View source for Long-track speed skating

{{Short description|Competitive skating on a 400-meter oval ice track}}
{{for|related forms of competition|Speed skating}}
{{Infobox sport
|name       = Long-track speed skating
|image      = Shannon Rempel (08-12-2007).jpg
|imagesize  = 250
|caption    = Competitive speed skater<br />([[Shannon Rempel]] 2007)
|union      = [[International Skating Union]]
|nickname   = 
|first      = 
|registered = 
|clubs      = 
|contact    = 
|team       =
|mgender    = Yes
|category   = 
|equipment  = 
|venue      =
|obsolete   =
|olympic    = [[Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics|1924]]
}}
[[File:Speed skating pictogram.svg|200px|thumb|Pictogram for [[Speed skating at the Winter Olympics|Long-track speed skating at the Winter Olympics]].]]　
'''Long-track speed skating''', usually simply referred to as '''speed skating''', is the [[Olympic sport|Olympic discipline]] of [[speed skating]] where competitors are timed while crossing a set distance. It is also a sport for leisure. Sports such as [[ice skating marathon]], [[short-track speed skating|short-track speedskating]], [[inline speed skating|inline speedskating]], and [[inline speed skating|quad speed skating]] are also called speed skating.

Long-track speed skating enjoys large popularity in the [[Netherlands]] and has also had champion athletes from [[Austria]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Japan]], [[Italy]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]], [[South Korea]], [[Russia]], [[Sweden]], the [[Czech Republic]] and the [[United States]]. Speed skaters attain maximum speeds of {{convert|60|km/h|abbr=on}}.

== History ==

===ISU development===

[[File:JaapEden.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jaap Eden]], the first official world champion]]

The roots of speed skating date back over a millennium to Scandinavia, Northern Europe and the Netherlands, where the natives added bones to their shoes and used them to travel on frozen rivers, canals and lakes. In contrast to what people think, ice skating has always been an activity of joy and sports and not a matter of transport. For example, winters in the Netherlands have never been stable and cold enough to make ice skating a way of travelling or a mode of transport. This has already been described in 1194 by William Fitzstephen, who described a sport in London.

Later, in Norway, King Eystein Magnusson, later King Eystein I of Norway, boasts of his skills racing on ice legs.

However, skating and speed skating was not limited to the Netherlands and Scandinavia; in 1592, a Scotsman designed a skate with an iron blade. It was iron-bladed skates that led to the spread of skating and, in particular, speed skating. By 1642, the first official skating club, The Skating Club Of Edinburgh, was born, and, in 1763, the world saw its first official speed skating race, at Wisbech on the Fens in England for a prize sum of 70 [[guinea (coin)|guinea]]s. While in the Netherlands, people began touring the waterways connecting the 11 cities of Friesland, a challenge which eventually led to the Elfstedentocht.

By 1851, North Americans had discovered a love of the sport, and indeed the all-steel blade was later developed there. The Netherlands came back to the fore in 1889 with the organization of the first world championships. The ISU (International Skating Union) was also born in the Netherlands in 1892. By the start of the 20th century, skating and speed skating had come into its own as a major popular sporting activity.

<ref>{{in lang|no}} ''Skøytesportens stjerner'', Knut Bjørnsen and Per Jorsett, J. W. Cappelens forlag 1971, pg. 183</ref>

===Elfstedentocht and Dutch history===

The [[Elfstedentocht]] (Eleven Cities Tour) was organised as a competition in 1909 and has been held at irregular intervals whenever the ice on the course is deemed good enough. Other outdoor races developed later, with North Holland hosting a race in 1917, but the Dutch natural ice conditions have rarely been conducive to skating. The Elfstedentocht has been held 15 times since 1909, and, before artificial ice was available in 1962, national championships had been held in 25 of the years between 1887, when the first championship was held in [[Slikkerveer]], and 1961. Since artificial ice became common in the Netherlands, Dutch speed skaters have been among the top long-track speed skaters and marathon skaters in the world.

Another solution to still be able to skate marathons on natural ice became the Alternative Elfstedentocht. The Alternative Elfstedentocht races take part in other countries, such as [[Austria]], [[Finland]] or [[Canada]], and all top marathon skaters as well as thousands of recreative skaters travel from the Netherlands to the location where the race is held. According to the [[NRC Handelsblad]] journalist Jaap Bloembergen, the country "takes a carnival look" during international skating championships, despite the fact that "people outside the country are not particularly interested."<ref>[http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Netherlands/sports.html Less orange during the uneven years], from nrc.nl, published 1 July 1999</ref>

===Olympic Games===
{{main|Speed skating at the Winter Olympics}}
At the 1914 Olympic Congress, the delegates agreed to include long-track speed skating in the [[1916 Summer Olympics|1916 Olympics]], after [[figure skating]] had featured in the 1908 Olympics. However, [[World War I]] put an end to the plans of Olympic competition, and it was not until the winter sports week in [[Chamonix]] in 1924—retroactively awarded Olympic status—that ice speed skating reached the Olympic programme. [[Charles Jewtraw]] from [[Lake Placid, New York]], won the first Olympic gold medal, though several Norwegians in attendance claimed [[Oskar Olsen]] had clocked a better time.<ref>{{in lang|no}} ''Olympiske vinterleker 1924–2006'', Åge Dalby, Jan Greve, Per Jorsett, {{ISBN|82-7286-162-3}}, Akilles forlag 2006, p. 33.</ref> Timing issues on the 500&nbsp;m were a problem within the sport until electronic clocks arrived in the 1960s; during the 1936 Olympic 500-metre race, it was suggested that [[Ivar Ballangrud]]'s 500-metre time was almost a second too good.<ref>{{in lang|no}} ''Olympiske vinterleker 1924–2006'', Åge Dalby, Jan Greve, Per Jorsett, {{ISBN|82-7286-162-3}}, Akilles forlag 2006, p. 78.</ref> Finland won the remaining four gold medals at the 1924 Games, with [[Clas Thunberg]] winning 1,500 metres, 5,000 metres, and allround. It was the only time an allround Olympic gold medal has been awarded in speed skating.

Norwegian and Finnish skaters won all the gold medals in World Championships between the world wars, with Latvians and Austrians visiting the podium in the European Championships. At the time, North American races were usually conducted pack-style, similar to the marathon races in the Netherlands, but the Olympic races were to be held over the four ISU-approved distances. The ISU approved the suggestion that the [[Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics|1932 Olympic speed skating competitions]] should be held as pack-style races, and Americans won all four gold medals. Canada won five medals, all silver and bronze, while defending World Champion [[Clas Thunberg]] stayed at home, protesting against this form of racing.<ref>{{in lang|no}} ''Olympiske vinterleker 1924–2006'', Åge Dalby, Jan Greve, Per Jorsett, {{ISBN|82-7286-162-3}}, Akilles forlag 2006, p. 52.</ref> At the World Championships held immediately after the Games, without the American champions, Norwegian racers won all four distances and occupied the top three spots in the allround standings.

Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish and Japanese skating leaders protested to the [[United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee|USOC]], condemning the manner of competition, and expressing the wish that mass start races were never to be held again at the Olympics. However, ISU adopted the short-track speed skating branch, with mass start races on shorter tracks, in 1967, arranged international competitions from 1976, and brought them back to the Olympics in 1992.

===Women's competitions===

In the 1930s, women began to be accepted in ISU speed skating competitions. Although women's races had been held in North America for some time and competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in a demonstration event, the ISU did not organise official competitions until 1936. However, [[Zofia Nehringowa]] set the first official world record in 1929. Women's speed skating was not very high-profile; in ''Skøytesportens stjerner'' (Stars of the skating sport), a Norwegian work from 1971, no female skaters are mentioned on the book's nearly 200 pages, though they had by then competed for nearly 30 years. The women's long-track speed skating was since dominated by [[East Germany]] and later [[German reunification|reunified]] [[Germany]], who have won 15 of 35 Olympic gold medals in women's long-track since 1984.

===Technical developments===

[[File:Hui Ren (2006).jpg|thumb|left|A skater in full body-covering suit]]

Artificial ice entered the long-track competitions with the [[1960 Winter Olympics]], and the competitions in 1956 on [[Lake Misurina]] were the last Olympic competitions on natural ice. 1960 also saw the first Winter Olympic competitions for women. [[Lidia Skoblikova]] won two gold medals in 1960 and four in 1964.

[[File:Clap skate.svg|thumb|right|The clap skate, a new type of skate, which came into wide use in the 1990s]]

More aerodynamic skating suits were also developed, with Swiss skater [[Franz Krienbühl]] (who finished 8th on the Olympic 10,000&nbsp;m at the age of 46) at the front of development.<ref>{{in lang|no}} ''Olympiske vinterleker 1924–2006'', Åge Dalby, Jan Greve, Per Jorsett, {{ISBN|82-7286-162-3}}, Akilles forlag 2006, pg. 252</ref> After a while, national teams took over development of "body suits". Suits and indoor skating, as well as the [[clap skates|clap skate]], has helped to lower long-track world records considerably; from 1971 to 2007, the average speed on the men's 1500 metres was raised from {{convert|45|to|52|km/h|abbr=on}}. Similar speed increases are shown in the other distances.

===Professionalism===

After the 1972 season, European long-track skaters founded a professional league, International Speedskating League, which included [[Ard Schenk]], three-time Olympic gold medallist in 1972, as well as five Norwegians, four other Dutchmen, three Swedes, and a few other skaters. [[Jonny Nilsson]], 1963 world champion and Olympic gold medallist, was the driving force behind the league, which folded in 1974 for economic reasons, and ISU also excluded tracks hosting professional races from future international championships.<ref>{{in lang|no}} ''Olympiske vinterleker 1924–2006'', Åge Dalby, Jan Greve, Per Jorsett, {{ISBN|82-7286-162-3}}, Akilles forlag 2006, pg. 230</ref> The ISU later organised its own World Cup circuit with monetary prizes, and full-time professional teams developed in the Netherlands during the 1990s, which led them to a dominance on the men's side only challenged by Japanese 500&nbsp;m racers and a couple of American allrounders.

==Racing==

All races are held in pairs, (except for the new{{when|date=February 2024}} Mass Start event), for which two lanes on the track are used. Skaters wear bands around their upper arm to identify which lane they started in. The colours are white for inner lane and red for outer lane. At the back straight, the skaters switch lanes, which causes them both to cover the same distance per lap. When both skaters emerge from the corner at exactly the same time, the person currently in the inner lane will have to let the outer lane pass in front of him. This usually does not cause any problems, as the person in the inner lane will generally move much faster than the person in the outer lane.

Occasionally, quartet starts are used, for the pragmatic and practical reason of allowing more skaters to complete their races inside a given amount of time. This involves having two pairs of skaters in the lanes at the same time, but with the second pair starting when the first have completed approximately half of the first lap. The skaters in the second pair will then wear yellow and blue arm bands instead of the usual white and red.

==Rink==
{{see also|Speed skating rink}}
[[File:Speedskating rink 400 meters with dimensions.svg|thumb|right|300px|A 400-meter speed skating rink]]
Skaters race on a two-lane oval [[Ice rink|rink]] similar in dimension to an outdoor [[athletics (sport)|athletics track]]. Indeed, an athletics track covered with ice can function as a speed skating track, such as on [[Bislett stadion]] in [[Oslo]] up to the 1980s. According to the rules of the [[International Skating Union]], a standard track should be either 400&nbsp;m or 333⅓&nbsp;m long; 400&nbsp;m is the standard used for all major competitions. Tracks of other, non-standard lengths, such 200 or 250&nbsp;m, are also in use in some places for training and/or smaller local competitions. On standard tracks, the curves have a radius of 25–26&nbsp;m in the inner lane, and each lane is 3–4&nbsp;m wide.

===Top international rinks===

These rinks have hosted international events (World Cups or international senior championships) since 2005.

====Indoor====

[[File:Olympic Oval.jpg|The long-track Olympic Oval in Calgary. Two hockey rinks fit inside the long-track rink.|thumb]]

*[[Gunda-Niemann-Stirnemann-Halle]], [[Erfurt]], Germany
*[[Heilongjiang Indoor Rink]], [[Harbin]], China
*[[Jilin Provincial Speed Skating Rink]], [[Changchun]], China
*[[Kometa Ice Rink]], [[Kolomna]], Russia
*[[Ice Palace Krylatskoye]], [[Moscow]], Russia
*[[M-Wave]], [[Nagano (city)|Nagano]], [[Japan]]
*[[Eisstadion Inzell|Ludwig Schwabl Stadion]], [[Inzell]], Germany
*[[Oval Lingotto]], [[Turin]], Italy
*[[Olympic Oval]], [[Calgary]], Alberta, Canada
*[[Pettit National Ice Center]], [[West Allis, Wisconsin]], United States
*[[Richmond Olympic Oval]], [[Richmond, British Columbia]], Canada
*[[Sportforum Hohenschönhausen]], [[Berlin]], Germany
*[[Thialf]], [[Heerenveen]], Netherlands
*[[Utah Olympic Oval]], [[Kearns, Utah]], United States
*[[Vikingskipet]], [[Hamar]], Norway
*[[Alau Ice Palace]], [[Nur-Sultan]], Kazakhstan
*[[Centre de glaces]], [[Québec City]], [[Québec]], Canada

Of these, the rinks in Calgary (~1100 meters above sea level) and Kearns (Salt Lake City) (1402 m) are located at a high altitude, which is believed to enable faster times than lowland rinks, due to decreased air resistance, and also due to there being less oxygen to create bubbles in the ice. The high altitude is believed to be part of the reason that the 2002 Salt Lake City games broke most of the previous speed-skating Olympic records.<ref>{{cite news|author1=John Meyer|title=Record-setting day for Utah's Olympic Oval|url=http://extras.denverpost.com/olympics/oly0310.htm|access-date=2 April 2016|work=[[The Denver Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Clarey|first1=Christopher|title=The ice makers, too, get a rush|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/sports/25iht-oice_ed3_.html|access-date=2 April 2016|work=The New York Times|date=25 February 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=James Christie|title=Keeping medal hopes on track|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/keeping-medal-hopes-on-track/article22399060/|access-date=2 April 2016|work=The Globe and Mail|date=21 March 2009}}</ref>

After the completion of the 2010 Olympic Winter Games, the Richmond Olympic oval "will shed its long-track speed skating configuration for a multi-sport layout that will accommodate ice, track, court, paddling and fitness users".<ref>[http://richmondoval.ca/docs/richmond_olympic_oval_legacy_conversion_march_3_2010.pdf Media release from Richmond Olympic Oval, March 2010]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Outdoor====
[[File:Tor lodowy Zakopane 02.jpg|thumb|Ice rink COS OPO Zakopane]]

* Cuddy Family Midtown Park, Anchorage, AK, USA
* [[Ritten Kunsteisbahn]],  [[Ritten|Klobenstein–Collalbo]], [[Italy]]
* High-altitude skating rink [[Medeo]],  [[Kazakhstan]]
*[[:pl:COS Zakopane (tor łyżwiarski)|Ice rink COS OPO Zakopane, Poland]]

All four of these are high-altitude rinks.

====Combination with other sports====
[[Image:Bandy in Medeu Kazakhstan.JPG|thumb|right|[[Medeu]] is also suitable for [[bandy]]]]
Many speed skating venues have ice hockey rinks or no ice area at all inside the oval. A few are suitable also for [[bandy]], like [[Hamar Olympic Hall]],[http://arkiv.bandyforbundet.no/bandy/bilder/bandytrening.jpg] [[Ice Palace Krylatskoye]],[https://web.archive.org/web/20160807140042/https://cdn1.img.rsport.ru/images/90185/92/901859281.jpg] and [[Medeu]].[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306064734if_/http://www.on.kz/userdata/10152/blogpost_photos/3246678c82a4e2a4fa3ce90a304d4ac8.JPG] [[Beijing National Speed Skating Oval]] in Beijing, China, which was built for the [[2022 Winter Olympics]], is also designed appropriately for that sport.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-04/27/content_29104802.htm Beijing unveils design of speed skating venue for Olympics]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru/mainnews/archive/3698|title = Сайт любителей русского хоккея — www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru}}</ref> There is a growing cooperation between [[International Skating Union]] and [[Federation of International Bandy]], since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built.<ref>[https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru/mainnews/archive/3698 kuzbassbandyclub.ru]</ref> In Norway there is an agreement in place, stating that an indoor arena intended primarily for either bandy or long-track speed skating, shall have ice surface for the other sport as well.

== Equipment ==

There are two primary types of skates, traditional [[ice skates]] and [[clap skates]]. The clap skates were introduced by Viking around 1996. They were considered revolutionary as the blades are hinged at the front of the boot and detach at the heel, allowing the skater a more natural range of movement. This enables a longer stroke while keeping maximum contact with the ice. By the [[1998 Winter Olympics]], nearly all skaters used clap skates.

Both traditional and clap skates use long and straight blades compared to many other [[ice skating]] sports. Blades are about 1&nbsp;mm thick and typically come in lengths from {{convert|13|to|18|in|cm}}. Most competitive athletes use lengths between {{convert|15|and|17|in|cm}}, depending on body size and personal preference. The Viking skating factory in Holland still counts as the world's biggest producer of clap skates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viking.nl/en/catalogue/4/gold-series.html |title=''Viking'' Catalogue |access-date=2014-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905013214/http://www.viking.nl/en/catalogue/4/gold-series.html |archive-date=2014-09-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A lot of attention is given to [[Drag (physics)|air resistance]]. The rules demand that the suits follow the natural shape of the body, preventing the use of, e.g., drop shaped helmets (as seen in cycling) or more inventive "Donald Duck" costumes. However, a lot of time and money is spent developing fabrics, cuts and seams that will reduce drag. Some skaters use low (no thicker than 3&nbsp;mm) "aerodynamic strips" attached to their suits. These are intended to create [[turbulent flow]] in certain areas around the body.

Glasses or goggles may also be worn so that the wind does not dry out the eyes.

== Competition format ==
===Allround===<!-- This section is linked from [[Hein Vergeer]] -->

The oldest competition format still in place <!--please correct if you know better --> is the allround event, standardized in 1892 (see History above). Skaters skate four distances (for men: 500&nbsp;m, 1500&nbsp;m, 5000&nbsp;m, and 10,000&nbsp;m), and a ranking is made up based on the times skated on all of these distances. The method of scoring is the same for all combinations. All times are calculated back to 500&nbsp;m times, so skating the 500&nbsp;m in 40 seconds gives 40 points, while 1500&nbsp;m (3×500&nbsp;m) in 2 minutes (120 seconds, equivalent to 3×40&nbsp;s) also gives 40 points. Points are calculated to three decimal places, and [[truncation]] is applied; the numbers are not rounded. The skater who has the fewest points wins the competition. This system is called [[samalog]]. An allround champion may not have won a single distance—such as [[Viktor Kosichkin]] in the 1962 World Championship—or he may win three distances but lose the overall title. Originally, three distance victories won one the championship, but the rules were changed after [[Rolf Falk-Larssen]] beat [[Tomas Gustafson]] at the 1983 World Championship despite the latter having less points.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.desg.de/?page_id=813&anzeige=event&eventID=881 |title=Results available from The German Ice Speed Skating Federation |access-date=2009-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190708/http://www.desg.de/?page_id=813&anzeige=event&eventID=881 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ISU organizes an annual [[World Allround Speed Skating Championships]].

=== Sprint championships ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Hein Vergeer]] -->

The sprint championships are two-day events where skaters run the 500&nbsp;m and 1000&nbsp;m on both days. The samalog system is again applied to crown the winner. To counter any systematic bias regarding inner versus outer lanes, skaters change start lanes from the first day to the second. Nations with active skaters arrange annual national sprint championships, and the [[International Skating Union|ISU]] have held annual [[World Sprint Speed Skating Championships|World Sprint Speedskating Championships]] for men and for women since 1970. Since 2017 a biannual [[European Speed Skating Championships|European Allround Speedskating Championships]] is held which includes a sprint championship.

=== Single distances ===

A more basic form of speed skating consists of skating a single event. This is the format used for the [[World Single Distance Championships]], which have been arranged since 1996, and the [[Speed Skating World Cup|World Cup]]. The usual distances are the 500&nbsp;m, 1000&nbsp;m, 1500&nbsp;m, 3000&nbsp;m (women only), 5000&nbsp;m and 10,000&nbsp;m (men only), but some other distances are sometimes skated as well, such as 100&nbsp;m and 1&nbsp;mile. Women occasionally, but rarely, are given the opportunity to skate the 10,000&nbsp;m, but outside the top-level championships.

The 500&nbsp;m is usually skated with two runs, so that every skater has one race starting in the outer lane and one in the inner. This practice started with the first of the [[World Single Distance Championships]] in 1996, and with the 1998 Nagano Olympics; at all earlier Olympics, the 500&nbsp;m was skated only once. The reason for skating this distance twice is that there is a small but statistically significant average advantage of starting in the inner lane; negotiating the last curve at high speed is typically more difficult in the inner lane than in the outer lane.

In addition to international championships, the [[International Skating Union]] has organised the [[Speed Skating World Cup]] since the 1985–86 season. The World Cup works by ranking skaters by cumulative score during the season, for each distance separately, at specially designated World Cup meets. More specifically, there is for each season a World Cup competition for the 500&nbsp;m, 1000&nbsp;m, 1500&nbsp;m, and combined 5,000&nbsp;m and 10,000&nbsp;m, for men; and for the 500&nbsp;m, 1000&nbsp;m, 1500&nbsp;m, and combined 3,000&nbsp;m and 5,000&nbsp;m, for women.

Starting with the 2011/2012 season the ISU decided to crown one "Grand World Cup Winner" for Men and Ladies as the aggregate of all the scores during the World Cup Season.

===Team pursuit===
[[File:Oldeheuvel Wennemars Kramer.JPG|thumb|[[Wouter olde Heuvel]], [[Erben Wennemars]], and [[Sven Kramer]] training for team pursuit in [[Thialf]].]]

The team pursuit is a team event in speed skating and is skated by teams of three skaters. Races resemble the [[team pursuit]] event in [[track cycling]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/vancouver/medals/Speed-Skating |title=Olympic Medal Winners for Speed Skating |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=[[USAToday]]|access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref> Two teams race at a time, starting at a line in the middle of the straightaway. One team starts on each side of the track. Only the inner lane is used. The distance is eight laps for men and six for women. The team's time is the third skater to cross the finish line.

There are several formats for the team pursuit. The Olympic format is unusual in that it is a cup format, with several rounds of exclusion between two teams. In the World Cup and World Championships, one race is skated and the teams are ranked by their finishing time. In the Olympic format, a team that overtakes the other has automatically won the race and the remaining distance is not skated. In practice, the distance is so short that this rarely happens unless one team has a fall.

The team pursuit is a new event in major international competitions.  The event was introduced at international level at the world junior championships around the turn of the millennium, and to the [[speed skating World Cup|World Cup]] in 2003, but it was not considered an official ISU event until around 2004, and eventually introduced at the Olympics in 2006.

=== Marathon ===
[[File:Miquel-marathocompetitie7.jpg|thumb|Marathon speed skating in the [[Netherlands]] in 2007]]

In marathon events, skaters skate long distances in a large group. When conducted at an [[ice rink]] oval, the distance is usually around 40&nbsp;km, akin to the traditional [[marathon]] in running. When skated outdoors on natural ice, the distances can be as long as 200&nbsp;km. An example of this is the famous [[Elfstedentocht]] (Eleven cities tour), which is irregularly held in the [[Netherlands]]. Alternative versions of this famous event are sometimes held abroad, e.g., in Finland and Canada.

In cold winters in the Netherlands, a "[[KNSB Dutch Marathon Championships|National championship]]" skating marathon on natural ice is organized if it meets the minimum requirement of 12-centimetre thickness. For the first time in 13 years, a Dutch championship ice-skating marathon on natural ice was held in January 2009, in the [[Oostvaardersplassen]] wetland near [[Lelystad]] in the province of [[Flevoland]], an area of land reclaimed in the 1960s. The women competitors competed in 60 kilometres, and the men, 100 kilometres.

An example of a famous marathon outside the Netherlands is the [[International Big Rideau Lake Speed Skating Marathon]] in [[Portland, Ontario]], [[Canada]].

==Notable skaters==

The following is the list of athletes who have won the following competitions at least five times in individual events.
*[[List of Olympic medalists in speed skating|Olympic Winter Games]]
*[[World All-Round Speed Skating Championships]]
*[[World Sprint Speed Skating Championships]]
As its inclusion would place the athletes who have been active before 1996 at a significant disadvantage, [[World Single Distance Championships]] are not included as a primary component of the list, though individual achievements in that competition are noted when applicable. The team pursuit, introduced at the 2006 Olympics and the 2005 World Single Distance Championships, has been left out for a more balanced comparison and to focus on individual achievements.

===Men===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-text-align="center" bgcolor="#efefef"
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Nation
!rowspan=2|Born–<br/>Died
!colspan=4; style="background-color:lightblue"| Olympics <ref>Five individual gold medals in 1924, four from 1928 to 1972, five from 1976 to 2014, and six in 2018.</ref>
!colspan=4; style="background-color:lightpink"| World Allround<br/>Championships
!colspan=4; style="background-color:lightgrey"| World Sprint<br/>Championships
!colspan=4; style="background-color:orange"| Previous three<br/>combined
!colspan=4; style="background-color:lightgreen"| World Single<br/>Distance Champ.
!colspan=4| Total
|-
|
|
|
|'''[[File:Gold medal olympic.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Silver medal olympic.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronze medal olympic.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gold medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Silver medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronze medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gold medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Silver medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronze medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gouden medaille.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Zilveren medaille.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronzen medaille.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gold medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Silver medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronze medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gouden medaille.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Zilveren medaille.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronzen medaille.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|-
| align=left| [[Sven Kramer]]
| align=left|{{NED}} ||1986||'''3'''||2||0||5||'''9'''||0||3||12||'''0'''||0||0||0
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''12'''||2||3||17||'''13'''||2||2||17||'''25'''||4||5||34
|-
| align=left| [[Eric Heiden]]
| align=left|{{USA}} ||1958||'''5'''||0||0||5||'''3'''||1||0||4||'''4'''||0||0||4
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''12'''||1||0||13||-||-||-||-||'''12'''||1||0||13
|-
| align=left| [[Clas Thunberg]]
| align=left|{{FIN}} ||1893–1973||'''5'''||1||1||7||'''5'''||1||1||7||-|| - ||-||-
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''10'''||2||2||14||-||-||-||-||'''10'''||2||2||14
|-
| align=left| [[Ivar Ballangrud]]
| align=left|{{NOR}} ||1904–1969||'''4'''||2||1||7||'''4'''||4||3||11||-||-||-||-
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''8'''||6||4||18||-||-||-||-||'''8'''||6||4||18
|-
| align=left| [[Johann Olav Koss]]
| align=left|{{NOR}} ||1968||'''4'''||1||0||5||'''3'''||1||1||5||'''0'''||0||0||0
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''7'''||2||1||10||-||-||-||-||'''7'''||2||1||10
|-
| align=left| [[Ard Schenk]]
| align=left|{{NED}} ||1944||'''3'''||1||0||4||'''3'''||2||2||7||'''0'''<ref>First held near the end of Schenk's career</ref>||0||2||2
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''6'''||3||4||13||-||-||-||-||'''6'''||3||4||13
|-
| align=left| [[Igor Zhelezovski]]
| align=left|{{BLR|1991}} ||1963||'''0'''||1||1||2||'''0'''||0||0||0||'''6'''||0||1||7
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''6'''||1||2||9||-||-||-||-||'''6'''||1||2||9
|-
| align=left| [[Hjalmar Andersen]]
| align=left|{{NOR}} ||1923–2013||'''3'''||0||0||3||'''3'''||0||0||3||-||-||-||-
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''6'''||0||0||6||-||-||-||-||'''6'''||0||0||6
|-
| align=left| [[Shani Davis]]
| align=left|{{USA}} ||1982||'''2'''||2||0||4||'''2'''||1||1||4||'''1'''||1||2||4
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''5'''||4||3||12||'''7'''||3||3||13||'''12'''||7||6||25
|-
| align=left| [[Oscar Mathisen]]
| align=left|{{NOR}} ||1888–1954||-<ref>The first Winter Olympics were held when Mathisen was 35 years old.</ref>||-||-||-||'''5'''||1||0||6||-||-||-||-
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''5'''||1||0||6||-||-||-||-||'''5'''||1||0||6
|-
|}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-text-align="center" bgcolor="#efefef"
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Nation
!rowspan=2|Born–<br/>Died
!colspan=4; style="background-color:lightblue"| Olympics <ref>Five individual gold medals in 1924, four from 1928 to 1972, five from 1976 to 2014, and six in 2018.</ref>
!colspan=4; style="background-color:lightpink"| World Allround<br/>Championships
!colspan=4; style="background-color:lightgrey"| World Sprint<br/>Championships
!colspan=4; style="background-color:orange"| Previous three<br/>combined
!colspan=4; style="background-color:lightgreen"| World Single<br/>Distance Champ.
!colspan=4| Total
|-
|
|
|
|'''[[File:Gold medal olympic.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Silver medal olympic.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronze medal olympic.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gold medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Silver medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronze medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gold medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Silver medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronze medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gouden medaille.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Zilveren medaille.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronzen medaille.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gold medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Silver medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronze medal world centered-2.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|'''[[File:Gouden medaille.svg|20px]]'''
|[[File:Zilveren medaille.svg|20px]]
|[[File:Bronzen medaille.svg|20px]]
|'''Total'''
|-
| align="left" |[[Martina Sáblíková]]
| align="left" |{{CZE}}||1987||'''3'''||2||1||6||'''5'''||2||1||8||'''0'''||0||0||0
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''8'''||4||2||14||16||4||0||20||'''24'''||8||2||34
|-
| align=left| [[Karin Enke]]
| align=left|{{GDR}} ||1961||'''3'''||4||1||8||'''5'''||2||0||7||'''6'''||2||0||8
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''14'''||8||1||23||-||-||-||-||'''14'''||8||1||23
|-
| align=left| [[Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann]]
| align=left|{{GER}} ||1966||'''3'''||4||1||8||'''8'''||2||0||10||'''0'''||0||0||0
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''11'''||6||1||18||'''11'''||3||0||14||'''22'''||9||1||32
|-
| align=left| [[Ireen Wüst]]
| align=left|{{NED}} ||1986||'''4'''||4||1||9||'''6'''||4||2||12||'''0'''||1||0||1
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''10'''||9||3||22||'''8'''||9||1||18||'''18'''||18||4||40
|-
| align=left| [[Bonnie Blair]]
| align=left|{{USA}} ||1964||'''5'''||0||1||6||'''0'''||0||0||0||'''3'''||4||2||9
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''8'''||4||3||15||-||-||-||-||'''8'''||4||3||15
|-
| align=left| [[Lidiya Skoblikova]]
| align=left|{{URS}} ||1939||'''6'''||0||0||6||'''2'''||1||3||6||-||-||-||-
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''8'''||1||3||12||-||-||-||-||'''8'''||1||3||12
|-
| align=left| [[Claudia Pechstein]]
| align=left|{{GER}} ||1972||'''4'''||2||2||8||'''1'''||8||2||11||'''0'''||0||0||0
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''5'''||10||4||19||'''5'''||12||9||26||'''10'''||22||13||45
|-
| align=left| [[Anni Friesinger-Postma]]
| align=left|{{GER}} ||1977||'''1'''||0||2||3||'''3'''||1||1||5||'''1'''||2||0||3
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''5'''||3||3||11||'''11'''||9||1||21||'''16'''||12||4||32
|-
| align=left| [[Monique Garbrecht-Enfeldt]]
| align=left|{{GER}} ||1968||'''0'''||1||1||2||'''0'''||0||0||0||'''5'''||0||0||5
| style="background-color:#00f0D0" |'''5'''||1||1||7||'''4'''||2||0||6||'''9'''||3||1||13
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ice skating]]
* [[Speed skating]]
* [[Ice rink]]
* [[List of world records in speed skating]]
* [[List of Olympic records in speed skating]]
* [[List of speed skaters#Long-track|List of long-track speed skaters]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* https://thialf.nl/

==External links==
* [http://www.olympic.org/speed-skating IOC – Speed skating]
* [https://www.isu.org/speed-skating Long-track speed skating at the International Skating Union]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061205024847/http://skateresults.com/ Skating results from 1887]
* [http://www.speedskatingnews.info/ Most complete archive of speed skating results since 1880 until today]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150217043643/http://www.desgphoto.com/ Largest photo archive (more than 3.000) of worldwide speed skating athletes]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150315140855/http://desg.de/ German Ice Speed Skating Federation (including results)]

{{Winter Olympic sports}}
{{World Speed Skating Championships}}
{{ISU Speed Skating World Cup seasons}}

[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Ice skating]]
[[Category:Speed skating|*]]