View source for Logba language

{{Short description|Kwa language of Ghana}}
{{distinguish|Logba language (Togo)}}

{{Infobox language
|name=Logba
|nativename=''Ikpana''
|states=[[Ghana]]
|region=Volta Region, north-west of [[Ho, Ghana|Ho]]
|ethnicity=[[Logba people]]
|speakers=7,500
|date=2003
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Kwa languages|Kwa]]
|fam4=[[Na-Togo]]
|iso3=lgq
|glotto=logb1245
|glottorefname=Ikpana
}}
{{infobox ethnonym||Akpanawò|Ikpana||Logba}}
'''Logba''' is a [[Kwa language]] spoken in the south-eastern [[Ghana]] by approximately 7,500 people. The [[Logba people]] call themselves and their language ''Ikpana'', which means ‘defenders of truth’. Logba is different from [[Lukpa language|Lukpa]] of [[Togo]] and [[Benin]], which is also sometimes referred to as ''Logba''.

==Classification==
The first published treatment of Logba was a short grammar by [[Diedrich Hermann Westermann]] (1903). Westermann included Logba in his group of ''Togo Restsprachen'' (Togo Remnant languages), a terminology adopted by several subsequent researchers{{ref|heine1968}}. Dakubu and Ford (1988) renamed this cluster the Central Togo languages but since Ring (1995) they are commonly referred to as [[Ghana–Togo Mountain languages]]. The dozen or so Ghana–Togo Mountain languages are part of the [[Kwa languages|Kwa]] branch of the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] family.

==Geography and demography==
[[Image:Logbavillage.JPG|thumb|right|262px|Picture of the main street leading into the mountain village of Logba Tota in the [[Volta Region]] of Ghana. The old (now derelict) Chiefs palace is visible on the skyline.]]
[[Image:Logbagirlbig.JPG|thumb|right|262px|A girl sells produce in Logba]] 
The Logba people live in the [[Volta Region]] of Ghana, east of the [[Volta Lake]] in the mountains of the Ghana–Togo borderland. Most Logba towns and villages are situated along the trunk road from Accra to Hohoe. They include the following settlements: Wuinta, Akusame, Adiveme, Andokɔfe, Adzakoe, Alakpeti, Klikpo, and Tota. Tota is located high in the Ghana–Togo Mountains to the east of the Accra–Hohoe road. Alakpeti is the commercial centre of Logba, while Klikpo is traditionally the seat of the head of the Logba people. The Logba people are primarily subsistence farmers, producing cassava, maize, yams and forest fruits, supplemented by cash crops like cocoa, coffee and sawn mahogany logs. The Logba area is known for its scenery, which includes waterfalls, cliffs, and [[limestone]] formations, including one or two known small caves with minor [[speleothems]].

The dominant language in the region is [[Ewe language|Ewe]], closely followed by [[Twi language|Twi]]. Most Logba people are bilingual in Ewe. South of the Logba area live the Avatime people. Logba is only distantly related to its direct neighbours [[Avatime language|Avatime]] and Nyagbo-Tafi; according to [[Bernd Heine]] (1968) it is more closely related to the Akpafu and Santrokofi languages spoken northwards.

It is generally agreed that the Logba people are not the original inhabitants of the area they now reside in. There have been two hypotheses as to the origin of the Logba people. Heine (1968, following Debrunner), proposed that the Logba are descendants from the ''makɔ́'' people, having fled south after a defeat in the second half of the 18th century.

==Phonology==
Logba has a nine [[vowel]] system with [[Advanced tongue root|ATR]] [[vowel harmony]]. Vowel harmony in Logba is root-controlled, which means that the vowels of its nominal prefixes harmonize with the vowels of the root. Vowels are nasalized when they occur in the immediate environment of a nasal consonant.

{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="text-align: center;font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode; border:1px solid grey; display:block; float:right; margin:10px"
|+ <small>[-ATR] vowels in Logba</small>
!<small>.</small>!![[Front vowel|Front]]!![[Central vowel|Central]]!![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|style="text-align: right;"|[[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]||ɪ|| ||ʊ
|-
|style="text-align: right;"|[[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]||ɛ|| ||ɔ
|-
|style="text-align: right;"|[[Open vowel|Open]]|| || a||
|}

{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="text-align: center;font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode; border:1px solid grey; display:block; float:right; margin:10px"
|+ <small>[+ATR] vowels in Logba</small>
!<small>.</small>!![[Front vowel|Front]]!![[Central vowel|Central]]!![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|style="text-align: right;"|[[Close vowel|Close]]||i|| ||u
|-
|style="text-align: right;"|[[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]||e|| ||o
|-
|style="text-align: right;"|[[Open vowel|Open]]|| || a ||
|}

Logba is a [[tonal language]] with two level tones: High and Low. These tones can be combined on one syllable, yielding a Rising or Falling contour tone.

All [[syllable]]s are open in Logba. Every syllable bears a tone. The basic syllable structure can be rendered as (C<sub>1</sub>)(C<sub>2</sub>)V+T, where C = consonant, V = vowel or syllabic nasal, and T = tone. Dorvlo (2004) distinguishes three types of syllables: 
# [[Syllable nucleus|Nucleus]] only, consisting of a vowel or a [[syllabic nasal]]. This type is found only in pronouns and nominal prefixes. Examples: ''ɛ́-mɔ́'' 'they laughed'; ''ɔ́-zɔ́'' 'he/she went'; ''n-dà'' 'liquor'.
# [[Syllable onset|Onset]] and nucleus. This is the most common syllabe type in Logba; most words are of this form. In multisyllabic words, it can occur in all positions. Examples: ''bà'' ‘come’; ''gbà''{{ref|gb}} ‘sweep’; ''bìsí'' ‘cola nut’
# Complex onset and nucleus. Only /r/ and /l/ occur as the second consonant of the complex onset. This syllable type can also form a word by itself. In multisyllabic words, in can occur in all positions. Examples: ''à-klɔ́'' &nbsp; ‘goat’; ''trò'' ‘refuse’; ''ìvàflí'' &nbsp; ‘(thing) white’.

=== Consonants ===
The consonants of Logba are as follows:<ref>Dorvlo, Kofi. 2008. A Grammar of Logba (Ikpana). 183. Utrecht: LOT. (Doctoral dissertation, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden; xxii+419pp.)</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" | 
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Labialized velar consonant|Labio-<br>Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]
! <small>voiceless</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPAlink|kp}}
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|g}}
| {{IPAlink|gb}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|f}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|x}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɦ}}
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|v}}
| {{IPAlink|z}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
! <small>voiceless</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|ts}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|dz}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
|
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|}

s, z, ts, and dz are palatalized to ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, and dʒ respectively, when they occur before i. In the Tota dialect, t and d are pronounced as ts and dz before u.

=== Tone ===
Logba is a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] language with two tones, high and low. There are a few words which have rising tone, all of which are either loanwords such as zenklǎ (pot stand), a loan from [[Ewe language|Ewe]], or are ideophonic, such as tǒ (to fell [[Arecaceae|palm trees]]), which imitates the sound of a palm tree falling. Monosyllabic verbs which have a low tone in their uninflected form gain high tone when inflected.<!--
==Grammar==
Like other GTM languages, Logba has a noun class system.
-->

==Notes and references==

===Notes===
{{refbegin}}

# {{note|heine1968}} See for example Heine (1968). Dorvlo (2005) indicates that Logba people who understand the meaning of the term feel uncomfortable with this terminology.
# {{note|heine}} Heine (1968:30fn8) is aware of the oral history of the Logba but dismisses this account, professedly because Westermann did not write anything about it. See also [[Gbe languages#History]].
# {{note|gb}} /gb/ is not a sequence of /g/ and /b/; it is a digraph for the labio-velar stop, a double articulation common in many African languages.

{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Blench, Roger (2001). ''Comparative Central Togo: What have we learnt since Heine?'' (paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics and subsequently revised), 39p.
* Kropp Dakubu, M.E. & K.C. Ford (1988) 'The Central Togo Languages'. In: ''The Languages of Ghana'', M.E. Kropp Dakubu (ed.), 119&ndash;153. London: Kegan Paul International.
* Dorvlo, Kofi (2004). ‘A Preliminary Phonology of Logba’, in Kropp Dakubu & Osam (eds.) ''Studies in the Languages of the Volta Basin II'' (Proceedings of the annual colloquium of the Legon-Trondheim Linguistics Project 12–13 January 2004). Legon: University of Ghana, pp.&nbsp;239&ndash;249.
* [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/12945 Dorvlo, Kofi (2008), A Grammar of Logba (Ikpana), Dissertation, University of Leiden]
* Greenberg 1966 as cited in Dorvlo 2004
* Heine, Bernd (1968) ''Die Verbreitung und Gliederung der Togorestsprachen'' (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik vol. 1). Köln: Druckerei Wienand. [''pp. 29&ndash;30, 100&ndash;101'']
* Ladefoged, Peter (1964) ''A Phonetic Study of West African Languages (an auditory-instrumental survey)''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [''pp.&nbsp;54'']
* Plehn, Rudolf. 1899. 'Beiträge zur Völkerkunde des Togo-Gebietes', in ''Mittheilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen'', 2, part III, 87—124.
* Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1903) ‘Die Logbasprache in Togo. Kurzer Abriss der Grammatik und Texte’, ''Zeitschrift fur afrikanische, ozeanische und ostasiatische Sprachen'', 7, 1, 23&ndash;39.
<!-- NOT YET USED
* Bertho, J. (1952) ‘Les dialectes du moyen Togo’, ''Bulletin de L’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique noire'', 14, 1046&ndash;1107. [contains a honderd item word list of Logba]
* Person, Yves (1957) ‘Brève note sur les Loba et leurs classes d’age’, ''Etude Dahomeennes'', 17, 35&ndash;49.
-->

==External links==
* [http://www.onderzoekinformatie.nl/en/oi/nod/onderzoek/OND1295296/ The Southern Ghana-Togo Mountain Groups: A description of their languages and cultural heritage.] ([[CNWS]] research project).
* [[:Image:Logbakitchen.JPG]] Picture of a family kitchen in Logba
* [[:Image:Lobgaschool.JPG]] Picture of Logba School
* [[:Image:Logbavillage.JPG]] Picture of Logba Village
* ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0207 Ikpána (Logba) language documentation materials]

{{Languages of Ghana}}
{{Kwa languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Ghana]]
[[Category:Ghana–Togo Mountain languages]]