View source for Lizard Lighthouse

{{Short description|Lighthouse on the south coast of Cornwall, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox lighthouse
| image           = Lizard Lighthouse view.jpg
| caption         = Lizard Lighthouse
| location        = [[Lizard Point, Cornwall]], England
| coordinates     = {{coord|49|57|37|N|5|12|8|W|display=inline,title}}
| yearbuilt       = 1619 (first)
| yearlit         = 1751 (current)
| automated       = 1998
| yeardeactivated = 1903 (West tower)
| foundation      =
| construction    = stone tower
| shape           = twin octagonal towers with balcony and lantern connected by keeper's quarter
| marking         = white tower and lantern
| focalheight     = {{convert|70|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height          = {{convert|19|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| lens            = 2nd order Catadioptric four-panel rotating lens
| intensity       = 800,000 candela
| range           = {{convert|26|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
| characteristic  = Fl W 3s.
| managingagent   = Trinity House<ref>{{Cite rowlett|engsw|accessdate=2016-04-22}}</ref>
| module         = {{Infobox historic site
| embed              = yes
| locmapin             = 
| designation1         = Grade II
| designation1_offname = Lizard lighthouse
| designation1_date    = 9 October 1984
| designation1_number  = {{listed building England|1328497}}
}} 
}}
The '''Lizard Lighthouse''' ({{langx|kw|Golowji Lysardh}}) is a [[lighthouse]] at [[Lizard Point, Cornwall]], England, built to guide vessels passing through the [[English Channel]].  It was often the welcoming beacon to persons returning to England, where on a clear night, the reflected light could be seen {{convert|100|mi|km|abbr=on}} away.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article112619460 |title=The New Lizard Light. |newspaper=[[The Picton Post]] |issue=348 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 January 1911 |accessdate=6 July 2018 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article215171142 |title=LIGHTS THAT SAVE LIVES. |newspaper=[[Blyth Agriculturist]] |volume=XV |issue=859 |location=South Australia |date=31 July 1925 |accessdate=6 July 2018 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

==History==
A light was first exhibited here in 1619,<ref name="Pearce2010">{{cite book|last=Pearce|first=Cathryn|title=Cornish Wrecking, 1700-1860: Reality and Popular Myth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1jL-ZvuLQ4C&pg=PA25|year=2010|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-84383-555-4|page=25}}</ref> built thanks to the efforts of Sir John Killigrew, but it was extinguished and the tower demolished in 1630 because of difficulties in raising funds for its operation and maintenance.

The current lighthouse, consisting of two towers with cottages between them, was built in 1751 by the landowner [[Thomas Fonnereau]]; each tower was topped by a coal-fired brazier.<ref name="Trinity House" /> [[Trinity House]] took responsibility for the installation in 1771. In 1812 the coal burners on each tower were replaced with [[Argand lamp]]s and [[Parabolic reflector|reflectors]].<ref name="HElisting">{{NHLE |desc=The Lighthouse, The Lizard |num=1328497 |accessdate=25 February 2019}}</ref> In each tower a fixed arrangement of nineteen lamps and reflectors was installed. In 1873 the original lamps and reflectors were still in use.<ref name="Elliot1875">{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=George H. |title=European Light-House Systems |date=1875 |publisher=Lockwood & co. |location=London |pages=139–140 |url=http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv38f8413f |accessdate=10 March 2019 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029210746/http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv38f8413f |url-status=dead }}</ref> That year, because of the number of wrecks still occurring around the Point, the decision was taken to upgrade the lights and provide a [[fog signal]].<ref name="SelectCttee1879" />

Therefore, in 1874, the site was significantly changed by the building of an engine room to provide electric power, not only for the lights but also for a fog [[Siren (alarm)|siren]]. The engine room was equipped with three 10&nbsp;hp [[caloric engine]]s by A & F Brown of New York,<ref name="Renton2001" /> driving six [[Siemens]] [[dynamo-electric machine]]s, which in turn powered an [[arc lamp]] in each tower;<ref name="Trinity House" /> (caloric engines were used because there was no nearby source of fresh water for [[steam power]]).<ref name="SelectCttee1879">{{cite journal |last1=Douglass |first1=James Nicholas |title=Report from the Select Committee on Lighting by Electricity |journal=Reports from Committees (House of Commons) |date=13 June 1879 |volume=11 |pages=54–61}}</ref> At the same time a pair of medium-sized (third-order) fixed [[catadioptric]] [[Fresnel lens|optics]] were installed, one on each tower, designed by [[John Hopkinson]] of [[Chance Brothers]].<ref name="Chance 1902">{{cite book |last1=Chance |first1=James Frederick |title=The Lighthouse Work of Sir James Chance, Baronet |date=1902 |publisher=Smith, Elder & co. |location=London |page=152 |url=https://uslhs.org/sites/default/files/attached-files/The%20Lighthouse%20Work%20of%20Sir%20James%20T.%20Chance.pdf |accessdate=24 February 2019}}</ref> The siren was in use from January 1878; it sounded (one blast every five minutes)<ref name="FogSignals1879">{{cite journal |title=Fog Signals |journal=Parliamentary Papers, Volume LXIV |date=1 August 1879 |volume=23 |issue=337 |pages=2–4}}</ref> through a {{convert|15|ft|adj=on}} horizontal horn which was installed on the roof of the engine house and could be moved depending on the prevailing wind direction.<ref name = "Renton2001">{{cite book |last1=Renton |first1=Alan |title=Lost Sounds: The Story of Coast Fog Signals |date=2001 |publisher=Whittles |location=Caithness, Scotland}}</ref> The new electric lights were first lit on 29 March that same year. In 1885 the Siemens dynamos were replaced by a pair of more powerful [[Auguste de Méritens|de Méritens]] [[magneto]]-electric generators.

In 1903 there were further changes when the lantern and light on the western tower were removed, and a large four-panel rotating optic (designed by [[Thomas Matthews (engineer)|Thomas Matthews]] and manufactured by Chance Brothers)<ref>{{cite journal |title=The New Lantern at St. Catherine's |journal=The Engineer |date=14 April 1905 |volume=XCIX |pages=362-363}}</ref> was installed in the eastern tower; it was announced that this 'new revolving light of very great power' would be 'visible at a distance of between 40 and 50 miles'.<ref>''Engineering'' journal, quoted by Renton (2001).</ref> In 1908 a new pair of sirens were installed (sounding out to sea through twin 'trumpets' on the roof of the engine house) and a trio of [[Richard Hornsby & Sons|Hornsby]] [[Hornsby-Akroyd oil engine|oil engines]] replaced the caloric engines .<ref name="Renton2001" /> Soon afterwards an [[Foghorn#Mechanization|underwater bell]] was set up two miles south of the Lizard, operated by an electric striker controlled from the lighthouse via a [[submarine cable]].

A [[carbon arc lamp]] continued to provide the light source until it was superseded in 1926 by an electric [[filament lamp]],<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/709913/12015810385 Plaque on magneto machine]</ref> which enabled a reduction in the number of personnel at the lighthouse from five to three.<ref name="EB1961">'Lighthouses' in ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 1961 edition, volume 14.</ref> The new lighting system, designed and installed by the [[General Electric Company]], functioned automatically: a [[automatic lamp changer|lamp changer]] was provided which would switch to a reserve electric or emergency acetylene lamp in the event of a bulb or power failure; and an automatic winding device was fitted to the clockwork mechanism that rotated the lenses.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Electricity |journal=Electricity: A Practical Trade Journal |date=23 December 1927 |volume=41 |page=977}}</ref> [[Transformer]]s were introduced in the engine room to allow the 40-year-old magnetos to remain in use, along with the Hornsby engines.

The engines and magneto generators continued in daily use until 1950, when the lighthouse was connected to [[mains electricity]]. In that year four [[L Gardner & Sons|Gardner]] diesel engines were installed, three to run compressors for the fog signal, the other linked to a pair of generators for use in the event of a mains [[power failure]].<ref name="Renton2001" /> In March 1954 the lighthouse keeper and assistants were able to put out a fire that was started in the exhaust pits of the engines providing the electric power.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49624296 |title=Keepers Save Fire-Menaced Lizard Light |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70 |issue=21,112 |location=Western Australia |date=22 March 1954 |accessdate=6 July 2018 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The clockwork drive, used to rotate the optic, was replaced with an electric motor in 1972.<ref name="Edmonds2004">{{cite journal |last1=Edmonds |first1=E. W. A. |title=The Lizard Goes Electric |journal=The Journal of the Trevithick Society |date=2004 |issue=31 |pages=3–29}}</ref>

In 1998, Lizard Lighthouse was automated and demanned.<ref name="Trinity House">{{cite web|url=https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouses-and-lightvessels/lizard-lighthouse|title=Lizard Lighthouse|publisher=Trinity House|accessdate=25 February 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The fog horn was decommissioned in 1998 and replaced with an automatic electronic fog signal; at the time it was the last compressed-air fog signal still in use in the United Kingdom. As of 2022 the rotating optic continues in use for the light.<ref name="Renton2001" />

==Lighthouse Heritage Centre==
Opened in 2009 with a grant from the [[Heritage Lottery Fund]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/events_and_leisure/visitor_centres/lizard.html|title=Lighthouses|publisher=Trinityhouse.co.uk|accessdate=31 December 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528163315/http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/events_and_leisure/visitor_centres/lizard.html|archivedate=28 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the '''Lizard Lighthouse Heritage Centre''' is located in the lighthouse engine room, which still features some of the original engines.  Interactive exhibits and displays focus on the history of the lighthouse, the life of a lighthouse keeper, and the role of lighthouses in sea safety. Currently, the buildings around the site are being used as holiday cottages.<ref name="Rural Retreats">{{cite web|url=http://www.ruralretreats.co.uk/england/cornwall-holiday-cottages/bishop-rock_cw108?drone=play|title=Bishop Rock}}</ref> As of 2023 the heritage centre was closed 'with no signs of it reopening'.<ref name="CornishLights">{{cite web |title=Taking a closer look at the Cornish lights |url=https://uklighthousetour.com/2023/07/09/taking-a-closer-look-at-the-cornish-lights/ |website=uklighthousetour |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>

===Original machinery===
One of the lighthouse's old magneto-electric generators is now in the collection of [[Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum]].<ref name="BMT-1954S00295">Birmingham Museums Trust accession record 1954S00295</ref> The other is still ''in situ'' in the engine house;<ref name="Renton2001" /> it carries a plate marked: 
{{Blockquote|{{lang|fr|L'ÉLECTRICITÉ<br>MÉDAILLE D'OR<br>[[International Exposition of Electricity|Exposition d'Électricité]] Paris 1881<br> No. 3 L <br> A de MÉRITENS, 44 rue Boursault<br>PARIS<br>[[Breveté SGDG|Bté. s.g.d.g.]] en France & à l'Étranger}} }}

The carbon arc lamp, which served as the light source from 1903 to 1926, is also preserved within the lighthouse.<ref name="CornishLights" />

After the compressed-air foghorn was decommissioned its machinery was left in place and it was still occasionally sounded to mark special occasions.<ref name="WWL">{{cite web |title=Lizard Lighthouse |url=http://www.worldwidelighthouses.com/Lighthouses/English-Lighthouses/Trinity-House-Owned/Lizard |website=Worldwide Lighthouses |accessdate=3 March 2019}}</ref> Prior to the opening of the Heritage Centre two of the four Gardner engines were removed (one with its attached compressor, the other with its attached generator); they were subsequently acquired by the [[Internal Fire Museum of Power]] in Wales.<ref>{{cite web |title=Collection Database: Gardner 4LW |url=https://www.internalfire.com/collection.php?quick_filter=Gardner+4LW&quick_filter_operator=Contains |website=Internal Fire Museum of Power |access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref> The other two compressor sets remain in place in the engine room.

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|File:Phare du cap Lizard-1.jpg|Lizard Lighthouse from sea
|File:Lizard Lighthouse - geograph.org.uk - 11816.jpg|Lizard Lighthouse from land
|File:Foghorns.jpg|Foghorns at the Lizard lighthouse
|File:The Lizard Light - geograph.org.uk - 1265233.jpg|The optic
|File:Thinktank Birmingham - object 1954S00295(1).jpg|Generator
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cornwall|Engineering}}
* [[List of lighthouses in England]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouse-visitor-centres/lizard-lighthouse-visitor-centre Lizard Lighthouse Heritage Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118050523/https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouse-visitor-centres/lizard-lighthouse-visitor-centre |date=18 January 2022 }} - official site
* [https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouses-and-lightvessels/lizard-lighthouse Lizard Lighthouse information at Trinity House]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSxXhWKs1iw Video of the 1908 fog siren in action] (shortly before its decommissioning)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mq_ns7AOsxI Video tour of the lighthouse prior to automation] by ex-keeper Peter Halil

{{Lighthouses of Trinity House}}
{{Lighthouses in England}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1619 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Grade II listed lighthouses]]
[[Category:Lighthouse museums in England]]
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1619]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in the 1610s]]
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1751]]
[[Category:Lighthouses in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Lighthouses of the English Channel]]
[[Category:Lizard Peninsula]]
[[Category:Museums in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1751]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1619]]