View source for Longyan

{{Short description|Prefecture-level city in south-western Fujian Province, China}}
{{For|the fruit|Longan}}

{{Infobox settlement
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<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
|name                            = Longyan
|official_name                   = 
|other_name                      = Lungyen
|native_name                     = 龙岩市
|native_name_lang                = zh-Hans
|nickname                        = 
|settlement_type                 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
|total_type                      = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
|motto                           = 
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| image1                   = 莲花山看龙岩 - Longyan City Viewed from Lotus Mountain - 2016.09 - panoramio.jpg
| image2                   = China Fujian Yongding Tulou Fuyulou Guesthouse.jpg
| image3                   = 2012 永定、南靖 土楼 承启楼等土楼群 - panoramio.jpg
| image4                   = 张地村 - Zhangdi Village - 2015.12 - panoramio.jpg
| image5                   = 古城墙夜景 - Night Scene of the Ancient City Wall - 2015.12 - panoramio.jpg
}}
| image_size               = 
| image_caption            = '''Clockwise from top:''' Longyan City, [[Chuxi tulou cluster]] in [[Yongding District, Longyan|Yongding District]], the ancient city walls in [[Changting County]], Zhangdi village, and a night view from inside a [[Fujian tulou|tulou]].
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Locator map Longyan in Fujian.svg 
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|pushpin_map                     = China Fujian#China 
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<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name                = [[China]]
|subdivision_type1               = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
|subdivision_name1               = [[Fujian]]
|seat_type                       = Municipal seat
|seat                            = [[Xinluo District|Xinluo]]
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|leader_name                     = 
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|established_title               = <!-- Settled -->
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<!-- Area    --------------------->
|area_footnotes                  = <ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://lytjj.longyan.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/200906/t20090605_92729.htm |script-title=zh:2008年行政区划 |access-date=2009-12-08 |date=2009-06-05 |publisher=Longyan Municipal Statistic Bureau}}</ref>
|area_total_km2                  = 19069 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
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<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of                = 2020
|population_footnotes            = 
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|population_total                = 2723627
|population_density_km2          = auto
|population_metro                = 
|population_density_metro_km2    = 
|population_urban                = 1,712,623
|population_density_urban_km2    = 
| demographics_type2   = GDP<ref>{{cite book|author=福建省统计局、国家统计局福建调查总队|title=《福建统计年鉴－2021》|date=August 2021|publisher=[[China Statistics Press]]|isbn=978-7-5037-9510-7|url=http://tjj.fujian.gov.cn/tongjinianjian/dz2021/index.htm|access-date=2021-12-23|archive-date=2022-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301202126/http://tjj.fujian.gov.cn/tongjinianjian/dz2021/index.htm}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]] 
| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 287&nbsp;billion<br />[[US$]] 41.6&nbsp;billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 105,548<br />US$ 16,575 
<!-- General information  --------------->
|timezone                        = [[Time in China|CST]]
|utc_offset                      = +08:00
|coor_pinpoint                   = Longyan municipal government
|coordinates                     = {{Coord|25.076|N|117.017|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-35_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
|postal_code_type                = [[Postal codes in China|Postal code]]
|postal_code                     = 364000, 366000
|area_code                       = [[Telephone numbers in China|597]]
|blank4_name                     = [[Vehicle registration plates of China|License plate]]
|blank4_info                     = {{lang|zh-cn|闽F}}
|blank5_name                     = [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Administrative division code]]
|blank5_info                     = 350800
|iso_code                        = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-FJ-08]]
|blank6_name                     = [[Varieties of Chinese|Local dialect]]
|blank6_info                     = [[Longyan dialect|Longyan Min]] and [[Hakka Chinese]]
|website                         = {{URL|www.longyan.gov.cn/|Longyan.gov.cn}}
|footnotes                       = 
}}

'''Longyan''' ({{lang-zh|s=龙岩 |t=龍巖|p={{audio|Long2yan2.ogg|Lóngyán|help=no}}|poj=Lêng-nâ or Liong-nâ|l=dragon rock}}; [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]: ''Liùng-ngàm''; [[Longyan dialect]]: ''Liông-nâ [liɔŋ˩nã˩]'') is a [[prefecture-level city]] in south-western [[Fujian|Fujian Province]], China, bordering [[Guangdong]] to the south and [[Jiangxi]] to the west.

==History==
In 736 AD (during the [[Tang dynasty]]), the [[prefectures of China|prefecture]] of [[Tingzhou fu|Tingzhou]] was established in western Fujian, or ''Minxi'' ({{lang|zh-hans|闽西}}), administering [[Changting County|Changting]], [[Huanglian (county)|Huanglian]] and [[Xinluo District|Xinluo]] counties. Six years later Xinluo was named Longyan for the nearby cavern, a famous scenic site.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Longyan GoverNment |first1= |title=Longyan History |url=https://www.longyan.gov.cn/sqk/lygk/lsyg/201807/t20180714_1211519.htm | publisher=Longyan Government}}</ref>

Due to the ancient conflicts in central [[China]] and aggression from northern tribes, many Han people moved from central China to Longyan.

in 1734, the Hokkien-speaking counties of Longyan city and Zhangping were ceded from [[Zhangzhou]] to form the Longyan Prefecture within the Hakka peasant Tingzhou prefecture, a typical Hakka peasant society culturally distinct from the Minnanese by the imperial court. In 1913, it reverted to its former name Longyan County and in 1981, Longyan City was established.

Minxi was a strategic base during the [[Chinese Civil War]].

It is said{{By whom|date=May 2023}} that tens of thousands of people were recruited from the Hakka peasantry from the western Longyan to join the PLA during the Chinese Civil War, and nearly every Hakka family had someone sacrificed lives on behalf of CCP side especially during Mao's early purges in Tingzhou and Ganzhou which killed roughly 700,0000 Hakka people and some ethnic minorities. There are more than 26,000 locals that took part in the Long March which in total was carried out by 86,000. Moreover, during 1955 and 1968, 68 people from Longyan were awarded Brigadier General or above, which accounts for 82% of all generals from Fujian province at the time, therefore, Longyan is also named as "The Home of Generals".{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Environment==
Unlike many Chinese cities, the forest coverage of Longyan reaches an unusually high 77.9%, which is unparalleled in Fujian province.<ref name="features" /> [[Meihuashan National Nature Reserve]], a part of the [[China Biosphere Reserve Network]], is located in Longyan.

Goby ''[[Rhinogobius longyanensis]]'' was first described from Longyan and named after it.<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase |genus=Rhinogobius |species=longyanensis |month=August |year=2013}}</ref> Presumably also the prehistoric bivalve ''[[Claraia]] longyanensis'' got its name from Longyan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=274214 |title=†''Claraia longyanensis'' Chen 1976 (clam) |work=Paleobiology Database |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
Longyan is situated in the upper reaches of the [[Jiulong River|Jiulong]] and [[Ting River|Ting]] Rivers. It borders the prefecture-level cities of [[Sanming]] to the north, [[Quanzhou]] to the east, [[Zhangzhou]] to the southeast, [[Meizhou]] ([[Guangdong]]) to the southwest, and [[Ganzhou]] ([[Jiangxi]]) to the west and northwest.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Longyan GoverNment |first1= |title=Natural Geography |url=https://www.longyan.gov.cn/sqk/lygk/zrhj/201809/t20180920_1380306.htm | publisher=Longyan Government}}</ref>

Longyan has a [[monsoon]]-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfa''), with short, mild winters, and long, hot and humid summers. Despite its inland location, the city's summers rank among the mildest in the province, averaging lower than even [[Xiamen]] and the islands of [[Pingtan County]], both of which receive significant maritime moderation.<ref name="Weather China" /> Rainfall is greatest in spring and early summer and at its least in autumn and early winter.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Longyan, elevation {{convert|376|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
|Jan high C = 	17.9
|Feb high C = 	19.2
|Mar high C = 	21.5
|Apr high C = 	25.6
|May high C = 	28.7
|Jun high C = 	30.8
|Jul high C = 	33.2
|Aug high C = 	32.8
|Sep high C = 	31.2
|Oct high C = 	27.9
|Nov high C = 	23.9
|Dec high C = 	19.3
|Jan mean C = 	12.2
|Feb mean C = 	13.8
|Mar mean C = 	16.4
|Apr mean C = 	20.5
|May mean C = 	23.7
|Jun mean C = 	26.0
|Jul mean C = 	27.4
|Aug mean C = 	26.9
|Sep mean C = 	25.5
|Oct mean C = 	22.1
|Nov mean C = 	18.0
|Dec mean C = 	13.2
|Jan low C = 	8.4
|Feb low C = 	10.3
|Mar low C = 	13.0
|Apr low C = 	16.9
|May low C = 	20.2
|Jun low C = 	22.8
|Jul low C = 	23.6
|Aug low C = 	23.3
|Sep low C = 	21.8
|Oct low C = 	17.9
|Nov low C = 	13.8
|Dec low C = 	9.3
|Jan record high C = 28.1 |Jan record low C = −1.9
|Feb record high C = 29.8 |Feb record low C = −0.8
|Mar record high C = 31.5 |Mar record low C = −0.9
|Apr record high C = 33.9 |Apr record low C =  5.6
|May record high C = 35.0 |May record low C = 12.1
|Jun record high C = 37.5 |Jun record low C = 15.4
|Jul record high C = 39.0 |Jul record low C = 19.4
|Aug record high C = 37.1 |Aug record low C = 17.7
|Sep record high C = 36.6 |Sep record low C = 13.8
|Oct record high C = 35.2 |Oct record low C =  6.0
|Nov record high C = 34.6 |Nov record low C =  1.4
|Dec record high C = 28.1 |Dec record low C = -3.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	68.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 	95.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 	177.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 	190.6
|May precipitation mm = 	260.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 	331.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	179.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 	235.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 	134.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 	46.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 	45.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 	48.0
|Jan humidity = 	72
|Feb humidity = 	75
|Mar humidity = 	77
|Apr humidity = 	77
|May humidity = 	77
|Jun humidity = 	79
|Jul humidity = 	75
|Aug humidity = 	78
|Sep humidity = 	75
|Oct humidity = 	70
|Nov humidity = 	70
|Dec humidity = 	71
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 	8.9
|Feb precipitation days = 	11.9
|Mar precipitation days = 	17.2
|Apr precipitation days = 	16.6
|May precipitation days = 	18.0
|Jun precipitation days = 	19.4
|Jul precipitation days = 	15.5
|Aug precipitation days = 	17.6
|Sep precipitation days = 	12.0
|Oct precipitation days = 	5.7
|Nov precipitation days = 	6.2
|Dec precipitation days = 	7.1
|year precipitation days = 	
|Jan sun = 	122.5
|Feb sun = 	98.0
|Mar sun = 	92.3
|Apr sun = 	107.5
|May sun = 	118.7
|Jun sun = 	129.7
|Jul sun = 	202.5
|Aug sun = 	184.2
|Sep sun = 	170.0
|Oct sun = 	176.6
|Nov sun = 	156.6
|Dec sun = 	145.3
|year sun = 	
| Jan percentsun = 	37
| Feb percentsun = 	31
| Mar percentsun = 	25
| Apr percentsun = 	28
| May percentsun = 	29
| Jun percentsun = 	32
| Jul percentsun = 	49
| Aug percentsun = 	46
| Sep percentsun = 	47
| Oct percentsun = 	50
| Nov percentsun = 	48
| Dec percentsun = 	44
| year percentsun =	
|Jan snow days = 	0.2
|Feb snow days = 	0
|Mar snow days = 	0
|Apr snow days = 	0
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	0
|Dec snow days = 	0
|year snow days = 	
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =23 June 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = Weather China<ref name="Weather China">{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101230701.shtml? |script-title=zh:龙岩城市介绍 |website=Weather China |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
The prefecture-level city of Longyan had a population of 2,559,545 inhabitants as of 2010, according to the [[Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2010 National Census]].<ref name="stat2010">{{in lang|zh}} Longyan Statistic Bureau. [http://lytjj.longyan.gov.cn/tjgb/201106/t20110610_179015.htm Data from the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China]</ref> The population of Longyan in 2010 was 4.65% inferior than in 2000 (when the inhabitants of the city stand at 2,684,310), giving an average annual rate of growth of -0.47%.<ref name="stat2010"/>

==Administration==
The municipal executive, legislature, and [[intermediate people's court|judiciary]] are in [[Xinluo District]] ({{lang|zh-hans|新罗区}}), together with the [[Chinese Communist Party|CPC]] and [[public security bureau (China)|Public Security Bureau]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Longyan Government |first1= |title=Administrative Division |url=https://www.longyan.gov.cn/sqk/lygk/xzqh/201809/t20180920_1380329.htm | publisher=Longyan Government}}</ref> The information about population uses the 2010 Census data.

{| class="wikitable"  style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan="7"| Map
|-
| colspan="7"| <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Longyan.png|width=500|link=}}
{{Image label|x=980|y=780|scale=500/1600|text=[[Xinluo District|'''Xinluo<br />District''']]}}
{{Image label|x=760|y=1170|scale=500/1600|text=[[Yongding District, Longyan|'''Yongding<br />District''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1280|y=600|scale=500/1600|text=[[Zhangping|'''Zhangping<br />City''']]}}
{{Image label|x=350|y=300|scale=500/1600|text=[[Changting County|'''Changting<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=720|y=400|scale=500/1600|text=[[Liancheng County|'''Liancheng<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=860|scale=500/1600|text=[[Shanghang County|'''Shanghang<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=170|y=810|scale=500/1600|text=[[Wuping County|'''Wuping<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! English name
! Simplified
! Pinyin
! Hakka
! Area
! Population
! Density
|-
| [[Xinluo District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|新罗区}}
| Xīnluó Qū
| Sîn-lò-khî
| 2,685
| 662,429
| 247
|-
| [[Yongding District, Longyan|Yongding District]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|永定区}}
| Yǒngdìng Qū
| Yún-thin-khî
| 2,216
| 362,658
| 164
|-
| [[Zhangping|Zhangping City]]
| {{lang|zh|漳平市}}
| Zhāngpíng Shì
| Chông-phìn-sṳ
| 2,975
| 240,194
| 81
|-
| [[Changting County]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|长汀县}}
| Chángtīng Xiàn
| Tshòng-tin-yen
| 3,099
| 393,390
| 127
|-
| [[Liancheng County]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|连城县}}
| Liánchéng Xiàn
| Lièn-sàng-yen
| 2,596
| 248,645
| 96
|-
| [[Shanghang County]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|上杭县}}
| Shàngháng Xiàn
| Sông-hông-yen
| 2,879
| 374,047
| 130
|-
| [[Wuping County]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|武平县}}
| Wǔpíng Xiàn
| Vú-phìn-yen
| 2,630
| 278,182
| 106
|}

==Culture==
{{multiple image| align= right| direction= horizontal| total_width= 300|caption_align= center| image1= Yongding, Longyan, Fujian, China - panoramio.jpg| image2= 衍香樓 Yanxiang House - panoramio (1).jpg| footer_align= center| footer= Exterior and interior views of a Fujian tulou from Longyan. They are traditional type of communal home used by the Hakka people.}}

Longyan is inhabited by Hoklo people and Hakka peasants. The [[Hoklo people]] live in the urban areas and cities of Xinluo and Zhangping districts in the eastern Longyan prefecture and speak [[Longyan Min]] while Hakka peasants live in rural village areas of the countryside of the western part of the prefecture, making western Longyan famous for being named as the "Home of Hakka People".<ref name="features">{{cite web |url=http://www.longyan.gov.cn/lygl/zjly/lygk/sqtd/ |script-title=zh:市情特点 |publisher=Longyan People's Government}}</ref> The rural county of [[Changting County|Changting]] is often referred to as the home of the Hakka, while the Ting River is known as the "mother river" of the Hakka people.

Longyan is a recent artificial construct of the Chinese government, having never been united together before the creation of Modern China. The two culturally distinct and separate Hoklo eastern city areas and Hakka western rural peasant areas have almost nothing in common in terms of language, culture and living habits, and were only forcibly merged into a single administrative region recently in history by the communist government.

==Economy==
Longyan serves as a strategic center for the distribution of goods to [[Xiamen]], [[Quanzhou]] and [[Zhangzhou]]. It also acts as a gateway for trade with [[Guangdong]] and [[Jiangxi]] province. It is the main connection between the inland and coastal area.

Longyan is rich in natural resources such as important mineral deposits and forest zones. The [[Septwolves (tobacco)|Septwolves]] tobacco business is an important contributor to the local economy, as is the [[Zijin Mining]] group. The largest construction equipment maker [[Lonking Holdings]] is based in the city.

==Transport==
[[File:Longyan Railway Station 2013.10.05 13-22-22.jpg|thumb|[[Longyan railway station]]]]
* [[Liancheng Guanzhaishan Airport]]
*The main railway station is [[Longyan railway station]], which is a junction between the [[Longyan-Xiamen Railway]] (high-speed line opened in 2012), [[Ganzhou–Longyan Railway]], and [[Zhangping–Longchuan railway]].
*[[China National Highway 319]]
*[[G76 Xiamen–Chengdu Expressway]]

== Sister and friendship cities ==
Longyan has established a friendship city agreement with [[Wollongong]], Australia since 2001. The connection includes many economic development initiatives, cultural and educational exchanges between primary schools and universities in both cities.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://wollongong.nsw.gov.au/my-community/art-and-culture/sister-cities | title = Sister Cities | website = wollongong.nsw.gov.au | access-date = 6 April 2025}}</ref>

==Notable people from Longyan==
* [[Zheng Xiaoying]] (b. 1929), the very first woman conductor in [[China]].
* [[Chen Hong (badminton)|Chen Hong]] (b. 1979), number 1 [[badminton]] player on the world-ranking list from 2002 to 2003.
* [[Deng Zihui]] (1896–1972), former Chinese vice premier (1951–1965), one of the top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party.
* [[Huang Kunming]] (b. 1956), member of the 19th Politburo of China Communist Party.
* [[Lin Dan]] (b. 1983), gold medalist at the 2012 and 2008 Summer Olympics, top-ranked [[badminton]] player on the world ranking list from 2004 to 2008.
* [[Ong Schan Tchow]] (1900–1945), artist whose exhibitions in China and South-eastern Asia raised funds for the war relief effort and civilian victims of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[Shi Zhiyong (weightlifter, born 1980)|Shi Zhiyong]] (b. 1980), weightlifter, gold medalist at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]].
* [[Yang Chengwu]] (1914–2004), general of the [[People's Liberation Army]].
* [[Zeng Jinyan]] (b. 1983), [[blog]]ger and human rights activist.
* [[Zhang Dingcheng]] (1898 – December 16, 1981), Procurator-General of the [[Supreme People's Procuratorate]] from 1954 to 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wilson Center Digital Archive|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/240162|access-date=2021-05-31|website=digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org}}</ref>
* [[Zhang Xiangxiang]] (b. 1983), weightlifter, gold medalist at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] and bronze medalist at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].
* [[Zhang Yiming]] (b. 1983), Internet entrepreneur, founder of [[ByteDance]], second-richest person in [[China]].
* [[Lin Shen (actor)|Lin Shen]] (b. 1980), actor, born in [[Beijing]] with ancestral roots in Longyan.
* [[Wang Xing]] (b. 1979), Internet entrepreneur, founder of [[Meituan|Meituan-Dianping]].

==See also==
* [[Fujian tulou]]
* [[Longyan University]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Longyan}}
* [http://www.amoymagic.com/longyan.htm English Guide to Longyan]
* [http://www.longyan.gov.cn/ Government website of Longyan] {{in lang|zh}}
* [http://www.lyun.edu.cn/ Longyan University]
* [http://amoymagic.com/longyan.htm Guide to Longyan Tour Sites]
* [http://amoymagic.com/FJAdv/Roundhouses.htm Fujian's Hakka Earthen Roundhouses]
* [http://www.100shang.com/ Website of Longyan] {{in lang|zh}}

{{Fujian topics}}
{{Fujian}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Longyan| ]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Fujian]]
[[Category:Cities in Fujian]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]