View source for Loki

{{Short description|Norse deity}}
{{For-multi|the Marvel character|Loki (Marvel Comics)|and|Loki (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|other uses}}
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[[File:Processed SAM loki.jpg|thumb|Loki with a fishing net (per ''[[Reginsmál]]'') as depicted on an 18th-century Icelandic manuscript (SÁM 66)]]
'''Loki''' is a [[Æsir|god]] in [[Norse mythology]]. He is the son of [[Fárbauti]] (a [[jötunn]]) and [[Laufey (mythology)|Laufey]] (a goddess), and the brother of [[Helblindi]] and [[Býleistr]]. Loki is married to the goddess [[Sigyn]] and they have two sons, [[Narfi (son of Loki)|Narfi or Nari]] and [[Váli (son of Loki)|Váli]]. By the [[jötunn]] [[Angrboða]], Loki is the father of [[Hel (being)|Hel]], the wolf [[Fenrir]] and the world serpent [[Jörmungandr]]. In the form of a [[mare]], Loki was impregnated by the stallion [[Svaðilfari]] and gave birth to the eight-legged horse [[Sleipnir]].

Like other gods, Loki is a [[Shapeshifting|shape shifter]] and in separate sources appears in the form of a [[salmon]], a [[mare]], a [[Fly (animal)|fly]], and possibly an elderly woman named [[Þökk]] (Old Norse 'thanks'). While sometimes friendly with the gods, Loki engineers the death of the beloved god [[Baldr]]. For this, [[Odin]]'s specially engendered son [[Váli]] binds Loki with the entrails of one of his sons, where he writhes in pain. In the ''[[Prose Edda]]'', this son, Nari or Narfi, is killed by another of Loki's sons, who is also called [[Váli (son of Loki)|Váli]]. The goddess [[Skaði]] is responsible for placing a serpent above him while he is bound. The serpent drips venom from above him that [[Sigyn]] collects into a bowl; however, she must empty the bowl when it is full and the venom that drips in the meantime causes Loki to writhe in pain, thereby causing earthquakes.

Loki is foretold to eventually break free from his bonds and, among the forces of the [[jötunn|jötnar]], to go to battle with the gods, during which time his children play a key role in the destruction of [[Líf and Lífþrasir|all but two humans]] over the events of [[Ragnarök]]. Loki has a particular enmity with the god [[Heimdallr]]. The two are in fact prophesied to kill one another during Ragnarök.

Loki is attested in the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources: the ''Prose Edda'' and ''[[Heimskringla]]'', written in the 13th century by [[Snorri Sturluson]]; the [[Rune Poems|Norwegian Rune Poems]], in the poetry of [[skald]]s, and in Scandinavian folklore. Loki may be depicted on the [[Snaptun Stone]], the [[#Kirkby Stephen Stone and Gosforth Cross|Kirkby Stephen Stone]] and the [[Gosforth Cross]]. Scholars have debated Loki's origins and role in Norse mythology, which some have described as that of a [[trickster god]]. Loki has been depicted in, or referenced in, a variety of media in modern popular culture.

==Etymology and alternate names==
The [[etymology]] of the name ''Loki'' has been extensively debated. The name has been associated with the Old Norse word ''logi'' ('flame') at times, but there does not seem to be a sound linguistic basis for this. Rather, the later Scandinavian variants of the name (such as Faroese ''Lokki'', Danish ''Loke'', Norwegian ''Loke'' and ''Lokke'', Swedish ''Luki'' and ''Luku'') point to an origin in the Germanic root *''luk''-, which denoted things to do with loops (like knots, hooks, closed-off rooms, and locks). This corresponds with usages such as the Swedish ''lockanät'' and Faroese ''[[:wikt:lokkanet#Faroese|lokkanet]]'' ('cobweb', literally 'Lokke's web') and Faroese ''lokki''~''grindalokki''~''grindalokkur'', 'daddy-long-legs' referring both to [[Crane fly|crane flies]] and [[harvestmen]], as well as modern Swedish ''[[:sv:Lockespindlar|lockespindlar]]'' ("Locke-spiders"). Some Eastern Swedish traditions referring to the same figure use forms in ''n''- like ''Nokk(e)'', but this corresponds to the *''luk''- etymology insofar, as those dialects consistently used a different root, Germanic *''hnuk''-, in contexts where western varieties used *''luk''-: "''nokke'' corresponds to ''nøkkel''" ('key' in Eastern Scandinavian) "as ''loki''~''lokke'' to ''lykil''" ('key' in Western Scandinavian).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Heide, Eldar |url=http://eldar-heide.net/Publikasjonar%20til%20heimesida/Loke-artikkel%20til%20nettsida.pdf |title=Loki, the ''Vätte'', and the Ash Lad: A Study Combining Old Scandinavian and Late Material|journal=Viking and Medieval Scandinavia|volume= 7 |year=2011|pages=63–106 (65–75, quoting p. 75)|doi=10.1484/J.VMS.1.102616}}</ref>

While it has been suggested that this association with closing could point to Loki's apocalyptic role at [[Ragnarök]],{{sfnp|Simek|2007|p=195}} "there is quite a bit of evidence that Loki in premodern society was thought to be the causer of knots/tangles/loops, or himself a knot/tangle/loop. Hence, it is natural that Loki is the inventor of the fishnet, which consists of loops and knots, and that the word ''loki'' (''lokke'', ''lokki'', ''loke'', ''luki'') is a term for makers of cobwebs: spiders and the like."<ref>{{cite journal|author=Heide, Eldar |url=http://eldar-heide.net/Publikasjonar%20til%20heimesida/Loke-artikkel%20til%20nettsida.pdf |title=Loki, the ''Vätte'', and the Ash Lad: A Study Combining Old Scandinavian and Late Material|journal=Viking and Medieval Scandinavia|volume= 7 |year=2011|pages=63–106 (91)|doi=10.1484/J.VMS.1.102616}}</ref> Though not prominent in the oldest sources, this identity as a "tangler" may be the etymological meaning of Loki's name.

In various poems from the ''Poetic Edda'' (stanza 2 of ''[[Lokasenna]]'', stanza 41 of ''[[Hyndluljóð]]'', and stanza 26 of ''[[Fjölsvinnsmál]]''), and sections of the ''Prose Edda'' (chapter 32 of ''[[Gylfaginning]]'', stanza 8 of ''[[Haustlöng]]'', and stanza 1 of ''[[Þórsdrápa]]'') Loki is alternatively referred to as ''Loptr'', which is generally considered derived from [[Old Norse]] ''lopt'' meaning "air", and therefore points to an association with the air.{{sfnp|Simek|2007|p=197}}

The name ''Hveðrungr'' (Old Norse '?roarer') is also used in reference to Loki, occurring in names for Hel (such as in ''[[Ynglingatal]]'', where she is called ''hveðrungs mær'') and in reference to Fenrir (as in ''[[Völuspa]]'').{{sfnp|Simek|2007|p=166}}

==Attestations==
[[Image:Loki, by Mårten Eskil Winge 1890.jpg|thumb|''Loki and Sigyn'' (1863) by [[Mårten Eskil Winge]]]]

===''Poetic Edda''===
In the ''Poetic Edda'', Loki appears (or is referenced) in the poems ''Völuspá'', ''Lokasenna'', ''Þrymskviða'', ''Reginsmál'', ''Baldrs draumar'', and ''Hyndluljóð''.

====''Völuspá''====
In stanza 35 of the ''Poetic Edda'' poem ''[[Völuspá]]'', a [[völva]] tells [[Odin]] that, among many other things, she sees [[Sigyn]] sitting very unhappily with her bound husband, Loki, under a "grove of [[hot springs]]".{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=8}}  In stanza 51, during the events of [[Ragnarök]], Loki appears free from his bonds and is referred to as the "brother of [[Býleistr]]" (here transcribed as ''Byleist''):
{{poemquote|A ship journeys from the east, Muspell's people are coming,
over the waves, and Loki steers
There are the monstrous brood with all the raveners,
The brother of Byleist is in company with them.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=10}}}}

In stanza 54, after consuming Odin and being killed by Odin's son [[Víðarr]], Fenrir is described as "Loki's kinsman".{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=11}}

====''Lokasenna''====
[[Image:Loki taunts Bragi.jpg|thumb|''Loki taunts Bragi'' (1908) by [[W. G. Collingwood]]]]
[[Image:Lokasenna by Lorenz Frølich.jpg|thumb|A depiction of ''Lokasenna'' (1895) by [[Lorenz Frølich]]]]
The poem ''[[Lokasenna]]'' (Old Norse "Loki's [[Flyting]]") centers around Loki [[flyting]] with other gods; Loki puts forth two stanzas of insults while the receiving figure responds with a single stanza, and then another figure chimes in. The poem begins with a prose introduction detailing that [[Ægir]], a figure associated with the sea, is hosting a feast in his hall for a number of the gods and [[elf|elves]]. There, the gods praise Ægir's servers [[Fimafeng]] and [[Eldir]]. Loki "could not bear to hear that", and kills the servant Fimafeng. In response, the gods grab their shields, shrieking at Loki, and chase him out of the hall and to the woods. The gods then return to the hall, and continue drinking.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=84–85}}

=====Entrance and rejection=====
Loki comes out of the woods and meets Eldir outside of the hall. Loki greets Eldir (and the poem itself begins) with a demand that Eldir tell him what the gods are discussing over their ale inside the hall. Eldir responds that they discuss their "weapons and their prowess in war" and yet no one there has anything friendly to say about Loki. Loki says that he will go into the feast, and that, before the end of the feast, he will induce quarrelling among the gods, and "mix their [[mead]] with malice". Eldir responds that "if shouting and fighting you pour out on" to the gods, "they'll wipe it off on you". Loki then enters the hall, and everyone there falls silent upon noticing him.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=85}}

=====Re-entrance and insults=====
Breaking the silence, Loki says that, thirsty, he had come to these halls from a long way away to ask the gods for a drink of "the famous mead". Calling the gods arrogant, Loki asks why they are unable to speak, and demands that they assign him a seat and a place for him at the feast, or tell him to leave. The [[skald]]ic god [[Bragi]] is the first to respond to Loki by telling him that Loki will not have a seat and place assigned to him by the gods at the feast, for the gods know what men they should invite.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=86}} Loki does not respond to Bragi directly, but instead directs his attention to Odin, and states:
{{poemquote|Do you remember, Odin, when in bygone days
we mixed our blood together?
You said you would never drink ale
unless it were brought to both of us.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=86}}}}

Odin then asks his silent son [[Víðarr]] to stand up, so that Loki (here referred to as the "wolf's father") may sit at the feast, and so that he may not speak words of blame to the gods in Ægir's hall. Víðarr stands and pours a drink for Loki. Prior to drinking, Loki declaims a toast to the gods, with a specific exception for Bragi. Bragi responds that he will give a horse, sword, and ring from his possessions so that he does not repay the gods "with hatred". Loki responds that Bragi will always be short of all of these things, accusing him of being "wary of war" and "shy of shooting". Bragi responds that, were they outside of Ægir's hall, Bragi would be holding Loki's head as a reward for his lies. Loki replies that Bragi is brave when seated, calling him a "bench-ornament", and that Bragi would run away when troubled by an angry, spirited man.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=87}}

The goddess [[Iðunn]] interrupts, asking Bragi, as a service to his relatives and adopted relatives, not to say words of blame to Loki in Ægir's hall. Loki tells Iðunn to be silent, calling her the most "man-crazed" of all women, and saying that she placed her washed, bright arms around her brother's slayer. Iðunn says that she will not say words of blame in Ægir's hall, and affirms that she quietened Bragi, who was made talkative by beer, and that she does not want the two of them to fight. The goddess [[Gefjun]] asks why the two gods must fight, saying that Loki knows that he is joking, and that "all living things love him". Loki responds to Gefjun by stating that Gefjun's heart was once seduced by a "white boy" who gave her a jewel, and who Gefjun laid her thigh over.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=87–88}}

Odin says that Loki must be insane to make Gefjun his enemy, as her wisdom about the fates of men may equal Odin's own. Loki says that Odin does a poor job in handing out honor in war to men, and that he's often given victory to the faint-hearted. Odin responds that even if this is true, Loki (in a story otherwise unattested) once spent eight winters beneath the earth as a woman milking cows, and during this time bore children. Odin declares this perverse. Loki counters that Odin once practiced [[seiðr]] (a type of sorcery) on the island of ''Samsey'' (now [[Samsø]], Denmark), and, appearing as a wizard, traveled among mankind, which Loki condemns as perverse.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=88–89}}

[[Frigg]], a major deity who is married to Odin, says that what Loki and Odin did in the ancient past should not be spoken of in front of others, and that ancient matters should always remain hidden. Loki brings up that Frigg is the daughter of [[Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn|Fjörgyn]], a personification of the earth, and that she had once taken Odin's brothers [[Vili and Vé]] into her embrace. Frigg responds that if there was a boy like her now-deceased son [[Baldr]] in the hall, Loki would not be able to escape from the wrath of the gods. Loki reminds Frigg that he is responsible for the death of her son Baldr.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=89}}

The goddess [[Freyja]] declares that Loki must be mad, stating that Frigg knows all fate, yet she does not speak it. Loki claims each of the gods and elves that are present have been Freyja's lover. Freyja replies that Loki is lying, that he just wants to "yelp about wicked things" that gods and goddesses are furious with him, and that he will go home thwarted. In response, Loki calls Freyja a malicious witch, and claims that Freyja was once astride her brother [[Freyr]], when all of the other laughing gods surprised her and Freyja then farted. This scenario is otherwise unattested. [[Njörðr]] (Freyja and Freyr's father) says that it is harmless for a woman to have a lover or "someone else" beside her husband, and that what is surprising is a "pervert god coming here who has borne children".{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=89–90}}

Loki tells Njörðr to be silent, recalling Njörðr's status as once having been a hostage from the [[Vanir]] to the [[Æsir]] during the [[Æsir-Vanir War]], that the "daughters of Hymir" once used Njörðr "as a pisspot", urinating in his mouth (an otherwise unattested comment). Njörðr responds that this was his reward when he was sent as a hostage to the Æsir, and that he fathered his son (Freyr), whom no one hates, and is considered a prince of the Æsir. Loki tells Njörðr to maintain his moderation, and that he will not keep it secret any longer that Njörðr fathered this son with [[Sister-wife of Njörðr|his sister]] (unnamed), although one would expect him to be worse than he turned out.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=90–91}}

The god [[Tyr]] defends Freyr, to which Loki replies that Tyr should be silent, for Tyr cannot "deal straight with people", and points out that it was Loki's son, the wolf Fenrir, who tore Tyr's hand off. (According to the prose introduction to the poem Tyr is now one-handed from having his arm bitten off by Loki's son Fenrir while Fenrir was bound.) Tyr responds that while he may have lost a hand, Loki has lost the wolf, and trouble has come to them both. Further, that Fenrir must now wait in shackles until the onset of [[Ragnarök]]. Loki tells Tyr to be silent a second time, and states that Tyr's wife (otherwise unattested) had a son by Loki, and that Tyr never received any compensation for this "injury", further calling him a "wretch".{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=91}}

Freyr himself interrupts at this point, and says that he sees a wolf lying before a river mouth, and that, unless Loki is immediately silent, like the wolf, Loki shall also be bound until [[Ragnarök]]. Loki retorts that Freyr purchased his consort [[Gerðr]] with gold, having given away his sword, which he will lack at [[Ragnarök]]. [[Byggvir]] (referred to in the prose introduction to the poem as a servant of Freyr) says that if he had as noble a lineage and as an honorable a seat as Freyr, he would grind down Loki, and make all of his limbs lame. Loki refers to Byggvir in terms of a dog, and says that Byggvir is always found at Freyr's ears, or twittering beneath a grindstone. Byggvir says that he is proud to be here by all the gods and men, and that he is said to be speedy. Loki tells him to be silent, that Byggvir does not know how to apportion food among men, and that he hides among the straw and [[dais]] when men go to battle.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=91–92}}

The god [[Heimdallr]] says that Loki is drunk and witless, and asks Loki why he will not stop speaking. Loki tells Heimdallr to be silent, that he was fated a "hateful life", that Heimdallr must always have a muddy back, and serve as watchman of the gods. The goddess [[Skaði]] says that while Loki now appears light-hearted and "playing" with his "tail-wagging", he will soon be bound with his ice-cold son's guts on a sharp rock by the gods. Loki says that, even if this is his fate, that he was "first and foremost" with the other gods at the killing of Skaði's father, [[Þjazi]]. Skaði says that, with these events in mind, "baneful advice" will always come from her "sanctuaries and plains" to Loki. Loki says that Skaði was once gentler in speech to him (referring to himself as the "son of [[Laufey (mythology)|Laufey]]") when Skaði once invited him to her bed (an event that is unattested elsewhere), and that such events must be mentioned if they are to recall "shameful deeds".{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=91–93}}

[[Sif]] goes forth and pours Loki a glass of mead into a crystal cup in a prose narrative. Continuing the poem, Sif welcomes Loki and invites him to take a crystal cup filled with ancient mead, and says that among the children of the Æsir, she is singularly blameless. Loki "takes the horn", drinks it, and says that she would be, if it were so, and states that Sif and Loki had been lovers, despite her marriage to [[Thor]] (an affair that is otherwise unattested). [[Beyla]] (referred to in the prose introduction to the poem as a servant of Freyr) says that all of the mountains are shaking, that she thinks Thor must be on his way home, and when Thor arrives he will bring peace to those that quarrel there. Loki tells Beyla to be silent, that she is "much imbued with malice", that no worse woman has ever been among the "Æsir's children", and calling her a bad "serving-wench".{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=94}}

=====The arrival of Thor and the bondage of Loki=====
[[File:Loki leaves the hall and threatens the Æsir with fire by Frølich.jpg|thumb|''Loki threatens the Æsir with fire'' (1895) by [[Lorenz Frølich]]]]
[[Image:Louis Huard - The Punishment of Loki.jpg|thumb|''The Punishment of Loki'' by Louis Huard]]
Thor arrives, and tells Loki to be silent, referring to him as an "evil creature", stating that with his hammer [[Mjöllnir]] he will silence Loki by hammering his head from his shoulders. Acknowledging that Thor has arrived, Loki asks Thor why he is raging, and says that Thor will not be so bold to fight against the wolf when he swallows Odin at [[Ragnarök]]. Thor again tells Loki to be silent, and threatens him with Mjöllnir, adding that he will throw Loki "up on the roads to the east", and thereafter no one will be able to see Loki. Loki states that Thor should never brag of his journeys to the east, claiming that there Thor crouched cowering in the thumb of a glove, mockingly referring to him as a "hero", and adding that such behaviour was unlike Thor. Thor responds by telling Loki to be silent, threatening him with Mjöllnir, and adding that every one of Loki's bones will be broken with it. Loki says he intends to live for a long while yet despite Thor's threats, and taunts Thor about an encounter Thor once had with the [[Útgarða-Loki|Skrýmir]] ([[Útgarða-Loki]] in disguise). Thor again commands Loki to be silent, threatens Loki with Mjöllnir, and says he will send Loki to [[Hel (location)|Hel]], below the gates of [[Nágrind]].{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=94–95}}

In response to Thor, Loki says that he "spoke before the Æsir", and "before the sons of the Æsir" what his "spirit urged" him to say, yet before Thor alone he will leave, as he knows that Thor does strike. Loki ends the poetic verses of ''Lokasenna'' with a final stanza:
{{poemquote|Ale you brewed, Ægir, and you will never again hold a feast;
all your possessions which are here inside—
may flame play over them,
and may your back be burnt!{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=95}}}}

Following this final stanza a prose section details that after Loki left the hall, he disguised himself as a [[salmon]] and hid in the waterfall of [[Franangrsfors]], where the Æsir caught him. The narrative continues that Loki was bound with the entrails of his son [[Narfi (son of Loki)|Nari]], and his son [[Narfi (son of Loki)|Narfi]] changed into a wolf. Skaði fastened a venomous snake over Loki's face, and from it poison dripped. Sigyn, his spouse, sat with him holding a basin beneath the dripping venom, yet when the basin became full, she carried the poison away; and during this time the poison dripped on to Loki, causing him to writhe with such violence that all of the earth shook from the force, resulting in what are now known as earthquakes.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=95–96}}

====''Þrymskviða''====
[[Image:Loki's flight to Jötunheim.jpg|thumb|''Loki's flight to Jötunheim'' (1908) by [[W. G. Collingwood]]]]
[[Image:Ah, what a lovely maid it is! by Elmer Boyd Smith.jpg|thumb|''Ah, what a lovely maid it is!'' (1902) by [[Elmer Boyd Smith]]]]
In the poem ''[[Þrymskviða]]'', Thor wakes and finds that his powerful hammer, [[Mjöllnir]], is missing. Thor turns to Loki first, and tells him that nobody knows that the hammer has been stolen. The two then go to the court of the goddess [[Freyja]], and Thor asks her if he may borrow her [[Feather cloak#Germanic|feather cloak]] so that he may attempt to find Mjöllnir. Freyja agrees, saying she would lend it even if it were made of silver and gold, and Loki flies off, the feather cloak whistling.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=97}}

In [[Jötunheimr]], the jötunn [[Þrymr]] sits on a [[tumulus|burial mound]], plaiting golden collars for his female dogs, and trimming the manes of his horses. Þrymr sees Loki, and asks what could be amiss among the [[Æsir]] and the [[Elf#Norse mythology|Elves]]; why is Loki alone in the Jötunheimr? Loki responds that he has bad news for both the elves and the Æsir: that Thor's hammer, Mjöllnir, is gone. Þrymr says that he has hidden Mjöllnir eight leagues beneath the earth, from which it will be retrieved if Freyja is brought to marry him. Loki flies off, the feather cloak whistling, away from Jötunheimr and back to the court of the gods.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=97–98}}

Thor asks Loki if his efforts were successful, and that Loki should tell him while he is still in the air as "tales often escape a sitting man, and the man lying down often barks out lies". Loki states that it was indeed an effort, and also a success, for he has discovered that Þrymr has the hammer, but that it cannot be retrieved unless Freyja is brought to marry Þrymr. The two return to Freyja, and tell her to dress herself in a bridal head dress, as they will drive her to Jötunheimr. Freyja, indignant and angry, goes into a rage, causing all of the halls of the Æsir to tremble in her anger, and her necklace, the famed [[Brísingamen]], falls from her. Freyja pointedly refuses.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=98}}

As a result, the gods and goddesses meet and hold a [[Thing (assembly)|thing]] to discuss and debate the matter. At the thing, the god [[Heimdallr]] puts forth the suggestion that, in place of Freyja, Thor should be dressed as the bride, complete with jewels, women's clothing down to his knees, a bridal head-dress, and the necklace Brísingamen. Thor rejects the idea, and Loki (here described as "son of [[Laufey (mythology)|Laufey]]") interjects that this will be the only way to get back Mjöllnir, and points out that without Mjöllnir, the jötnar will be able to invade and settle in [[Asgard]]. The gods dress Thor as a bride, and Loki states that he will go with Thor as his maid, and that the two shall drive to Jötunheimr together.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=99}}

After riding together in Thor's [[Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr|goat-driven chariot]], the two, disguised, arrive in Jötunheimr. Þrymr commands the jötnar in his hall to spread straw on the benches, for Freyja has arrived to marry him. Þrymr recounts his treasured animals and objects, stating that Freyja was all that he was missing in his wealth.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=100}}

Early in the evening, the disguised Loki and Thor meet with Þrymr and the assembled jötnar. Thor eats and drinks ferociously, consuming entire animals and three casks of [[mead]]. Þrymr finds the behaviour at odds with his impression of Freyja, and Loki, sitting before Þrymr and appearing as a "very shrewd maid", makes the excuse that "Freyja's" behaviour is due to her having not consumed anything for eight entire days before arriving due to her eagerness to arrive. Þrymr then lifts "Freyja's" veil and wants to kiss "her" until catching the terrifying eyes staring back at him, seemingly burning with fire. Loki states that this is because "Freyja" had not slept for eight nights in her eagerness.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=100}}

The "wretched sister" of the jötnar appears, asks for a bridal gift from "Freyja", and the jötnar bring out Mjöllnir to "sanctify the bride", to lay it on her lap, and marry the two by "the hand" of the goddess [[Vár]]. Thor laughs internally when he sees the hammer, takes hold of it, strikes Þrymr, beats all of the jötnar, and kills the "older sister" of the jötnar.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=101}}

====''Reginsmál''====
Loki appears in both prose and the first six stanzas of the poem ''Reginsmál''. The prose introduction to ''Reginsmál'' details that, while the hero [[Sigurd]] was being fostered by [[Regin]], son of [[Hreidmar]], Regin tells him that once the gods Odin, [[Hœnir]], and Loki went to Andvara-falls, which contained many fish. Regin, a dwarf, had two brothers; [[Andvari]], who gained food by spending time in the Andvara-falls in the form of a [[Esox|pike]], and [[Ótr]], who would often go to the Andvara-falls in the form of an [[Eurasian otter|otter]].{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=151}}

While the three gods are at the falls, Ótr (in the form of an otter) catches a salmon and eats it on a river bank, his eyes shut, when Loki hits and kills him with a stone. The gods think that this is great, and flay the skin from the otter to make a bag. That night, the three gods stay with Hreidmar (the father of Regin, Andvari, and the now-dead Ótr) and show him their catches, including the skin of the otter. Upon seeing the skin, Regin and Hreidmar "seized them and made them ransom their lives" in exchange for filling the otterskin bag the gods had made with gold and covering the exterior of the bag with red gold.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=151}}

Loki is sent to retrieve the gold, and Loki goes to the goddess [[Rán]], borrows her net, and then goes back to the Andvara-falls. At the falls, Loki spreads his net before Andvari (who is in the form of a pike), which Andvari jumps into. The stanzas of the poem then begin: Loki mocks Andvari, and tells him that he can save his head by telling Loki where his gold is. Andvari gives some background information about himself, including that he was cursed by a "[[norns|norn]] of misfortune" in his "early days". Loki responds by asking Andvari "what requital" does mankind get if "they wound each other with words". Andvari responds that lying men receive a "terrible requital": having to wade in the river [[Vadgelmir]], and that their suffering will be long.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=151–152}}

Loki looks over the gold that Andvari possesses, and after Andvari hands over all of his gold, Andvari holds on to but a single ring; the ring [[Andvarinaut]], which Loki also takes. Andvari, now in the form of a dwarf, goes into a rock, and tells Loki that the gold will result in the death of two brothers, will cause strife between eight princes, and will be useless to everyone.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=152}}

Loki returns, and the three gods give Hreidmar the money from the gold hoard and flatten out the otter skin, stretch out its legs, and heap gold atop it, covering it. Hreidmar looks it over, and notices a single hair that has not been covered. Hreidmar demands that it be covered as well. Odin puts forth the ring Andvarinaut, covering the single hair.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=152}}

Loki states that they have now handed over the gold, and that gold is cursed as Andvari is, and that it will be the death of Hreidmar and Regin both. Hreidmar responds that if he had known this before, he would have taken their lives, yet that he believes those are not yet born whom the curse is intended for, and that he does not believe him. Further, with the hoard, he will have red gold for the rest of his life. Hreidmar tells them to leave, and the poem continues without further mention of Loki.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|pp=152–153}}

====''Baldrs draumar''====
In ''Baldr draumar'', Odin has awoken a deceased völva in [[Hel (location)|Hel]], and questions her repeatedly about his son [[Baldr]]'s bad dreams. Loki is mentioned in stanza 14, the final stanza of the poem, where the völva tells Odin to ride home, to be proud of himself, and that no one else will come visit until "Loki is loose, escaped from his bonds" and the onset of [[Ragnarök]].{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=245}}

====''Hyndluljóð''====
[[File:Loki finds Gullveigs Heart - John Bauer.jpg|thumb|Loki consumes a roasted heart in a painting (1911) by [[John Bauer (illustrator)|John Bauer]].]]
Loki is referenced in two stanzas in ''[[Völuspá hin skamma]]'', found within the poem ''[[Hyndluljóð]]''. The first stanza notes that Loki produced "the wolf" with the jötunn [[Angrboða]], that Loki himself gave birth to the horse [[Sleipnir]] by the stallion [[Svaðilfari]], and that Loki (referred to as the "brother of [[Býleistr]]") thirdly gave birth to "the worst of all marvels". This stanza is followed by:
{{poemquote|Loki ate some of the heart, the thought-stone of a woman,
roasted on a [[Tilia|linden-wood]] fire, he found it half-cooked;
Lopt was impregnated by a wicked woman,
from whom every ogress on earth is descended.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=258}}}}

In the second of the two stanzas, Loki is referred to as ''Lopt''. Loki's consumption of a woman's heart is otherwise unattested.{{sfnp|Larrington|1999|p=296}}

====''Fjölsvinnsmál''====
In the poem ''[[Fjölsvinnsmál]]'', a stanza mentions Loki (as ''Lopt'') in association with [[runic alphabet|runes]]. In the poem, Fjölsviðr describes to the hero [[Svipdagr]] that [[Sinmara]] keeps the weapon [[Lævateinn]] within a chest, locked with [[Numbers in Germanic paganism|nine strong locks]] (due to significant translation differences, two translations of the stanza are provided here):
{{poemquote|
{{aligned table|col2style=padding-left:1em
|''Fjolsvith spake:''
"Lævatein is there, that Lopt with runes
Once made by the doors of death;
In Lægjarn's chest by Sinmora lies it,
And nine locks fasten it firm."{{sfnp|Bellows|1936|p=245}}
|''Fiolsvith.''
Hævatein the twig is named, and Lopt plucked it,
down by the gate of Death.
In an iron chest it lies with Sinmœra,
and is with nine strong locks secured.{{sfnp|Thorpe|1907|pp=96–97}}
}}
}}

===''Prose Edda''===

====''Gylfaginning''====
The ''Prose Edda'' book ''Gylfaginning'' tells various myths featuring Loki, including Loki's role in the birth of the horse [[Sleipnir]] and Loki's contest with [[Logi (mythology)|Logi]], fire personified.

=====High's introduction=====

Loki first appears in the ''Prose Edda'' in chapter 20 of the book ''[[Gylfaginning]]'', where he is referred to as the "[[Æsir|ás]] called Loki" while the enthroned figure of [[High, Just-as-High, and Third|Third]] explains to "Gangleri" (King [[Gylfi]] in disguise) the goddess Frigg's prophetic abilities while citing a stanza of ''Lokasenna''.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|p=21}}

[[Image:The children of Loki by Willy Pogany.png|thumb|right|"The children of Loki" (1920) by [[Willy Pogany]]]]
Loki is more formally introduced by [[High, Just-as-High, and Third|High]] in chapter 34, where he is "reckoned among the Æsir", and High states that Loki is called by some "the Æsir's calumniator", "originator of deceits", and "the disgrace of all gods and men". High says that Loki's alternative name is ''Lopt'', that he is the son of the male jötunn [[Fárbauti]], his mother is "[[Laufey (mythology)|Laufey or Nál]]", and his brothers are [[Helblindi]] and [[Býleistr]]. High describes Loki as "pleasing and handsome" in appearance, malicious in character, "very capricious in behaviour", and as possessing "to a greater degree than others" learned cunning, and "tricks for every purpose", often getting the Æsir into trouble, and then getting them out of it with his trickery. Sigyn is introduced as being married to Loki, and they have a son named "Nari or Narfi". Otherwise, Loki had three children with the female jötunn Angrboða from [[Jötunheimr]]; the wolf [[Fenrir]], the serpent [[Jörmungandr]], and the female being [[Hel (being)|Hel]]. The gods realized that these three children were being raised in Jötunheimr, and expected trouble from them partially due to the nature of Angrboða, but worse yet Loki.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|pp=26–27}} In chapter 35, Gangleri comments that Loki produced a "pretty terrible"—yet important—family.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|p=29}}

=====Loki, Svaðilfari, and Sleipnir=====

In chapter 42, High tells a story set "right at the beginning of the gods' settlement, when the gods at established [[Midgard]] and built [[Valhalla|Val-Hall]]". The story is about an unnamed builder who has offered to build a fortification for the gods that will keep out invaders in exchange for the goddess Freyja, the [[Sól (sun)|sun]], and the [[Máni|moon]]. After some debate, the gods agree to these conditions, but place a number of restrictions on the builder, including that he must complete the work within three seasons without the help of any man. The builder makes a single request; that he may have help from his stallion [[Svaðilfari]], and due to Loki's influence, this is allowed. The stallion Svaðilfari performs twice the deeds of strength as the builder, and hauls enormous rocks—to the surprise of the gods. The builder, with Svaðilfari, makes fast progress on the wall, and three days before the deadline of [[Sumarr and Vetr|summer]], the builder is nearly at the entrance to the fortification. The gods convene, and figure out who is responsible, resulting in a unanimous agreement that, along with most trouble, Loki is to blame (here referred to as ''Loki Laufeyjarson''—his surname derived from his mother's name, ''Laufey'').{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|p=35}}

[[Image:Loki and Svadilfari by Hardy.jpg|thumb|''Loki and [[Svaðilfari]]'' (1909) by Dorothy Hardy]]
The gods declare that Loki deserves a horrible death if he cannot find a scheme that will cause the builder to forfeit his payment, and threaten to attack him. Loki, afraid, swears oaths that he will devise a scheme to cause the builder to forfeit the payment, whatever it may cost himself. That night, the builder drives out to fetch stone with his stallion Svaðilfari, and out from a wood runs a mare. The mare neighs at Svaðilfari, and "realizing what kind of horse it was", Svaðilfari becomes frantic, neighs, tears apart his tackle, and runs towards the mare. The mare runs to the wood, Svaðilfari follows, and the builder chases after. The two horses run around all night, causing the building to be halted and the builder is then unable to regain the previous momentum of his work.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|p=36}}

The builder goes into a rage, and when the Æsir realize that the builder is a [[hrimthurs]], they disregard their previous oaths with the builder, and call for Thor. Thor arrives, and subsequently kills the builder by smashing the builder's skull into shards with the hammer Mjöllnir. However, Loki "[[sexual intercourse|had such dealings]]" with Svaðilfari that "[[Pregnancy|somewhat later]]" Loki gives birth to a gray [[foal]] with eight legs; the horse [[Sleipnir]]—"the best horse among gods and men."{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|p=36}}

=====Loki, Útgarða-Loki, and Logi=====

In chapter 44, [[High, Just-as-High, and Third|Third]] reluctantly relates a tale where Thor and Loki are riding in Thor's chariot, which is pulled by his [[Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr|two goats]]. Loki and Thor stop at the house of a peasant farmer, and there they are given lodging for a night. Thor slaughters his goats, prepares them, puts them in a pot, and Loki and Thor sit down for their evening meal. Thor invites the peasant family who own the farm to share with him the meal he has prepared, but warns them not to break the bones. Afterward, at the suggestion of Loki, the peasant child [[Þjálfi]] sucks the [[bone marrow]] from one of the goat bones, and when Thor goes to resurrect the goats, he finds one of the goats to be lame. In their terror, the family atones to Thor by giving Thor their son Þjálfi and their daughter [[Röskva]].{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|pp=37–38}}

[[File:I am the giant Skrymir by Elmer Boyd Smith.jpg|thumb|''I am the giant [[Skrymir]]'' by [[Elmer Boyd Smith]]]]
Minus the goats, Thor, Loki, and the two children continue east until they arrive at a vast forest in [[Jötunheimr]]. They continue through the woods until dark. The four seek shelter for the night. They encounter an immense building. Finding shelter in a side room, they experience earthquakes through the night. The earthquakes cause all four but Thor, who grips his hammer in preparation of defense, to be fearful. The building turns out to be the huge glove of [[Skrymir]], who has been snoring throughout the night, causing what seemed to be earthquakes. All four sleep beneath an oak tree near Skrymir in fear.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|pp=38–40}}

Thor wakes up in the middle of the night, and a series of events occur where Thor twice attempts to kill the sleeping Skrýmir with his hammer. Skrýmir awakes after each attempt, only to say that he detected an acorn falling on his head or that he wonders if bits of tree from the branches above have fallen on top of him. The second attempt awakes Skrýmir. Skrýmir gives them advice; if they are going to be cocky at the keep of [[Útgarðar|Útgarðr]] it would be better for them to turn back now, for [[Útgarða-Loki]]'s men there will not put up with it. Skrýmir throws his knapsack onto his back and abruptly goes into the forest. High comments that "there is no report that the Æsir expressed hope for a happy reunion".{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|p=40}}

The four travelers continue their journey until midday. They find themselves facing a massive castle in an open area. The castle is so tall that they must bend their heads back to their spines to see above it. At the entrance to the castle is a shut gate, and Thor finds that he cannot open it. Struggling, all four squeeze through the bars of the gate, and continue to a large hall. Inside the great hall are two benches, where many generally large people sit on two benches. The four see Útgarða-Loki, the king of the castle, sitting.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|pp=40–41}}

Útgarða-Loki says that no visitors are allowed to stay unless they can perform a feat. Loki, standing in the rear of the party, is the first to speak, claiming that he can eat faster than anyone. Útgarða-Loki comments that this would be a feat indeed, and calls for a being by the name of [[Logi (mythology)|Logi]] to come from the benches. A trencher is fetched, placed on the floor of the hall, and filled with meat. Loki and Logi sit down on opposing sides. The two eat as quickly as they can and meet at the midpoint of the trencher. Loki consumed all of the meat off of the bones on his side, yet Logi had not only consumed his meat, but also the bones and the trencher itself. It was evident to all that Loki had lost. In turn, Þjálfi races against a figure by the name of Hugi three times and thrice loses.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|pp=41–42}}

Thor agrees to compete in a drinking contest but after three immense gulps fails. Thor agrees to lift a large, gray cat in the hall but finds that it arches his back no matter what he does, and that he can raise only a single paw. Thor demands to fight someone in the hall, but the inhabitants say doing so would be demeaning, considering Thor's weakness. Útgarða-Loki then calls for his nurse [[Elli]], an old woman. The two wrestle but the harder Thor struggles the more difficult the battle becomes. Thor is finally brought down to a single knee. Útgarða-Loki says to Thor that fighting anyone else would be pointless. Now late at night, Útgarða-Loki shows the group to their rooms and they are treated with hospitality.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|pp=42–44}}

The next morning the group gets dressed and prepares to leave the keep. Útgarða-Loki appears, has his servants prepare a table, and they all merrily eat and drink. As they leave, Útgarða-Loki asks Thor how he thought he fared in the contests. Thor says that he is unable to say he did well, noting that he is particularly annoyed that Útgarða-Loki will now speak negatively about him. Útgarða-Loki points out that the group has left his keep and says that he hopes that they never return to it, for if he had an inkling of what he was dealing with he would never have allowed the group to enter in the first place. Útgarða-Loki reveals that all was not what it seemed to the group. Útgarða-Loki was in fact the immense Skrýmir, and that if the three blows Thor attempted to land had hit their mark, the first would have killed Skrýmir. In reality, Thor's blows were so powerful that they had resulted in three square valleys.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|pp=44–45}}

The contests, too, were an illusion. Útgarða-Loki reveals that Loki had actually competed against wildfire itself (''Logi'', Old Norse "flame"), Þjálfi had raced against thought (''Hugi'', Old Norse "thought"), Thor's drinking horn had actually reached to the ocean and with his drinks he lowered the ocean level (resulting in [[tide]]s). The cat that Thor attempted to lift was in actuality the world serpent, [[Jörmungandr]], and everyone was terrified when Thor was able to lift the paw of this "cat", for Thor had actually held the great serpent up to the sky. The old woman Thor wrestled was in fact old age (''Elli'', Old Norse "old age"), and there is no one that old age cannot bring down. Útgarða-Loki tells Thor that it would be better for "both sides" if they did not meet again. Upon hearing this, Thor takes hold of his hammer and swings it at Útgarða-Loki but he is gone and so is his castle. Only a wide landscape remains.{{sfnp|Faulkes|1995|pp=45–46}}

===Norwegian rune poem===
[[File:Runic letter berkanan.svg|thumb|50px|The [[Berkanan|Bjarkan]] [[Runic alphabet|rune]]]]
Loki is mentioned in stanza 13 of the [[Rune Poems|Norwegian rune poem]] in connection with the [[Younger Futhark]] [[Berkanan|Bjarkan]] [[Runic alphabet|rune]]:
{{aligned table|col2style=padding-left:1em
|{{poemquote|<small>Old Norse:</small>
Bjarkan er laufgrønster líma;
:Loki bar flærða tíma.{{sfnp|Dickins|1915|p=26}}}}
|{{poemquote|<small>Modern English:</small>
[[Birch]] has the greenest leaves of any shrub;
:Loki was fortunate in his deceit.{{sfnp|Dickins|1915|p=27}}
}}
}}

According to Bruce Dickins, the reference to "Loki's deceit" in the poem "is doubtless to Loki's responsibility for Balder's death".{{sfnp|Dickins|1915|p=27}}

==Archaeological record==

===Snaptun Stone===
[[Image:Lokistone.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Snaptun Stone]] may feature a depiction of Loki]]
In 1950, a semi-circular flat stone featuring a depiction of a mustachioed face was discovered on a beach near Snaptun, [[Denmark]]. Made of [[soapstone]] that originated in Norway or Sweden, the depiction was carved around the year 1000 CE and features a face with scarred lips. The figure is identified as Loki due to his lips, considered a reference to a tale recorded in ''[[Skáldskaparmál]]'' where [[sons of Ivaldi]] stitch up Loki's lips.{{sfnp|Madsen|1990|p=180}}

The stone is identified as a [[hearth]] stone; the nozzle of the [[bellows]] would be inserted into the hole in the front of the stone, and the air produced by the bellows pushed flame through the top hole, all the while the bellows were protected from the heat and flame. The stone may point to a connection between Loki and smithing and flames. According to Hans Jørgen Madsen, the Snaptun Stone is "the most beautifully made hearth-stone that is known." The stone is housed and on display at the [[Moesgård Museum]] near [[Aarhus]], Denmark.{{sfnp|Madsen|1990|p=180}}

===Kirkby Stephen Stone and Gosforth Cross===
A fragmentary late 10th-century cross located in [[St Stephen's Church, Kirkby Stephen]], [[Cumbria]], [[England]], features a bound figure with horns and a beard. This figure is sometimes theorized as depicting the bound Loki.{{sfnp|Orchard|1997|p=105}} Discovered in 1870, the stone consists of yellowish-white [[sandstone]], and now sits at the front of the Kirkby Stephen church. A depiction of a similarly horned and round-shouldered figure was discovered in [[Gainford, County Durham]] and is now housed in the [[Durham Cathedral|Durham Cathedral Library]].{{sfnp|Calverley|1899|p=218}}

The mid-11th century [[Gosforth Cross]] has been interpreted as featuring various figures from Norse mythology and, like the Kirkby Stephen Stone, is also located in Cumbria. The bottom portion of the west side of the cross features a depiction of a long-haired female, kneeling figure holding an object above another prostrate, bound figure. Above and to their left is a knotted serpent. This has been interpreted as [[Sigyn]] soothing the bound Loki.{{sfnp|Orchard|1997|p=13}}

<gallery>
File:Kirkby Stephen Stone by Petersen.jpg|The bound figure on the [[Kirkby Stephen]] Stone
File:Gosforth Cross Loki and Sigyn.jpg|Detail from the [[Gosforth Cross]]
</gallery>

==Scandinavian folklore==
The notion of Loki survived into the modern period in the folklore of Scandinavia. In Denmark, Loki appeared as ''Lokke''. In [[Jutland]], the phrases "Lokke slår sin havre" ("Lokke is reaping his oats") and "Lokkemand driver sine geder" ("Lokkemand drives his goats") are thereby recorded in the beginning of the 20th century, the latter with the variation of simply "Lokke". In [[Zealand]] the name "Lokke lejemand" ("Lokke the Playing Man") was used. In his study of Loki's appearance in Scandinavian folklore in the modern period, Danish folklorist [[Axel Olrik]] cites numerous examples of natural phenomena explained by way of Lokke in popular folk tradition, including rising heat. An example from 1841 reads as follows:
<blockquote>
:The expressions: "Lokke (Lokki) sår havre i dag" (Lokke (Lokki) sows oats today), or: "Lokke driver i dag med sine geder" (Lokke herds his goats today), are used in several regions of Jutland, for example in Medelsom shire, the [[diocese of Viborg]] etc. ... and stand for the sight in the springtime, when the sunshine generates vapour from the ground, which can be seen as fluttering or shimmering air in the horizon of the flat landscape, similar to the hot steam over a kettle or a burning fire
</blockquote>
And in [[Thy (district)|Thy]], from the same source: "... when you look at the horizon in clear weather and sunshine, and the air seems to move in shimmering waves, or like a sheet of water which seems to rise and sink in waves." Olrik further cites several different types of plants named after Loki. Olrik detects three major themes in folklore attestations; Lokke appeared as an "air phenomenon", connected with the "home fire", and as a "teasing creature of the night".<ref name=Olrik/>

''[[Loka Táttur]]'' or ''Lokka Táttur'' (Faroese "tale—or ''[[þáttr]]''—of Loki") is a Faroese ballad dating to the late Middle Ages that features the gods Loki, Odin, and [[Hœnir]] helping a farmer and a boy escape the wrath of a bet-winning jötunn. The tale notably features Loki as a benevolent god in this story, although his slyness is in evidence as usual.{{sfnp|Hirschfeld|1889|pp=30–31}}

==Origin and identification with other figures==
Regarding scholarship on Loki, scholar [[Gabriel Turville-Petre]] comments (1964) that "more ink has been spilled on Loki than on any other figure in Norse myth. This, in itself, is enough to show how little scholars agree, and how far we are from understanding him."{{sfnp|Turville-Petre|1964|p=324}}

===Origin===
Loki's origins and role in Norse mythology have been much debated by scholars. In 1835, [[Jacob Grimm]] was first to produce a major theory about Loki, in which he advanced the notion of Loki as a "god of fire". In 1889, [[Sophus Bugge]] theorized Loki to be variant of [[Lucifer]] of Christianity, an element of Bugge's larger effort to find a basis of Christianity in Norse mythology. After [[World War II]], four scholarly theories dominated. The first of the four theories is that of [[Folke Ström]], who in 1956 concluded that Loki is a [[hypostasis (philosophy)|hypostasis]] of the god [[Odin]]. In 1959, [[Jan de Vries (linguist)|Jan de Vries]] theorized that Loki is a typical example of a [[trickster figure]]. In 1961, by way of excluding all non-Scandinavian mythological parallels in her analysis, [[Anna Birgitta Rooth]] concluded that Loki was originally a [[spider]]. [[Anne Holtsmark]], writing in 1962, concluded that no conclusion could be made about Loki.{{sfnp|von Schnurbein|2000|pp=112–113}}

===Identification with Lóðurr===
A popular theory proposed by a variety of scholars is that ''[[Lóðurr]]'' is "a third name of Loki/Loptr". The main argument for this is that the gods Odin, Hœnir and Loki occur as a trio in ''[[Haustlöng]]'', in the prose prologue to ''[[Reginsmál]]'' and also in the ''[[Loka Táttur]]'' a [[Faroese people|Faroese]] ballad, an example of Norse deities appearing in later folklore. The Odin-kenning "Lóðurr's friend" furthermore appears to parallel the kenning "Loptr's friend" and Loki is similarly referred to as "Hœnir's friend" in ''Haustlöng'', strengthening the trio connection. While many scholars agree with this identification, it is not universally accepted. One argument against it is that Loki appears as a malevolent being later in ''Völuspá'', seemingly conflicting with the image of Lóðurr as a "mighty and loving" figure. Many scholars, including [[Jan de Vries (linguist)|Jan de Vries]] and [[Georges Dumézil]], have also identified Lóðurr as being the same deity as Loki. Scholar Haukur Þorgeirsson suggests that ''Loki'' and ''Lóðurr'' were different names for the same deity based on that Loki is referred to as Lóður in the rímur ''[[Lokrur]]''. Þorgeirsson argues that the writer must have had information about the identification from either a tradition or that the author drew the conclusion based on the ''Prose Edda'', as Snorri does not mention Lóðurr. Since the contents of the ''Poetic Edda'' are assumed to have been forgotten around 1400 when the rímur was written, Haukur argues for a traditional identification. Þorgeirsson also points to ''[[Þrymlur]]'' where the same identification is made with Loki and Lóðurr. Haukur says that unless the possible but unlikely idea that the 14th- and 15th-century poets possessed written sources unknown to us is true, the idea must have come from either an unlikely amount of sources from where the poets could have drawn a similar conclusion that Loki and Lóðurr are identical (like some recent scholars) or that remnants of an oral tradition remained. Haukur concludes that if Lóðurr was historically considered an independent deity from Loki, then a discussion of when and why he became identified with Loki is appropriate.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lokrur, Lóðurr and late evidence|last=Þorgeirsson|first=Haukur|year=2011|journal=[[RMN Newsletter]] |volume=2 |pages=37–40|url=https://www.helsinki.fi/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rmn_02_2011.pdf}}</ref>

===Binding===
The scholar [[John Lindow]] highlights the recurring pattern of the [[bound monster]] in Norse mythology as being particularly associated to Loki. Loki and his three children by Angrboda were all bound in some way, and were all destined to break free at Ragnarok to wreak havoc on the world. He suggests a borrowed element from the traditions of the Caucasus region, and identifies a mythological parallel with the "Christian legend of the bound Antichrist awaiting the Last Judgment".{{sfnp|Lindow|2001|pp=82–83}}

==Modern popular culture==
In the 19th century, Loki was depicted in a variety of ways, some strongly at odds with others. According to Stefan Arvidssen, "the conception of Loki varied during the nineteenth century. Sometimes he was presented as a dark-haired Semitic [[fifth column]]ist among the Nordic Aesir, but sometimes he was described as a Nordic [[Prometheus]], a heroic bearer of culture".{{sfnp|Arvidsson|2006|p=154}}

Loki appears in [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera cycle ''[[Ring of the Nibelung]]'' as ''Loge'' (a play on Old Norse ''loge'', "fire"), depicted as an ally of the gods (specifically as [[Wotan]]'s assistant rather than [[Thor|Donner's]]), although he generally dislikes them and thinks of them as greedy, as they refuse to return the Rhine Gold to its rightful owners. In the conclusion of the first opera ''[[Das Rheingold]]'', he reveals his hope to turn into fire and destroy Valhalla, and in the final opera ''[[Götterdämmerung]]'' Valhalla is set alight, destroying the Gods.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Winder|editor1-last=McConnell|editor2-first=Werner|editor2-last=Wunderlich|editor3-first=Frank|editor3-last=Gentry|editor4-first=Ulrich|display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Mueller|year=2013|title=The Nibelungen Tradition: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|at="Loge" and "Loki"|isbn=978-0815317852}}</ref>

In 2008, five [[black smoker]]s were discovered between Greenland and Norway, the most northerly group so far discovered, and given the name [[Loki's Castle]], as their shape reminded discoverers of a fantasy castle, and (a University of Bergen press release says) "Loki" was "an appropriate name for a field that was so difficult to locate".<ref name="SCIENCEDAILY">{{cite web |url=//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080724153941.htm |title=Scientists Break Record By Finding Northernmost Hydrothermal Vent Field |access-date=2008-07-25 |website=[[Science Daily]] |date=2008-07-24 }}</ref>

In the 1994 film ''[[The Mask (1994 film)|The Mask]]'', the main character Stanley Ipkiss finds Loki's mask. [[Alan Cumming]] portrayed Loki in the 2005 sequel ''[[Son of the Mask]]''.

In the video game ''[[Persona 5]],'' the character of [[Goro Akechi]] utilizes a manifestation of Loki, or a "Persona," in combat. His outward, gentle prince-like personality is reflected with his [[Robin Hood]] Persona.

[[Loki (Marvel Comics)|Loki]] appears in [[Marvel Comics]] and in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]], played by [[Tom Hiddleston]], as a villain (or [[antihero]]) who consistently comes into conflict with the superhero [[Thor (Marvel Comics)|Thor]], his adopted brother and archenemy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=Martin|title=Thor: Myth to Marvel|year=2011|isbn=978-1441135421|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfgIeh7960gC|publisher=A&C Black}}</ref> 

Loki is a central character in [[Neil Gaiman]]'s novel ''[[American Gods]]''<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Mark |last=Hill |title=Neil Gaiman's American Gods: An Outsider's Critique of American Culture |publisher = University of New Orleans|year=2005| url=http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/282/}}</ref> and an important character in a few arcs of Gaiman's comic ''[[The Sandman (Vertigo)|The Sandman]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cetiner-Oktem|first=Zuleyha|title=The Sandman as a Neomedieval Text|journal=ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies|year=2008|volume=4|issue=1|url=http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v4_1/Cetiner-Oktem/|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> Loki is also a central figure in the series of fantasy novels by [[Joanne Harris]]: ''[[Runemarks]]'', ''[[Runelight]]'', ''The Gospel of Loki'' and ''The Testament of Loki''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Gwyneth |date=2014-02-12 |title=The Gospel of Loki by Joanne M Harris – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/12/gospel-loki-joanne-m-harris-review |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

He appears in the games [[Asgard's Wrath]] and [[Asgard's Wrath 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loki's chaos must be stopped. The fate of reality is in your hands in Asgard's Wrath 2—only on Meta Quest. |url=https://www.meta.com/blog/quest/asgards-wrath-2-players-guide-game-overview/ |language=en}}</ref>

Loki has also appeared in the T.V. series, "Supernatural", and is played by Richard Speight, Jr. He is described as a trickster and a demigod.

Loki appears in ''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' as part of the Asgard arc. In it, players are able to fight and defeat Loki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegamer.com/beat-loki-assassins-creed-valhalla/|title=How To Beat Loki In Assassin's Creed Valhalla|first=Saim|last=Cheeda|website=thegamer.com|publisher=[[Valnet]]|date=January 14, 2021|access-date=September 15, 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dystheism]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name=Olrik>{{cite journal|last=Olrik|first=Axel|author-link=Axel Olrik|year=1909|others=Translated by [[Anker Eli Petersen|Anker Eli]]|title=Loki in younger tradition|journal=Særtryk Af Danske Studier|url=http://www.northvegr.org/secondary%20sources/folklore%20and%20fairy%20tales/loke%20in%20younger%20tradion/index.html}}</ref>
</references>

=== Cited sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Arvidsson|first=Stefan|year=2006|title=Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Bellows|first=Henry Adams|author-link=Henry Adams Bellows (businessman)|year=1936|title=The Poetic Edda: Translated from the Icelandic with an Introduction and Notes|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]/American Scandinavian Foundation}}
* {{cite book|last=Calverley|first=William Slater|author-link=William Slater Calverley|year=1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGUWAAAAYAAJ|title=Notes on the Early Sculptured Cross: Shrines in Monuments in the Present Diocese of Carlisle|publisher=T. Wilson}}
* {{cite book|last=Dickins|first=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Dickins|year=1915|url=https://archive.org/details/runicheroicpoems00dick|title=Runic and Heroic Poems of the Old Teutonic Peoples|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Faulkes|first=Anthony|author-mask=Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.)|year=1995|title=Edda|publisher=[[Everyman's Library|Everyman]]|isbn=0-460-87616-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Larrington|first=Carolyne|author-mask=Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.)|year=1999|title=The Poetic Edda|publisher=[[Oxford World's Classics]]|isbn=0-19-283946-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindow|first=John|author-link=John Lindow|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC|title=Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-515382-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Madsen|first=Hans Jørgen|year=1990|contribution=The god Loki from Snaptun|title=Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past|publisher=Det kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab|isbn=87-7468-274-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Hirschfeld|first=Max|year=1889|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1XYKAAAAIAAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1XYKAAAAIAAJ/page/n95 1]|quote=Lokka.|title=Untersuchungen zur Lokasenna|series=Acta Germanica 1.1|location=Berlin|publisher=Mayer & Müller|language=de}}
* {{cite book|last=Orchard|first=Andy|author-link=Andy Orchard|year=1997|title=Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend|publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]]|isbn=0-304-34520-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnors0000orch}}
* {{cite journal|last=von Schnurbein|first=Stefanie|author-link=Stefanie von Schnurbein|year=2000|title=The function of Loki in Snorri Sturluson's 'Edda'|journal=History of Religions|volume=40|number=2|pages=109–124|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|jstor=3176617|doi=10.1086/463618}}
* {{cite book|last=Simek|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Simek|year=2007|others=translated by Angela Hall|title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology|publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer|D.S. Brewer]]|isbn=978-0-85991-513-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Thorpe|first=Benjamin|author-link=Benjamin Thorpe|year=1907|title=The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson|url=https://archive.org/details/eldereddasaemun01socigoog|publisher=[[Norrœna Society]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Turville-Petre|first=E. O. G.|author-link=Gabriel Turville-Petre|year=1964|title=Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://myndir.uvic.ca/LoK01.html MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository)] Illustrations of Loki from manuscripts and early print books.

{{Norse mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Loki| ]]
[[Category:Æsir]]
[[Category:Jötnar]]
[[Category:Mythological shapeshifters]]
[[Category:Trickster gods]]
[[Category:Killed deities]]
[[Category:Norse gods]]
[[Category:Transgender topics and mythology]]
[[Category:LGBTQ themes in mythology]]