, Samuel Hanson Cox, ''Patient Continuance in Well-doing: a memoir of Elihu W. Baldwin'', 1843:183f.</ref> In the course of the 19th century, they came to be called ''[[Prostitution|hookers]]''.<ref>''Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms'' (1859): "hooker": 'A resident of the Hook, i.e. a strumpet, a sailor's trull. So called from the number of houses of ill-fame frequented by sailors at the Hook (i.e. Corlears Hook) in the city of New York" (quoted in the [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hooker Online Etymology Dictionary]); thus the usage precedes the Civil War and any supposed connection to Major-General [[Joseph Hooker]].</ref> In the 1832 summer of New York City's [[cholera]] epidemic, a two-story wooden workshop in the neighborhood was commandeered to serve as a makeshift cholera hospital; between July 18 and September 15, when the hospital was closed as the epidemic wound down, 281 patients were admitted, both black and white, of whom 93 died.<ref>Samuel Akerley, MD (Dudley Atkins, ed.) ''Reports of Hospital Physicians: and other documents in relation to the epidemic cholera'' (New York: Board of Health) 1832:112–49.</ref>

In 1833, Corlear's Hook was the location of some of the first [[tenement]]s built in New York City.<ref name=encnyc />

Corlears Hook is mentioned on the first page of Chapter 1 of [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby Dick]]'', first published in 1851: "Circumambulate the city of a dreamy Sabbath afternoon. Go from Corlears Hook to [[Coenties Slip]], and from thence, by Whitehall, northward. What do you see? ..." and again in Chapter 99—The Doubloon.

The original location of Corlears Hook is now obscured by shoreline landfill.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldstreets.com/index.asp?title=Corlaers%20or%20Corlears%20Hook |title=Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York: Corlaers or Corlears Hook" |publisher=Oldstreets.com |access-date=May 14, 2011}}</ref> It was near the east end of the present pedestrian bridge over the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive|FDR Drive]] near [[Cherry Street (Manhattan)|Cherry Street]]. The name is preserved in '''Corlears Hook Park''' at the intersection of Jackson and [[Cherry Street (Manhattan)|Cherry Streets]] along the East River Drive.<ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11976 NYC Department of Parks historical sign: Corlear's Hook Park].</ref>

===Immigration===
[[File:LES, 1910.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|The Lower East Side in the early 1900s]]
[[File:NYC Manhattan 1938 Franz Grasser.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The Lower East Side and [[Lower Manhattan]] skyline photographed using [[Agfacolor]] in 1938.]]
The bulk of immigrants who came to New York City in the late 19th and early 20th centuries came to the Lower East Side, moving into crowded [[tenement]]s there.<ref name="NYCL-2491"/> By the 1840s, large numbers of German immigrants settled in the area, and a large part of it became known as "[[Little Germany, Manhattan|Little Germany]]" or "Kleindeutschland".<ref name=encnyc /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/a-short-walking-tour-of-new-yorks-lower-east-side-1572853/?no-ist|title=A Short Walking Tour of New York's Lower East Side|author=Susan Spano|work=Smithsonian|access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref> This was followed by groups of Italians and Eastern European Jews, as well as Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Slovaks and Ukrainians, each of whom settled in relatively homogeneous enclaves. By 1920, the Jewish neighborhood was one of the largest of these ethnic groupings, with 400,000 people, pushcart vendors and storefronts prominent on [[Orchard Street (Manhattan)|Orchard]] and [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand]] Streets, and numerous [[Yiddish theatre]]s along [[Second Avenue (Manhattan)|Second Avenue]] between [[Houston Street (Manhattan)|Houston]] and [[14th Street (Manhattan)|14th]] Streets.<ref name=encnyc />

Living conditions in these "slum" areas were far from ideal, although some improvement came from a change in the zoning laws, which required [[New Law Tenement|"new law"]] tenements to be built with air shafts between them so that fresh air and some light could reach each apartment. Still, reform movements, such as the one started by [[Jacob Riis]]'s book ''[[How the Other Half Lives]]'' continued to attempt to alleviate the problems of the area through [[settlement house]]s, such as the [[Henry Street Settlement]], and other welfare and service agencies. The city itself moved to address the problem when it built [[First Houses]], the first such [[public housing project]] in the United States, in 1935–1936. The development, located on the south side of [[3rd Street (Manhattan)|East 3rd Street]] between [[First Avenue (Manhattan)|First Avenue]] and [[Avenue A (Manhattan)|Avenue A]], and on the west side of Avenue A between [[2nd Street (Manhattan)|East 2nd]] and East 3rd Streets, is now considered to be located within the East Village.<ref name=encnyc />

===20th century===
{{See also|1902 kosher meat boycott| 1904 New York City rent strike|1907 New York City rent strike|1918-20 New York City rent strikes|label 2=1904|label 3=1907}}
By the turn of the twentieth century, the neighborhood had become closely associated with radical politics, such as [[anarchism]], [[socialism]], and [[communism]]. It was also known as a place where many popular performers had grown up, such as [[Eddie Cantor]], [[Al Jolson]], [[George Gershwin|George]] and [[Ira Gershwin]], [[Jimmy Durante]], and [[Irving Berlin]]. Later, more radical artists such as the [[Beat Generation|Beat]] poets and writers were drawn to the neighborhood – especially the parts which later became the East Village – by the inexpensive housing and cheap food.<ref name=encnyc />

The German population [[Little Germany, Manhattan#General Slocum disaster|decreased]] in the early twentieth century as a result of the ''[[General Slocum]]'' disaster and due to anti-German sentiment prompted by [[World War I]]. After [[World War II]], the Lower East Side became New York City's first racially integrated neighborhood with the influx of [[African American]]s and [[Puerto Ricans]]. Areas where Spanish speaking was predominant began to be called [[Loisaida]].<ref name=encnyc />

By the 1960s, the influence of the Jewish and Eastern European groups declined as many of these residents had left the area, while other ethnic groups had coalesced into separate neighborhoods, such as [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]. The Lower East Side then experienced a period of "persistent poverty, crime, drugs, and abandoned housing".<ref name=encnyc /> A substantial portion of the neighborhood was slated for demolition under the Cooper Square Urban Renewal Plan of 1956, which was to redevelop the area from Ninth to [[Delancey Street]]s from the Bowery/Third Avenue to [[Chrystie Street]]/Second Avenue with new privately owned [[cooperative housing]].<ref name="NYCL-2491">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2491.pdf|title=East Village/Lower East Side Historic District|date=October 9, 2012|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=September 28, 2019}}</ref>{{rp|38}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/11/30/archives/cooper-sq-project-is-adding-8-acres.html|title=COOPER SQ. PROJECT IS ADDING 8 ACRES|date=November 30, 1956|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref> The [[United Housing Foundation]] was selected as the sponsor for the project, which faced great opposition from the community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/06/03/archives/plan-for-cooper-sq-raises-objections.html|title=PLAN FOR COOPER SQ. RAISES OBJECTIONS|date=June 3, 1959|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref> Neither the original large-scale development nor a 1961 revised proposal was implemented,<ref name="NYCL-2491" />{{rp|39}} and it was not until 1991 that an agreement was made to redevelop a small portion of the proposed renewal site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/27/realestate/perspectives-the-cooper-square-plan-smoothing-the-path-to-redevelopment.html|title=Perspectives: The Cooper Square Plan; Smoothing the Path to Redevelopment|date=January 27, 1991|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref>

===East Village split and gentrification===
{{multiple image
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| direction = horizontal
| image1    = Hotel on Rivington WTM tony 0096.jpg
| width1    = 175
| caption1  = The Hotel on Rivington was completed in 2005
| image2    = Blue Condominium Tower.jpg
| width2    = 176
| caption2  = The [[Blue Condominium]] was completed in 2007
}}

The [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] was once considered the Lower East Side's northwest corner. However, in the 1960s, the demographics of the area above [[Houston Street]] began to change as [[hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipster]]s, musicians, and artists moved in. Newcomers and real estate brokers popularized the East Village name, and the term was adopted by the popular media by the mid-1960s. As the East Village developed a culture separate from the rest of the Lower East Side, the two areas came to be seen as two separate neighborhoods rather than the former being part of the latter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upress.umn.edu/sles/sles-maps.html |title=Selling the Lower East Side – Geography Page |access-date=January 17, 2007 |last=Mele |first=Christopher |author2=Kurt Reymers |author3=Daniel Webb |work=Selling the Lower East Side |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619111123/http://upress.umn.edu/sles/sles-maps.html |archive-date=June 19, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upress.umn.edu/sles/chapter5/ch5-1.html |title=The 1960s Counterculture and the Invention of the "East Village" |access-date=January 17, 2007 |last=Mele |first=Christopher |author2=Kurt Reymers |author3=Daniel Webb |work=Selling the Lower East Side |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514031701/http://www.upress.umn.edu/sles/Chapter5/ch5-1.html |archive-date=May 14, 2011 }}</ref>

By the 1980s, the Lower East Side had begun to stabilize after its period of [[urban decay|decline]], and once again began to attract students, artists, and adventurous members of the [[American middle class|middle-class]], as well as immigrants from countries such as [[Taiwan]], [[Indonesia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[the Philippines]], and [[Poland]].<ref name=encnyc />

In the early 2000s, the gentrification of the East Village spread to the Lower East Side proper, making it one of the trendiest neighborhoods in Manhattan. [[Orchard Street (Manhattan)|Orchard Street]], despite its "Bargain District" moniker, is now lined with upscale boutiques. Similarly, trendy restaurants, including [[Clinton St. Baking Company & Restaurant]], are found on a stretch of tree-lined Clinton Street that ''[[New York Magazine]]'' described as the "hippest restaurant row" on the Lower East Side.<ref name="nymag2005">{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/bony/food/2005/11328/ |title=Best Pancakes – Best of New York 2005 |work=New York Magazine |date=May 21, 2005 |access-date=May 12, 2011}}</ref><ref name="nytimes2002">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/10/dining/and-to-think-that-i-ate-it-on-clinton-street.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=And to Think that I Ate it on Clinton Street |work=The New York Times |author=Eric Asimov |date=April 10, 2002 |access-date=May 12, 2011}}</ref>

In November 2007, the [[Blue Condominium]], a 32-unit, 16-story luxury condominium tower, was completed at 105 Norfolk Street just north of Delancey Street. The pixellated, faceted blue design starkly contrasts with the surrounding neighborhood.<ref name="Fairs 2007">{{cite web | last=Fairs | first=Marcus | title=Bernard Tschumi's Blue tower opens | website=Dezeen | date=November 7, 2007 | url=https://www.dezeen.com/2007/11/07/bernard-tschumis-blue-tower-opens/ | access-date=April 19, 2022}}</ref> Following the construction of the Hotel on Rivington one block away, several luxury condominiums around Houston, and the [[New Museum]] on [[Bowery]], this new wave of construction is another sign that the gentrification cycle is entering a high-luxury phase similar to in [[SoHo, Manhattan|SoHo]] and [[Nolita]] in the previous decade.

More recently, the gentrification that was previously confined to the north of Delancey Street continued south. Several restaurants, bars, and galleries opened below Delancey Street after 2005, especially around the intersection of Broome and Orchard Streets. The neighborhood's second boutique hotel, Blue Moon Hotel, opened on Orchard Street just south of Delancey Street in early 2006. However, unlike The Hotel on Rivington, the Blue Moon used an existing tenement building, and its exterior is almost identical to neighboring buildings. In September 2013, it was announced that the [[Essex Crossing]] redevelopment project was to be built in the area, centered around the intersection of Essex and Delancey Streets, but mostly utilizing land south of Delancey Street.<ref name="nytimes 2013">{{Cite news|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=September 17, 2013|title=City Plans Redevelopment for Vacant Area in Lower Manhattan|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/18/nyregion/city-plans-redevelopment-for-vacant-area-in-lower-manhattan.html|access-date=April 19, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The census tabulation area for the Lower East Side is bounded to the north by [[Houston Street]] and to the west by the [[Bowery]], [[Essex Street]], and Montgomery Street. According to the [[2020 United States Census]], the population of Lower East Side was 49,149, an increase of 1,725 (3.6%) from the 47,424 counted in [[2010 United States Census|2010]]. Covering an area of {{convert|373.8|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{convert|131.5|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.<ref name="PFF">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Manhattan Census Tracts 14.02, 36.01, 2.02, 10.01, 12, 30.01, 22.01, 14.01, 10.02, 18 |url=https://popfactfinder.planning.nyc.gov/explorer/selection/a0e8ed995b99cd0a919e449338fa441dc282569d?source=decennial-change |website=Population FactFinder}}</ref> The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 28.6% (13,578) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 9.2% (3,890) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 25.0% (13,009) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 1.0% (467) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 3.1% (1,500) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] residents of any race were 33.6% (15,930) of the population.<ref name="PFF" />

The racial composition of the Lower East Side changed moderately from 2000 to 2010, with the most significant changes being the White population's increase by 18% (2,514), the Asian population's increase by 10% (1,673), and the Hispanic / Latino population's decrease by 10% (3,219). The minority Black population experienced a slight increase by 1% (41), while the very small population of all other races decreased by 17% (310).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/plurality/files/RaceEthnic%20Change%20by%20Neighborhood%205-23-11.xls |title = Race / Ethnic Change by Neighborhood |publisher = Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNY |date = May 23, 2011 |access-date = March 19, 2020 |format=Excel file}}</ref>

The Lower East Side lies in [[Manhattan Community Board 3|Manhattan Community District 3]], which encompasses the Lower East Side, the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] and [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]]. Community District 3 had 171,103 inhabitants as of [[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|NYC Health]]'s 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 82.2 years.<ref name="CHP2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn3.pdf|title=Lower East Side and Chinatown (Including Chinatown, East Village and Lower East Side)|date=2018|website=nyc.gov|publisher=NYC Health|access-date=March 2, 2019}}</ref>{{Rp|2, 20}} This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf|title=2016–2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020|date=2016|website=[[government of New York City|nyc.gov]]|publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]]|access-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref>{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}} Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (35%) are between the ages of 25–44, while 25% are between 45–64, and 16% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 13% and 11%, respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|2}}

As of 2017, the median [[household income]] in Community District 3 was $39,584,<ref name="CB3PUMA">{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603809-nyc-manhattan-community-district-3-chinatown-lower-east-side-puma-ny/|title=NYC-Manhattan Community District 3—Chinatown & Lower East Side PUMA, NY|access-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref> though the median income in the Lower East Side individually was $51,649.<ref name="stats" /> In 2018, an estimated 18% of Community District 3 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 3, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51%, respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Community District 3 was considered to be [[gentrification|gentrifying]]: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|7}}

==Culture==
[[File:Bellows_CliffDwellers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|"[[Cliff Dwellers (painting)|Cliff Dwellers]]" by Bellows, depicting the Lower East Side as it was in the early 20th century]]
[[File:Katz’s Delicatessen (2024)-L1005652.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Katz's Delicatessen]], a symbol of the neighborhood's Jewish cultural history]]

===Immigrant neighborhood===
One of the oldest neighborhoods of the city, the Lower East Side has long been a lower-class [[working class in the United States|worker]] neighborhood and often a poor and ethnically diverse section of New York. As well as [[Ireland|Irish]], [[Italians]], [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Romanians]] and other ethnic groups, it once had a sizeable [[Germans|German]] population and was known as [[Little Germany, Manhattan|Little Germany (Kleindeutschland)]]. Today it is a predominantly [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] and [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]] community, and in the process of [[gentrification]] (as documented by the portraits of its residents in the Clinton+Rivington chapter of The Corners Project.)<ref name="test">{{Citation |url=http://www.thecornersproject.com/ |title=The Corners Project |access-date=March 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718153007/http://thecornersproject.com/ |archive-date=July 18, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since the immigration waves from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century, the Lower East Side became known as having been a center of [[Jews|Jewish]] immigrant culture. In her 2000 book ''Lower East Side Memories: A Jewish Place in America'', [[Hasia Diner]] explains that the Lower East Side is especially remembered as a place of Jewish beginnings for Ashkenazi American Jewish culture.<ref>See also {{Citation |title=Remembering the Lower East Side. American Jewish reflections |editor-first=Hasia |editor-last=Diner |editor2-first=Jeffrey |editor2-last=Shandler |editor3-first=Beth |editor3-last=Wenger |year=2000 |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-33788-7 }} or {{Citation |first=Jana |last=Pohl |title='Only darkness in the Goldeneh Medina?' Die Lower East Side in der US-amerikanischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur |journal=Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte |volume=58 |issue=3 |year=2006 |pages=227–242 |doi=10.1163/157007306777834546 }}</ref> Vestiges of the area's Jewish heritage exist in shops on [[Hester Street (Manhattan)|Hester]] and [[Essex Street (Manhattan)|Essex Street]]s, and on [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand Street]] near Allen Street. An Orthodox Jewish community is based in the area, operating [[yeshiva]] day schools and a [[mikvah]]. A few [[Judaica]] shops can be found along Essex Street, as are a few [[Sofer|Jewish scribes]] and variety stores. Some kosher delis and bakeries, as well as a few "[[kosher style]]" delis, including the famous [[Katz's Delicatessen|Katz's Deli]], are located in the neighborhood. Second Avenue in the Lower East Side was home to many [[Yiddish theatre]] productions in the [[Yiddish Theater District]] during the early part of the 20th century, and Second Avenue came to be known as “Yiddish Broadway”, even though most of the theaters are now gone. Songwriter [[Irving Berlin]], actor [[John Garfield]], and singer [[Eddie Cantor]] grew up here.

Since the mid-20th century, the area has been settled primarily by immigrants, primarily from [[Latin America]], especially Central America and Puerto Rico. They have established their own groceries and shops, marketing goods from their culture and cuisine. [[Bodega (store)|Bodegas]] have replaced Jewish shops, and there are mostly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]].

In what is now the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]], earlier populations of Poles and Ukrainians have moved on and been largely supplanted by newer immigrants. The immigration of numerous Japanese people over the last fifteen years or so has led to the proliferation of Japanese restaurants and specialty food markets. There is also a notable population of [[Bangladeshis]] and other immigrants from [[Muslim]] countries, many of whom are congregants of the small Madina Masjid, a [[mosque]] on [[First Avenue (Manhattan)|First Avenue]] and 11th Street.

The neighborhood still has many historic synagogues, such as the [[Bialystoker Synagogue]],<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.bialystoker.org/ |title=Bialystoker Synagogue }}</ref> [[Beth Hamedrash Hagadol (Manhattan, New York)|Beth Hamedrash Hagadol]], the [[Eldridge Street Synagogue]],<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.eldridgestreet.org/ |title=Eldridge Street Synagogue }}</ref> [[Kehila Kedosha Janina]] (the only Greek synagogue in the Western Hemisphere),<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.kkjsm.org/ |title=Kehila Kedosha Janina }}</ref> the [[Angel Orensanz Center]] (the fourth [[Oldest synagogues in the United States|oldest synagogue building]] in the United States), and various smaller synagogues along East Broadway. Another landmark, the [[First Roumanian-American congregation]] (the Rivington Street Synagogue), partially collapsed in 2006 and was subsequently demolished. In addition, there is a major [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] [[temple]] and several [[Buddhist]] houses of worship.

[[Han Chinese|Chinese]] residents have also been moving into Lower East Side, and since the late 20th century, they have comprised a large immigrant group in the area. The part of the neighborhood south of [[Delancey Street (Manhattan)|Delancey Street]] and west of [[Allen Street (Manhattan)|Allen Street]] has, in large measure, become part of [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]]. [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand Street]] is one of the major business and shopping streets of Chinatown. Also contained within the neighborhood are strips of [[lighting]] and restaurant supply shops on the Bowery.

====Jewish neighborhood====
[[File:WSTM Team Dustizeff 0087.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Meseritz Synagogue]]]]
[[File:Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery Storefront.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery]]]]
[[File:Forward Building top.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[The Forward#Jewish Daily Forward Building|Forward Building]]]]
While the Lower East Side has been a place of successive immigrant populations, many American Jews relate to the neighborhood in a strong manner, and [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]] holds a special place in the imagination of Chinese Americans,<ref name="ManhattanChinatownHighestConcentrationChinese1" /><ref name="ManhattanChinatownHighestConcentrationChinese2" /> just as [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]] in Queens holds a place in the hearts of [[Greek Americans]]. It was a hub for ancestors of many people in the metropolitan area, and much depicted in fiction and films.

[[Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem]], established in 1907, was long led by [[Moshe Feinstein]].<ref>[https://jewishlink.news/mesivtha-tifereth-jerusalem-to-celebrate-114th-anniversary/ "Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem to Celebrate 114th Anniversary"], ''Jewish Link'', February 18, 2021. Accessed January 19, 2024. "Three generations of the Feinstein family have stood at the helm of one of America’s earliest Torah institutions, founded in 1907. Located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan and later expanding to Staten Island, Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem (MTJ) stands out as the model of Torah and middot for many of the institutions of Torah learning in America to follow."</ref>

In the late 20th century, Jewish communities have worked to preserve a number of buildings historically associated with the Jewish immigrant community.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.nycjewishtours.org/index.htm |title=Lower East Side Jewish Conservancy }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Gerald |last=Wolfe |title=New York, a Guide to the Metropolis |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=89–106 |isbn=0-8147-9160-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author-link=Hasia Diner |first=Hasia |last=Diner |title=The Lower East Side Memories: The Jewish Place in America |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-691-00747-0 }}</ref> Notable sites include:
* [[The Educational Alliance]] [[Settlement house]]&nbsp;– 175 East Broadway
* [[Henry Street Settlement]]&nbsp;– 263–267 Henry Street and 466 Grand Street<ref>[https://www.henrystreet.org/about/ About], [[Henry Street Settlement]]. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Founded in 1893 by social work and public health pioneer Lillian Wald and based on Manhattan's Lower East Side, Henry Street Settlement delivers a wide range of social service, arts and health care programs to more than 60,000 New Yorkers each year."</ref>
* [[University Settlement House]] – 184 Eldridge Street
* [[Katz's Deli]]&nbsp;– 205 East Houston Street
* [[Guss' Pickles]]&nbsp;– 87 Orchard Street
* [[Kossar's Bialys]]&nbsp;– 367 Grand Street<ref>[[Florence Fabricant|Fabricant, Florence]] [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/03/dining/kossars-returns-with-bagels-and-bialys-on-the-lower-east-side.html "Kossar's Returns With Bagels and Bialys on the Lower East Side"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 2, 2016. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Kossar's Bagels & Bialys In the bagel capital of the world, the bialy, the round, flattened roll with onions in the center, also gets its due. Evan Giniger and David Zablocki, who in 2013 bought the 80-year-old Kossar's Bialys on the Lower East Side, closed it in September for renovations."</ref>
* [[Gertel's Bake Shop]]&nbsp;– formerly at 53 Hester Street from 1914 until it closed in 2007<ref>[[Joseph Berger (author)|Berger, Joseph]]. [https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/07/02/no-more-babka-there-goes-the-neighborhood/ "No More Babka? There Goes the Neighborhood"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 2, 2007. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Gertel's, the legendary bakery on Hester Street on the Lower East Side known for its Jewish treats like rugelach, babka and marble cake, has closed its doors.... Opened in 1914, Gertel's, at 53 Hester Street near Essex Street, closed on June 22."</ref>
* [[Knickerbocker Village]]&nbsp;– 10 Monroe Street
* [[Streit's|Streit's Matzo Co.]]&nbsp;– 150 Rivington Street
* [[Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery]]&nbsp;– 137 East Houston Street<ref>[http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2015/12/11/yonah_schimmel_s_knish_bakery_this_lower_east_side_bakery_is_the_oldest.html "A Taste of the Old Lower East Side: Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery in New York"], ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' Atlas Obscura. Accessed November 30, 2017. "As much of New York's old Lower East Side disappears with the changing times, there are still traces of the original neighborhood to be explored, and in the case of Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery, eaten and enjoyed."</ref>
* Mendel Goldberg Fabrics, since 1890 – 72 Hester Street
* Harris Levy Fine Linens, since 1894 – 98 Forsyth Street
* [[Russ & Daughters]]&nbsp;– 179 East Houston Street<ref>[[Pete Wells|Wells, Pete]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/30/dining/restaurant-review-russ-daughters-cafe.html "Standing 100 Years? So You Should Sit; Restaurant Review: Russ & Daughters Cafe"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 29, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2017.</ref>
* Schapiro's Kosher Wine&nbsp;– Essex Street Market
* [[The Forward#Jewish Daily Forward Building|Forward Building]] – 173-175 East Broadway
* [[Jarmulowsky Bank Building]] – 54-58 Canal Street, 5-9 Orchard Street

[[Synagogue]]s include:
* [[Adath Jeshurun of Jassy Synagogue]] – 58-60 Rivington Street
* [[Bialystoker Synagogue]]&nbsp;– 7–11 Willet Street, originally built in the [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] style for the Willett Street Methodist Episcopal Church in 1826, and acquired in 1905 for the Orthodox Jewish congregation.<ref>Kliment, Stephen A. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/27/realestate/when-places-of-the-spirit-face-concrete-realities.html "When Places of the Spirit Face Concrete Realities"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 27, 1998. Accessed November 28, 2022. "Bialystoker Synagogue is architecturally the grandest of the synagogues earmarked for the Lower East Side trail. Built in 1826 as the Willett Street Methodist Church, it is a pedimented Greek-Revival gem of gray stone and red brick and spectacular stained glass."</ref><ref>Smith, Sarah Harrison. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/nyregion/where-chinatown-and-the-lower-east-side-meet-a-sense-of-opportunity.html "History Meets Opportunity"],''[[The New York Times]]'', October 21, 2012. Accessed November 28, 2022. "The Bialystoker Synagogue was built in 1826 as a Methodist church and is said to have sheltered fugitive slaves in its early days. In 1905, an Orthodox Jewish congregation from Bialystok, Poland, bought the building."</ref>
* [[Beth Hamedrash Hagadol (Manhattan, New York)|Beth Hamedrash Hagadol]]&nbsp;– 60–64 Norfolk Street
* [[Eldridge Street Synagogue]]&nbsp;– 12 Eldridge Street
* [[Kehila Kedosha Janina]]&nbsp;– 280 Broome Street
* [[Angel Orensanz Center]]&nbsp;– the fourth-[[Oldest synagogues in the United States|oldest synagogue building]] in the United States
* [[Congregation Chasam Sopher]] – 10 Clinton Street
* Congregation Chevra Kadisha Anshe Sochaczew – 121 Ludlow Street
* [[Meseritz Synagogue]] – 415 East 6th Street
* [[Podhajcer Shul]] – 108 East First Street
* [[Stanton Street Synagogue]] – 180 Stanton Street
* [[Boyan (Hasidic dynasty)|Boyaner]] ''kloiz'' at 247 East Broadway, opened in 1928 by the [[Mordechai Shlomo Friedman|Boyaner Rebbe of New York]]

====Little Fuzhou, Chinatown====
[[File:Fukien American.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Little Fuzhou]] in the [[Manhattan Chinatown|Chinatown]] section of the Lower East Side has the highest concentration of Chinese people in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref name=ManhattanChinatownHighestConcentrationChinese1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html|title=The History of New York's Chinatown|author=Sarah Waxman|publisher=Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc.|access-date=July 20, 2014|quote=Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in the United States and the site of the largest concentration of Chinese in the Western Hemisphere, is located on the Lower East Side.}}</ref><ref name=ManhattanChinatownHighestConcentrationChinese2>{{cite web|url=http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf|title=Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet|publisher=explorechinatown.com|access-date=July 20, 2014}}</ref>]]
[[Little Fuzhou]] ({{zh|t=小福州|s=小福州|p=Xiǎo Fúzhōu''; [[Foochow Romanized]]:'' Siēu-hók-ciŭ}}), or '''Fuzhou Town''' ({{zh|t=福州埠 |s= 福州埠|p=Fúzhōu Bù''; [[Foochow Romanized]]:'' Hók-ciŭ-pú}}) is a neighborhood within the eastern sliver of [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], in the [[Two Bridges, Manhattan|Two Bridges]] and Lower East Side areas of Manhattan. Starting in the 1980s and by the 1990s, the neighborhood became a prime destination for [[Fuzhou Americans|immigrants from]] [[Fuzhou, Fujian]], China. Manhattan's Little Fuzhou is centered on [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]]. However, since the 2000s, [[Chinatown, Brooklyn]] became New York City's new primary destination for Fuzhou immigrants, resulting in a second Little Fuzhou that has far surpassed the original as the Fuzhou cultural center of the [[New York metropolitan area]], and is still rapidly growing in contrast to Manhattan's Little Fuzhou that is shrinking under [[gentrification]].

Since the 2010s, the Fuzhou immigrant population and businesses have been declining throughout the whole eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown due to gentrification. There is a rapidly increasing influx of high-income, often non-Chinese, [[professional]]s moving into this area, including high-end [[hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipster]]-owned businesses.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Xiaoning |date=July 1, 2019 |title=The Decline of East Broadway? |url=https://voicesofny.org/2018/07/the-decline-of-east-broadway/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527134505/https://voicesofny.org/2018/07/the-decline-of-east-broadway/ |archive-date=May 27, 2019 |access-date=November 10, 2019 |work=Voices of New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Tale of Two Chinatowns – Gentrification in NYC – Rosenberg 2018 |website= Eportfolios@Macaulay – Your Cabinet of Curiosities |date=May 10, 2018 |url= https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/genyc/2018/05/10/a-tale-of-two-chinatowns/ |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref>

===Art===
[[File:Clinton Street Baking line.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Line of patrons at the [[Clinton Street Baking Company & Restaurant]] in 2010]]
The neighborhood has become home to numerous [[contemporary art]] galleries. One of the first was [[ABC No Rio]].<ref>[[Carlo McCormick]], "The Downtown Book: The New York Art Scene, 1974–1984"</ref> Begun by a group of [[Colab]] [[no wave]] artists (some living on [[Ludlow Street]]), ABC No Rio opened an outsider gallery space that invited community participation and encouraged the widespread production of art. Taking an activist approach to art that grew out of The Real Estate Show (the take over of an abandoned building by artists to open an outsider gallery only to have it chained closed by the police) ABC No Rio kept its sense of [[activism]], community, and outsiderness. The product of this open, expansive approach to art was a space for creating new works that did not have links to the art market place and that were able to explore new artistic possibilities.

Other outsider galleries sprung up throughout the Lower East Side and East Village—some 200 at the height of the scene in the 1980s, including the [[124 Ridge Street Gallery]] among others. In December 2007, the [[New Museum]] relocated to a brand-new, critically acclaimed building on Bowery at Prince. A growing number of galleries are opening in the Bowery neighborhood to be in close proximity to the museum. The [[Museum of Reclaimed Urban Space]], which opened in 2012, exhibits photography featuring the neighborhood in addition to chronicling its history of activism.

Social service agencies like [[Henry Street Settlement]] and [[Educational Alliance]] have visual and performing arts programs, the former at [[Abrons Arts Center]], a home for contemporary interdisciplinary arts.

The neighborhood is also home to several graffiti artists, such as [[Chico (artist)|Chico]] and the late [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]].

===Nightlife and live music===
As the neighborhood has gentrified and become safer at night, it has transformed into a popular late-night destination. Orchard, [[Ludlow Street (Manhattan)|Ludlow]] and Essex between Rivington Street and [[Stanton Street (Manhattan)|Stanton Street]] have become especially packed at night, and the resulting noise is a cause of tension between bar owners and longtime residents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/fashion/03misrahi.html|title=Lower East Side Is Under a Groove|work=The New York Times | first=Allen|last=Salkin|date=June 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/02/nyregion/02noise.html?_r=0|title=As Noise Rules Take Effect, the City's Beat Mostly Goes On|work=The New York Times | first=Thomas J.|last=Lueck|date=July 2, 2007}}</ref> Furthermore, as gentrification continues, many established landmarks and venues have been lost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/clayton-pattersons-music-week/|title=Clayton Patterson's Music Week|first=Taji|last=Ameen|date=May 4, 2013 }}</ref>

The Lower East Side is also home to many live music venues. Punk bands played at [[C-Squat]] and [[alternative rock]] bands play at [[Bowery Ballroom]] on [[Delancey Street]] and [[Mercury Lounge]] on East Houston Street. Punk bands play at Otto's Shrunken Head and R-Bar. Punk and alternative bands play at [[Bowery Electric]] just north of the old [[CBGB's]] location.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.starlinerevents.com/|title=StarLiner Events NYNY|website=www.starlinerevents.com}}</ref> There are also bars that offer performance space, such as Pianos on [[Ludlow Street]] and [[Arlene's Grocery]] on Stanton Street.

The Lower East Side is the location of [[the Slipper Room]], a burlesque, variety and vaudeville theatre on Orchard and Stanton. [[Lady Gaga]], [[Leonard Cohen]] and [[U2]] have all appeared there, while popular downtown performers—including Dirty Martini, Murray Hill, and Matt Fraser—often appear. Variety shows are regularly hosted by comedians James Habacker, [[Bradford Scobie]], Matthew Holtzclaw, and [[Matt Roper]], under the guise of various characters.

==Police and crime==
{{multiple image
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|image1=7th Pct Broome Pitt jeh.jpg
|image2=4th Battalion FDNY jeh.jpg
|footer=The [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]] 7th Precinct (top) and [[New York City Fire Department|FDNY]] Engine Co. 15/Ladder Co. 18/Battalion 4 (bottom) are housed in the same building
}}
The Lower East Side is patrolled by the 7th Precinct of the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]], located at {{frac|19|1|2}} Pitt Street.<ref name="NYPD 7th Precinct">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/7th-precinct.page|title=NYPD – 7th Precinct|website=www.nyc.gov|publisher=[[New York City Police Department]]|access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> The 7th Precinct, along with the neighboring 5th Precinct, ranked 48th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/lower-east-side/|title=Lower East Side and Chinatown – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report|website=www.dnainfo.com|access-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415055841/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/lower-east-side|archive-date=April 15, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, with a non-fatal assault rate of 42 per 100,000 people, the Lower East Side and East Village's rate of [[violent crime]]s per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 449 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|8}}

The 7th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 64.8% between 1990 and 2019. The precinct reported 0 murders, 7 rapes, 149 robberies, 187 felony assaults, 94 burglaries, 507 grand larcenies, and 18 grand larcenies auto in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-007pct.pdf|title=7th Precinct CompStat Report|website=www.nyc.gov|publisher=[[New York City Police Department]]|access-date=March 14, 2020}}</ref>

==Fire safety==
The Lower East Side is served by two [[New York City Fire Department]] (FDNY) fire stations:<ref>{{Cite FDNY locations}}</ref>
* Engine Company 15/Ladder Company 18/Battalion 4 – 25 Pitt Street<ref>{{cite web | title=Engine Company 15/Ladder Company 18/Battalion 4 | website=FDNYtrucks.com | url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e15.htm | access-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref>
* Engine Company 9/Ladder Company 6 – 75 Canal Street<ref>{{cite web | title=Engine Company 9/Ladder Company 6  | website=FDNYtrucks.com | url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e9.htm | access-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref>

==Health==
{{As of|2018}}, [[preterm birth]]s and births to teenage mothers are less common in the Lower East Side and East Village than in other places citywide. In the Lower East Side and East Village, there were 82 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.1 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|11}} The Lower East Side and East Village have a low population of residents who are [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|uninsured]]. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|14}}

The concentration of [[particulates|fine particulate matter]], the deadliest type of [[air pollution|air pollutant]], in the Lower East Side and East Village is {{convert|0.0089|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, more than the city average.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|9}} Twenty percent of Lower East Side and East Village residents are [[Smoking|smokers]], which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} In the Lower East Side and East Village, 10% of residents are [[Obesity|obese]], 11% are [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetic]], and 22% have [[hypertension|high blood pressure]]—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|16}} In addition, 16% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|12}}

Eighty-eight percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is about the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 70% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", less than the city's average of 78%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in the Lower East Side and East Village, there are 18 [[convenience store|bodegas]].<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|10}}

The nearest major hospitals are the [[Bellevue Hospital Center]] and [[NYU Langone Medical Center]] in [[Kips Bay, Manhattan|Kips Bay]], and [[Lower Manhattan Hospital|NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital]] in the [[Civic Center, Manhattan|Civic Center]] area.<ref>{{cite web | title=Manhattan Hospital Listings | website=New York Hospitals | url=http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html | access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y. | website=U.S. News & World Report | date=July 26, 2011 | url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny | access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref> [[Beth Israel Medical Center]] in [[Stuyvesant Town]] operated until 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Mount Sinai Beth Israel in East Village officially closes after judge dismisses bid to stay open |url=https://abc7ny.com/post/mount-sinai-beth-israel-east-village-officially-closes-judge-dismisses-community-group-bid-stay-open/16148740/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref> In addition, [[New York City Fire Department Bureau of EMS|FDNY EMS]] Division 1/Station 4 is located on Pier 39.

==Post offices and ZIP Code==
The Lower East Side is located within the [[ZIP Code]] 10002.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lower East Side, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) | website=United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA) | url=https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Lower_East_Side.htm | access-date=March 21, 2019}}</ref> The [[United States Postal Service]] operates two post offices in the Lower East Side:
* [[United States Post Office (Knickerbocker Station)|Knickerbocker Station]] – 128 East Broadway<ref>{{cite web | title=Location Details: Knickerbocker | website=USPS.com | url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10003&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1369214&locationName=KNICKERBOCKER&address2=&address1=128+E+BROADWAY | access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref>
* Pitt Station – 185 Clinton Street<ref>{{cite web | title=Location Details: Pitt | website=USPS.com | url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10003&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1377656&locationName=PITT&address2=&address1=185+CLINTON+ST | access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:NYPL Seward Park south jeh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[New York Public Library]]'s Seward Park branch]]
The Lower East Side and East Village generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city {{as of|2018|lc=y}}. A plurality of residents age 25 and older (48%) have a college education or higher, while 24% have less than a high school education and 28% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Lower East Side and East Village students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |url=http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_03_11.pdf |title=Lower East Side / Chinatown – MN 03 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy]]|access-date=October 5, 2016}}</ref>

The Lower East Side and East Village's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In the Lower East Side and East Village, 16% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per [[school year]], less than the citywide average of 20%.<ref name=":21" />{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} Additionally, 77% of high school students in the Lower East Side and East Village graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}}

===Schools===
The [[New York City Department of Education]] operates public schools on the Lower East Side as part of Community School District 1.<ref name="Zillow">{{cite web | title=East Village New York School Ratings and Reviews | website=Zillow | url=https://www.zillow.com:443/east-village-new-york-ny/schools/ | access-date=March 17, 2019}}</ref> District 1 does not contain any zoned schools, which means that students living in District 1 can apply to any school in the district, including [[East Village, Manhattan#Schools|those in the East Village]].<ref>{{cite web | title=A Manhattan District Where School Choice Amounts to Segregation | website=The New York Times | date=June 7, 2017 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/nyregion/a-manhattan-district-where-school-choice-amounts-to-segregation.html | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=InsideSchools: District 1 | website=InsideSchools | url=https://insideschools.org/districts/1 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>

The following public elementary schools are located on the Lower East Side, serving grades PK-5 unless otherwise indicated:<ref name="Zillow"/>
* [[NEST+m|New Explorations Into Science Tech and Math (NEST+m)]] (grades K-12)<ref>{{cite web | title=New Explorations into Science, Technology and Math High School | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M539 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 1 Alfred E Smith<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 001 Alfred E. Smith | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M001 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 2 Meyer London<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 002 Meyer London | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M002 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 20 Anna Silver<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 020 Anna Silver | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M020 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 42 Benjamin Altman<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 042 Benjamin Altman | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M042 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 110 Florence Nightingale<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 110 Florence Nightingale | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M110 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 134 Henrietta Szold<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 134 Henrietta Szold | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M134 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 142 Amalia Castro<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 142 Amalia Castro | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M142 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>

The following public [[K-8 school|elementary/middle schools]] are located on the Lower East Side, serving grades PK-8 unless otherwise indicated:<ref name="Zillow"/>
* PS 126 Jacob August Riis<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 126 Jacob August Riis | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M126 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 140 Nathan Straus<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 140 Nathan Straus | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M140 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Shuang Wen School|PS 184 Shuang Wen]]<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 184m Shuang Wen | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M184 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* PS 188 The Island School<ref>{{cite web | title=P.S. 188 The Island School | website=New York City Department of Education | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M188 | access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref> – Due to the large number of homeless students (which make up nearly half of the student population), the rosters often change and students are often absent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/07/nyregion/public-school-188-in-manhattan-about-half-the-students-are-homeless.html|title=Where Nearly Half of Pupils Are Homeless, School Aims to Be Teacher, Therapist, Even Santa|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 7, 2016|access-date=June 25, 2021}}</ref>
* East Village Community School (grades PK–5)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The East Village Community School|url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M315|access-date=February 7, 2021|website=New York City Department of Education|language=en}}</ref>

The following public middle and high schools are located on the Lower East Side:<ref name="Zillow"/>
* Orchard Collegiate Academy (grades 9–12)<ref>{{cite web | title=Orchard Collegiate Academy | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M292 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* School for Global Leaders (grades 6–8)<ref>{{cite web | title=School for Global Leaders | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M378 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* University Neighborhood Middle School (grades 5–8)<ref>{{cite web | title=University Neighborhood Middle School | website=New York City Department of Education | date=December 19, 2018 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M332 | access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref>
* University Neighborhood High School (grades 9-12)<ref>{{cite web | title=University Neighborhood High School | website = New York City Department of Education | date=September 24, 2024 | url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M448 | access-date=September 24, 2024}}</ref>

The Lower East Side Preparatory High School (LESPH) and Emma Lazarus High School (ELHS) are [[adult education|second-chance school]]s that enable students, aged 17–21, to obtain their [[high school diploma]]s. LESPH is a [[Multilingualism|bilingual]] [[Chinese language|Chinese]]-English school with a high proportion of Asian students. ELHS' instructional model is English-immersion with an ethnically diverse student body.

The [[Seward Park Campus]] comprises five schools with an average graduation rate of about 80%. The original school in the building was opened 1929 and closed 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sewardparkhs.com/history.php|publisher = Seward Park High School Alumni Association|title = History|access-date= April 16, 2011}}</ref>

===Libraries===
The [[New York Public Library]] (NYPL) operates two branches on the Lower East Side. The Seward Park branch is located at 4192 East Broadway. It was founded by the Aguilar Free Library Society in 1886, and the current three-story [[Carnegie library]] building was opened in 1909 and renovated in 2004.<ref>{{cite web | title=About the Seward Park Library | website=The New York Public Library | url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/seward-park | access-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref> The Hamilton Fish Park branch is located at 415 East Houston Street. It was originally built as a Carnegie library in 1909, but was torn down when Houston Street was expanded; the current one-story structure was completed in 1960.<ref>{{cite web | title=About the Hamilton Fish Park Library | website=The New York Public Library | url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/hamilton-fish-park | access-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref>

==Parks==
{{multiple image
| align     = right
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| image1    = Loz park up crop.png
| width1    = 256
| caption1  = View of La Plaza Cultural from [[9th Street (Manhattan)|East 9th Street]]
| image2    = Sara D Roosevelt Pk jeh.JPG
| width2    = 250
| caption2  = South end soccer field of [[Sara D. Roosevelt Park]]
}}

The Lower East Side is home to private parks, such as [[La Plaza Cultural]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevillager.com/vilager_26/laplazacultural.html|title=La Plaza Cultural is renamed for Armando Perez|access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref> There are also several public parks in the area, including [[Sara D. Roosevelt Park]] between Chrystie and Forsyth Streets from Houston to Canal Streets,<ref>{{cite web | title=Sara D. Roosevelt Park : NYC Parks | website=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation | date=June 26, 1939 | url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/sara-d-roosevelt-park | access-date=June 5, 2019}}</ref> as well as [[Seward Park (Manhattan)|Seward Park]] on Essex Street between Hester Street and East Broadway.<ref>{{cite web | title=Seward Park : NYC Parks | website=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation | date=June 26, 1939 | url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/seward-park | access-date=June 5, 2019}}</ref>

The East River shorefront contains the [[East River Park|John V. Lindsay East River Park]], a public park running between East 12th Street in the East Village and Montgomery Street on the Lower East Side.<ref>{{cite web | title=John V. Lindsay East River Park : NYC Parks | website=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation | date=June 26, 1939 | url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/east-river-park | access-date=June 5, 2019}}</ref> Planned for the waterfront is [[Pier 42, East River|Pier 42]], the first section of which is scheduled to open in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/new-york/east-village/city-plans-playground-turf-upgrades-manhattans-east-side|title=City Plans Playground, Turf Upgrades On Manhattan's East Side|date=May 23, 2019|website=East Village, NY Patch|language=en|access-date=June 3, 2019}}</ref>

==Transportation==
There are multiple [[New York City Subway]] stations in the neighborhood, including [[Grand Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|Grand Street]] ({{NYCS trains|Manhattan Bridge north}}), [[Bowery (BMT Nassau Street Line)|Bowery]] ({{NYCS trains|Nassau north}}), [[Second Avenue (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|Second Avenue]] ({{NYCS trains|Sixth south}}), [[Delancey Street–Essex Street (New York City Subway)|Delancey Street–Essex Street]] ({{NYCS trains|Delancey-Essex}}), and [[East Broadway (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|East Broadway]] ({{NYCS trains|Sixth Rutgers}}).<ref>{{NYCS const|map}}</ref> [[New York City Bus]] routes include {{NYC bus link|M9|M14A SBS |M14D SBS |M15|M15 SBS|M21|M22|M103|B39|prose=y}}.<ref>{{Cite NYC bus map|M}}</ref>

The [[Williamsburg Bridge]] and [[Manhattan Bridge]] connect the Lower East Side to [[Brooklyn]]. The [[FDR Drive]] is on the neighborhood's south and east ends.<ref>{{Google maps|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?cid=6464998623136148080&q=Lower+East+Side,+New+York,+NY |title= Lower East Side, New York, NY |access-date= November 22, 2014}}</ref>

{{As of|2018}}, thirty-seven percent of roads on the Lower East Side have [[bike lanes]].<ref name="CHP2018"/>{{rp|10}} Bike lanes are present on [[Allen Street|Allen]], Chrystie, Clinton, Delancey, Grand, Houston, Montgomery, Madison, [[Rivington Street|Rivington]], [[Stanton Street|Stanton]], and Suffolk Streets; Bowery, East Broadway, and FDR Drive; the Williamsburg and Manhattan bridges; and the [[East River Greenway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/bikemaps.shtml|title=NYC DOT – Bicycle Maps|access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref>

The Lower East Side is served by [[NYC Ferry]]'s South Brooklyn route, which stops at Corlears Hook in the [[East River Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ferry.nyc/routes-and-schedules/south-brooklyn/|title=Routes and Schedules: South Brooklyn|website=NYC Ferry|access-date=July 14, 2024}}</ref> Service to the ferry landing started operating on August 29, 2018.<ref>{{cite web | last=Berger | first=Paul | title=NYC Ferry Begins Lower East Side Service | website=WSJ | date=August 29, 2018 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nyc-ferry-begins-lower-east-side-service-1535574924 | access-date=August 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Bagcal | first=Jenna | title=Newly launched NYC Ferry route takes riders from Long Island City to the Lower East Side in 30 minutes | website=QNS.com | date=August 29, 2018 | url=https://qns.com/story/2018/08/29/newly-launched-nyc-ferry-route-takes-riders-long-island-city-lower-east-side-30-minutes/ | access-date=August 29, 2018}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
'''Children's literature'''
* ''[[All-of-a-Kind Family]]'', a five-book series by [[Sydney Taylor]] first published from 1951 to 1978<ref>Steinetz, Rebecca. [https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2014/12/13/reviving-all-kind-family-books/s3XU4aexLTlq11aJy0Z5WP/story.html "Reviving the All-of-a-Kind Family books"], ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', December 13, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Ella, Henny, Sarah, Charlotte, and Gertie may not have the name recognition of Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy, or Laura and Mary, but that could change, now that Lizzie Skurnick Books has reprinted four of the five All-of-a-Kind Family books, originally published between 1951 and 1978. For publisher Skurnick, whose imprint is devoted to reissuing out-of-print classic young-adult literature, reviving Sydney Taylor's saga of five Jewish immigrant sisters growing up on New York's Lower East Side at the beginning of the 20th century was a no-brainer."</ref>
* ''The House on the Roof; A Sukkot Story'' by [[David A. Adler]]
* Rebecca Rubin, a character in the [[American Girl]] doll and book series, is a Jewish girl growing up in an immigrant family in 1914.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jta.org/news/article/2009/05/22/1005375/shes-jewish-shes-poor-and-her-name-is-rebecca |title=The new American Girl doll: She's Jewish, she's poor and her name is Rebecca |last1=Fishkoff |first1=Sue |date=May 22, 2009 |access-date=May 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531125750/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2009/05/22/1005375/shes-jewish-shes-poor-and-her-name-is-rebecca |archive-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref>

'''History books'''
* ''[[The Spirit of the Ghetto|The Spirit of the Ghetto: Studies of the Jewish Quarter in New York]]'' is a 1902 book by [[Hutchins Hapgood]]

'''Novels'''
* ''[[Yekl: A Tale of the New York Ghetto]]'' by [[Abraham Cahan]]. The film ''[[Hester Street (film)|Hester Street]]'' is based on the book.<ref>[https://www.afi.com/news/hester-street-1975-afi-catalog-spotlight/ ''Hester Street'' (1975) – AFI Catalog Spotlight"], [[American Film Institute]], May 2, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. "It went on to receive a Best Actress Oscar® nomination for Carol Kane, and a WGA Award nomination for Silver's adaptation of the 1896 novella ''Yekl, a Tale of the New York Ghetto'' by Abraham Cahan, who founded the premier Yiddish language newspaper in America."</ref>
* ''[[Salome of the Tenements (novel)|Salome of the Tenements]]'' by [[Anzia Yezierska]], published in 1923<ref>[https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/?id=p064357 ''Salome of the Tenements''], [[University of Illinois Press]]. Accessed March 31, 2024. "Passionate and engagingly sardonic, it criticizes the concept of the American "Melting Pot" in the language of the Lower East Side and exposes the hypocrisy of the "good works" of the privileged class and their so-called dedication to the poor."</ref>
* ''[[Bread Givers]]'' by Anzia Yezierska<ref>Dreifus, Erika. [http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/195776/immigrant-story-the-value-of-anzia-yezierskas-bread-givers "Immigrant Story: The Value of Anzia Yezierska's ''Bread Givers''; At New York's Tenement Museum, panelists discussed the still-relevant meaning of Yezierska's novel about an immigrant Jewish family on the Lower East Side"], ''[[Tablet (magazine)]]'', December 10, 2015. Accessed November 30, 2017. "'There wasn't anybody who didn't know Anzia Yezierska,' commented a woman recently of the 1920s. 'Today, there is hardly anyone who does.' So wrote historian Alice Kessler-Harris in her 1975 introduction to Yezierska's ''Bread Givers'', a novel about Jewish immigrant life on the Lower East Side, first published in 1925."</ref>
* ''[[Jews without Money]]'' by [[Mike Gold]]<ref name = "Barry Gross">Barry Gross, "Michael Gold (1893–1967)", ''The Heath Anthology of American Literature'', ed. Paul Lauter, 5th edition. http://college.cengage.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/modern/gold_mi.html</ref> 
* ''[[Call It Sleep]]'' by [[Henry Roth]]<ref>[[Irving Howe|Howe, Irving]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/25/archives/life-never-let-up-call-it-sleep-by-henry-roth-with-an-afterword-by.html "Life Never Let Up; ''Call It Sleep''. By Henry Roth. With an afterword by Walter Allen. 448 pp. New York: Avon Books. Paper, 95 cents."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 25, 1964. Accessed November 8, 2022.</ref>
* ''The Hoods'' by [[Harry Grey]]. The film ''[[Once Upon a Time in America]]'' is based on the book.<ref>Meyer, Joshua. [https://www.slashfilm.com/974548/once-upon-a-time-in-america-sparked-an-obsession-for-sergio-leone/ "Once Upon A Time In America Sparked An Obsession For Sergio Leone Read More: https://www.slashfilm.com/974548/once-upon-a-time-in-america-sparked-an-obsession-for-sergio-leone/"], [[/Film]], August 27, 2022. Accessed March 31, 2024. "Sergio Leone began the long road to his final film, ''Once Upon a Time in America,'' as far back as the late 1960s, when he was in New York to meet about the marketing for ''Once Upon a Time in the West.'' Leone had read the 1952 novel ''The Hoods'' by Harry Grey — believed to be the pen name of Herschel Goldberg, a real-life Jewish American gangster who had written the book as a fictional autobiography of sorts during a prison stint"</ref>
* ''[[Ragtime (novel)|Ragtime]]'' by [[E. L. Doctorow]]
* ''[[Low Life (book)|Low Life]]'' by [[Lucy Sante]]<ref>Schoemer, Karen. [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/21/style/lowlife-it-s-a-life.html?pagewanted=all "Lowlife: It's a Life"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 21, 1993. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Luc Sante reveals the Lower East Side. As he roams the area, one of New York's oldest neighborhoods, buildings, doorways and details that would usually go unnoticed suddenly come into clear focus; a strange and vibrant life shows itself beneath the grime and residue of time. Mr. Sante's two books, ''Low Life'' and ''Evidence,'' bring this world to the page."</ref>
* ''[[Lush Life (novel)|Lush Life]]'' by [[Richard Price (writer)|Richard Price]]<ref>[[Walter Kirn|Kirn, Walter]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/books/review/Kirn-t.html "Neighborhood Watch"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 16, 2008. Accessed November 30, 2017. "In ''Lush Life,'' Richard Price's eighth novel, the resurfacing project that caps the same old potholes (and threatens to collapse in certain areas, potentially creating immense new craters capable of swallowing small crowds) targets the tangled, once tenement-lined streets of New York City's Lower East Side. In Realtor-speak, the district is 'in transition,' which means in Police Department terms that its college-educated young renting class and bonus-gorged co-op-owning elite can still score narcotics from the old-guard locals, whose complexions are generally darker than the new folks', making them easy to spot on party nights but tricky to ID in photo lineups come the red-eyed mornings after."</ref>
* ''[[Wonder (Palacio novel)|Wonder]]'' by [[R.J. Palacio]]

'''Songs'''
* "Slum Goddess" by [[The Fugs]]
* "Ballad Of The Lower East Side" by [[Michael Monroe]]
* "Beautiful Night" by [[B2ST]]
* "Clinton St Girl" by [[Wakey!Wakey!]]
* "Down on the Lower East Side" by [[Justin Townes Earle]]
* "East Side Beat" by [[The Toasters]]
* "East Side Story" by [[Emily King]]
* "For My Family" by [[Agnostic Front]]
* "Heavy Metal Lover" by [[Lady Gaga]]
* "[[In the Flesh (Blondie song)|In the Flesh]]" by [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]]
* "[[L.E.S. Artistes]]" by [[Santigold]]
* "L.E.S." by [[Childish Gambino]] (aka [[Donald Glover]])
* "Living in L.E.S." by INDK
* "Lower East Side Crew" by [[Warzone (band)|Warzone]]
* "Lower East Side" by [[David Peel (musician)|David Peel]]
* "The Luckiest Guy On The Lower East Side" by [[The Magnetic Fields]]
* "Ludlow St" by [[Julian Casablancas]]
* "Ludlow Street" by [[Suzanne Vega]]
* "[[Marry the Night]]" by [[Lady Gaga]]
* "New York City Tonight" by [[GG Allin]]
* "She Took a Lot of Pills (And Died)" by [[Robbie Fulks]]
* "Southside" by [[Fun Lovin' Criminals]]
* "[[What's My Name? (Rihanna song)|What's My Name?]]" by [[Rihanna]] ft. [[Drake (entertainer)|Drake]]
* "Veni Vidi Vici" by [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]
* ''[[Motor-Cycle (album)|Motor-Cycle]]'' LP by [[Lotti Golden]]
* [[David Peel (musician)|David Peel]] & [[the Lower East Side Band]], an early [[Punk rock|punk]] band
* [[Gogol Bordello]], a [[gypsy punk]] band from the area
* [[The Holy Modal Rounders]], a [[freak-folk]] band in the 1960s
* [[Nausea (band)|Nausea]], a [[crust punk]] band in the late 1980s and early 1990s

'''Plays'''
* ''Secret History of the Lower East Side'' by [[Alice Tuan]]<ref>Gates, Anita. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/21/theater/theater-review-on-a-roof-vignettes-that-get-around.html "Theater Review; On a Roof, Vignettes That Get Around"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 21, 1998. Accessed November 30, 2017. "The three vignettes – showing a Yiddish-Sicilian theater, a dangerous turn-of-the-century tavern and a contemporary Lower East Side scene – were nicely done, with lovely period costumes by Mary Myers."</ref>
* ''Welcome to Arroyo's'' by [[Kristoffer Diaz]]<ref>[http://www.samuelfrench.com/p/15003/welcome-to-arroyos '' Welcome to Arroyo's'' by Kristoffer Diaz], [[Samuel French, Inc.]] Accessed November 30, 2017. "A sweet, loose-limbed shout out to Manhattan's Lower East Side…With a Greek chorus of DJs who 'mix' the play right in front of us, WELCOME shows that hip-hop can still goose mainstream theater instead of merely filling the diversity slot."</ref>

'''Films'''
* ''[[Alphabet City (film)|Alphabet City]]''
* ''[[Batteries Not Included (film)|Batteries Not Included]]''
* ''[[Beautiful Losers (film)|Beautiful Losers]]''
* ''[[Before We Go]]''
* ''[[Cloverfield]]''
* ''[[The Cobbler]]''
* ''[[The Corruptor]]''
* ''[[Crossing Delancey]]''<ref>[[Hal Hinson|Hinson, Hal]]. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/crossingdelanceypghinson_a0c8ce.htm "''Crossing Delancey''"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', September 16, 1988. Accessed November 30, 2017.</ref>
* ''[[Date Night]]''
* ''[[Die Hard with a Vengeance]]''
* ''[[Donnie Brasco (film)|Donnie Brasco]]''
* ''[[Downtown 81]]''
* ''[[Frogs for Snakes]]''
* ''[[Gangs of New York]]''
* ''[[The Girl Is in Trouble]]''
* ''[[Hester Street (film)|Hester Street]]''<ref>Cutler, Aaron. [http://www.bkmag.com/2016/09/28/hester-street/ "The Lower East Side Is a Foreign Country: Joan Micklin Silver on ''Hester Street''"], ''[[Brooklyn Magazine]]'', September 28, 2016. Accessed November 30, 2017. "''Hester Street'', Joan Micklin Silver's independently financed 1975 debut feature, will screen at Film Forum Tuesday, October 4 on an archival 35mm print, with Silver in person alongside star Carol Kane. The film is set in 1896 within a Jewish community on New York's Lower East Side."</ref>
* ''[[His People]]''
* ''[[I Am Legend (film)|I Am Legend]]''
* ''[[The Italian (1915 film)|The Italian]]''
* ''[[Johnny Dangerously]]''
* ''[[Lucky Number Slevin]]''
* ''[[Married to the Mob]]''
* ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]''
* ''[[Mixed Blood (1984 film)|Mixed Blood]]''
* ''[[The Naked City]]''
* ''[[Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist]]''
* ''[[The Night They Raided Minsky's]]''
* ''[[Once Upon a Time in America]]''
* ''[[P.S. I Love You (film)|P.S. I Love You]]''
* ''[[Raising Victor Vargas]]''
* ''[[Rent (film)|Rent]]''
* ''[[Rhythm Thief (1994 film)|Rhythm Thief]]''
* ''[[Sex and the City (film)|Sex and the City]]''
* ''[[Taxi Driver]]''
* ''[[The Wolfpack]]''
* ''[[When Harry Met Sally...]]''

'''Television'''
* ''[[The Andy Milonakis Show]]''
* ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)]]''
* ''[[Forever (2014 TV series)|Forever]]''<ref>{{cite news|first=Elie|last=Perler|title=Abe's Antiques on Stanton Street is a Set for ABC's 'Forever'|url=http://www.boweryboogie.com/2014/07/abes-antiques-stanton-street-set-abcs-forever/|access-date=April 30, 2017|work=Bowery Boogie|publisher=Bowery Boogie|date=July 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812195540/http://www.boweryboogie.com/2014/07/abes-antiques-stanton-street-set-abcs-forever/|archive-date=August 12, 2016|location=New York City}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |title=The Man in the Killer Suit |series=[[Forever (2014 TV series)|Forever]] |date=December 2, 2014 |season=1 |number=10 |time=41:05–41:11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |title=Skinny Dipper |series=[[Forever (2014 TV series)|Forever]] |date=December 9, 2014 |season=1 |number=11 |time=1:02–1:06}}</ref>
* ''[[Gossip Girl]]''
* ''[[How To Make It In America]]''
* ''[[Mr. Robot]]''
* ''[[Breadwinners (TV series)|Breadwinners]]'' parodies the Lower East Side as the "Lower Yeast Side".
* ''[[Master of None]]''
* ''[[Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur]]''

'''Video games'''
* ''[[The Darkness (video game)|The Darkness]]''
* ''[[Syphon Filter 2]]''
* ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]''

'''Music videos'''
* "[[Girls Just Want To Have Fun]]" by [[Cyndi Lauper]]
* "[[Can't Hold Us Down]]" by [[Christina Aguilera]]
* "I'll Be Loving You Forever" by [[New Kids On The Block]]
* "Darling It's True" by [[Locksley (band)|Locksley]]
* "It Ain't Hard to Tell" by [[Nas]]
{{div col end}}

==Notable residents==
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Adrienne Bailon]] (born 1983), television personality, singer, and actress<ref>Staff. [https://www.bet.com/article/lbtq4v/adrienne-bailon-i-m-not-where-i-thought-i-would-be-at-30 "Adrienne Bailon: "I'm Not Where I Thought I Would Be at 30'"], [[BET]], July 12, 2013. Accessed September 29, 2016. "I achieved so much more than I ever could have expected being a Latina from the projects of the Lower East Side."</ref>
* [[George Barris (photographer)|George Barris]] (1922–2016), photographer and photojournalist<ref>Gates, Anita. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/arts/design/george-barris-photographer-who-captured-the-last-images-of-marilyn-monroe-dies-at-94.html "George Barris, Photographer Who Captured the Last Images of Marilyn Monroe, Dies at 94"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 4, 2016. Accessed October 4, 2016. "George Barris was born on June 14, 1922, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. He was the youngest of nine children of Joseph and Eva Barris, immigrants from Romania, who lived on Delancey Street but soon moved to the Bronx."</ref>
* [[Sy Berger]] (1923–2014), baseball card designer with [[Topps]]<ref>Goldstein, Richard. [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/15/sports/baseball/sy-berger-91-dies-created-the-modern-baseball-trading-card.html "Sy Berger, Who Turned Baseball Heroes Into Brilliant Rectangles, Dies at 91"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 14, 2014. Accessed September 29, 2016. "Seymour Perry Berger was born on July 12, 1923, on Manhattan's Lower East Side, one of three children."</ref>
* [[Mark Bloch (artist)|Mark Bloch]] (born 1956), artist and writer
* [[Joseph B. Bloomingdale]] (1842–1904), businessman<ref name="Bloomingdale">[http://www1.bloomingdales.com/media/about/history.jsp Our History], [[Bloomingdale's]]. Accessed September 29, 2016. "A Store Is Born: To think it all started with a 19th-century fad – the hoop skirt. That was the first item that Joseph and Lyman Bloomingdale carried in their Ladies' Notions Shop in New York's Lower East Side."</ref>
* [[Lyman G. Bloomingdale]] (1841–1905), businessman and philanthropist<ref name="Bloomingdale" />
* [[Arlyne Brickman]] (1934–2020), mafia informant<ref>Rozen, Leah. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-15-bk-6660-story.html "Accessory During the Fact : MOB GIRL: A Woman's Life in the Underworld, By Teresa Carpenter (Simon & Schuster: $21; 274 pp.)"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', March 15, 1992. Accessed September 29, 2016. "Brickman was born on New York's Lower East Side in 1933."</ref>
* [[Lepke Buchalter]] (1897–1944), mobster and head of [[Murder, Inc.]]<ref>Elmaleh, Edmund. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yh9UgN4H_lwC&pg=PA25 ''The Canary Sang But Couldn't Fly: The Fatal Fall of Abe Reles, the Mobster Who Shattered Murder, Inc.'s Code of Silence''], p. 25. Accessed March 16, 2022. "The man whom famed racketbuster Thomas E. Dewey would one day call 'the worst industrial racketeer in America' began life on February 6, 1897, in a Russian-Jewish enclave on the Lower East Side. Lepke's father, Barnett Buchalter, ran a timy hardware store near the family's tenemant flat at 217 Henry Street."</ref>
* [[George Burns]] (1896–1996), comedian, actor, writer, and singer<ref>Krebs, Albin. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/10/nyregion/george-burns-straight-man-and-ageless-wit-dies-at-100.html "George Burns, Straight Man And Ageless Wit, Dies at 100"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 10, 1996. Accessed September 29, 2016. "Mr. Burns, whose original name was Nathan Birnbaum, was born on Jan. 20, 1896, on Pitt Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the ninth of twelve children."</ref>
* [[James Cagney]] (1899–1986), actor, dancer, and film director<ref>Flint, Peter B. [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/31/obituaries/james-cagney-is-dead-at-86-master-of-pugnacious-grace.html?pagewanted=all "James Cagney is Dead at 86; Master of Pugnacious Grace"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 31, 1986. Accessed September 29, 2016. "James Francis Cagney Jr. was born July 17, 1899, on Manhattan's Lower East Side and grew up there and in the Yorkville section."</ref>
* [[Sammy Cahn]] (1913–1993), lyricist, songwriter, and musician<ref>Staff (ndg) [https://walkoffame.com/sammy-cahn/ "Sammy Cahn"] [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]</ref>
* [[Michael Che]] (born 1983), stand-up comedian, actor, and writer<ref>Busis, Hillary. [http://www.ew.com/article/2014/04/28/michael-che-daily-show-snl "Michael Che: 5 things to know"], ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', April 28, 2014. Accessed September 29, 2016. "He grew up in the projects of New York City's Lower East Side"</ref>
* [[Joshua Lionel Cowen]] (1877–1965), inventor<ref>Bryk, William. [http://www.nypress.com/thered-be-no-toy-trains-under-your-tree-if-it-werent-for-joshua-lionel-cowen/ "There'd Be No Toy Trains Under Your Tree If It Weren't for Joshua Lionel Cowen"], ''[[New York Press]]'', December 25, 2001. Accessed July 9, 2017. "Joshua Lionel Cowen was born on Henry St. in Manhattan's Lower East Side on Aug. 25, 1877."</ref>
* [[Jimmy Durante]] (1893–1980), comedian, actor, singer, and pianist<ref>Bakish, David. [https://books.google.com/books?id=McVxRCJEbPcC&pg=PA77 ''Jimmy Durante: His Show Business Career, with an Annotated Filmography and Discography''], p. 77. [[McFarland & Company]], 1995. {{ISBN|9780899509686}}. Accessed September 29, 2016. "(Mulberry Street is on the Lower East Side of New York, where Jimmy Durante grew up with a barber father.)"</ref>
* [[Monk Eastman]] (1875–1920), gangster<ref>[[Winston Groom|Groom, Winston]]. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704358904575477632752858848 "A Gangster Goes to War"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', October 2, 2010. Accessed September 29, 2016. "In New York right after the turn of the 20th century, the baddest man in the whole downtown was a thug named Monk Eastman, who controlled a gang of 2,000 Jewish hoodlums on Manhattan's Lower East Side."</ref>
* [[Miriam Friedlander]] (1914–2009), politician<ref>Robbins, Tom. [https://www.villagevoice.com/2009/10/15/miriam-friedlanders-good-fight/ "Miriam Friedlander's Good Fight"], ''[[The Village Voice]]'', October 15, 2009. Accessed March 16, 2022. "Miriam Friedlander, the spirited former councilwoman from the Lower East Side, died last week at 95, and we would count ourselves enormously lucky should her type come this way again."</ref>
* [[Lady Gaga]] (born 1986), singer, songwriter, and actress<ref>Campione, Katie. [https://people.com/home/lady-gagas-former-lower-east-side-apartment-is-available-to-rent-for-2000-a-month/ "Lady Gaga's Former Lower East Side Apartment Is Available to Rent for $2,000 a Month"], ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'', March 2, 2021. Accessed January 19, 2024. "Lady Gaga's former Lower East Side apartment is on the market! The unit, located at 176 Stanton Street, is available to rent for $2,000 a month."</ref>
* [[John Garfield]] (1913–1952), actor<ref>Day, Crosby. [https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2003/02/07/garfield-an-actor-who-stood-his-ground/ "Garfield: An Actor Who Stood His Ground"], ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]'', February 7, 2003. Accessed January 19, 2024. "John Garfield's reputation since his death seems to have hardened into a list of tired clichés: tough kid from New York's Lower East Side makes good; the first angry young man; the original rebel without a cause; the first method actor; the forerunner of Brando, Clift, Dean and De Niro."</ref>
* [[Ben Gazzara]] (1930–2012), actor and director<ref>[https://www.jacksonville.com/story/entertainment/local/2012/02/04/actor-ben-gazzara-dead-81/15876847007/ "Actor Ben Gazzara dead at 81"], ''[[The Florida Times-Union]]'', February 3, 2012. Accessed January 19, 2024. "Born Biagio Anthony Gazzara in New York on Aug. 28, 1930, he grew up on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in a cold-water flat with a bathtub in the kitchen."</ref>
* [[George Gershwin]] (1898–1937), composer and pianist{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* [[Vincent Gigante]] (1928–2005), mobster<ref>Seaver, Carl. [https://www.historydefined.net/vincent-gigante/ "The Life of 'The Oddfather,' Vincent Gigante"], History Defined, January 27, 2023. Accessed January 19, 2024. "Vincent Gigante was born in 1928 in the Lower East Side of New York. His father, Salvatore Gigante, and mother, Yolanda Gigante, were Italian immigrants."</ref>
* [[Lotti Golden]] (born 1949), singer-songwriter, record producer, poet, and artist<ref>Fishman, George. [https://medium.com/the-riff/the-greatest-songs-of-the-1960s-that-no-one-has-ever-heard-eac47849b54c "Lotti Golden — The 'Freaked-Out, Drugged-Up Street World of New York’s Lower East Side' Circa 1968, Set to Music"], [[Medium (website)|Medium]], April 19, 2023. Accessed January 19, 2024. "By the end of high school in 1967, Lotti had sung with bands up and down the East coast, taken up acting and entered the freaked-out, drugged-up street world of New York’s Lower East Side."</ref>
* [[Marcus Goldman]] (1821–1904), investment banker, businessman, and financier{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* [[Ralph Goldstein]] (1913–1997), Olympic épée fencer<ref>[[Associated Press]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/28/sports/ralph-goldstein-83-olympian-with-lasting-passion-for-fencing.html "Ralph Goldstein, 83, Olympian With Lasting Passion for Fencing"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 28, 1997. Accessed February 7, 2018. "Mr. Goldstein, who was born Oct. 6, 1913, in Malden, Mass., and grew up on the Lower East Side, attended Brooklyn College and had lived in Yonkers since 1948."</ref>
* [[Ruby Goldstein]] (1907–1984), professional boxer and prize fight referee<ref>Rogers, Thomas. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/24/obituaries/ruby-goldstein-ex-fighter-and-controversial-referee.html "Ruby Goldstein, Ex-Fighter And Controversial Referee"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 24, 1984. Accessed January 19, 2024. "Goldstein, born on Cherry Street on the Lower East Side, was known as the Jewel of the Ghetto during his fighting career."</ref>
* [[Samuel Gompers]] (1850–1924), cigar maker and labor union leader<ref>[https://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/english/digitallibrary/pages/viewer.aspx?presentorid=EDU_XML_ENG&docid=EDU_XML_ENG002765786 Photograph of American-Jewish Labour Leader Samuel Gompers], [[National Library of Israel]]. Accessed January 19, 2024. "In 1863, the Gomper family moved to New York’s Lower East Side in the hope of a better future. Samuel helped his father made cigars in their home."</ref>
* [[David Gordon (choreographer)|David Gordon]] (1936–2022), post-modern dancer, choreographer, and theatrical director<ref>Kourlas, Gia (February 4, 2022) [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/04/arts/dance/david-gordon-dead.html "David Gordon, a Wizard of Movement and Words, Dies at 85"] ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>
* [[Stephen Grammauta]] (1916–2016), mobster<ref>[https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/08/answers-about-the-new-york-mafia/ "Answers About the New York Mafia"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 8, 2008. Accessed January 19, 2024. "No one was ever charged in the murder, but as I disclosed 44 years later in my Oct. 18, 2001, column, the primary shooter of Albert Anastasia was the mobster Steven (Stevie Coogan) Grammauta. The second gunman was Arnold Wittenberg. Both men, along with the hit-team leader, Stephen Armone, were heroin dealers from the Lower East Side. Mr. Grammauta, now 91, is the only surviving member."</ref>
* [[Rocky Graziano]] (1919–1990), professional boxer and actor<ref>Berger, Phil. [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/obituaries/rocky-graziano-ex-ring-champion-dead-at-71.html "Rocky Graziano, Ex-Ring Champion, Dead at 71"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 23, 1990. Accessed January 19, 2024. "Born Thomas Rocco Barbella, Mr. Graziano grew up on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the son of a former boxer nicknamed Fighting Nick Bob."</ref>
* [[Samuel Greenberg]] (1893–1917), poet and artist<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2020/oct/26/poem-of-the-week-secrecy-by-samuel-greenberg "Poem of the week: Secrecy by Samuel Greenberg"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', October 26, 2020. Accessed January 19, 2024. "Samuel Greenberg was born in Vienna in 1893. His family emigrated to the US when he was seven and he grew up on New York City’s Lower East Side."</ref>
* [[David Greenglass]] (1922–2014), machinist and atomic spy<ref>[[Robert D. McFadden|McFadden, Robert D.]] [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/15/us/david-greenglass-spy-who-helped-seal-the-rosenbergs-doom-dies-at-92.html "David Greenglass, the Brother Who Doomed Ethel Rosenberg, Dies at 92"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 14, 2014. Accessed January 19, 2024. "Mr. Greenglass, who grew up on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in a household that believed Marxism would save humanity, was an ardent, preachy Communist when drafted by the Army in World War II, but no one in the barracks took him very seriously, much less believed him capable of spying."</ref>
* [[Sally Gross (choreographer)|Sally Gross]] (1933–2015), dancer and choreographer <ref>Weber, Bruce. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/arts/dance/sally-gross-choreographer-of-minimalist-dances-dies-at-81.html "Sally Gross, Choreographer of Minimalist Dances, Dies at 81"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 24, 2015. Accessed March 25, 2021. "Sarah Freiberg was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan on Aug. 3, 1933. Her parents were Jewish immigrants from Poland — her father was a fruit peddler — and as a girl she spoke Yiddish at home."</ref>
* [[Luis Guzmán]] (born 1956), actor<ref>Deliso, Meredith. [https://www.amny.com/entertainment/luis-guzman-on-growing-up-in-nyc-best-puerto-rican-food-1-11896167/ "Luis Guzman on growing up in NYC, best Puerto Rican food"], ''[[AM New York Metro]]'', June 9, 2016. Accessed January 19, 2024. "[Q] What was it like growing up in New York? [A] I lived on the Lower East Side. I grew up on Delancey and Columbia Street.... But back then, when we moved to the Lower East Side, in the late 1960s, early 1970s, the neighborhood looked like a bomb hit it, when the Bowery was full of what we called hobos."</ref>
* [[Maggie Gyllenhaal]] (born 1977), actress and filmmaker<ref>Blake, Meredith. [https://www.nydailynews.com/2010/08/15/maggie-gyllenhaal-blazes-a-new-indie-trail-and-it-leads-straight-to-hubby-peter-sarsgaard-and-home/ "Maggie Gyllenhaal blazes a new indie trail – and it leads straight to hubby Peter Sarsgaard and home"], ''[[New York Daoly News]]'', August 15, 2010. Accessed January 19, 2024. "In case there was any question about Gyllenhaal's cool pedigree, she was even born on the lower East Side. Enough said."</ref>
* [[Yip Harburg]] (1896–1981), song lyricist and librettist<ref>Wilson, John S. [https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/07/obituaries/ey-harburg-lyricist-killed-in-car-crash.html "E.Y. Harburg, Lyricist, Killed In Car Crash"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 7, 1981. Accessed March 25, 2021. "Edgar Harburg was born on New York's Lower East Side on April 8, 1896, the son of immigrants. From childhood, he was known as Yip, short for Yipsel, which he gave as his middle name although he said he acquired it as a boy on the East Side."</ref>
* [[Lazarus Joseph]] (1891–1966), lawyer and politician<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1966/05/24/archives/lazarus-joseph-dies-at-age-of-75-city-controller-194654-6term-state.html "Lazarus Joseph Dies At Age Of 75; City Controller 1946–54 6-Term State Senator"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 24, 1966. Accessed March 25, 2021. "Mr. Joseph was born Jan. 25, 1891, on the Lower East Side. He attended Public School 2 on Henry Street and the High School of Commerce and graduated from the Educational Alliance, a settlement house."</ref>
* [[Jane Katz]] (born 1943), educator, author, and Olympic swimmer<ref>Brady, Lois Smith. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/05/style/wedding-vows-jane-katz-and-herbert-l-erlanger.html "WEDDING: VOWS; Jane Katz and Herbert L. Erlanger"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' May 5, 1996. Accessed July 13, 2017. "Dr. Jane Katz, a competitive long-distance and synchronized swimmer grew up on the Lower East Side in the 1940s and 50s."</ref>
* [[Jack Kirby]] (1917–1994), comic book artist, writer, and editor<ref>Hoppe, Randolph. [https://www.tenement.org/blog/jack-kirby-superhero-creator-of-the-lower-east-side/ "Jack Kirby: Superhero Creator of the Lower East Side"], [[Lower East Side Tenement Museum]]. Accessed March 25, 2021. "Did you know that Captain America is from the Lower East Side? It's true. So are Thor, the Hulk, Ant-Man, the Avengers, and the X-Men. All of these characters were co-created by Lower East Side native, Jack Kirby, one of the most important and prolific storytellers of the 20th century."</ref>
* [[LA II]] (born 1967), graffiti and visual artist<ref>Koppel, Niko (August 5, 2008) [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/06/arts/design/06hari.html "Little Angel Was Here: A Keith Haring Collaborator Makes His Mark"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' Accessed February 22, 2021. "After Haring died, Mr. Ortiz returned to his former life on the Lower East Side"</ref>
* [[Fiorello LaGuardia]] (1882–1947), attorney and politician
* [[Meyer Lansky]] (1902–1983), organized crime figure
* [[Emanuel Lehman]] (1827–1907), businessman and banker
* [[Henry Lehman]] (1822–1855), businessman and banker
* [[Mayer Lehman]] (1830–1897), businessman, banker, and philanthropist
* [[Saul Leiter]] (1923–2013), photographer and painter
* [[Melissa Leo]] (born 1960), actress<ref name=oscar1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123507540420025655?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=Veteran Actors, First Time Nominees |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=February 19, 2009 |access-date=January 18, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Lucky Luciano]] (1897–1962), gangster
* [[Sidney Lumet]] (1924–2011), film director
* [[Madonna]] (born 1958), singer, songwriter, and actress<ref>Staff (September 19, 2013) [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/tour-the-lower-east-side-with-madonna-in-1983-12079/  Tour the Lower East Side With Madonna in 1983], ''[[Rolling Stone]]''</ref>
* [[Joseph Mankiewicz]] (1909–1993), film director, screenwriter, and producer
* [[Jackie Mason]] (1931–2021), stand-up comedian and actor
* [[Walter Matthau]] (1920–2000), actor, comedian, and film director
* [[Julia Migenes]] (born 1949), soprano
* [[Zero Mostel]] (1915–1977), actor, comedian, and singer
* [[Jim Neu]] (1943–2010), playwright
* [[Mikhail Odnoralov]] (1944–2016), artist
* [[Charlie Parker]] (1920–1955), jazz saxophonist, band leader, and composer
* [[Genesis P-Orridge]] (1950–2020), singer-songwriter, musician, poet, performance artist, visual artist, and occultist
* [[Anthony Provenzano]] (1917–1988), mobster
* [[Lee Quiñones]] (born 1960), artist and actor
* [[Lou Reed]] (1942–2013), musician, songwriter, and poet
* [[Edward G. Robinson]] (1893–1973), actor
* [[Sonny Rollins]] (born 1930), jazz tenor saxophonist
* [[Joseph Seligman]] (1819–1880), banker and businessman
* [[Bugsy Siegel]] (1906–1947), mobster
* [[Sheldon Silver]] (1944–2022), politician and attorney<ref>Weiser, Benjamin. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/nyregion/sheldon-silvers-conviction-is-overturned.html "Sheldon Silver's 2015 Corruption Conviction Is Overturned"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 13, 2017. Accessed July 13, 2017. "Mr. Silver, a 73-year-old Democrat from the Lower East Side of Manhattan, served for more than two decades as Assembly speaker."</ref>
* [[Al Singer]] (1909–1961), professional boxer<ref>Acevedo, Carlos. [https://thecruelestsport.com/2012/12/11/lightning-express-the-quick-rise-even-quicker-fall-of-al-singer/ "LIGHTNING EXPRESS: The Quick Rise & Even Quicker Fall of Al Singer"], The Cruelest Sport, December 11, 2012. Accessed July 13, 2017. "Born in New York City on September 6, 1909, Al Singer spent his early years on the Lower East Side before his father, a successful businessman, moved the family to Pelham Parkway in the Bronx."</ref>
* [[Mose Solomon]] (1900–1966), professional baseball player
* [[David South]], musician and filmmaker
* [[John Spacely]] (died 1993), musician, actor, and nightlife personality<ref>[http://www.afi.com/members/Catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=57100 ''Gringo''], [[American Film Institute]]. Accessed November 4, 2017. "In the early 1980s, John Spacely is an unemployed heroin addict living on the streets of New York City's Lower East Side, where he is known by the nickname, 'Gringo.'"</ref>
* [[Ysanne Spevack]] (born 1972), composer, conductor, and arranger; changed her name in 2018 to Meena Ysanne
* [[Johnny Thunders]] (1952–1991), guitarist, singer, and songwriter
* [[Rachel Trachtenburg]] (born 1993), musician and singer
* [[Luther Vandross]] (1951–2005), singer, songwriter, and record producer
* [[B. D. Wong]] (born 1960), actor
* [[Christopher Woodrow]] (born 1977), entrepreneur, financier, and movie producer
{{colend}}

==See also==
* [[Alife Rivington Club]]
* [[Cooperative Village]]
* [[Grand Street Settlement]]
* [[East Side (Manhattan)]]
* [[East Side Hebrew Institute]] (ESHI)
* [[East Village/Lower East Side Historic District]]
* [[First Houses]]
* [[Henry Street Settlement]]
* [[Lower East Side Conservancy]]
* [[Lower East Side History Project]]
* [[Lower East Side Tenement Museum]]
* [[Moshe Feinstein]]
* [[Museum of Reclaimed Urban Space]]
* [[Ray's Candy Store]]
* [[TEATRO SEA]]
* [[Tompkins Square Park]]
* [[University Settlement House]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
* Brazee, Christopher, et al. (October 9, 2012) [http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2491.pdf ''East Village/Lower East Side Historic District Designation Report''] Betts, Mary Beth (ed.). [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lower East Side}}
{{Wikivoyage|Manhattan/Lower East Side|Lower East Side}}
* [https://LowerEastSide.com Lower East Side – The Official News and Information Website]
* [https://www.tenement.org Lower East Side – Tenement Museum]
* [http://nymag.com/visitorsguide/neighborhoods/jewishles.htm "A Jewish Tour of the Lower East Side"], ''New York'' magazine
* [http://www.brianrose.com/lowereastside.htm Photographs of the Lower East Side and East Village in 1980 and 2010]
* [http://leshp.org/ Lower East Side History Project]
* [http://www.lespi-nyc.org Lower East Side Preservation Initiative]
* [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/lowereast/index.html The Lower East Side Photograph Collection at the New York Historical Society]

{{Lower East Side, Manhattan}}
{{Manhattan|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lower East Side| ]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in the United States]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Orthodox Judaism in New York City]]
[[Category:Yiddish theatre in the United States]]