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{{Short description|Town in Denbighshire, Wales}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox UK place
| country                     = Wales
| welsh_name                  =
| official_name               = Llangollen
| community_wales             = Llangollen
| unitary_wales               = [[Denbighshire]]
| lieutenancy_wales           = [[Clwyd]]
| constituency_welsh_assembly = [[Clwyd South (Senedd constituency)|Clwyd South]]
| constituency_westminster    = [[Clwyd East (UK Parliament constituency)|Clwyd East]]
| population                  = 3,603
| population_ref              = (Community, 2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=Llangollen community |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/uk/wales/admin/denbighshire/W04000165__llangollen/ |website=City Population |access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref>
| post_town                   = LLANGOLLEN
| postcode_district           = LL20
| postcode_area               = LL
| dial_code                   = 01978
| os_grid_reference           = SJ215415
| coordinates                 = {{coord|52.970|-3.170|display=inline,title}}
| static_image_name           = Llangollen Church.jpg
| static_image_caption        = Llangollen Riverside Walk 
| website                     = {{URL|https://llangollentowncouncil.gov.uk|llangollentowncouncil.gov.uk}}
| module= [[File:Wales Denbighshire Community Llangollen map.svg|240px]]<br />Map of the community

}}
'''Llangollen''' ({{IPA|cy|ɬaŋˈɡɔɬɛn|lang|LL-Q9309 (cym)-Jason.nlw-Llangollen.wav}}) is a town and [[community (Wales)|community]], situated on the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]], in [[Denbighshire]], [[Wales]]. Its riverside location forms the edge of the [[Berwyn range]], and the Dee Valley section of the [[Clwydian Range and Dee Valley]] [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], with the easternmost point of the [[Dee Valley Way]] being within the town. At the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]] the community had a population of 3,603.

==History==
[[File:Llangollen, Castle Dinas Bran, 1793.jpg|thumb|left|Llangollen Bridge, 1793]]
[[File:The town and vale of Llangollen.jpeg|thumb|left|Llangollen in 1850]]
[[File:Eglwys Sant Collen, Llangollen, Cymru St. Collen's Parish Church, Llangollen, Denbighshire, Wales 61.JPG|left|thumb|St. Collen's parish church]]
[[File:Llangollen Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 1001255.jpg|thumb|Llangollen Bridge]]
[[File:Eglwyseg_1.jpg|thumb|Eglwyseg Mountain]]
Llangollen<ref>{{Cite web|title=The official website for Llangollen - where Wales welcomes the World|url=https://www.llangollen.org.uk/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.llangollen.org.uk}}</ref> takes its name from the Welsh ''llan'' meaning "a religious settlement" and [[Saint Collen]], a 7th-century [[monk]] who founded a church beside the river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llangollen.org/en/Land_of_Myth_and_Legend/St_Collens_Church |title=Llangollen |publisher=Llangollen |access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref> St Collen is said to have arrived in Llangollen by [[coracle]]. [[St Collen’s Church, Llangollen|St Collen’s Church]] is the only church in Wales dedicated to St Collen, and he may have had connections with [[Colan, Cornwall|Colan]] in [[Cornwall]] and with [[Langolen]] in [[Brittany]].

Above the town to the north is [[Castell Dinas Brân]], a stronghold of the Princes of [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]]. Beyond the castle is the impressive Lower [[Carboniferous limestone]] [[escarpment]] known as the [[Eglwyseg]] Rocks. The outcrop continues north to [[World's End, Wrexham|World's End]] in [[Wrexham]]. The single track road north of the castle forms the [[Eglwyseg|Panorama Walk]], and a monument to poet [[Isaac Daniel Hooson|I. D. Hooson]] from the village of [[Rhosllannerchrugog]] is located near its easternmost end ({{OS coord|SJ2459 4287}}).

[[Valle Crucis Abbey]] ({{OS coord|SJ20441 44168}}) was established at [[Llantysilio]] in about 1201, under the patronage of [[Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor]] of Castell Dinas Brân.

The [[Llangollen Bridge|bridge at Llangollen]] was built across the [[River Dee, Wales|Dee]] in the 16th century to replace a previous bridge built in about 1345 by [[John Trevor I|John Trevor]], of [[Trevor Hall, Denbighshire|Trevor Hall]] (later [[Bishop of St Asaph]]), which replaced an even earlier bridge built in the reign of [[Henry I of England|King Henry I]]. In the 1860s the present bridge was extended by adding an extra arch (to cross the new railway) and a two-storey stone tower with a castellated parapet. This became a café before being demolished in the 1930s to improve traffic flow. The bridge was also widened in 1873 and again in 1968, using masonry which blended in with the older structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historypoints.org/index.php?mact=News,m73248,default,1&m73248number=3&m73248detailpage=&m73248pagenumber=73&m73248returnid=3154&page=3154| title= Llangollen Bridge|access-date = 24 July 2015}}</ref> It is a [[Grade I listed]] structure and a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wa-1080-llangollen-bridge-a539-llangollen| title= Llangollen Bridge,a539, Llangollen| publisher= British Listed Buildings|access-date = 24 July 2015}}</ref>

[[Plas Newydd (Llangollen)|Plas Newydd]] ({{gloss|new mansion}} or {{gloss|new place}}) high on the outskirts of the town, was from 1780 the home of the [[Ladies of Llangollen]] (the Honourable Sarah Ponsonby and Lady Eleanor Butler) and their maid [[Mary Carryl]]. They share the same grave memorial in the church.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-48928|title=Carryl, Mary (d. 1809), servant and friend of the Ladies of Llangollen|year=2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/48928|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>

Elevated on the opposite side of the Dee is Castell Dinas Brân, the ruins of a medieval castle built by the Princes of [[Powys Fadog]].

The [[Pillar of Eliseg]] ({{OS coord|SJ20267 44528}}) is another ancient monument located 400m NNW of Valle Crucis Abbey. [[Llangollen Community Hospital]] was completed in 1876.<ref name=na>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hospitalrecords/details.asp?id=890|title=Llangollen Cottage Hospital, Llangollen|publisher=National Archives|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>
{{Further|topic=the Llangollen 1837|Geufron Hall, Llangollen|label1=Geufron Hall}}

==Governance==
[[File:Llangollen Town Hall - geograph.org.uk - 1806767.jpg|thumb|[[Llangollen Town Hall]]]]
There are two tiers of local government covering Llangollen, at [[Community (Wales)|community]] (town) and [[Principal areas of Wales|county]] level: Llangollen Town Council ({{lang|cy|Cyngor Tref Llangollen}}) and [[Denbighshire County Council]] ({{lang|cy|Cyngor Sir Ddinbych}}). The town council is based at the [[Llangollen Town Hall|Town Hall]] on Parade Street.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://llangollentowncouncil.gov.uk/contact-form/ |website=Llangollen Town Council |access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.llangollen.org.uk/index.php/things-to-do/history/victorian-panorama/item/53-the-town-hall |title=Llangollen Town Hall|publisher=Llangollen Chamber of Trade & Tourism|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

===Administrative history===
Llangollen was an [[ancient parish]]. It formed part of the [[commote]] of [[Nanheudwy]] within the [[cantref]] of [[Chirkland]], which became part of [[Denbighshire (historic)|Denbighshire]] on the county's creation in 1536.<ref>{{cite web |title=Llangollen Ancient Parish / Civil Parish |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10226417 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Laws in Wales Act |date=1536 |page=247 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=do1KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA247 |access-date=15 March 2025 |chapter=Section VIII}}</ref> The parish was divided into three ''{{lang|cy|traeanau}}'' ("{{lang|cy|traean}}" being the Welsh for {{gloss|a third}}): Llangollen Traean, Trefor Traean, and Glyn Traean.
* '''Llangollen Traean''' contained the [[Township (England)|townships]] of Bachau, Cysylltau, Llangollen Abad, Llangollen Fawr, Llangollen Fechan, Feifod, Pengwern and Rhisgog.
* '''[[Trevor, Wrexham|Trefor Traean]]''' contained the townships of Cilmediw, Dinbren, [[Eglwyseg]]l, Trefor Isaf and Trefor Uchaf.
* '''[[Glyntraian|Glyn Traean]]''' contained the townships of Cilcochwyn, Crogeniddon, Crogenwladus, Erwallo, Hafodgynfor, Nantygwryd, Pennant and Talygarth.

In 1857, a [[Local board of health|local board district]] was established covering the central part of the parish around the town itself, administered by an elected local board.<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Health Supplemental Act |date=1857 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LJQtzFpYzEC&pg=PA27 |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref> Llangollen Town Hall was built at the corner of Castle Street and Parade Street in 1867 to serve as the local board's meeting place and a public hall for the town.<ref>{{NHAW|desc= Town Hall|num=1142|grade=II|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref>

Local board districts were reconstituted as [[Urban district (England and Wales)|urban districts]] under the [[Local Government Act 1894]], which also directed that [[civil parish]]es could no longer straddle district boundaries. The parish of Llangollen was therefore reduced to match the urban district, and the remainder of the old parish was made a separate parish called [[Llangollen Rural]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Report of the Local Government Board |date=1895 |page=241 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFIwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA241 |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>

Llangollen Urban District was abolished in 1974 under the [[Local Government Act 1972]]. The area became part of the new district of [[Glyndŵr (district)|Glyndŵr]] in [[Clwyd]]. The area of the pre-1974 urban district became a [[Community (Wales)|community]] called Llangollen, with its community council taking the name Llangollen Town Council.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1972|year=1972|chapter=70|accessdate=1 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The Districts in Wales (Names) Order 1973|year=1973|number=34|accessdate=30 October 2022}}</ref> The upper tiers of local government were reorganised again in 1996, when the modern Denbighshire, and its county council were created.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government (Wales) Act 1994|year=1994|chapter=19|accessdate=30 October 2022}}</ref> 

Shortly after the inclusion of Llangollen in Denbighshire, there were discussions whether Llangollen, [[Llangollen Rural]] and [[Llantysilio]] were to all or partly become part of the neighbouring [[Wrexham County Borough]]. Referendums by [[Llangollen Town Hall|Llangollen Town Council]] were held in 1993 and 2000, with the latter resulting in a narrow majority of nineteen votes for staying in Denbighshire, and the Welsh Assembly accepting the result by confirming the boundaries in 2002.<ref>{{unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite news |date=2002-01-30 |title=Last word over boundary row |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1789706.stm |access-date=2022-05-28}}|{{Cite book |url=https://moderngov.denbighshire.gov.uk/Data/Cabinet/20000718/Agenda/cab1807.PDF |title=Cabinet Meetings 18/07/00 |date=18 July 2000 |publisher=[[Denbighshire County Council]]}}|{{Cite news |date=2002-04-12 |title=Festival town's place on map decided |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1925504.stm |access-date=2022-05-28}}|{{Cite book |url=https://ldbc.gov.wales/sites/ldbc/files/review/020411denbighwrexfinalen.pdf |title=Review of part of the boundary between the County of Denbighshire and the County Borough of Wrexham in the area of the communities of Llangollen and Llantysilo in the County of Denbighshire and the communities of Penycae, Cefn, Llangollen Rural, Chirk, Glyntraian and Llansantffraid Glyn Ceiriog in the County Borough of Wrexham — Report and Proposals |publisher=[[Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales]] |year=2002}}}}</ref> Llangollen Rural was the only one transferred in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 1996 |title=The Denbighshire and Wrexham (Areas) Order 1996 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/2914/made |website=[[legislation.gov.uk]] |publisher=[[UK Parliament]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust – Projects – Historic Landscapes – Vale of Llangollen and Eglwyseg – |url=https://www.cpat.org.uk/projects/longer/histland/llangoll/1156.htm |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.cpat.org.uk}}</ref>

==Economy==
Today Llangollen relies heavily on the [[tourist industry]], but still gains substantial income from [[farming]]. Most of the farms in the hills around the town were [[sheep farming|sheep farms]], and the domestic [[Wool industry in Wales|wool industry]], both spinning and weaving, was important in the area for centuries. Several factories were later built along the banks of the River Dee, where both wool and cotton were processed. The water mill opposite [[Llangollen railway station]] is over 600 years old, and was originally used to grind flour for local farmers.

==Culture==
In the late 19th century, Llangollen had a weekly newspaper, the ''Llangollen Advertiser''.

Llangollen hosted the [[National Eisteddfod]] in 1908. The [[Gorsedd]] ceremony was held on the Hermitage Field, next to Plas Newydd, and the circle of stones was later moved into the grounds of the hall. The [[eisteddfod]] itself took place on the old Vicarage Field at Fronhyfryd and was visited by [[David Lloyd George]], accompanied by [[Winston Churchill]].

===Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod===
{{main|International Eisteddfod}}
The annual Llangollen [[International Eisteddfod]] is a large international music festival. It starts on a Tuesday and ends on the following Sunday. It opens with a [[parade]] led by the Llangollen Silver Band, in which both locals and visitors take part in dancing, singing, and playing musical instruments.<ref>[http://www.international-eisteddfod.co.uk Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod]</ref>

===Llangollen Fringe Festival===
The Llangollen Fringe Festival is an independent arts festival, usually held in mid July in the town hall. The Fringe includes music, comedy, theatre, dance and workshops. Artists who have taken part in the Llangollen Fringe include [[Clement Freud]], [[Rhys Ifans]], [[The Damned (band)|the Damned]], [[Cerys Matthews]], [[Tracey Emin]], [[Damien Hirst]], [[Juan Martín (guitarrist)|Juan Martín]], [[the Black Seeds]], [[John Cooper Clarke]], [[Will Self]], [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], [[Lee "Scratch" Perry|Lee Scratch Perry]], [[Victoria Coren Mitchell]] and [[Gruff Rhys]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.llangollenfringe.co.uk/index.php/en/more/about-us-20 |title=About us|publisher=Llangollen Fringe Festival|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

===Dee Rocks===
Dee Rocks is a local fundraising music festival, usually held during May when the town hall is transformed into a music venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://northwalesmagazine.com/town-in-focus-llangollen|title=Town in Focus|publisher=North Wales Magazine|date=1 May 2019|first=Steve |last=Goodier|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

===Songs and nursery rhymes===
* "[[Llangollen Market]]", traditional
* "Ladies of Llangollen", Ian Chesterman
* "Pastai Fawr Llangollen" (The Great Llangollen Pie), Arfon Gwilym
* According to an anonymous rhyme, the bridge over the Dee is one of the [[Seven Wonders of Wales]].
* The [[nursery rhyme]] "''[[Mary had a little lamb]]''" is frequently, but incorrectly, linked with Llangollen. Its true origins are in the [[United States]]:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.llangollenmuseum.org.uk/english/home.htm |title=Llangollen Museum<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516235649/http://www.llangollenmuseum.org.uk/english/home.htm |archive-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''"This is a lovely folklore story, but sadly Mary Thomas of Llangollen was not the heroine of the nursery rhyme ... The Mary of the rhyme was Mary Sawyer and the school was the Redstone Schoolhouse in Sterling Massachusetts, U.S.A."''

==Transport==
[[File:Llangollen 23-06-2018.jpg|thumb|Llangollen Railway Station and the River Dee.]]
[[File:Llangollen08.jpg|thumb|River Dee and Llangollen Railway]]
Llangollen was an important [[Coach (carriage)|coaching]] stop for the [[mail coach]] on the old mail route which is now the [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5]] from [[London]] to [[Holyhead]].

===Buses===
Various buses serve the town, including buses to [[Wrexham]] (Arriva service 5), [[Barmouth]] (TrawsCymru service T3) and the [[Ceiriog Valley]]. Services 5 and T3 connect Llangollen to Ruabon and Wrexham, which have the closest railway stations on the national network. The Dee Valley Picturesque Bus (service 199) operates between April and November, linking Llangollen and the surrounding villages to popular local attractions including Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, Wenffrwd Nature Reserve, Horseshoe Falls, Valle Crucis Abbey, Plas Newydd house and the Horseshoe Pass.

===Railways===
The railway, operating both passenger and goods services, was extended from [[Ruabon]], via [[Acrefair]] and Trevor, to reach Llangollen by 1865. The [[Ruabon to Barmouth Line]] became part of the [[Great Western Railway]]. However under the [[Beeching Axe]] of 1964, the line closed to passengers in early 1965, and to freight in April 1969.<ref>Lawton, p.20</ref> The line was lifted in May 1969.<ref>Lawton, p.21</ref> However, a 10-mile stretch of the line between Llangollen and [[Corwen]] has been restored and operates as the [[Llangollen Railway]], a tourist attraction. In 2002, the [[Rainhill Trials|Rainhill locomotive trials]] were re-staged on the line.

===Waterways===
The [[Ellesmere Canal]] was intended to connect the [[coal mine]]s and [[ironworks]] at [[Ruabon]] and [[Wrexham]] to the canal network and thence to the sea via the [[River Mersey]] and the [[River Severn]]. The plans were altered, and instead of connecting Trevor northwards to the sea via the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]] and southwards to the Severn, the canal ran eastwards to join the national network at [[Hurleston Junction]] on the [[Shropshire Union Canal]] near [[Nantwich]]. A feeder canal, navigable to Llangollen, was constructed from Trevor to tap water from the River Dee at [[Llantysilio]] (at the weir called "[[Horseshoe Falls (Wales)|Horseshoe Falls]]"). After company mergers, the canal became part of the Shropshire Union System.<ref name="CRT">{{cite web | url=https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-network/llangollen-canal | title=Llangollen Canal | publisher=Canal and River Trust | access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> Until recently it was properly called the Llangollen Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal, though it is now known as the [[Llangollen Canal]].

The canal supplied enough Dee water to supply [[Crewe]] and [[Nantwich]], and when commercial traffic failed in the 1940s, it was kept open to function as a water supply. Amongst Britain's artificial waterways, the canal has an unusually strong flow of up to {{convert|2|mph|km/h|abbr=off}}. Since the use of canals for leisure took off in the 1970s and 1980s, the route, roughly parallel to the river Dee and across the Dee Valley on the [[Pontcysyllte Aqueduct]], is an important part of Llangollen's attraction as a holiday destination. Moorings at Llangollen Wharf and additional moorings in a marina are built at the end of the generally-navigable section, allowing visitors arriving by [[narrowboat]] to moor overnight in Llangollen. The canal then extends {{cvt|1.7|mile|km}}, north and then west, to [[Horseshoe Falls (Wales)|Horseshoe Falls]] in a section navigable only by a horse-drawn excursion boat.<ref>{{cite web | title=Llangollen and the Horseshoe Falls &#124; Places to visit | url=https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/places-to-visit/llangollen-and-the-horseshoe-falls }}</ref>

==Sport==
Llangollen on the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]] hosts [[white water]] [[Slalom canoeing]] and [[kayaking]], being host to International and UK events. The [[International Canoe Federation]] (ICF), the [[European Canoe Association]] (ECA) and [[Paddle UK]] all hold events in Llangollen.

[[Cricket]],<ref>[http://llangollen.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp Llangollen Cricket Club] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729060913/http://llangollen.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp |date=29 July 2012 }}</ref> [[Association football|football]] and [[rugby union]] teams play at Tower Fields, which overlooks the town and the International Eisteddfod field and pavilion.

Thermals rising up the valley sides to the south of the town are used for [[paragliding]]. [[Mountain biking|Mountain bikers]] enjoy the hills.

Llangollen was the starting point of the first massed-start cycle race held on British roads, on 7 June 1942.

==Notable people==
[[File:Portrait of Ladies of Llangollen 1819 (4671506) (cropped).jpg|thumb|140px|Portrait of [[Ladies of Llangollen]], 1819]]
* [[Gruffudd Hiraethog]] (died 1564), a Welsh-language poet.
* [[Huw Morus]] (1622–1709), bardic name ''Eos Ceiriog'' ("''the nightingale of Ceiriog''"), a Welsh poet.
* The [[Ladies of Llangollen]], Eleanor Butler (1739–1829) and Sarah Ponsonby (1755–1831).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ladies of Llangollen|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/desire-love-and-identity/ladies-llangollen|access-date=2021-09-03|website=The British Museum|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Garner Evans]] (1910–1963), barrister, RAF officer and politician; MP for [[Denbigh (UK Parliament constituency)|Denbigh]], 1950–1959.
* [[Jonathan Rogers (GC)|Jonathan Rogers]] (1920–1964), sailor and an Australian recipient of the [[George Cross]].
* [[Glyn James]] (born 1941), [[football (soccer)|footballer]] with 399 caps for [[Blackpool F.C.]] and 9 for [[Wales national football team|Wales]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's Who of Welsh International Soccer Players |last1=Davies |first1=Gareth |last2=Garland |first2=Ian |year=1991 |publisher=Bridge Books |isbn=1-872424-11-2|page=94}}</ref>
* [[Stephanie Booth]] (1946–2016), transsexual business owner and hotelier, starred in ''Hotel Stephanie'' for BBC Wales in 2008 and 2009.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Lawton|first=Paul|title=Llangollen Station - A History|publisher=W.H. Evans|location=Chester}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Llangollen}}
{{wikivoyage|Llangollen}}
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030622183711/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/llangollen_town/ BBC Llangollen]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Llangollen | volume= 16 | page= 830 |short= 1}}
*[https://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=3481304 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Llangollen and surrounding area]
{{Denbighshire}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Llangollen| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Denbighshire]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Wales]]