View source for Losing chess

{{short description|Chess variant: goal is to lose pieces}}
{{Redirect|Reverse chess|determining which moves were played leading up to a given chess position|Retrograde analysis}}
{{Chess diagram
 |tright
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 |rd|nd|  |qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
 |pd|bd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |bl|  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |
 |pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
 |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|  |nl|rl
 |After 1.e3 b5 2.Bxb5 Bb7 (diagram) White must capture 3.Bxd7, the only legal move. Then Black must also capture, but can choose among Nxd7, Qxd7, Kxd7, or Bxg2. 
}}

'''Losing chess'''{{efn|Also known as '''antichess''', the '''losing game''', '''giveaway chess''', '''suicide chess''', '''killer chess''', '''must-kill''', '''take-all chess''', '''take-me chess''', '''capture chess''' or '''losums'''.}} is one of the most popular [[chess variants]].<ref>Pritchard (2007), p. 86</ref><ref>Parlett (1999), p. 324</ref> The objective of each player is to lose all of their [[chess piece|pieces]] or be [[stalemate]]d, that is, a [[misère]] version. In some variations, a player may also win by [[checkmating]] or by being checkmated.

Losing chess was [[solved game#Weak_solution|weakly solved]] in 2016 by Mark Watkins as a win for White, beginning with 1.e3.

{{algebraic notation|pos=toc}}

==Rules (main variant)==
The rules are the same as those for standard [[Chess rules|chess]], except for the following special rules:
* Capturing is compulsory.
** When more than one capture is available, the capturing player may choose.
* The [[king (chess)|king]] has no {{chessprobgloss|royal piece|royal power}}, being effectively replaced by a [[mann (chess)|mann]], and accordingly:
** it may be captured like any other piece; 
** there is no [[check (chess)|check]] or [[checkmate]];
*** therefore the king may expose itself to capture;
** there is no [[castling]];
** a pawn may also be [[Promotion (chess)|promoted]] to a king.
* [[Stalemate]] is a win for the stalemated player (the player with no legal moves). This includes having no remaining pieces on the board.

Draws by [[threefold repetition|repetition]], [[draw by agreement|agreement]], or the [[fifty-move rule]] work as in standard chess. Positions when neither player can win are also draws: for example, when the only pieces remaining are {{chessgloss|bishops of opposite colors}}. (This is similar to the dead position rule in standard chess.)

== History ==
The origin of the game is unknown, but believed to significantly predate an early version, named '''take me''', played in the 1870s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chess Eccentricities|last=Verney|first=Major George Hope|publisher=Longman, Green, & Co|year=1885|location=London|pages=191}}</ref> Because of the popularity of losing chess, several variations have spawned. The most widely played (main variant) is described in ''Popular Chess Variants'' by [[David Pritchard (chess player)|D. B. Pritchard]]. Losing chess began to gain popularity in the 20th century, which was facilitated by some publications about this variant in the UK, Germany, and Italy.

In September 1998, what was known as the "first International Losing Chess Meeting" was held in Geneva, Switzerland, courtesy of Fabrice Liardet, recognized through a tournament held there as the strongest Losing Chess player in the world at the time. Indeed, there were many international players, including the Netherlands, United Kingdom, France, as well as Switzerland. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Beasley|first=John|year=1998|title=Losing Chess in Geneva|url=http://www.mayhematics.com/v/vol4/vc30.pdf|journal=Variant Chess|volume=4|issue=30|pages=20–21|issn=0958-8248}}</ref>

Losing chess gained a new surge in popularity at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries as an online game, thanks to the implementation of this variant on [[Free Internet Chess Server|FICS]] in 1996, which greatly contributed to the popularization of losing chess.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Ultimate Guide to Antichess|last=Andrejić|first=Vladica|publisher=JP “Službeni glasnik”|year=2018|isbn=978-86-7297-096-8|location=Belgrade}}</ref> International tournaments were held in 1998 and 2001.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beasley|first=John|year=2002|title=Losing chess: The First Unofficial World Championship|url=http://www.mayhematics.com/v/vol5/vc39.pdf|journal=Variant Chess|volume=5|issue=39|pages=106–107|issn=0958-8248}}</ref> As of 2022, the IAF hosts annual international tournaments in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antichess.org/|title=Antichess.org|website=www.antichess.org}}</ref>

The internet chess server [[Lichess]] facilitates play of the game, referring to it as "antichess";<ref name=":0" /> after regular chess it is the most popular variant on the site in terms of numbers of games played.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://database.lichess.org/|title=lichess.org open database|website=database.lichess.org}}</ref> Since 2018 the site has hosted an annual "Lichess World Championship" for the variant.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://perpetualcheck.com/antichess/lichess.php|title=Lichess Antichess World Championship|website=perpetualcheck.com}}</ref> [[Chess.com]] also added this variant to their server, calling it "giveaway."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Play Chess Variants Online|url=https://www.chess.com/variants|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Chess.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Analysis==
[[File:Suicide chess 1. d3 forced loss.gif|thumb|1.d3?? is one of several openings that lose by force: 1.d3 g5 2.Bxg5 Bg7 3.Bxe7 Bxb2 4.Bxd8 Bxa1 5.Bxc7 Bc3 6.Bxb8 Rxb8 7.Nxc3 d5 8.Nxd5 Nf6 9.Nxf6 Rg8 10.Nxe8 Rxg2 11.Bxg2 f6 12.Bxb7 Rxb7 13.Nxf6 h5 14.Nxh5 Rb1 15.Qxb1 Bb7 16.Qxb7 a6 17.Qxa6 {{chessAN|0–1}}]]
Because of the forced capture rule, losing chess games often involve long sequences of {{chessgloss|forced move|forced}} captures by one player. This means that a minor mistake can doom a game. Such mistakes can be made from the very first move—it is currently known that a Black win can be forced after 13 of White's 20 legal opening moves.<ref name=beasley>[https://www.jsbeasley.co.uk/losingopenings.htm Losing Chess openings : A summary of knowledge as at 10 October 2016] by John Beasley, for all but 1.Na3</ref><ref name=watkins>[http://magma.maths.usyd.edu.au/~watkins/LOSING_CHESS/ Losing Chess], Mark Watkins</ref> Some of these openings took months of computer time to solve: they vary greatly in difficulty. 

*The wins against 1.e4, 1.d4, and 1.d3 consist of simple series of forced captures and can be played from memory by most average players.{{efn|Solutions by [[David Bronstein]] were published in ''Popular Chess Variants'' (2000), pp. 33–34:
* '''1.d4??''' e5 2.dxe5 Qg5 3.Qxd7 Bxd7 4.Bxg5 Kd8 5.Bxd8 a6 6.Bxc7 Ra7 7.Bxb8 b6 8.Bxa7 a5 9.Bxb6 g6 10.Bxa5 Bb4 11.Bxb4 Ne7 12.Bxe7 Rf8 13.Bxf8 h6 14.Bxh6 g5 15.Bxg5 f6 16.Bxf6 Bh3 17.Nxh3 0–1
* '''1.d3??''' g5 2.Bxg5 Bg7 3.Bxe7 Bxb2 4.Bxd8 Bxa1 5.Bxc7 Bc3 6.Bxb8 Rxb8 7.Nxc3 d5 8.Nxd5 Nf6 9.Nxf6 Rg8 10.Nxe8 Rxg2 11.Bxg2 f6 12.Bxb7 Rxb7 13.Nxf6 Rb8 14.Nxh7 Rb1 15.Qxb1 Bb7 16.Qxb7 a6 17.Qxa6 0–1
* '''1.e4??''' b5 2.Bxb5 Nf6 3.Bxd7 Nxe4 and White loses no matter which capture is chosen:
** 4.Bxe8 Qxd2 5.Qxd2 (if 5.Bxf7 Qxc1 6.Qxc1 Nxf2 7.Kxf2 Rg8 etc.) 5...Nxd2 6.Kxd2 Rg8 7.Bxf7 c5 8.Bxg8 g6 9.Bxh7 e5 10.Bxg6 e4 11.Bxe4 Nc6 12.Bxc6 Bb7 13.Bxb7 Rc8 14.Bxc8 a6 15.Bxa6 c4 16.Bxc4 Ba3 17.Nxa3 0–1
** Or 4.Bxc8 Nxd2 5.Bxd2 Qxd2 6.Qxd2 Na6 7.Bxa6 Rc8 8.Bxc8 f5 9.Bxf5 Rg8 10.Bxh7 c5 11.Bxg8 e6 12.Bxe6 c4 13.Bxc4 a6 14.Bxa6 g5 15.Qxg5 Kd8 16.Qxd8 Be7 17.Qxe7 0–1}}
*The wins against 1.Nc3, 1.Nf3, 1.f4, and 1.h4 are harder to demonstrate, but can be solved by skilled players.<ref name=beasley/>
*The next tier of difficulty is formed by 1.b4, 1.c3, 1.f3, and 1.h3, which were solved by computers: they form a significant jump in difficulty from the previous set.<ref name=beasley/>
*1.a3 is much more difficult than those.<ref name=beasley/>
*1.Na3 is more difficult still.<ref name=watkins/>

In the table below, green marks winning first moves for White; red marks losing first moves; and yellow marks moves that are not yet solved.

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ Status of White's twenty legal first moves
|-
| {{lost|Na3}}
|
| {{lost|Nc3}}
|
|
| {{lost|Nf3}}
|
| {{maybe|Nh3}}
|-
| {{maybe|a4}}
| {{lost|b4}}
| {{maybe|c4}}
| {{lost|d4}}
| {{lost|e4}}
| {{lost|f4}}
| {{maybe|g4}}
| {{lost|h4}}
|-
| {{lost|a3}}
| {{maybe|b3}}
| {{lost|c3}}
| {{lost|d3}}
| {{won|e3}}
| {{lost|f3}}
| {{maybe|g3}}
| {{lost|h3}}
|}

This main variant of losing chess was [[Solved game|weakly solved]] in October 2016; White is able to force a win beginning with 1.e3.<ref name=solve>{{cite web |last1=Watkins |first1=Mark |title=Losing Chess: 1. e3 wins for White|url=http://magma.maths.usyd.edu.au/~watkins/LOSING_CHESS/LCsolved.pdf |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> This solution is valid for both FICS and "International" rules on stalemate. Some lines are trivial (1...d6, 1...d5, 1...Na6, and 1...g6 lose in less than 20 moves), others are quite simple (1...Nf6, 1...h6, 1...e5, 1...f5, 1...h5, 1...f6, 1...a6, 1...a5 lose in less than 30 moves, subject to knowledge of the theory<ref name="solution">{{Cite web|url=https://antichess.herokuapp.com/|title=Antichess Solution Browser|access-date=2020-01-17|archive-date=2020-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114233347/https://antichess.herokuapp.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>), and some are quite complicated (1...Nh6, 1...Nc6, 1...c6, the win in which may require about 60 moves<ref name="solution" />). The most difficult are the following five openings<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magma.maths.usyd.edu.au/~watkins/LOSING_CHESS/WEB/browse.php?e2e3|title=Mark Watkins's Solution Browser}}</ref> (in order of increasing difficulty): 1.e3 g5 (Wild Boar Defence), 1.e3 e6 (Modern Defence), 1.e3 b5 (Classical Defence), 1.e3 c5 (Polish Defence), and 1.e3 b6 (Liardet Defence).

[[David Pritchard (chess player)|David Pritchard]], the author of ''The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants'', wrote that the "complexity and beauty" of losing chess is found in its [[endgame (chess)|endgame]]. He noted that, in contrast to regular chess, losing chess endgames with just two pieces require considerable skill to play correctly, whereas three- or four-piece endgames can exceed human capacity to solve precisely.{{sfnp|Pritchard|2000|p=34|ps=}} For example, the following endgames may turn out to be quite complicated: ''2 Knights vs Rook'', ''3 Kings vs King'', or ''Bishop+Knight+King vs King''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsbeasley.co.uk/vchess/losingendlit.pdf|title=A first survey of Losing Chess endgame material published up to the end of 1999|last=Beasley|first=John|year=2000|website=The John and Sue Beasley WebSite}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsbeasley.co.uk/vchess/losing3man.pdf|title=Three-man pawnless endings in Losing Chess|last=Beasley|first=John|year=1999|website=The John and Sue Beasley WebSite}}</ref> In the latter case, in particular, a win may require more than 60 moves, which means that it is sometimes unattainable due to the [[fifty-move rule]].

==Variations==

===Variations regarding stalemate===
{{chess diagram small
 |tleft
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 |  |  |  |  |  |  |nd|bl
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl|  
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 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
 |White to move, but there are no legal moves. The position is stalemate. The game result depends on the variant being played. 
}}
Implementations of the main variant can vary in regard to stalemate.<ref name=tCVP>{{cite web |last1=Bodlaender |first1=Hans |title=Losing Chess |url=http://www.chessvariants.org/diffobjective.dir/giveaway.html |website=[[The Chess Variant Pages]] |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> "International" rules are as described above, with the stalemated player winning even if that player still has pieces on the board. FICS rules resolve stalemate as a win for the player with the fewer number of pieces remaining; if both have the same number, it is a draw (the piece types are irrelevant). "Joint" FICS/International rules resolves stalemate as a draw unless it is a victory for the same player under both rulesets.<ref name=solve /> The stalemate in the diagram is a win for White under "International" rules, a win for Black under FICS rules, and a draw under "joint" rules.
{{clear}}

===Variants in ''The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants''===
Pritchard discusses the following variants of the game in ''The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants''.{{sfnp|Pritchard|1994|p=176|ps=}}

'''Variant 2'''

Rules are the same as the main rules, except:
{{unordered list|style=list-style-position:inside
 |Pawns promote only to queens.
 |Stalemate is a draw.
}}

'''Variant 3'''

Rules are the same as the main rules, except:
* The king has royal powers, and removing the king from check takes precedence over capturing another piece.
* A player wins by reducing his pieces to a [[bare king]], or by checkmating the opponent.
* Stalemate is a draw.

'''Variant 4'''

Rules are the same as variant 3, except:
* A player wins by reducing his pieces to a bare king, or by getting checkmated.
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|notes=}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
*Verney, M. G. H. (1885). Chess Eccentricities. London: Longman, Green, & Co. p. 191.
*{{cite book
 |last=Pritchard 
 |first=D. B. 
 |author-link=David Pritchard (chess player)
 |title=The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
 |publisher=Games & Puzzles Publications
 |chapter=Losing Chess
 |pages=176–79
 |year=1994
 |isbn=0-9524142-0-1}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Parlett
 |first=David
 |author-link=David Parlett
 |title=The Oxford History of Board Games
 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] Inc
 |year=1999
 |isbn=0-19-212998-8
 |url-access=registration
 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl
 }}
*{{cite book
 |last=Pritchard 
 |first=D. B. 
 |author-link=David Pritchard (chess player)
 |title=Popular Chess Variants
 |publisher=[[Anova Books|B.T. Batsford Ltd]]
 |chapter=§7 Losing Chess
 |pages=32–38  
 |year=2000
 |isbn=0-7134-8578-7}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Pritchard 
 |first=D. B. 
 |author-link=David Pritchard (chess player)
 |editor-last=Beasley
 |editor-first=John
 |title=The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
 |publisher=John Beasley 
 |chapter=§10.9 Playing to lose
 |pages=85–89
 |year=2007
 |isbn=978-0-9555168-0-1}}
*Andrejić, Vladica (2018). The Ultimate Guide to Antichess. Belgrade: JP “Službeni Glasnik”. {{ISBN|978-86-7297-096-8}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chessvariants.org/diffobjective.dir/giveaway.html Losing Chess] by [[Hans Bodlaender]], ''[[The Chess Variant Pages]]''
*[http://perpetualcheck.com/antichess/ The Ultimate Guide to Antichess] by Vladica Andrejić
* [http://www.pion.ch/Losing/index.html Losing Chess] by Fabrice Liardet {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://magma.maths.usyd.edu.au/~watkins/LOSING_CHESS/ Losing Chess Solution] by Mark Watkins
*[http://catalin.francu.com/nilatac/book.php Nilatac's Opening Book] Losing Chess book browser by Cătălin Frâncu
*[https://antichess.herokuapp.com/ Antichess Solution Browser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114233347/https://antichess.herokuapp.com/ |date=2020-01-14 }} Forced wins in Losing Chess
*[https://chessvariants.training/Puzzle/Antichess Losing Chess Puzzles] Losing Chess puzzles and endgame training
* [http://scidb.sourceforge.net Scidb] a chess database supporting Losing Chess
* [http://www.pathguy.com/chess/LosingCh.htm Losing Chess] [http://www.pathguy.com/chess/Losing2.htm Losing Chess II] [http://www.pathguy.com/chess/Losing3.htm Losing Chess III] [http://www.pathguy.com/chess/Losing4.htm Losing Chess IV] simple programs by Ed Friedlander <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold;">([[Java (programming language)|Java]])</span>

{{Chess variants|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Chess variants]]
[[Category:Solved games]]