View source for Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse

{{Short description|Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 1877 to 1892}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Louis IV
| succession   = [[Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]]
| image        = Grand Duke Ludwig IV of He-1.jpg
| caption      = Ludwig IV, 1878
| reign        = 13 June 1877 – 13 March 1892
| predecessor  = [[Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis III]]
| successor    = [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Ernest Louis]]
| spouse       = {{Ubl
  |{{marriage|[[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom]]|1 July 1862|14 December 1878|end=died}}
  |{{marriage|[[Countess Alexandrine von Hutten-Czapska]]|30 April 1884|1884|end=annulled}}
}}
| issue        = {{Ubl
  |[[Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven]]
  |[[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)|Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia]]
  |[[Irene, Princess Henry of Prussia]]
  |[[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]]
  |[[Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine|Prince Friedrich]]
  |[[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia]]
  |[[Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (1874–1878)|Princess Marie]]
}}
| full name    = {{Ubl
  |{{langx|de|Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Karl}}
  |Frederick William Louis Charles
}}
| house        = [[House of Hesse-Darmstadt|Hesse-Darmstadt]]
| father       = [[Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine]]
| mother       = [[Princess Elisabeth of Prussia]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1837|9|12|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[:de:Prinz-Carl-Palais (Darmstadt)|Prinz-Carl-Palais]], [[Darmstadt]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]], [[German Confederation]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1892|3|13|1837|9|12|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[:de:Neues Palais (Darmstadt)|New Palace]], [[Darmstadt]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]], [[German Empire]]
| burial_date  = 17 March 1892
| burial_place = Rosenhöhe, [[Darmstadt]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]], [[German Empire]]
}}
{{House of Hesse and by Rhine|louis4}}
'''Louis IV''' ({{langx|de|Ludwig IV. Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein}}; 12 September 1837 – 13 March 1892) was the [[Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]] from 13 June 1877 until his death in 1892. Through his marriage to [[Queen Victoria]]'s second daughter Alice, he was connected to the [[British royal family]]. Two of his daughters married into the [[House of Romanov]].

==Early life==
[[file:Prince Louis of Hesse, later Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse (1837-1892).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of Louis IV as Prince Louis of Hesse by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]] (1861)]]
Louis was born at the Prinz-Karl-Palais in [[Darmstadt]], the capital of the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine]] in the [[German Confederation]], the first son and child of [[Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine]] (23 April 1809 – 20 March 1877) and [[Princess Elisabeth of Prussia]] (18 June 1815 – 21 March 1885), granddaughter of [[Frederick William II of Prussia|King Frederick William II of Prussia]]. As his father's elder brother [[Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine|Louis III]] (1806–1877), the future Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, had been married to his first wife since 1833 without legitimate children and from 1868 was married [[morganatic marriage|morganatically]],<ref name="willis">Willis, Daniel A., ‘’The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain’’, Clearfield Company, 2002, p. 717. {{ISBN|0-8063-5172-1}}</ref> Prince Louis was from birth third-in-line to the grand ducal throne, after his uncle and father.

==First marriage==
On 1 July 1862, Louis married [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Princess Alice]], a daughter of [[Queen Victoria]] of the United Kingdom, at [[Osborne House]] on the [[Isle of Wight]].<ref name="willis" /> On the day of the wedding, the Queen issued a royal warrant granting her new son-in-law the style of ''[[Royal Highness]]'' in the United Kingdom. The Queen also subsequently made Prince Louis a knight of the [[Order of the Garter]].

Although this was an [[arranged marriage]] orchestrated by the bride's father [[Albert, Prince Consort]], the couple did have a brief period of [[courtship]] before betrothal and wed willingly, even after the death of the Prince Consort left Queen Victoria in a protracted state of grief that cast a pall over the [[nuptials]].<ref name="eilers">Eilers, Marlene. Queen Victoria's Descendants. Rosvall Royal Books, Falkoping, Sweden, 1997. pp. 49-50. 141, 175. {{ISBN|91-630-5964-9}}</ref> Becoming parents in less than a year following their marriage, the young royal couple found themselves strapped financially to maintain the lifestyle expected of their rank.<ref name="eilers" /> Princess Alice's interest in [[social services]], scientific development, hands-on child-rearing, charity and intellectual stimulation were not shared by Louis who, although dutiful and benevolent, was bluff in manner and conventional in his pursuits.<ref name="eilers" /> The death of the younger of their two sons, [[Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine|Frittie]], who was afflicted with [[hemophilia]] and suffered a fatal fall from a palace window before his third birthday in 1873, combined with the wearying war relief duties Alice had undertaken in 1870, evoked a crisis of spiritual faith for the princess in which her husband does not appear to have shared.<ref name="eilers" />

==Military career==
During the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866, Louis commanded the Hessian cavalry in support of the Austrian side.<ref name="eilers" />

The Austrians were defeated in the war, and the Hessian grand duchy was in jeopardy of being awarded as the spoils of war to victorious [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], which annexed some of Austria's other allies ([[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]], [[Electorate of Hesse|Hesse-Cassel]], [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau]]). Hesse-Darmstadt appears to have been spared this fate only by a cession of territory and the close dynastic kinship between its ruler and the Emperor of Russia ([[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]]'s consort, [[Empress Maria Alexandrovna]], was the sister of Hesse's Grand Duke Louis III and of Prince Charles).<ref name="eilers" />

In the [[Franco-Prussian War]] Prince Louis fought on the side of Prussia and the [[North German Confederation]]; commanding the [[25th Division (German Empire)|25th Division]]. He was credited with courageous military service, especially at the [[Battle of Gravelotte]],<ref name="eilers" /> which also afforded him the opportunity of mending the previous war's grievances with the [[House of Hohenzollern]] by fighting on the same side as his brother-in-law and future emperor, Crown Prince [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick William of Prussia]]. He had a good relationship with Frederick William and his wife [[Victoria, Princess Royal]], for his entire life.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} He also visited him on his deathbed in 1888.

==Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine==
In March 1877, Louis became [[heir presumptive]] to the Hessian throne when his father died and, less than three months later, found himself reigning grand duke upon the demise of his uncle, Louis III.<ref name="willis" />

A year and a half later, however, Grand Duke Louis was stricken with [[diphtheria]] along with most of his immediate family. He recovered; but his four-year-old daughter Marie succumbed, along with his wife of 16 years.<ref name="eilers" /> From then on, he reigned and raised his five surviving children alone. His youngest surviving daughter, Alix, married [[Tsar Nicholas II]] two years after his death in 1894.

==Second marriage==
[[File:Alexandrine von Hutten-Czapska.jpg|thumb|Countess Alexandrine von Hutten-Czapska|left]]
Grand Duchess Alice having died in 1878, Louis IV contracted a [[morganatic marriage]] on 30 April 1884 in Darmstadt (on the eve of the wedding of his eldest daughter, for which Queen Victoria and other relatives of his first wife were gathered in the Hessian capital) with [[Countess Alexandrine von Hutten-Czapska]] (3 September 1854 – 8 May 1941), younger daughter of Count Adam von [[Czapski family|Hutten-Czapski]] (1819–1884) and his wife, Countess Marianna [[Rzewuska]] (1827–1897).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolemin, Alexandrine von |url=https://www.darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de/k/kolemin-alexandrine-von.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aleksandra von Hutten-Czapska (1854-1941) |url=http://www.chronologia.pl/biogram-hutale18541941.html}}</ref> She was the former wife of Aleksander von [[:ru:Колемины|Kolemin]], the Russian [[chargé d'affaires]] in Darmstadt.<ref name="willis" /> But the couple, facing objections from the Grand Duke's in-laws, separated within a week and the marriage was annulled within three months.<ref name="willis" /> As a compensation, she received the title ''Countess von Romrod'' on 31 May 1884 and a financial compensation. Alexandrine later married for the third time to Basil von Bacheracht.

==Death==
Grand Duke Ludwig IV died of a heart attack in the New Palace in Darmstadt on 13 March 1892. He was succeeded by his son, Ernest Louis.

[[File:Darmstadt (01).JPG|thumb|The Equestrian statue of Ludwig IV on the Friedensplatz in Darmstadt]]

== Honours ==
;German orders and decorations<ref name="HofUndStaat">''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen'' (1892), Genealogy pp. 1-2</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]]:
** Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''11 April 1854''<ref>''Hof- und Staats ... Hessen'' (1855), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 8</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous]], ''11 April 1854''<ref>''Hof- und Staats- ... Hessen'' (1855), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 37</ref>
** Military Merit Cross, ''30 January 1871''<ref>''Hof- und Staats- ... Hessen'' (1855), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 130</ref>
** Military Honour Medal for 25 years of Service
** Field Service Medal
** War Medal for the Campaign in France (1870-1871)
* {{flagicon|Hesse}} [[Electorate of Hesse|Hesse-Kassel]]: [[House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse)|Knight of the Golden Lion]], ''9 January 1857''<ref>{{cite book|title=Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1859|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fRSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16|year=1859|publisher=Waisenhaus|page=16}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Anhalt}} [[Duchy of Anhalt|Anhalt]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Albert the Bear]]
* {{Flag|Baden}}:
** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1862''<ref name = "HandbuchBaden">''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1888), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1876773 p. 61]</ref>
** [[Order of the Zähringer Lion|Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion]]
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1863''<ref>{{cite book|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zBRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10|year=1870|publisher=Landesamt|page=10}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Duchy of Brunswick}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Henry the Lion]]
* {{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} [[Ernestine duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]], ''1863''<ref>''[https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00244601/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_497472023_497472813_1884_8_0073.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_004837855 Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha]'' (1884), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 31</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg}} [[Mecklenburg]]:
** [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Crown in Ore and Collar
** Military Service Cross, 2nd Class ([[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Schwerin]])
* {{flag|Nassau}}: [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau|Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau]], ''June 1863''<ref>''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10021632?page=27 Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau]'' (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 9</ref>
* {{flag|Oldenburg}}: [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]], with Golden Crown and Collar, ''5 July 1877''<ref>{{cite book|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg0: 1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0LijrRBi0kC&pg=PA34|year=1878|publisher=Schulze|page=34}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]:
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''4 October 1864''; with Collar, ''1872''<ref name="prus">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste|volume=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=14&skin=2021 6], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=22&skin=2021 14], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=1007&skin=2021 935]|lang=German|location=Berlin|year=1886}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Red Eagle|Grand Cross of the Red Eagle]]
** [[Iron Cross]] (1870), 2nd and 1st Classes
** [[Pour le Mérite]] (military), ''28 February 1871''<ref name="prus"/>
** Grand Commander's Cross of the [[Royal House Order of Hohenzollern]], ''5 December 1878''<ref name="prus"/>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Saxony}}: [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]], ''1877''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1878)'' (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030829173&view=1up&seq=23 3]</ref>
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1865''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg'' (1873), "Königliche Orden" p. 32</ref>
}}

;Foreign orders and decorations<ref name="HofUndStaat" />
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary|1880}} [[Austria-Hungary]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen]], ''1880''<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm A Szent István Rend tagjai]''</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}:
** Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]], ''9 July 1862''<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1863_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1863_R%20208#page/26|title=Almanach Royal Officiel|year=1863|chapter=Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold|lang=french|via=Archives de Bruxelles|page=52}}</ref>
** [[Civic Decoration|Civic Cross]], 1st Class
* {{flag|Principality of Bulgaria}}:
** [[Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria)|Grand Cross of St. Alexander]]
** [[Order of Bravery]], 2nd Class
* {{flag|Denmark}}: [[Order of the Elephant|Knight of the Elephant]], ''23 September 1878''<ref>{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=465}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Greece|royal}} [[Kingdom of Greece]]: [[Order of the Redeemer|Grand Cross of the Redeemer]]
* {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}: [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
* {{Flag|Netherlands}}:
** Commander of the [[Military William Order]], ''1 May 1882''<ref name="Databank dapperheidsonderscheidingen">''[https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1882/05/01/hessen-darmstadt-friedrich-wilhelm-ludwig-iv-karl-grossherzog-von Militaire Willems-Orde: Hessen-Darmstadt, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig IV. Karl Grossherzog von]'' (in Dutch)</ref>
** [[Order of the Netherlands Lion|Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion]]
* {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}: [[Order of Osmanieh]], 1st Class
* {{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}: [[Order of the Tower and Sword|Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword]]
* {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}: [[Order of the Star of Romania|Grand Cross of the Star of Romania]]
* {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]], with Collar, ''8 October 1883''<ref>{{citation|chapter=Real y Distinguida Orden de Carlos III|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1887|access-date=21 March 2019|page=149|lang=es}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}}:
** [[Order of the Cross of Takovo|Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo]]
** [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|Grand Cross of the White Eagle]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} {{flagicon|Norway|1844}} [[Sweden-Norway]]: [[Order of the Seraphim|Knight of the Seraphim]], ''21 September 1881''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1884|url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/61610/1/gupea_2077_61610_1.pdf|access-date=8 March 2021|page=380|language=sv|via=gupea.ub.gu.se}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: [[Order of the Garter|Stranger Knight of the Garter]], ''5 July 1862''<ref name=p61>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n149/mode/2up p. 61]</ref>
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}:
** [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]]
** [[Imperial Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky]]
** [[Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)|Knight of the White Eagle]]
** [[Order of St. Anna|Knight of St. Anna]], 1st Class
** [[Imperial Order of St. George|Knight of St. George]], 3rd Class
}}

==Issue==
{{see also|Descendants of Queen Victoria}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Issue (by Princess Alice)<ref name="willis" />
!Image
!Name
!Birth
!Death
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Victoria Hesse 1863.jpg|90px|center]]
|[[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine|''Victoria'' Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie]]
|5 April 1863
|24 September 1950
|m. 30 April 1884 [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]], later Marquess of Milford-Haven (24 May 1854-11 September 1921); 2 sons, 2 daughters (including [[Louise Mountbatten|Queen Louise of Sweden]] and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]).
|-
|[[File:Elizabeth Fyodorovna of Russia.jpg|90px|center]]
|[[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)|''Elisabeth'' Alexandra Louise Alice]]
|1 November 1864
|18 July 1918
|Took the name ''Yelisaveta Fyodorovna'' on her baptism into the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]; m. 15 June 1884 [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia]] (11 May 1857-17 February 1905), the seventh child and fifth son of [[Tsar Alexander II of Russia]]; had no issue
|-
|[[File:Irene hesse1.jpg|90px|center]]
|[[Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine|''Irene'' Louise Marie Anne]]
|11 July 1866
|11 November 1953
|m. 24 May 1888 [[Albert Wilhelm Heinrich of Prussia|Prince Henry of Prussia]] (14 August 1862–20 April 1929), son of [[Friedrich III of Germany (Hohenzollern)|Frederick III, German Emperor]]; had 3 sons. Irene passed [[haemophilia]] on to two of her three sons: [[Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889-1945)|Prince Waldemar of Prussia]] and [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1900-1904)|Prince Henry of Prussia]].
|-
|[[File:ErnstLodewijk.jpg|90px|center]]
|[[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine|''Ernest Louis'' Charles Albert William]]
|25 November 1868
|9 October 1937
|Succeeded as Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, 13 March 1892, abdicated 9 November 1918;<br>m. (1), 9 April 1894 his first cousin [[Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (25 November 1876–2 March 1936); 1 son (stillborn) and 1 daughter, div. 21 December 1901.<br>m. (2), 2 February 1905, [[Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich]] (17 September 1871–16 November 1937); two sons.
|-
|[[File:Frederico de hesse.JPG|90px|center]]
|[[Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine|''Frederick'' William Augustus Victor Leopold Louis]]
|7 October 1870
|29 May 1873
|Suffered from haemophilia and died from internal bleeding after a fall from a window at age two and a half.
|-
|[[File:Alexandra Fyodorovna LOC 01137u.jpg|90px|center]]
|[[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|''Alix'' Victoria Helena Louise Beatrice]]
|6 June 1872
|[[Murder of the Romanov family|17 July 1918]]
|Took the name ''Alexandra Feodorovna'' on her baptism into the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]; m. 26 November 1894 [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II of Russia]] (18 May 1868-17 July 1918); 1 son and 4 daughters. Their only son, [[Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia]], suffered from haemophilia.
|-
|[[File:Maria de Hesse.jpeg|90px|center]]
|[[Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (1874–1878)|''Marie'' Victoria Feodore Leopoldine]]
|24 May 1874
|16 November 1878
|Died of [[diphtheria]] at age four.
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{NPG name|name=Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Hesse-Darmstadt]]|12 September|1837|13 March|1892}}
{{S-roy|de}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Rulers of Hesse|Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine]]|years=1877–1892}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Ernest Louis]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Princes of Hesse and by Rhine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Louis 04 Of Hesse, Grand Duke}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:Grand dukes of Hesse]]
[[Category:Nobility from Darmstadt]]
[[Category:19th-century Prussian military personnel]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mausoleum for the Grand Ducal House of Hesse, Rosenhöhe (Darmstadt)]]
[[Category:Members of the First Chamber of the Estates of the Grand Duchy of Hesse]]
[[Category:Colonel generals of Prussia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Military Order of William]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree]]
[[Category:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Darmstadt]]