View source for Lontara script

{{short description|Indonesian writing system}}
{{For|the palm-leaf manuscripts|Lontara}}
{{Infobox writing system
|name =Lontara
|altname ={{lang|bug|ᨒᨚᨈᨑ}}
|type = [[Abugida]]
|languages = [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Makassarese language|Makassarese]], [[Mandar language|Mandar]], (slightly modified for [[Bima language|Bima]], [[Ende language (Indonesia)|Ende]], and [[Sumbawa language|Sumbawa]])
|time = 15th century – present
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
|footnotes=
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]
|fam4=[[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]
|fam5=[[Tamil-Brahmi]]
|fam6=[[Vatteluttu|Pallava]]
|fam7=[[Old Kawi]]
|sisters=[[Balinese alphabet|Balinese]]<br /> [[Batak script|Batak]]<br /> [[Baybayin|Baybayin scripts]]<br />[[Javanese script|Javanese]]<br />[[Makasar script|Makasar]]<br /> [[Old Sundanese script|Old Sundanese]]<br /> [[Rencong script|Rencong]]<br />[[Rejang script|Rejang]]
 |unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1A00.pdf U+1A00–U+1A1F]
 |iso15924=Bugi
 |sample=Kata_lontara.png
 |imagesize=250px
 }}
{{Writing systems in Indonesia}}
{{Contains special characters|Lontara}}
The '''Lontara script''' ({{script|Bugi|ᨒᨚᨈᨑ}}),{{efn|Otherwise spelled as '''''lontaraq''''' or '''''lontara{{’}}''''' to denote the [[Glottal stop|glotal stop]]. For completeness sake, other Bugis/Makassar terms shall use apostrophe to denote this sound whenever appropriate.}} also known as the '''Bugis script''', '''Bugis-Makassar script''', or '''Urupu Sulapa’ Eppa’''' "four-cornered letters", is one of [[Indonesia]]'s traditional scripts developed in the [[South Sulawesi]] and [[West Sulawesi]] region. The script is primarily used to write the [[Buginese language]], followed by [[Makassarese language|Makassarese]] and [[Mandar language|Mandar]]. Closely related variants of Lontara are also used to write several languages outside of Sulawesi such as [[Bima language|Bima]], [[Ende language (Indonesia)|Ende]], and [[Sumbawa language|Sumbawa]].{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=213, 216}} The script was actively used by several South Sulawesi societies for day-to-day and literary texts from at least mid-15th Century CE until the mid-20th Century CE, before its function was gradually supplanted by the Latin alphabet. Today the script is taught in [[South Sulawesi|South Sulawesi Province]] as part of the local curriculum, but with very limited usage in everyday life.

Lontara is an [[abugida]] with 23 basic letters. The script is a descendant of [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] through [[Kawi script|Kawi]] intermediaries.{{sfn|Macknight|2016|p=57}} As of other [[Brahmic scripts]], each letter represents a syllable with an [[inherent vowel]] {{IPA|/a/}}, which can be changed with diacritics. The direction of writing is left to right. Traditionally, the script is written without word breaks (''[[scriptio continua]]'') and with little to no [[punctuation]]. A typical Lontara text may contain many ambiguities as [[Coda (syllable)|coda syllables]], or consonants at the end of syllables, are normally not written and must be supplied by readers from context.

== History ==
Lontara is a descendant of the [[Kawi script]], used in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] around 800 CE. It is unclear whether the script is a direct descendant from Kawi, or derived from one of Kawi's other descendants. One theory states that it is modelled after the [[Rejang script]], perhaps due to their graphical similarities. But this claim may be unfounded as some characters of the Lontara are a late development.{{sfn|Noorduyn|1993}}

The term Lontara has also come to refer to literature regarding Bugis history and genealogy, an important subject in traditional South Sulawesi societies. Historically, Lontara was also used for a range of documents including contracts, trade laws, treaties, maps, and journals. These documents are commonly written in a contemporary-like book form, but they can be written in a traditional palm-leaf manuscript called lontar, in which a long, thin strip of dried lontar is rolled to a wooden axis in similar manner to a tape recorder. The text is then read by scrolling the lontar strip from left to right.{{sfn|Tol|1996}}

Lontara in South Sulawesi appears to have first developed in Bugis area of the Cenrana-Walannae region at about 1400. Writing may have spread to other parts of the South Sulawesi from this region, but the possibility of independent developments cannot be dismissed. What is evident is that the earliest written records for which there is any evidence were genealogical.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The lands west of the lakes, A history of the Ajattappareng kingdoms of South Sulawesi 1200 to 1600 CE|year=2009|publisher=KITLV Press Leiden|pages=63|author=Druce, Stephen C.}}</ref>

When paper became available in South Sulawesi in the early 17th century, Lontara script, which previously had to be written straight, angled-corner and rigid on palm leaves, could now be written faster and more variedly using ink on paper. It is worth noting that R.A. Kern (1939:580-3) writes that modified curved letters in the Lontara script one finds written on paper do not appear to have been used in the palm-leaf Bugis manuscripts he examined.<ref>{{cite book|title=The lands west of the lakes, A history of the Ajattappareng kingdoms of South Sulawesi 1200 to 1600 CE|year=2009|publisher=KITLV Press Leiden|pages=57–63|author=Druce, Stephen C.}}</ref>

Through the efforts of Dutch Linguist, B.F. Matthes, printing types of the Bugis characters, designed and cast in Rotterdam in the mid-19th century, were used from that time onwards for printing in both the South Celebes capital, Makassar, and Amsterdam. They were also used as models for teaching the script in schools, first in Makassar and environs, and then gradually in other areas of South Celebes. This process of standardization clearly influenced the later handwriting of the script. As a standard style of the script emerged, previously existing variations disappeared.{{sfn|Jukes|2019|pp=535}} By the end of the 19th century, the use of the [[Makasar script|Makasar]] (or ''Jangang-Jangang'' script) had been completely replaced by the Lontara Bugis script, which Makassarese writers sometimes referred to as "New Lontara".{{sfn|Jukes|2019|pp=49}}

Although the Latin alphabet has largely replaced Lontara, it is still used to a limited extent in Bugis and Makasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=MELESTARIKAN BUDAYA TULIS NUSANTARA: Kajian tentang Aksara Lontara |url=https://jurnal.unipasby.ac.id/index.php/jurnal_budaya_nusantara/article/download/416/283 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Jurnal Budaya Nusantara |publisher=Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya}}</ref> In Bugis, its usage is limited to ceremonial purposes such as wedding ceremonies. Lontara is also used extensively in printing traditional Buginese literature. In Makasar, Lontara is additionally used for personal documents such as letters and notes. Those who are skilled in writing the script are known as ''palontara'', or 'writing specialists'.

== Usage ==
Traditionally, Lontara is used to write several languages of south Sulawesi. Most Lontara materials are written in the [[Bugis language]], followed by [[Makassar language|Makassarese]] and (by a rather wide margin) [[Mandar language|Mandar]]. The [[Toraja]] people who also reside in south Sulawesi do not use the script as their literary tradition is primarily oral based, without an indigenous written form.{{sfn|Tol|1996|p=213}} Due to Bugis-Makassar contact, modified Lontara are also used for several writing traditions outside of south Sulawesi, like the [[Bima language|Bima]], in eastern [[Sumbawa Island]] and [[Ende language (Indonesia)|Ende]] in [[Flores]] Island.{{sfn|Tol|1996|p=216}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;"  align="center"  colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = {{{1<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}} align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| '''Usage of Lontara script'''
|-
|align=center; colspan=2|
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Historische_gedichten_en_fragmenten_uit_La_Galigo_poëzie_in_het_Buginees_op_lontarblad_dat_op_twee_houten_klossen_gewikkeld_is_TMnr_668-215.jpg|Palmleaf manuscript of an ''I La Galigo'' episode, Tropenmuseum
File:BugineseMatthes1870s.jpg|Paper manuscript of an ''I La Galigo'' episode, University of Leiden
File:Journal_from_South_Sulawesi.jpg|Daily register or ''lontara' bilang''
File:Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah_in_Makassarese.jpg|Makassar version of ''[[Hikayat Amir Hamzah]]''
File:Kutika_manuscript_1.jpg|A ''Kutika'' manuscript discussing calendrical calculations
</gallery>
|}
In historical South Sulawesi cultural sphere, the Lontara script was used in a number of related text traditions, most of which are written in manuscripts. The term '''''lontara''''' also refers to a literary genre that deals with history and genealogies, the most widely written and important writing topics by the [[Buginese people|Buginese]] and neighboring [[Makassar people]]. This genre can be divided into several sub-types: genealogy (Bugis: ''pangngoriseng'', Makassar: ''pannossorang''), daily registers (''lontara' bilang''), and [[Chronicle|chronicles]] (Bugis: ''attoriolong'', Makassar: ''patturioloang''). Each kingdom of South Sulawesi generally had their own official historiography in some compositional structure that utilized these three forms.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=223–226}} Compared to "historical" records from other parts of the archipelago, historical records in the literary tradition of South Sulawesi are decidedly more "realistic"; historical events are explained in a straightforward and plausible manner, and the relatively few fantastic elements are marked with conventional wordings so that the overall record feels factual and realistic.{{sfn|Cummings|2007|p=8}}{{sfn|Macknight|Paeni|Hadrawi|2020|pp=xi-xii}} Even so, such historical records are still susceptible to political meddling as a mean of ratifying power, descent, and territorial claims of ambitious rulers.{{sfn|Cummings|2007|p=11}} 

The use of registers is one of south Sulawesi's unique phenomena with no known parallel in other Malay writing traditions.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=226–228}} Daily registers are often made by high ranking member of societies, such as sultans, monarchs (Bugis: ''arung'', Makassar: ''karaeng''), and prime ministers (Bugis: ''tomarilaleng'', Makassar: ''tumailalang''). The bulk of register consists of ruled columns with dates, in which the register owner would log important events in the allocated space of each date. Not all lines are filled if the corresponding dates did not have anything considered worthwhile to note, but only one line is reserved for each date. For a particularly eventful date, a writer would freely rotate the lines to fill in all available space. This may result in some pages with rather chaotic appearance of zig-zag lines that need to be rotated accordingly in order to be read.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=226–228}} One example of a royal daily register in the public collection is the daily register of Sultan Ahmad al-Salih Syamsuddin (22nd Sultan of the [[Bone state|Boné Kingdom]], reigned 1775–1812 CE), which he personally wrote from January 1, 1775 to 1795 CE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2015/01/the-bugis-diary-of-the-sultan-of-bon%C3%A9.html |title=The Bugis diary of the Sultan of Boné |last=Gallop |first=Annabel Teh |date=1 January 2015|publisher= British Library |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

One of the most common literary work Lontara texts is the Bugis epic ''[[Sureq Galigo|Sure’ Galigo]]'' {{script|Bugi|ᨔᨘᨑᨛᨁᨒᨗᨁᨚ}} also known as ''I La Galigo'' {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨗᨒᨁᨒᨗᨁᨚ}}. This is a long work composed of pentametric verses which relates the story of humanity's origins but also serves as practical everyday [[almanac]]. Most characters are demi-gods or their descendants spanning several generations, set in the mythological kingdoms of pre-Islamic Sulawesi. While the story took place over many episodes that can stand alone, the contents, language, and characters of each episodes are interconnected in such a way that they can be understood as part of the same ''Galigo''. Most texts are only extracts of these episodes rather than a "complete" ''Galigo'' which would be impractical to write. Put together, writing a complete ''Galigo'' is estimated to take 6000 folio pages, making it one of the longest literary work in the world.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=222–223}} The poetical conventions and allusions of ''Galigo'' mixed with the historicalness of ''lontara'' genre would also lend to a genre of poems known as ''tolo’''.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=228–230}}

Lontara script is also frequently found in Islamic themed texts such as ''[[hikayat]]'' (romance), prayer guide, ''azimat'' (talisman), ''[[tafsir]]'' ([[exegesis]]), and ''[[fiqh]]'' (jurisprudence).{{sfn|Tol|1996|p=223}} Such texts are almost always written with a mixture of Arabic [[Jawi alphabet]] especially for Arabic and Malay terms. Lontara script usage in Islamic texts persisted the longest compared to other type of texts and still produced (albeit in limited manner) in the early 21st century. One of the more prolific producer of Lontara-Islamic texts is the Pesantren As'adiyah in [[Sengkang]] who published various publications with Lontara texts since the mid 20th century. However at the dawn of the 21st century, the volume and quality of Lontara publications rapidly declined. To paraphrase Tol (2015), the impression that these publications make on present readers, with their old-fashioned techniques, unattractive manufacture, and general sloppiness, is that they are very much something of the past. Today, almost no new publications are published in Lontara, and even reprints of works that originally have Lontara are often replaced by Romanized version.{{sfn|Tol|2015|pp=71, 75}}

=== Contemporary use ===
[[File:Aksara_Lontara-10_Papan_tanda_museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Signage with Lontara in [[Museum Balla Lompoa]], [[Gowa]].]]
In contemporary context, the Lontara script has been part of the local curriculum in South Sulawesi since the 1980s, and may be found infrequently in public signage. However, anecdotal evidence suggest that current teaching methods as well as limited and monotonous reading materials has in fact been counter productive in raising the script's literacy among younger generation. South Sulawesi youth are generally aware of the script's existence and may recognize a few letters, but it is rare for someone to able to read and write Lontara in a substantial manner. Sufficient knowledge of such manner is often limited to older generations who may still use Lontara in private works.{{sfn|Jukes|2014|pp=16–17}}{{sfn|Macknight|2016|pp=66–68}} An example is Daeng Rahman from Boddia village, Galesong (approximately 15 km south of [[Makassar]]), who wrote various events in Galesong since 1990 in Lontara registers (similar to the chronicle genre of ''attoriolong/patturioloang''). As of 2010, his notes spanned 12 volumes of books.{{sfn|Jukes|2014|p=12}} Old Lontara texts can sometimes be venerated as heirlooms, although modern owners who no longer able to read Lontara are prone to weave romanticized and exaggerated claims that do not reflect the actual content of the texts. For example, when researcher William Cummings conducted his study of Makassar writing tradition, a local contact told him of a Lontara heirloom in one family (whose members are all illiterate in Lontara) that no one had dared to open. After he was allowed to open the manuscript in order to check its content, it turned out to be a purchase receipt of a horse (presumably long dead by the time).<ref name="cummings">{{cite book|first=William|last=Cummings|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tANZd6c-8wUC|title=Making Blood White: historical transformations in early modern Makassar|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|place=Honolulu|isbn=9780824825133}}</ref>

== Ambiguity ==
Lontara script does not have a [[virama]] or other ways to write syllable codas in a consistent manner, even though codas occur regularly in [[Bugis language|Bugis]] and [[Makassarese language|Makassar]]. For example, the final nasal sound {{IPA|/-ŋ/}} and glottal {{IPA|/ʔ/}} which are common in Bugis language are entirely omitted when written in Lontara so that Bugis words like ''sara''' (to rule), and ''sarang'' (nest) would all be written as ''sara'' (sadness) {{Script|Bugi|ᨔᨑ}}. Another example in Makassar is ''baba'' {{Script|Bugi|ᨅᨅ}} which can correspond to six possible words: ''baba, baba', ba'ba, ba'ba', bamba,'' and ''bambang''.{{sfn|Jukes|2014|p=6}} Given that Lontara script is also traditionally [[scriptio continua|written without word breaks]], a typical text often has many ambiguous portions which can often only be disambiguated through context. This ambiguity is analogous to the use of Arabic letters without vowel markers; readers whose native language use Arabic characters intuitively understand which vowels are appropriate in a given sentence so that [[Arabic diacritics|vowel markers]] are not needed in standard everyday texts. 

Even so, sometimes even context is not sufficient. In order to read a text fluently, readers may need substantial prior knowledge of the language and contents of the text in question. As an illustration, Cummings and Jukes provide the following example to illustrate how the Lontara script can produce different meanings depending on how the reader cuts and fills in the ambiguous part: 

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| Lontara script
! colspan=2 style="text-align: center"| Possible reading
|-
! style="text-align: center"| Latin
! style="text-align: center"| Meaning
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| {{Script|Bugi|ᨕᨅᨙᨈᨕᨗ}}{{sfn|Jukes|2014|p=9}}
| a'bétai
| he won ([[intransitive]])
|-
| ambétai
| he beat... ([[Transitive verb|transitive]])
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| {{Script|Bugi|ᨊᨀᨑᨙᨕᨗᨄᨙᨄᨙᨅᨒᨉᨈᨚᨀ}}{{sfn|Cummings|2002|p={{pn|date=December 2021}}}}
| nakanréi pépéʼ ballaʼ datoka
| fire devouring a temple 
|-
| nakanréi pépéʼ balanda tokkaʼ
| fire devouring a bald Hollander
|}

Without knowing the actual event to which the text may be referring, it can be impossible for first time readers to determine the "correct" reading of the above examples. Even the most proficient readers may need to pause and re-interpret what they have read as new context is revealed in later portions of the same text.{{sfn|Jukes|2014|p=6}} Due to this ambiguity, some writers such as Noorduyn labelled Lontara as a [[defective script]].{{sfn|Noorduyn|1993|p=533}}

== Variants ==
* '''Lota Ende''': An extended variant of the Lontara script is ''Lota Ende'', which is used by speakers of the [[Ende language (Indonesia)|Ende language]] in central [[Flores]]. 
* '''Mbojo''': In eastern [[Sumbawa]], another variant of the Lontara script is found, which is called the ''Mbojo'' script and used for the [[Bima language]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Christopher |year=2011 |title=Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions |url=http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn35/tn35-1.html |series=Unicode Technical Note #35 |website=unicode.org}}</ref> 
* '''Satera Jontal''': In western Sumbawa, another variant is used, called the Sumbawa script or ''Satera Jontal'', used for the [[Sumbawa language]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=Anshuman |title=Representing Sumbawa in Unicode |date=2016 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16096-sumbawa.pdf}}</ref>

== Form ==
=== Letters ===
Letters ({{langx|bug|{{Script|Bugi|ᨕᨗᨊᨔᨘᨑᨛ}}|ina’ sure’}}, {{langx|mak|{{Script|Bugi|ᨕᨗᨊᨔᨘᨑᨛ}}|anrong lontara’}} {{Script|Bugi|ᨕᨑᨚᨒᨚᨈᨑ}}) represent syllables with inherent vowel {{IPA|/a/}}. There are 23 letters, shown below:<ref name="uni"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Ina’ Sure’'' or ''Anrong Lontara’''
|-
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ka|ch=ᨀ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ga|ch=ᨁ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=nga|ch=ᨂ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ngka|ch=ᨃ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=pa|ch=ᨄ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ba|ch=ᨅ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ma|ch=ᨆ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=mpa|ch=ᨇ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ta|ch=ᨈ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=da|ch=ᨉ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=na|ch=ᨊ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=nra|ch=ᨋ}}
|-
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ca|ch=ᨌ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ja|ch=ᨍ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=nya|ch=ᨎ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=nca|ch=ᨏ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ya|ch=ᨐ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ra|ch=ᨑ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=la|ch=ᨒ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=wa|ch=ᨓ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=sa|ch=ᨔ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=a|ch=ᨕ}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|note=ha|ch=ᨖ}}
|}
There are four letters representing pre-nasalized syllables, ''ngka'' {{script|Bugi|ᨃ}}, ''mpa'' {{script|Bugi|ᨇ}}, ''nra'' {{script|Bugi|ᨋ}} and ''nca'' {{script|Bugi|ᨏ}} (represents {{IPA|/ɲca/}}, but often Romanized only as "nca" rather than "nyca"). Pre-nasalized letters are not used in Makassar materials and has so far been found only in Bugis materials. However, it has been noted that pre-nasalized letters are not used consistently and were treated more as an optional feature even by professional Bugis scribes.{{sfn|Noorduyn|1993|p=544–549}} The letter ''ha'' {{script|Bugi|ᨖ}} is a later addition to the script for the glottal fricative due to the influence of the [[Arabic language]].

=== Vowel diacritics ===
[[Diacritic]]s ({{langx|bug|{{script|Bugi|ᨕᨊ ᨔᨘᨑᨛ}}|ana’ surə’}}, {{langx|mak|{{script|Bugi|ᨕᨊ ᨒᨚᨈᨑ}}|ana’ lontara’}}) are used to change the inherent vowel of the letters. There are five diacritics, shown below:<ref name="uni">{{cite journal|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2633r.pdf|first=Michael|last=Everson|title=Revised final proposal for encoding the Lontara (Buginese) script in the UCS|journal=Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2|issue=N2633R|date=10 May 2003|publisher=Unicode}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diacritics
|-
|
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=-i|ch=◌ᨗ|top={{lang|bug|tetti’ riase’}},{{br}}{{lang|mak|titti’ i rate}}}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=-u|ch=◌ᨘ|top={{lang|bug|tetti’ riawa}},{{br}}{{lang|mak|titti’ i rawa}}}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=-é|ipa=/e/|ch= ᨙ|top={{lang|bug|kecce’ riolo}},{{br}}{{lang|mak|ana’ ri olo}}}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=-o|ch=ᨚ|top={{lang|bug|kecce’ rimunri}},{{br}}{{lang|mak|ana’ ri boko}}}}
|{{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=-e|ipa=/ə/|ch=◌ᨛ|top={{lang|bug|kecce’ riase’}},{{br}}{{lang|mak|ancaʼ}}|note={{noteTag|name=ancaʼ|group=diacritics|The [[Makassarese language]] does not use the {{IPA|/ə/}} sound, which is not considered phonologically distinct from the inherent vowel {{IPA|/a/}}. So, the ''kecce’ riase’'' diacritic used in Bugis is technically not needed for writing Makassar. However, Makassar scribes are known to repurpose this diacritic to mark nasal coda {{IPA|/-ŋ/}}.{{sfn|Noorduyn|1993|p=549}}}}}}
|- 
| {{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=na|ch=ᨊ}}
| {{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=ni|ch=ᨊᨗ}}
| {{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=nu|ch=ᨊᨘ}}
| {{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=né|ch=ᨊᨙ}}
| {{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=no|ch=ᨊᨚ}}
| {{letter|s=Bugi|l=bug|iso=ne, nang|ch=ᨊᨛ}}
|}

{{noteFoot|group=diacritics}}

=== Novel coda diacritics ===
As mentioned previously, Lontara script traditionally does not have any device to indicate syllable codas, except ''anca’'' in some circumstances. The lack of coda indicator is one reason why standard Lontara texts are often very ambiguous and difficult to parse to those not already familiar with the text. Lontara variants used for [[Bima language|Bima]] and [[Ende language (Indonesia)|Ende]] are known to developed [[Virama|viramas]],<ref name="uni2"/><ref name="miller">{{cite journal|first=Christopher|last=Miller|title=Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions not yet encoded or proposed for encoding in Unicode|publisher=UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative|date=2011-03-11|s2cid=676490 }}</ref> but these innovations are not absorbed back into Bugis-Makassar writing practice where lack of coda diacritics in Lontara texts is the norm until the 21st century.<ref name="miller" />

Users from Bugis-Makassar regions only experimented with novel coda diacritics in the early 21st century, at a time when the use of Lontara has significantly declined. Some Bugis experts describe them as necessary additions to preserve the script's cultural relevance, in addition to practical benefits such as making texts less ambiguous and teaching Lontara easier. In 2003, Djirong Basang proposed three new diacritics: virama, glottal stop, and nasal coda (akin to [[anusvara]]).<ref name="uni"/> Anshuman Pandey recorded no less than three alternative viramas proposed in various publications up to 2016.<ref name="uni2"/> However, there are disagreements on whether new diacritics should be added to the Lontara repertoire at all. Other Bugis experts such as Nurhayati Rahman view such proposals negatively, arguing that they are often too disruptive or promoted based on simplistic and misleading premises that the so called "defectiveness" of Lontara need to be "completed" by conforming to Latin orthographical norms. Such proposals shows more of an [[inferiority complex]] that would alienate actual cultural practice and heritage from contemporary users, rather than preserve them.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyzKoQEACAAJ|title=Suara-suara dalam Lokalitas|publisher=La Galigo Press|isbn=978-9799911551|year=2012|first=Nurhayati|last=Rahman|page=124}}</ref>  

As of 2018, proposals of Lontara coda diacritics do not have official status or general consensus, with disparate sources prescribing different schemes.<ref name="uni2">{{cite journal|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16075-buginese-virama-signs.pdf|first=Anshuman|last=Pandey|title=Proposal to encode VIRAMA signs for Buginese|journal=Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2|issue=L2/16–075|date=2016-04-28 |publisher=Unicode}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://ojs.unm.ac.id/semnaslemlit/article/viewFile/8151/4694|first=Abd. Aziz|last=Ahmad|title=Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Negeri Makassar: Pengembangan tanda baca aksara Lontara|pages=40–53|isbn=978-602-5554-71-1|year=2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Jukes|2014|pp=7–8}} The only thing agreed upon is that coda diacritics have never been attested in traditional Bugis-Makassar documents.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=216–217}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Coda Diacritics
|-
!  rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="text-align: center"| Bima/Ende <br> Virama<ref name="uni2"/> 
!  colspan=5 style="text-align: center"| Modern Bugis/Makassar Proposals
|-
! style="text-align: center"| Virama <br> Alt.1<ref name="uni2"/>
! style="text-align: center" | Virama <br> Alt.3<ref name="uni2" />
! style="text-align: center"| Virama <br> Alt.2<ref name="uni"/>
! style="text-align: center"| [[Glottal stop]]<ref name="uni"/>
! style="text-align: center"| [[Nasalization|Nasal]]<ref name="uni"/>

|- 

| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_virama2.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_virama1.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_virama1.png|90px]] 
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_virama3.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_virama4.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_virama2.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_virama1.png|90px]]
|-
! colspan=5 style="text-align: center" | n
! style="text-align: center"| na' 
! style="text-align: center"| nang 
|- 
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_n2.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_n1.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_n1.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_n3.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_n4.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_n2.png|90px]]
| style="text-align: center" |[[File:lontar_n1.png|90px]]
|}

=== Punctuation ===
Traditional Lontara texts are written without spaces (''[[scriptio continua]]'') and only use two punctuation marks, the ''[[pallawa]]'' (or ''passimbang'' in Makassar) and an end of section marker. A ''pallawa'' is used in a way similar to the Latin script comma and period, to mark pauses. An end of section marker is seen in some traditional texts and is attested in Bugis specimen sheets produced by the [[Imprimerie Nationale]].<ref name="uni"/><ref name="kai">{{cite journal|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03254-intro-bugis.pdf|first=Daniel|last=Kai|title=Introduction to the Bugis Script|journal=Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2|issue=L2/03–254|date=2003-08-13|publisher=Unicode}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Punctuation marks
|- 
|{{letter|top={{lang|bug|pallawa}},{{br}}{{lang|mak|passimbang}}|s=Bugi|ch=᨞}}
|{{letter|top=end of section|s=Bugi|ch=᨟}}
|}

Some source may include Lontara equivalents for a number of Latin punctuations including [[comma]], [[full stop]], and [[exclamation mark]], [[question mark]]. These are contemporary inventions which are unattested in traditional texts nor widely used today.<ref name="uni"/>

== Cipher ==
[[File:Buginese_cypher_script_cited_by_matthes.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Table of ''Lontara Bilang-bilang'' letters with standard Lontara equivalence as recorded by Matthes (1883)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ru4UAAAAYAAJ|title=Eenige proeven van Boegineesche en Makassaarsche Poëzie|first=B F|last=Matthes|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=1883}}</ref>]]
Lontara script has a traditional [[cipher|ciphered]] version called '''''[[Lontara Bilang-bilang script|Lontara Bilang-bilang]]''''' which is sometimes used specifically to write ''basa to bakke’'' {{script|Bugi|ᨅᨔ ᨈᨚ ᨅᨀᨙ}}, a kind of word game, and ''élong maliung bettuanna'' {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨙᨒᨚ ᨆᨒᨗᨕᨘ ᨅᨛᨈᨘᨕᨊ}}, riddles that utilizes ''basa to bakke’''. In ''élong maliung bettuanna'', audience are asked to figure the correct pronunciation of a seemingly meaningless poem. When given in the form of Lontara text, the riddle giver would read the text in one way and audience may guess alternative readings of the same text to reveal the poem's hidden message.

Lontara Bilang-bilang is a [[substitution cipher]] in which the glyph of standard Lontara letters are substituted by stylized digits derived from the numeric value of corresponding [[Arabic alphabet]]. Diacritics are not changed and used as is. Similar system of cipher was also recorded in South Asian regions spanning modern Pakistan and Afghanistan, which may have inspired Lontara Bilang-bilang.<ref name="miller"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41017596|first=Roger|last=Tol|title=Fish food on a tree branch; Hidden meanings in Bugis poetry|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=148|issue=1|year=1992|place=Leiden|page=82-102|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003169|s2cid=191975859 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Sample texts ==
=== Boné Chronicles ===
Below is an extract in [[Buginese language|Buginese]] from the ''attoriolong'' (chronicles) of the [[Bone state|Boné Kingdom]], as written in the NBG 101 manuscript kept in the [[University of Leiden]]. This is an episode telling the descend of ''tomanurung'', a legendary figure whose appearance marks the beginning of South Sulawesi historical kingdoms in traditional accounts.{{sfn|Macknight|Paeni|Hadrawi|2020|pp=33–34}} Romanization and translation adapted from Macknight, Paeni & Hadrawi (2020).{{sfn|Macknight|Paeni|Hadrawi|2020|pp=54, 77–78, 109–110}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: center"| Lontara{{sfn|Macknight|Paeni|Hadrawi|2020|p=54}}
! style="text-align: center"| Romanized{{sfn|Macknight|Paeni|Hadrawi|2020|pp=109–110}}
! style="text-align: center"| Translation{{sfn|Macknight|Paeni|Hadrawi|2020|pp=77–78}}
|-
| {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨗᨕᨁᨑᨙᨄᨘᨈᨊᨕᨑᨘᨆᨙᨋᨙᨕᨙ᨞ᨑᨗᨁᨒᨗᨁᨚ᨞<br />ᨉᨙᨊᨑᨗᨕᨔᨛᨕᨑᨘ᨞ᨕᨁᨈᨛᨊᨔᨗᨔᨛᨈᨕᨘᨓᨙ᨞ᨔᨗᨕᨙᨓᨕᨉ᨞<br />ᨔᨗᨕᨋᨙᨅᨒᨙᨆᨊᨗᨈᨕᨘᨓᨙ᨞ᨔᨗᨕᨅᨛᨒᨗᨅᨛᨒᨗᨕ᨞ᨉᨙᨊᨕᨉᨛ᨞<br />ᨕᨄᨁᨗᨔᨗᨕᨑᨗᨕᨔᨛᨂᨙᨅᨗᨌᨑ᨞ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨛᨂᨗᨄᨗᨈᨘᨈᨘᨑᨛᨊᨗ᨞<br />ᨕᨗᨈᨊ᨞ᨉᨙᨕᨑᨘ᨞ᨔᨗᨀᨘᨓᨈᨚᨊᨗᨑᨚ᨞ᨕᨗᨈᨊ᨞<br />ᨈᨕᨘᨓᨙᨈᨛᨔᨗᨔᨛᨔᨗᨕᨙᨓᨕᨉ᨞ᨈᨛᨀᨙᨕᨉᨛ᨞ᨈᨛᨀᨛᨅᨗᨌᨑ᨞}}
| <nowiki>Ia garé’ puttana arung ménré’é| riGaligo| dé’na riaseng arung| Aga tennassiseng tauwé| siéwa ada| Sianré-balémani tauwé| Siabelli-belliang| Dé’na ade’|apa’gisia riasengngé bicara| Riasengngi pitu-tturenni| ittana| dé’ arung| Sikuwa toniro| ittana| tauwé tessise-ssiéwa ada| tekké ade’| tekké bicara|</nowiki>
| There were kings (''arung''), so the story goes, back in (the age of I La) Galigo, but then no longer was there anyone called king. For the people did not know how to discuss things with each other. The people just ate each other like fish do. They were selling each other all the time (as slaves). There was no longer customary order, let alone what might be called law. It is said that for the space of seven generations there was no king. For this same time also the people did not know how to discuss things with each other, nowhere was there customary order, nowhere law.
|-
| {{script|Bugi|ᨊᨕᨗᨕᨆᨊᨗᨕᨆᨘᨒᨊ᨞ᨊᨃᨕᨑᨘ᨞ᨕᨛᨃᨔᨙᨕᨘᨓᨕᨛᨔᨚ᨞<br />ᨊᨔᨗᨕᨋᨙᨅᨗᨒᨕᨙ᨞ᨒᨛᨈᨙ᨞ᨄᨙᨓᨈᨚᨊᨗᨈᨊᨕᨙ᨞ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨛᨂᨗ᨞<br />ᨕᨛᨃᨕᨗᨔᨗᨄᨔᨆᨀᨘᨕ᨞ᨊᨕᨗᨕᨄᨍᨊᨅᨗᨒᨕᨙ᨞ᨒᨛᨈᨙ᨞<br />ᨄᨙᨓᨈᨊᨕᨙ᨞ᨈᨀᨚᨕᨛᨃᨈᨕᨘᨑᨗᨈ᨞ᨓᨚᨑᨚᨕᨊᨙ᨞<br />ᨑᨗᨈᨛᨂᨊᨄᨉᨂᨙ᨞ᨆᨔᨂᨗᨄᨘᨈᨙ᨞ᨍᨍᨗᨊᨗᨔᨗᨄᨘᨒᨘᨈᨕᨘᨓᨙ᨞<br />ᨈᨔᨙᨓᨊᨘᨕ᨞ᨈᨔᨙᨓᨊᨘᨕ᨞ᨕᨗᨕᨊᨑᨗᨕᨔᨗᨈᨘᨑᨘᨔᨗ᨞<br />ᨑᨗᨈᨕᨘᨆᨕᨙᨁᨕᨙ᨞ᨆᨔᨛᨂᨙᨂᨗ᨞ᨈᨚᨆᨊᨘᨑᨘ᨞}}
| <nowiki>Naiamani ammulanna| nangka arung| Engka séuwa esso| nasianré billa’é| letté| péwattoni tanaé| Riasengngi| engkai sipasa makkua| Naia pajana billa’é| letté| péwang tanaé| takko’ engka tau rita| woroané| ritengngana padangngé| masangiputé| Jajini sipulung tauwé| tasséwanua| tasséwanua| Iana riassiturusi| ritau maégaé| masengngéngngi| tomanurung|</nowiki>
| This, then, is how there began to be kings. It happened one day that the lightning and thunder raged together, the land also shook, it is said to have continued like this for one week. When the lightning, thunder and the earthquake had ceased, suddenly there was a man to be seen in the middle of the field. He was all in white. So it came about that the people gathered together, each according to his area. Then it was agreed by all the people to call him ''tomanurung''. So it came about that all the people were of one view. Then they agreed to go together to attach themselves to this man whom they called ''tomanurung''.
|-
| {{script|Bugi|ᨍᨍᨗᨊᨗᨄᨔᨙᨕᨘᨓᨈᨂ᨞ᨈᨕᨘᨆᨕᨙᨁᨕᨙ᨞ᨊᨕᨗᨕᨊᨔᨗᨈᨘᨑᨘᨔᨗ᨞<br />ᨄᨚᨀᨛᨕᨙᨂᨗᨕᨒᨙᨊ᨞ᨒᨕᨚᨑᨗᨈᨕᨘᨓᨙᨑᨚ᨞<br />ᨊᨔᨛᨂᨙᨈᨚᨆᨊᨘᨑᨘ᨞ᨒᨈᨘᨕᨗᨀᨚᨑᨗᨕ᨞ᨆᨀᨛᨉᨊᨗᨈᨕᨘᨈᨛᨅᨛᨕᨙ᨞<br />ᨒᨊᨆᨕᨗᨀᨗᨒᨕᨚᨓᨑᨗᨀᨚ᨞ᨒᨆᨑᨘᨄᨛ᨞ᨕᨆᨔᨙᨕᨊᨀᨛ᨞<br />ᨕᨍᨊᨆᨘᨕᨒᨍ᨞ᨆᨘᨈᨘᨉᨊᨑᨗᨈᨊᨆᨘ᨞ᨊᨕᨗᨀᨚᨊᨄᨚᨕᨈᨀᨛ᨞<br />ᨕᨙᨒᨚᨆᨘᨕᨙᨒᨚᨑᨗᨀᨛ᨞ᨊᨄᨔᨘᨑᨚᨆᨘᨊᨀᨗᨄᨚᨁᨕᨘ᨞<br />ᨊᨆᨕᨘᨕᨊᨆᨛ᨞ᨊᨄᨈᨑᨚᨆᨛ᨞ᨆᨘᨈᨙᨕᨕᨗᨓᨗ᨞<br />ᨀᨗᨈᨙᨕᨕᨗᨈᨚᨕᨗᨔᨗ᨞ᨑᨙᨀᨘᨕᨆᨚᨋᨚᨆᨘᨊᨚᨆᨕᨗ᨞<br />ᨊᨕᨗᨀᨚᨀᨗᨄᨚᨄᨘᨕ᨞}}
| <nowiki>Jajini passéuwa tangnga’| tau maégaé| Naia nassiturusi| pokke’éngngi aléna| llao ritauwéro| nasengngé tomanurung| Lattu’i koria| Makkedani tau tebbe’é| "Iana mai kilaowang riko| Lamarupe’| amaséannakkeng| aja’na muallajang| Mutudanna ritanamu| Naikona poatakkeng| Élo’mu élo’ rikkeng| Napassuromuna kipogau’| Namau anammeng| na patarommeng| mutéaiwi| kitéaitoisi| Rékkua monromuno mai| naiko kipopuang|"</nowiki>
| They went there. The common people said, ‘Here we have come to you, blessed one. Have mercy on us children. Do not disappear. You have settled in your land. You have us as slaves. Your wish is what we wish. Whatever the orders, we will execute them. Even our children and our wives, (if) you reject them, we also reject them in turn. If you stay here, then we will make you lord.’
|}
<!--=== An extract from ''Latoa'' ===
{{fs interlinear
|{{script|Bugi|ᨊᨀᨚ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨛᨃ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨈᨕᨘᨄᨔᨒ᨞}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨍ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨆᨘᨄᨈᨒᨒᨚᨓᨗ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨄᨌᨒᨆᨘ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨑᨗᨈᨚᨄᨔᨒᨕᨙ᨞}}
|Nako əŋka taupasala, aja mupatalalowi pacalamu ritopasalae.
|If you deal with a person guilty of something, do not punish him too harshly.}}

{{fs interlinear
|{{script|Bugi|ᨄᨔᨗᨈᨘᨍᨘᨓᨗᨆᨘᨈᨚᨓᨗᨔ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨔᨒᨊ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨄᨌᨒᨆᨘ᨞}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨄ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨗᨀᨚᨊᨈᨘ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨊᨁᨗᨒᨗ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨉᨙᨓᨈᨕᨙ᨞}}
|Pasitujuwimutowisa asalana pacalamu, apa ikonatu nagili dewatae,
|Always make the punishment commensurable with the guilt, since God will be angry with you,}}

{{fs interlinear
|{{script|Bugi|ᨊᨀᨚ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨅᨕᨗᨌᨘᨆᨘᨄᨗ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨔᨒᨊ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨈᨕᨘᨓᨙ᨞}} {{script|Bugi|ᨆᨘᨄᨙᨑᨍᨕᨗᨔ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨄᨉᨈᨚᨓᨗ᨞}}
|nako baicumupi asalana tauwe, muperajaisa padatowi.
|if the person's guilt is not great and you are exaggerating it.}}

{{fs interlinear
|{{script|Bugi|ᨊᨀᨚ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨄᨔᨒᨕᨗ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨈᨕᨘᨓᨙ᨞}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨍ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨈᨗᨆᨘᨌᨒᨕᨗ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨑᨗᨔᨗᨈᨗᨊᨍᨊᨕᨙᨈᨚᨔ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨔᨒᨊ᨞}}
|Nako pasalai tauwe, aja timucalai risitinajanaetosa asalana.
|If a person is guilty, do not let him go without a punishment in accordance with his guilt.}}

=== A Riddle ===
{{fs interlinear
|{{script|Bugi|ᨕᨛᨛᨃ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨛᨃ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨁᨑᨙ᨞}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨛᨃ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨔᨙᨕᨘᨓ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨓᨛᨈᨘ᨞}}
|Əŋka əŋka ɡare, əŋka seuwa wəttu,
|Once there was a story, once upon a time,}}

{{fs interlinear
|{{script|Bugi|ᨕᨛᨃ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨔᨙᨕᨘᨓ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨑᨘ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨆᨀᨘᨋᨕᨗ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨑᨗ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨒᨘᨓᨘ᨞}} {{script|Bugi|ᨆᨔᨒ}} {{script|Bugi|ᨕᨘᨒᨗ᨞}}
|əŋka seuwa aruŋ makunraï ri Luwu, masala uli.
|about a princess in Luwu, with leprosy.}}
-->

== Unicode ==
Buginese was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in March, 2005 with the release of version 4.1.

=== Block ===
{{Main|Buginese (Unicode block)}}

The Unicode block for Lontara, called Buginese, is U+1A00&ndash;U+1A1F:

{{Unicode chart Buginese}}

=== Sorting order ===
* The Lontara block for [[Unicode]] use Matthes' order, in which prenasalized consonants are placed after corresponding nasal consonant, similar to how aspirated consonant would be placed following its unaspirated counterpart in standard Sanskrit. Matthes' order however, does not follow traditional Sanskrit sequence except for the first three of its consonants. 
: {{script|Bugi|ᨀ ᨁ ᨂ ᨃ ᨄ ᨅ ᨆ ᨇ ᨈ ᨉ ᨊ ᨋ ᨌ ᨍ ᨎ ᨏ ᨐ ᨑ ᨒ ᨓ ᨔ ᨕ ᨖ}}
<!-- unreferenced
* {{script|Bugi|ᨕ}} (/a/) in the beginning:
: {{script|Bugi|ᨕ ᨀ ᨁ ᨂ ᨃ ᨄ ᨅ ᨆ ᨇ ᨈ ᨉ ᨊ ᨋ ᨌ ᨍ ᨎ ᨏ ᨐ ᨑ ᨒ ᨓ ᨔ ᨖ}}
-->
<!-- unreferenced
* Thomsen's order:
: {{script|Bugi|ᨀ ᨁ ᨂ ᨃ ᨄ ᨅ ᨆ ᨇ ᨈ ᨉ ᨊ ᨋ ᨌ ᨍ ᨎ ᨏ ᨕ ᨑ ᨒ ᨓ ᨔ ᨕ ᨐ}}
-->
* Lontara consonants can also be sorted or grouped according to their base shapes:
: Consonant ''ka'' {{script|Bugi|ᨀ}}
: Consonant ''pa'' {{script|Bugi|ᨄ}} and based on it: ''ga'' {{script|Bugi|ᨁ}}, ''mpa'' {{script|Bugi|ᨇ}}, ''nra'' {{script|Bugi|ᨋ}}
: Consonant ''ta'' {{script|Bugi|ᨈ}} and based on it: ''na'' {{script|Bugi|ᨊ}}, ''ngka'' {{script|Bugi|ᨃ}}, ''nga'' {{script|Bugi|ᨂ}}, ''ba'' {{script|Bugi|ᨅ}}, ''ra'' {{script|Bugi|ᨑ}}, ''ca'' {{script|Bugi|ᨌ}}, ''ja'' {{script|Bugi|ᨍ}}, ''sa'' {{script|Bugi|ᨔ}}
: Consonant ''ma'' {{script|Bugi|ᨆ}} and based on it: ''da'' {{script|Bugi|ᨉ}}
: Consonant ''la'' {{script|Bugi|ᨒ}}
: Consonant ''wa'' {{script|Bugi|ᨓ}} and based on it: ''ya'' {{script|Bugi|ᨐ}}, ''nya'' {{script|Bugi|ᨎ}}, ''nca'' {{script|Bugi|ᨏ}}, ''ha'' {{script|Bugi|ᨖ}}, ''a'' {{script|Bugi|ᨕ}}
<!-- === Rendering issues ===
To get the correct display of the prepended vowel [e], installing a font conforming to the standard Unicode encoding of the Buginese script is not enough, because you ''also'' need either:
* a text renderer whose layout/shaping engine internally reorders the [[glyph]] mapped from the vowel {{IPA|[e]}} before the glyph mapped from consonants, and a basic font containing a [[spacing glyph]] for that vowel; such approach will be used with [[TrueType]] and [[OpenType]] fonts, without needing any OpenType layout table in that font; there already exist such fonts, but still not any compatible OpenType [[Digital typesetting|layout engine]], because it must contain a specific code to support the Buginese script (compliant TrueType fonts for the Buginese script already exist, such as [[Saweri]] or [[Code2000]], but the [[Uniscribe]] layout engine used by most versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] still does not have this support (integrated only in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1), so the Buginese script still cannot be used in [[Microsoft Word]] and [[Internet Explorer]]; but alternate layout engines for OpenType may be used in other [[word processor]]s and [[web browser]]s, provided that these text layout engines are also updated to support the script: this includes the [[Pango]] text layout engine currently ported on [[Linux]], Windows, [[OS X]], and some other platforms, but which currently lacks this necessary support);
* a [[text renderer]] that does not implement the reordering and works in a script-neutral way, but that can support complex scripts with a text layout/shaping engine capable of rendering complex scripts only through fonts specially built to include advanced layout/shaping tables, and a font that contains these layout tables; such a renderer exists on OS X, which uses the AAT engine, but the existing Buginese fonts do not contain AAT layout tables (with the exception of some commercial Buginese fonts designed and sold by some [[Type foundry|font foundries]] specifically for the OS X platform<ref>[http://www.xenotypetech.com/osxBugis.html Unicode Lontara (Bugis) Language Kit for OSX], by XenoType Technology, includes an OpenType/CFF font with feature tables designed to work with Apple Advanced Typography (AAT), which allows rendering Buginese and Makkasarese texts written with the Lontara script and encoded in a Unicode-compliant logical order.</ref>), so the expected reordering of vowel {{IPA|[e]}} will not be rendered.

As a consequence, there is still no complete support for this Buginese script in most major [[operating system]]s and applications.

And the script can only be rendered correctly, temporarily, using either:
* tweaked fonts, specific for each platform and without a warranty of stability across OS versions and applications;
* encoding Buginese texts in a way not conforming to the Unicode standard, for example encoding texts with the vowel {{IPA|[e]}} before the consonant (also without warranty of stability for the future, when conforming fonts and text renderers will be available, because they will then reorder the vowel {{IPA|[e]}} with any consonant encoded before that vowel; this solution also does not work as it already creates the incorrect [[grapheme]] cluster boundaries, the vowel being already grouped with the previous character instead of the following, notably in text editors);
* specially encoding in Unicode the Buginese vowel {{IPA|[e]}} in such a way that it will never be reordered by a layout engine (conforming or not), for example by encoding this vowel after a [[non-breaking space]] (to make it appear in isolation) but still before the consonant (in visual order), provided that the font or layout engine correctly renders this combination (most layout engines support this universal convention displaying combining marks and diacritic character in isolation); this implies an orthographic change in texts (the vowel is no longer logically associated to any consonant, so full text searches and text correctors would need to also look for such isolated vowel occurring before a consonant), and additional complexities for users trying to enter Buginese texts.

For example, the normal and expected encoding of the Buginese [[syllable]] ''ke'' in texts conforming to the Unicode standard (encoded in logical order) is
: U+1A00 BUGINESE LETTER KA <big style="background:white;color:black;border:1px solid #999;padding:1px;font-size:150%;line-height:1.2;font-family:LontaraOT,Saweri,'MPH 2B Damase','Noto Sans Buginese',sans-serif">ᨀ</big> — this is the base character of the grapheme cluster,
: U+1A19 BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN E <big style="background:white;color:black;border:1px solid #999;padding:1px;font-size:150%;line-height:1.2;font-family:LontaraOT,Saweri,'MPH 2B Damase','Noto Sans Buginese',sans-serif">&nbsp;ᨙ◌</big> — the vowel sign should be prepended (to the left of the ''dotted circle'' placeholder),
which currently renders as <big style="background:white;color:black;border:1px solid #999;padding:1px;font-size:150%;line-height:1.2;font-family:LontaraOT,Saweri,'MPH 2B Damase','Noto Sans Buginese',sans-serif">ᨀᨙ</big> (this rendering will currently be wrong with many old browsers or on old versions of Windows).

With the third solution above (which is technically still conforming to the Unicode standard, but is logically a distinct orthography using two separate grapheme clusters, which would normally be logically interpreted as ''(e)ka'' instead of the plain syllable ''ke'', even if it visually reads as ''ke''), it could instead be specially encoded in tweaked texts (in visual order) as:
: U+00A0 NON-BREAKING SPACE <big style="background:white;color:black;border:1px solid #999;padding:1px;font-size:150%;line-height:1.2;font-family:LontaraOT,Saweri,'MPH 2B Damase','Noto Sans Buginese',sans-serif">&nbsp;</big> — this is the base character of a first grapheme cluster,
: U+1A19 BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN E <big style="background:white;color:black;border:1px solid #999;padding:1px;font-size:150%;line-height:1.2;font-family:LontaraOT,Saweri,'MPH 2B Damase','Noto Sans Buginese',sans-serif">&nbsp;ᨙ◌</big> — the vowel sign should be prepended (to the left of the ''dotted circle'' placeholder),
: U+1A00 BUGINESE LETTER KA <big style="background:white;color:black;border:1px solid #999;padding:1px;font-size:150%;line-height:1.2;font-family:LontaraOT,Saweri,'MPH 2B Damase','Noto Sans Buginese',sans-serif">ᨀ</big> — this is the base character of a second grapheme cluster,
which should now render correctly as <big style="background:white;color:black;border:1px solid #999;padding:1px;font-size:150%;line-height:1.2;font-family:LontaraOT,Saweri,'MPH 2B Damase','Noto Sans Buginese',sans-serif">&nbsp;ᨙᨀ</big> (but note the possible larger left-side and/or right-side bearings around the vowel, which is now shown in isolation separately from the following letter ''ka'', and in the middle of a non-breaking space which may itself be larger than the diacritic; this may be corrected in fonts, by including a single [[kerning]] pair for the vowel occurring after a whitespace). Although this solution is not ideal for the long term, text indexers may be adapted for compatibility of this encoding with the recommended encoding exposed in the previous paragraph, by considering this character triple as semantically equivalent as the previous character pair; and future fonts and text layout engines could also render this triple by implementing a non-discretionnary [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] between the two graphemes, so that it will render exactly like the standard character pair (which uses a single grapheme cluster).

There still remain problems with fonts that have minimum coverage in their mapping, because text renderers still not correctly reorder the isolated Buginese vowel ''e'' when it follows something else than NBSP or a Buginese consonant (for example when it follows the standard U+0020 SPACE, or the U+25CC DOTTED CIRCLE symbolic placeholder, as recommended in OpenType designs), or because fonts do not have correct kerning rules for additional pairs using any one of the 5 Buginese vowel signs.
-->
== Comparison with Old Makassar script ==
The Makassar language was once written in a distinct script, the [[Makassar script]], before it was gradually replaced by Lontara due to Bugis influence and eventually Latin in modern Indonesia. Lontara and Old Makassar script are closely related with almost identical orthography despite the graphic dissimilarities. Comparison of both scripts can be seen below:{{sfn|Jukes|2014|pp=2|loc=Table 1}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Letters
|-
!  
!  ka 
!  ga 
!  nga 
!  ngka 
!  pa 
!  ba 
!  ma 
!  mpa 
!  ta 
!  da
!  na
!  nra
!  ca 
!  ja 
!  nya 
!  nca 
!  ya 
!  ra 
!  la 
!  wa 
!  sa 
!  a
!  ha
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| Bugis
| [[File:lon_ka.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ga.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_nga.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ngka.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_pa.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ba.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ma.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_mpa.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ta.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_da.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_na.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_nra.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ca.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ja.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_nya.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_nyca.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ya.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ra.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_la.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_wa.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_sa.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_a.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ha.png|40px]]
|- 
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨀ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨁ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨂ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨃ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨄ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨅ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨆ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨇ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨈ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨉ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨊ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨋ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨌ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨍ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨎ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨏ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨐ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨑ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨒ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨓ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨔ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨕ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨖ}}
|-
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| Makassar
| [[File:mak_ka.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_ga2.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_nga.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2|
| [[File:mak_pa.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_ba.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_ma.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2|
| [[File:mak_ta.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_da.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_na.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2|
| [[File:mak_ca.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_ja.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_nya.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2|
| [[File:mak_ya.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_ra.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_la.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_wa.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_sa.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_a.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2|
|- 
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻠}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻡}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻢}}

| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻣}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻤}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻥}}

| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻦}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻧}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻨}}

| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻩}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻪}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻫}}

| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻬}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻭}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻮}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻯}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻰}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻱}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Diacritic
|-
! rowspan=3 style="text-align: center"| 
!  -a 
!  -i 
!  -u 
!  -é{{ref label|/e/|1}}
!  -o 
!  -e{{ref label|/ə/|2}}  
|- 
| 
| [[File:lon_i.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_u.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_e.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_o.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ee.png|40px]]
|- 
!  na 
!  ni 
!  nu 
!  né 
!  no 
!  ne 
|- 
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| Bugis
| [[File:lon_na.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ni.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_nu.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_ne.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_no.png|40px]]
| [[File:lon_nee.png|40px]]
|- 
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨊ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨊᨗ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨊᨘ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨊᨙ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨊᨚ}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{Script|Bugi|ᨊᨛ}}
|- 
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center"| Makassar
| [[File:mak_na.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_ni.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_nu.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_ne.png|40px]]
| [[File:mak_no.png|40px]]
! rowspan=2|
|- 
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻨}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻨𑻳}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻨𑻴}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻨𑻵}}
| style="text-align: center" |{{script|Maka|𑻨𑻶}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left" | '''Note'''
<small>
{{note|1|1}} {{IPA|/e/}} {{note|2|2}} {{IPA|/ə/}}
</small>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Punctuation
|-
! rowspan=3 style="text-align: center"| Bugis
!  pallawa
!  end of section 
|- 
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:lon_pallawa.png|40px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:lon_endtext.png|40px]]
|- 
| style="text-align: center" | {{Script|Bugi|᨞}}
| style="text-align: center" | {{Script|Bugi|᨟}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="text-align: center"| Makassar
!  passimbang
!  end of section
|- 
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:mak_pass.png|40px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:mak_endtext.png|40px]]
|- 
| style="text-align: center" | {{script|Maka|𑻷}}
| style="text-align: center" | {{script|Maka|𑻸}}
|}

== Gallery ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;"  align="center"  colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|align=center colspan=2|
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Sureq bawang.jpg|Palmleaf manuscript of ''Sure' Bawang'', National Library of Indonesia
File:Daftar kata-kata lontar.jpg|Manuscript containing Makassar word list
File:Lontara_manuscript,_LOC_0050.jpg|Manuscript containing ''Story of a War Between Two Young Bugis Rajas over a Princess'', Library of Congress
File:La galigo.jpg|Manuscript of a ''[[I La Galigo|Galigo]]'' episode, National Library of Indonesia
File:Kutika manuscript 2.jpg|Manuscript containing ''Kutika''
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Akte met het zegel van de leenvorst van Bone TMnr 2522-3.jpg|Record of a loan from the Kingdom of Boné year 1864, Tropenmuseum.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Drie fotografische reproducties met Arabische transcripties van de rijkszegels van Bone TMnr 915-11.jpg|Seal impressions from the Kingdom of Boné, Tropenmuseum
File:Bible printed in Buginese.jpg|Bugis translation of the Bible, published by the Dutch Bible Society, 1893
File:Elong sample matthes.jpg|A Bugis riddle (''élong maliung bettuanna'') written in standard Lontara and a Lontara Bilang-bilang cipher script, from Matthes (1883)
File:KITLV_and_Buginese_poem.jpg|One of the [[Wall poems in Leiden]] with Lontara, near KITLV
File:Aksara_Lontara-19_Buku_mata_palajaran_bahasa_Bugis.jpg|A modern school textbook for Bugis language lesson
File:Aksara Lontara-17 Panduan hari baik dan buruk untuk turun ke sawah.jpg|Signage showing traditional Bugis calculation of auspicious and inauspicious days, from [[Museum La Galigo]], [[Makassar]]
File:Aksara_Lontara-12_Nama-nama_bulan_yang_digunakan_di_Sulawesi_Selatan_sebelum_1520.jpg|Signange showing traditional Bugis months in [[Museum Karaeng Pattingalloang]], [[Gowa]]
File:Aksara Lontara-15 Papan tanda Baruga Somba Opu.jpg|Signange for [[Museum Baruga Somba Opu]], [[Gowa]], with Lontara (bottom line) and Old Makassar (second from bottom)
File:Aksara Lontara-16 Papan tanda Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sulawesi Selatan.jpg|Signage of a local government office, Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Sulawesi Selatan, in [[Makassar]]. The Lontara transcription of "Sulawesi Selatan" has been mistyped in this example 
File:Plang Nama Masjid Tiga Aksara.JPG|Signage of a Mosque in Sebatik Tengah, Nunukan.
File:WikiPelatih PGRI Sulsel-13.jpg|Writing Lontara in a laptop
</gallery>
|}

==See also==
*[[Lontara Bilang-bilang script]]
*[[Lontara]]
*[[Makassar language]]
*[[Buginese language]]
*[[Mandar language]]
*[[Palm-leaf manuscript]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book| first = George L. | last = Campbell | title = Compendium of the World's Languages | pages = 267–273 | publisher = Routledge | year = 1991}}
* {{cite book |last=Cummings |first=William P. |date=2007 |title=A Chain of Kings: The Makassarese Chronicles of Gowa and Talloq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jDBXoKAq6UC&q=empire%20of%20gowa |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=978-9067182874}}
* {{cite book| first = Peter T. | last = Daniels |author2=Bright, William | title = The World's Writing Systems | url = https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_dsb_ortho-1 | pages = 474, 480 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year =1996 }}
*{{cite book | first = Andrew | last = Dalby | title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages | url = https://archive.org/details/dictionarylangua00dalb | url-access = limited | pages = [https://archive.org/details/dictionarylangua00dalb/page/n117 99]–100, 384 | publisher = Columbia University Press | year =1998 | isbn = 9780713678413 }}
* {{cite journal|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2633r.pdf|first=Michael|last=Everson|title=Revised final proposal for encoding the Lontara (Buginese) script in the UCS|journal=Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2|issue=N2633R|date=10 May 2003|publisher=Unicode}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jukes |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmzDDwAAQBAJ |title=A Grammar of Makasar: A Language of South Sulawesi, Indonesia |date=2019-12-02 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-41266-8}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://lingdy.aa-ken.jp/en/activities/research-events/140227-intl-symp-and-ws|first=Anthony|last=Jukes|title=Writing and Reading Makassarese|year=2014|publisher=LingDy2 Project, Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies|journal=International Workshop of Endangered Scripts of Island Southeast Asia: Proceedings|language=EN}}
* {{cite book |last=Tol |first=Roger |chapter=A Separate Empire: Writings of South Sulawesi |url=https://archive.org/details/illuminationswri0000kuma |title=Illuminations: The Writing Traditions of Indonesia|editor=Ann Kumar|editor2=John H. McGlynn|publisher=Lontar Foundation|year=1996|isbn=0834803496|location=Jakarta|language=EN}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276458982|first=Roger|last=Tol|title= Bugis Kitab Literature. The Phase-Out of a Manuscript Tradition|journal=Journal of Islamic Manuscripts |volume=6|pages=66–90|year=2015|doi=10.1163/1878464X-00601005}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308102874|first=Charles Campbell|last=Macknight|title= The Media of Bugis Literacy: A Coda to Pelras|journal=International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies|volume=12|issue=supp. 1|pages=53–71|year=2016|doi=10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.4 |language=EN|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Macknight |editor-first1=Charles Campbell |editor-last2=Paeni |editor-first2=Mukhlis |editor-last3=Hadrawi |editor-first3=Muhlis |year=2020 |title=The Bugis Chronicle of Bone |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/bugis-chronicle-bone |translator1=Campbell Macknight |translator2=Mukhlis Paeni |translator3=Muhlis Hadrawi |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University Press |doi=10.22459/BCB.2020 |isbn=9781760463588|s2cid=218816844 |language=EN |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41017547|title=Variation in the Bugis/Makasarese script|year=1993|publisher=KITLV, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies|pages=533–570|first=Jacobus|last=Noorduyn|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=149|issue=3|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003120 |s2cid=162247962 |language=EN|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book | last = Sirk | first = Ü |author2=Shkarban, Lina Ivanovna | location = USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies | title = The Buginese Language | pages = 24–26, 111–112 | publisher = Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature | year = 1983 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lontara.htm Lontara and Makasar scripts]
* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/bugis.html Buginese script on www.ancientscripts.com]
* [http://niariot87.googlepages.com/ Saweri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209043113/http://niariot87.googlepages.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }}, one font that supports only lontara script. (This font is Truetype-only, and will not properly reorder the prepended vowel /e/ to the left without the help of a compliant text-layout engine, still missing)
* [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23070-bima-script.pdf Proposal to encode Bima characters]

{{Kawi family}}
{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lontara Script}}
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Indonesian scripts]]