View source for List of rulers of Kongo

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Angola state}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title       = [[Manikongo]]
| realm             = [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]]
| border            = imperial
| style             = 
| coatofarms        = Coat of arms of Kongo.svg
| image             = Congoking.jpg
| caption           = [[Álvaro I of Kongo]]
|first_monarch     =  [[Lukeni lua Nimi]]
| last_monarch      = [[Manuel III of Kongo|Manuel III]]
| residence         = [[M'banza-Kongo|Mbanza Kongo]]
| appointer         = [[Hereditary]], [[Dynastic]] (various) 
| began             = {{circa|{{start date and age|1390}}}}
| ended             = 1914
| pretender         = ''[[#Pretenders to the throne 1914-2000|See list]]''
}}
This is a '''list of the rulers of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]]''', known commonly as the [[Manikongo]]s (KiKongo: Mwenekongo). Mwene (plural: Awene) in Kikongo meant a person holding authority, particularly judicial authority, derived from the root -''wene'' which meant ''territory (over which jurisdiction was held)''. The ruler of Kongo was the most powerful ''mwene'' in the region who the Portuguese regarded as the king (in Kikongo ''ntinu'') upon their arrival in 1483.

The kings claimed several titles and the following royal style in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] "Pela graça de Deus Rei do Congo, do Loango, de Cacongo e de Ngoio, aquém e além do Zaire, Senhor dos Ambundos e de Angola, de Aquisima, de Musuru, de Matamba, de Malilu, de Musuko e Anzizo, da conquista de Pangu-Alumbu, etc.", that means "By the grace of God King of [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]], of [[Kingdom of Loango|Loango]], of [[Kakongo]] and of [[Ngoyo]], on this side of the [[Congo River|Zaire]] and beyond it, Lord of the [[Ambundu]] and of [[Kingdom of Ndongo|Angola]], of Aquisima, of Musuru, of [[Matamba]], of Malilu, of Musuko and Anzizo, of the conquest of Pangu-Alumbu, etc.".

==Kandas, Gerações and Houses==
The kingdom of Kongo had a formal state apparatus, in which most positions (''rendas'' in Portuguese-language documents, meaning income bearing positions) were in the hands of the king, and the king himself was elected by powerful officials. Kings sought and held office with the assistance of a [[kanda (lineage)|kanda]]. Each kanda (plural: ''makanda'') was a faction which organized people according to a common goal, often but not always rooted in a kin-based relationship.<ref>John Thornton, "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", ''Journal of African History'' 47 (2006): 439.</ref> Kandas generally took the name of a person (i.e. Nimi, Nlaza or Mpanzu), but could also take the name of a location or title such as Mbala (court)<ref>Thornton, John: "Elite Women" p. 445.</ref>) or birthplace (Kwilu or Nsundi<ref>Thornton "Elite Women," p. 449.</ref>). The Kikongo prefix "ki" is added onto these names to mean "people with something in common".<ref>Thornton, "Elite Women", p. 445.</ref> These factions were recorded as ''gerações'' or ''casas'' (lineages or houses) in Kongo documents written in Portuguese. Until the mid-seventeenth century, following the [[Battle of Mbwila]], these factions were short-lived and fluctuating, but following the battle, factions were much firmer and lasted for generations, particularly the Kimpanzu and Kinlaza.<ref>Thornton "Elite Women ", p. 449.</ref> The [[Quilombo dos Palmares]], a Maroon kingdom formed in Northeast Brazil, was founded by princes and nobles who were enslaved and transported to Portuguese Brazil after the battle in Kongo. There, they retained their titles and their lineage survived even after the kingdom itself was destroyed.

==Dynasties==
When the Portuguese arrived in Kongo in 1483,<ref>Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: ''Medieval Africa, 1250–1800'' (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 2001 p. 168.</ref> the reigning king represented the Nimi kanda.<ref>"Elite Women", p 445.</ref> This kanda was probably descended from Nimi a Nzima, father of the founder of Kongo.<ref>Thornton,"Elite Women", p. 445.</ref> Divisions emerged within the kanda during succession disputes, for example, following the death of Afonso I in 1542, his son Pedro I and grandson Diogo I formed two opposed factions, that of Pedro was called the Kibala (court) faction, and the other, whose name is unknown that followed Diogo.<ref>Thornton, "Elite Women", p.</ref> Other elections in the sixteenth century probably also involved similar factions, though the details are unknown.	

King Álvaro I was the first king of the [[Kwilu dynasty|House of Kwilu]] (Portuguese: ''Coulo''). This kanda or lineage was named for the birthplace of Álvaro,<ref>John Thornton, ''The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718'' (Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1983)</ref> north of the capital city. The Kwilu reigned until 1614 when Antonio da Silva, Duke of Mbamba intervened to place Bernardo I on the throne, in place of Álvaro II's minor son, who would eventually take office as Álvaro III.	

Another kanda, the House of Nsundi, later known as the [[Kinkanga a Mvika]], took control of Kongo in 1622 under Pedro II, and retained it through the reign of his son, Garcia I.<ref>Thornton, ''Kingdom of Kongo'', pp. 449–50.</ref> Garcia never held power strongly, and the Kimpanzu returned to power under Ambrosio I. Kimpanzu domination ended in 1641 when two brothers Álvaro and Garcia of the new House of Kinlaza overthrew Álvaro V and took power.<ref>Thornton, ''Kingdom of Kongo''.</ref> The members of the Kikanga a Mvika were all killed or absorbed into the Kinlaza by 1657.<ref name="Thornton, John K p. 39">Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 39. Cambridge University, 1998</ref> The Kinlaza dynasty would reign until Kongo's catastrophic civil war following the 1665 [[Battle of Mbwila]], when sporadic and violent alternation followed.

The capital was destroyed in 1678.<ref>Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 23. Cambridge University, 1998</ref> Its destruction forced the claimants from both sides of the conflict to rule from mountain fortresses. The Kinlaza retreated to Mbula where they founded the capital of Lemba.<ref name="Thornton, John K p. 39"/> Earlier another branch of Kinlaza, under the leadership of Garcia III of Kongo founded a settlement at Kibangu. The Kimpanzu based their struggle for the throne at Mbamba Luvota in the south of Soyo.<ref name="Thornton, John K p. 39"/> A new faction appeared in the form of the [[Água Rosada]] kanda, headquartered at the mountain fortress of Kibangu. This might be considered a new house formed from both the Kinlaza and Kimpanzu, its founders were the children of a Kimpanzu father and a Kinlaza mother.<ref>Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 40. Cambridge University, 1998</ref> All parties claimed kingship over Kongo (or what was left of it), but their power rarely held beyond their fortresses or the immediately surrounding area.

The country was finally reunited by [[Pedro IV of Kongo|Pedro IV]] of the [[Água Rosada]] kanda. Pedro IV declared a doctrine of shared power by which the throne would shift (in due time) from Kinlaza to the Kimpanzu and back.,<ref>Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", p. 455. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006</ref> while the Água Rosada appear to have continued as neutral in Pedro's fortress of Kibangu.<ref>Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 201. Cambridge University, 1998</ref>

The system functioned sporadically, with considerable fighting, until 1764 when José I of the Kinlaza faction usurped the throne and thrust the country back into civil war. The Kinlaza enjoyed a short-lived second dynasty that ended in 1788. After that, the throne moved through various royal hands until the kingship was extinguished in 1914.

==Elections==
The selection of kings of Kongo was by a variety of principles, as kings themselves evoked different methods of selection in their letters announcing their succession. Typically the kingdom was said to pass by election,<ref name="Thornton, John p. 439">Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", p. 439. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006</ref> though the electors and the process they used changed over time and according to circumstances. Frequently election seems to have been a combination of elective and hereditary principles.<ref name="Thornton, John p. 439"/>

==Kings of Kongo==
The following section is divided into periods based on kanda or house rulership. Most houses reigned of a distinct period with few if any intervals. This is not the case, however; after the [[Kongo Civil War]]. During this period you will note the name of each king's kanda alongside their reign.

===Pre-colonial rulers===
====Ancestors of later rulers====
According to oral tradition, the first king was the son of chief Nimi and his consort of unknown name, Mwene Mbata's daughter. Most of the succeeding dynasties either claim descent from this union or otherwise derive their legitimacy from it.

====House of Kilukeni/Lukeni kanda (1390s–1568)====

{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''[[Lukeni lua Nimi]]'''
| image1      = Lukeni Lua Nimi-2 (1) (1).jpg
| life1       = c. 1380 – c. 1420 (aged 39/40)
| reignstart1 = c. 1390
| reignend1   = c. 1420 
| notes1      = 1 Manikongo. He was the son of Chief Nimi and his consort, Mwene Mbata's daughter.
| family1     = [[Kilukeni]]
| name2       = '''[[Nanga of Kongo]]'''
| image2      =
| life2       =	c. 1381 – c. 1435 (aged 53/54)
| reignstart2 = c. 1420
| reignend2   = c. 1435
| notes2      = 2 Manikongo. He was a cousin of his predecessor.
| family2     = [[Kilukeni]]
| name3       = '''[[Nlaza of Kongo]]'''
| image3      =
| life3       =	c. 1407 – c. 1450 (aged 42/43)
| reignstart3 = c. 1435
| reignend3   = c. 1450
| notes3      = 3 Manikongo. He was a cousin of the 1st King.
| family3     = [[Kilukeni]]
| name4       = '''[[Nkuwu a Ntinu of Kongo]]'''
| image4      =
| life4       =	c. 1422 – c. 1470 (aged 47/48)
| reignstart4 = c. 1450
| reignend4   = c. 1470
| notes4      = 4 Manikongo. He was the son of the 1st King. Also known as Nkuwu a Lukeni.
| family4     = [[Kilukeni]]
| name5       = '''[[João I of Kongo|João I Nzinga a Nkuwu]]'''
| image5      =Jean Roy de Congo.jpg
| life5       =	c. 1440 – 1509 (aged 68/69)
| reignstart5 = c. 1470
| reignend5   = 1509
| notes5      = 5 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor and was baptized as João I on 3 May 1491, but returned to traditional beliefs around 1495.
| family5     = [[Kilukeni]]
| name6       = '''[[Afonso I of Kongo|Afonso I Mvemba a Nzinga]]'''
| image6      =Manikongo.jpg
| life6       = 1456–1542 or 1543 (aged 85/86 or 86/87)
| reignstart6 = 1509
| reignend6   = 1542 or 1543
| notes6      = 6 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor and the first true Catholic king of Kongo. After him every king was [[Catholic]]. Granted a coat of arms.
| family6     = [[Kilukeni]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name7       = '''[[Pedro I of Kongo|Pedro I Nkanga a Mvemba]]''' 
| image7      = Dom Pedro maniKongo.jpg
| life7       = 1478–1566 (aged 87/88)
| reignstart7 = 1542/43
| reignend7   = 1545
| notes7      = 7 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor, but a member of a different Kanda (the House of Kibala).<ref>Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", pa. 445. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006</ref> 
| family7     = [[Kilukeni]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name8       = '''[[Francisco I of Kongo]]'''
| image8      =
| life8       = 1500–1545 (aged 44/45)
| reignstart8 = 1545
| reignend8   = 1545  
| notes8      = 8 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor.
| family8     = [[Kilukeni]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name9       = '''[[Diogo I of Kongo|Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi]]'''
| image9      =  
| life9       = 1503–1561 (aged 57/58)
| reignstart9 = 1545
| reignend9   = 4 November 1561
| notes9      = 9 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor.
| family9     = [[Kilukeni]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name10       = '''[[Afonso II of Kongo|Afonso II Mpemba a Nzinga]]'''
| image10      =
| life10       = 1531 – 1 December 1561 (aged 29/30)
| reignstart10 = 4 November 1561
| reignend10   = 1 December 1561
| notes10      = 10 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor.
| family10     = [[Kilukeni]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name11       = '''[[Bernardo I of Kongo]]'''
| image11      = 
| life11       = 1534 – 10 April 1561 (aged 31/32)
| reignstart11 = 1 December 1561
| reignend11   = 10 April 1567
| notes11      = 11 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor.
| family11     = [[Kilukeni]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name12       = '''[[Henrique I of Kongo|Henrique I Nerika a Mpudi]] '''
| image12      = 
| life12       = 1505 – 1 February 1568 (aged 62/63)
| reignstart12 = 10 April 1567
| reignend12   = 1 February 1568 
| notes12      = 12 Manikongo. He was the uncle of his predecessor.
| family12     = [[Kilukeni]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
}}

====House of Kwilu/Kwilu kanda (1568–1622)====

{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = ''' [[Álvaro I of Kongo|Álvaro I Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba]]'''
| image1      =Congoking.jpg
| life1       = 1537 – 	6 March 1587 (aged 49/50)
| reignstart1 = 1 February 1568 
| reignend1   = 6 March 1587
| notes1      = 13 Manikongo. He was the son-in-law of his predecessor. Granted a coat of arms.
| family1     = [[Kwilu dynasty|Kwilu]]<br>[[File:Kongo coat of arms for Alvaro I.JPG|80px]]
| name2       = '''[[Álvaro II of Kongo|Álvaro II Nimi a Nkanga]]'''
| image2      = 
| life2       =	1565 – 9 August 1614 (aged 48/49)
| reignstart2 = 6 March 1587
| reignend2   = 9 August 1614
| notes2      = 14 Manikongo. He was a son of his predecessor.
| family2     = [[Kwilu dynasty|Kwilu]]<br>[[File:Kongo coat of arms for Alvaro I.JPG|80px]]
| name3       = '''[[Bernardo II of Kongo|Bernardo II Nimi a Nkanga]]'''
| image3      = 
| life3       =	1570 – 20 August 1615 (aged 44/45)
| reignstart3 = 9 August 1614 
| reignend3   = 20 August 1615
| notes3      = 15 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor. 
| family3     = [[Kwilu dynasty|Kwilu]]<br>[[File:Kongo coat of arms for Alvaro I.JPG|80px]]
| name4       = '''[[Álvaro III of Kongo|Álvaro III Nimi a Mpanzu]]'''
| image4      = 
| life4       =	1595 – 4 May 1622 (aged 26/27)
| reignstart4 = 20 August 1615
| reignend4   = 4 May 1622
| notes4      = 16 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor.
| family4     = [[Kwilu dynasty|Kwilu]]<br>[[File:Kongo coat of arms for Alvaro I.JPG|80px]]
}}

====House of Nsundi/Kinkanga a Mvika kanda (1622–1626)====

{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = ''' [[Pedro II of Kongo|Pedro II Nkanga a Mvika]]'''
| image1      =
| life1       = 1575 – 	13 April 1624 (aged 48/49)
| reignstart1 = 27 April 1622 
| reignend1   = 13 April 1624
| notes1      = 17 Manikongo. He was a distant cousin of his predecessor.
| family1     = [[Kinkanga]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name2       = '''[[Garcia I of Kongo|Garcia I Mvemba a Nkanga]]'''
| image2      = 
| life2       =	1600 – 26 June 1626 (aged 25/26)
| reignstart2 = 13 April 1624 
| reignend2   = 26 June 1626
| notes2      = 18 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor.
| family2     = [[Kinkanga]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
}}

====House of Kwilu/Kwilu kanda (1626–1636)====

{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = ''' [[Ambrósio I of Kongo|Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga]]'''
| image1      =
| life1       = 1600/1610 – 7 March 1631 (aged 21/31)
| reignstart1 = March 1626 
| reignend1   = 7 March 1631
| notes1      = 19 Manikongo. He was the son of Álvaro III.
| family1     = [[Kwilu dynasty|Kwilu]]<br>[[File:Kongo coat of arms for Alvaro I.JPG|80px]]
| name2       = '''[[Álvaro IV of Kongo|Álvaro IV Nzinga a Nkuwu]]'''
| image2      = 
| life2       =	1610 – 25 March 1636 (aged 25/26)
| reignstart2 =  8 February 1631
| reignend2   =  24 February 1636
| notes2      = 20 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor.
| family2     = [[Kwilu dynasty|Kwilu]]<br>[[File:Kongo coat of arms for Alvaro I.JPG|80px]]
}}

====House of Kimpanzu/Mpanzu kanda (1636)====

{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''[[Álvaro V of Kongo|Álvaro V Mpanzu a Nimi]]'''
| image1      = 
| life1       = 1613 – 14 August 1636 (aged 23)
| reignstart1 = 27 February 1636
| reignend1   = 14 August 1636
| notes1      = 21 Manikongo. He was a son of Pedro II.
| family1     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
}}

====House of Kinlaza/Nlaza kanda (1636–1665)====

{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''[[Álvaro VI of Kongo|Álvaro VI Nimi a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba]]'''
| image1      =
| life1       = 1581 – 22 February 1641 (aged 59/60)
| reignstart1 = 27 August 1636
| reignend1   = 22 February 1641
| notes1      = 22 Manikongo. He was a descendant of Afonso I.
| family1     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name2       = '''[[Garcia II of Kongo|Garcia II Nkanga a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba]]'''
| image2      = Garcia_II_of_Kongo.jpg
| life2       = 1615 – 23 January 1660 (aged 44/45)
| reignstart2 = 23 February 1641 
| reignend2   = 23 January 1660
| notes2      = 23 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor. Granted a coat of arms.
| family2     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name3       = '''[[António I of Kongo|António I Mvita a Nkanga]]'''
| image3      =
| life3       = 1617 – 29 October 1665 (aged 47/48)
| reignstart3 = 23 January 1660 
| reignend3   = 29 October 1665
| notes3      = 24 Manikongo. He was a nephew of his predecessor.
| family3     = [[Kinlaza]]
}}

====Civil War (1665–1709)====
'''Kings of São Salvador (1665–1678 and 1691–1709)'''
{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''[[Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo]]'''
| image1      = 
| life1       = 1632–1669 (aged 36/37)
| reignstart1 = November 1665
| reignend1   = December 1665
| notes1      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the capital of the once unified Kingdom, but was deposed only a month into his term. The deposed king was forced to flee into the mountains of Nkondo where he ruled until his death in 1669. Was a relative of António I.
| family1     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name2       = '''[[Álvaro VII of Kongo|Álvaro VII Mpanzu a Mpandu]]''' 
| image2      = 
| life2       = 1631 – June 1666 (aged 34/35)
| reignstart2 = December 1665 
| reignend2   = June 1666
| notes2      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. He sent [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] friar, Friar Girolamo of Montesarchio, to make peace with the Portuguese in to Luanda, in Christmas 1665. But the friar was waylaid by a rebellion in Mbamba, and only returned to the capital in June 1666.<ref name=Kevin/> 
| family2     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name3       = '''[[Álvaro VIII of Kongo|Álvaro VIII Mvemba a Mpanzu]]'''
| image3      = 
| life3       = 1630 – January 1669 (aged 38/39)
| reignstart3 = June 1666 
| reignend3   = January 1669
| notes3      = Claimed the title of Manikongo. Was elevated to the throne by Paulo da Silva, Count of Soyo, who marched on São Salvador and killed his predecessor. In 1667, he sent his ambassador, Anastasius, to Luanda, to negotiate a treaty that ceded to the Portugueses the right to exploit the mines of the provinces of Mbamba and Mpemba.<ref name=Kevin>Shillington, Kevin: ''Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 1'', p. 776. Routledge, 2004</ref> 
| family3     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name4       = '''[[Pedro III of Kongo|Pedro III Nsimba Ntamba]]''' 
| life4       = 1648–1680 (aged 34/35)
| reignstart4 = January 1669
| reignend4   = June 1669
| notes4      = Claimed the title of Manikongo. As Marquis of Mbemba, he led a small army and attacked Mbamba, killed Count Theodosius and then invaded the kingdom's capital, killing Alvaro VIII and proclaimed himself king.<ref name=John79>Thornton, John K: ''The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706'', p. 79. Cambridge University, 1998</ref> 
| family4     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name5       = '''[[Álvaro IX of Kongo|Álvaro IX Mpanzu a Ntivila]]'''
| image5      = 
| life5       = 1650–1669 (aged 18/19)
| reignstart5 = June 1669
| reignend5   = End of 1670
| notes5      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. In 1670, Álvaro IX was overthrown by the Soyo.
| family5     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name6       = '''[[Rafael I of Kongo|Rafael I Nzinga a Nkanga]]'''
| image6      =
| life6       = Unknown – 1673 (aged 4+)
| reignstart6 = End of 1670
| reignend6   = Mid of 1673
| notes6      = He claimed the title of Manikongo. After his ascension, he was briefly driven from the capital by Soyo.<ref>Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", p. 456. ''The Journal of African History'', Vol. 47, 2006</ref> 
| family6     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name7       = '''[[Afonso III of Kongo|Afonso III Mvemba a Nimi]]'''
| image7      =
| life7       = Unknown – mid 1674 (aged 37+)
| reignstart7 = Mid 1673
| reignend7   = Mid 1674
| notes7      = He claimed the title of Manikongo. He governed the Marquisate/Kingdom of Nkondo from late 1669 until mid 1673.
| family7     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name8       = '''[[Daniel I of Kongo|Daniel I Miala mia Nzimbwila]]'''
| image8      = 
| life8       = Unknown – mid 1678 (aged 4+)
| reignstart8 = Mid 1674
| reignend8   = Mid 1678
| notes8      = He claimed the title of Manikongo. In 1678 Pedro III marched on São Salvador with Jaga mercenaries resulting in the Sack of São Salvador, which burnt the majority of the city to the ground and killed Daniel I.<ref name=John79/> 
| family8     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name9       = '''[[Interregnum]]'''
| image9      = 
| life9       = 13 years
| reignstart9 = Mid 1678
| reignend9   = 1691
| notes9      = After the Sack of São Salvador the nation essentially ceased to exist for over a decade, instead split into three rival kingdoms ruled by the various claimants to the throne.
| family9     = 
| name10       = '''[[Manuel Afonso of Kibangu|Manuel Afonso Nzinga an Elenke]]'''
| image10      = 
| life10       = Unknown – 23 September 1693 (aged 3/7+)
| reignstart10 = 1691
| reignend10   = 1692
| notes10      = He conquered São Salvador, but was deposed and executed in 23 September 1693.<ref name=John39>Thornton, John K: ''The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706'', p. 39. Cambridge University, 1998</ref> 
| family10     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name11      = '''[[Pedro IV of Kongo|Pedro IV Afonso Agua Rosada Nusamu a Mvemba]]'''
| image11      =
| life11       = c. 1666 – 21 February 1718 (aged 51/52) 
| reignstart11 = 1692
| reignend11   = 1704
| notes11      = He claimed the title of Manikongo, until he reunified the Kingdom.<ref name=John36>Thornton, John K: ''The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706'', p. 36. Cambridge University, 1998</ref> 
| family11     = [[Água Rosada]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name12       = '''Pedro Constantino da Silva'''
| image12      = 
| life12       = Unknown – 15 February 1709 (aged 13+)
| reignstart12 = 1704
| reignend12   = 15 February 1709
| notes12      = He claimed the title of Manikongo and was a staunch supporter of Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita.
| family12     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
}}
'''Kings of Kibangu for the House of Kinlaza (1678–1704)'''
{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''Sebastião I'''
| image1      = 
| life1       = 1634 – 1669/70 (aged 35/36)
| reignstart1 = 1666
| reignend1   = 1669/70
| notes1      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu and was assassinated by Dom Rafael I. His 3 sons founded the House of Água Rosada.
| family1     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name2       = '''[[Garcia III of Kibangu|Garcia III Nkanga a Mvemba]]'''
| image2      = 
| life2       = Unknown – 1685/89 (aged 19+)
| reignstart2 = 1669/70
| reignend2   = 1685/89
| notes2      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu after his father and was assassinated by Dom Pedro III.
| family2     = [[Água Rosada]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name3       = '''[[André I of Kibangu|André I Mvizi a Nkanga]]'''
| image3      = 
| life3       = 1625–1685/89 (aged 60/61)
| reignstart3 = 1685/89 
| reignend3   = 1686/90 
| notes3      = Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu after his brother, but died of natural causes after 1 year.
| family3     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name4       = '''[[Manuel Afonso of Kibangu|Manuel Afonso Nzinga an Elenke]]'''
| image4      = 
| life4       = Unknown – 23 September 1693 (aged 3/7+)
| reignstart4 = 1686/90
| reignend4   = 1687/91
| notes4      = He conquered the Kingdom of Kibangu for a year and was executed in 23 September 1693.<ref name=John39/> 
| family4     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name5       = '''[[Álvaro X of Kibangu|Álvaro X Nimi a Mvemba Agua Rosada]]'''
| image5      = 
| life5       = Unknown – December 1695 (aged 25+)
| reignstart5 = 1688
| reignend5   = 1695
| notes5      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a son of Sebastião I and reconquered the Kingdom of Kibangu. He ordered the edification of several churches in Kibagu but had a premature death before they were completed.<ref>Thornton, John K: ''The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706'', p. 20. Cambridge University, 1998</ref>
| family5     = [[Água Rosada]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name6       = '''[[Pedro IV of Kongo|Pedro IV Afonso Agua Rosada Nusamu a Mvemba]]'''
| image6      =
| life6       = c. 1666 – 21 February 1718 (aged 51/52)
| reignstart6 = 1 December 1695
| reignend6   = 15 February 1709
| notes6      = He claimed the title of Manikongo, until he reunified the Kingdom. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu after his brother.<ref name=John36/> 
| family6     = [[Água Rosada]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
}}
'''Kings of Nkondo for the House of Kimpanzu (1666–1709)'''
{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''[[Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo]]'''
| image1      = 
| life1       = 1632–1669 (aged 36/37)
| reignstart1 = 1666
| reignend1   = 1669
| notes1      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a grandson of Álvaro II, who married Ana Afonso de Leão and ruled the Kingdom of Nkondo.
| family1     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name2       = '''[[Afonso III of Kongo]]'''
| image2      = 
| life2       = Unknown – mid 1674 (aged 37+)
| reignstart2 = 1669
| reignend2   = Mid 1673
| notes2      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Nkondo after his brother.
| family2     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name3       = '''[[Ana Afonso de Leão]]'''
| image3      = 
| life3       = 1625–1710 (aged 84/85)
| reignstart3 = 1673
| reignend3   = 1709
| notes3      = Claimed the title of Manikongo. She was the sister of Garcia II and ruled the Kingdom of Nkondo after her brother-in-law.
| family3     = [[Kinlaza]]
}}
'''Awenekongo of Lemba-Mbula for the House of Kinlaza (1669–1716)'''
{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''[[Pedro III of Kongo|Pedro III Nsimba Ntamba]]'''
| image1      = 
| life1       = 1648–1683 (aged 34/35)
| reignstart1 = June 1669
| reignend1   = 1680/83
| notes1      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a grandson of Álvaro II and ruled the Kingdom of Lemba-Mbula. He was assassinated by the King of Mbamba-Lovata, Manuel de Nóbrega.<ref name=John79/> 
| family1     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name2       = '''[[João II of Lemba|João Manuel II Nzuzi a Ntamba]]'''
| image2      = 
| life2       = Unknown–1716 (aged 36+)
| reignstart2 = 1680/83
| reignend2   = 1716
| notes2      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor and ruled the Kingdom of Lemba-Mbula.<ref>Thornton, John K: ''The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706'', p. 38. Cambridge University, 1998</ref> 
| family2     = [[Kinlaza]]
}}
'''Mwenekongo of Mbamba-Lovata for the House of Kimpanzu (1678–1715)'''
{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''[[Manuel II of Kongo]]'''
| image1      =
| life1       = Unknown–1715 (aged 45+)
| reignstart1 = 1678
| reignend1   = 1715
| notes1      =  Claimed the title of Manikongo. Born Manuel de Vuzi a Nóbrega. He was a grandson of Álvaro II and ruled the Kingdom of Mbamba-Lovata.<ref name=John79/> 
| family1     = [[Kimpanzu]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
}}

====Reunification and Elective Monarchy (1709–1888)====
* [[Pedro IV of Kongo|Pedro IV Nusamu a Mvemba]] of the House of the Agua Rosada (ruled Kibangu from December 1695 – early 1709; ruled reunited kingdom from São Salvador February 1709 – 21 February 1718)
* [[Manuel II of Kongo|Manuel II Mpanzu a Nimi]] of the House of Kimpanzu (ruled February 1718 – 21 April 1743)
* [[Garcia IV of Kongo|Garcia IV Nkanga a Mvandu]] of the House of Kinlaza from Mbula (ruled 27 July 1743 – 31 March 1752)
* [[Nicolau I of Kongo|Nicolau I Misaki mia Nimi]] of the House of Kimpanzu (ruled 27 August 1752 – post 1758)
* Afonso IV Nkanga a Nkanga of the House of Kinlaza
* António II Mvita a Mpanzu of the House of Kimpanzu
* Sebastião I Nkanga kia Nkanga of the House of Kinlaza
* [[Pedro V of Kongo (Usurper)|Pedro V Ntivila a Nkanga]] of the House of Kimpanzu (ruled September 1763 – 1764)
* [[Álvaro XI of Kongo|Álvaro XI Nkanga a Nkanga]] of the House of Kinlaza from Nkondo (ruled May 1764 – 1778)
* [[José I of Kongo|José I Mpasi a Nkanga]] of the House of Kinlaza<ref>Thornton, John: "The Origins and Early History of the Kingdom of Kongo, c. 1350–1550", p. 100. International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2001</ref> (ruled 1778–1785)
* [[Afonso V of Kongo]] of the House of Kinlaza from Nkondo (ruled 1785–1787)
* Álvaro XII of Kongo of the House of Kinlaza from Nkondo (ruled 1787–unknown)
* Aleixo I Mpanzu a Mbandu (ruled unknown–1793)
* [[Joaquim I of Kongo]] (ruled 1793–94)
* [[Henrique II of Kongo|Henrique II Masaki ma Mpanzu]] (ruled 10 January 1794 – 1803)
* [[Garcia V of Kongo|Garcia V Nkanga a Mvemba]] (ruled 1803 – start 1830)
* [[André II of Kongo|André II Mvizi a Lukeni]] (ruled start 1830–1842)
* [[Henrique III of Kongo|Henrique III Mpanzu a Nsindi a Nimi a Lukeni]] (ruled 1842 – January 1857)
* [[Álvaro XIII of Kongo]], also known as Ndongo, (ruled January 1857 – 7 August 1859)
* [[Pedro V of Kongo]], also known as Elelo, (ruled 7 August 1859 – February 1891; signed treaty of vassalage with Portugal in 1888)

===Portuguese vassalage (1888–1914)===

{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = ''' [[Pedro V of Kongo|Pedro V Elelo]]'''
| image1      =O_Rei_do_Congo_(Cunha_Moraes_-_Africa_Occidental,_1885),_background_removed.png
| life1       = Unknown–1891 (aged 31+)
| reignstart1 = 7 August 1859 
| reignend1   = February 1891
| notes1      = Manikongo. He was a nephew of his Henrique III. Signed a treaty of vassalage with Portugal in 1888. He was the 6th king named Pedro, but signed his correspondence as Pedro V, thus ignoring the Pedro V who had ruled from 1763 to 1764.
| family1     = [[Kinlaza]]
| name2       = '''[[Álvaro XIV of Kongo|Álvaro XIV]]'''
| image2      = Mfutila,_the_late_King_of_Kongo.jpg 
| life2       =	Unknown – 18 November 1896
| reignstart2 = February 1891 
| reignend2   = 18 November 1896
| notes2      =  Manikongo. He was a nephew of his predecessor. Also known as Água Rosada.
| family2     = [[Água Rosada]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name3       = '''[[Henrique IV of Kongo]]'''
| image3      =  
| life3       =	1873–1901 (aged 27/28)
| reignstart3 = 1896 
| reignend3   = 1901
| notes3      =  Manikongo. He was a half-brother of his predecessor. Also known as Tekenge.
| family3     = [[Álvaro X of Kibangu|Água Rosada]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name4       = '''[[Pedro VI of Kongo]]'''
| image4      =
| life4       =	1880 – 24 June 1910 (aged 29/30)
| reignstart4 = 1901 
| reignend4   = 1910
| notes4      =  Manikongo. He was a nephew of Álvaro XIV. Also known as Mbemba.
| family4     = [[Água Rosada]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name5       = '''[[Manuel Nkomba of Kongo]]'''
| image5      =  
| life5       =	Unknown – 1911
| reignstart5 = 1910 
| reignend5   = 1911
| notes5      =  Manikongo. He was a son of his predecessor. He was not awarded the title of Manuel III.
| family5     = [[Água Rosada]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
| name6       = '''[[Manuel III of Kongo]]'''
| image6      = Manuel Martins Kiditu and entourage circa 1912 (cropped).jpg
| life6       =	1884–1927 (aged 42/43)
| reignstart6 = 1911 
| reignend6   = 1914
| notes6      =  Manikongo. He was an uncle of his predecessor. Also known as Kiditu. The Portuguese abolished the title of King of Kongo following the revolt of 1914.
| family6     = [[Água Rosada]]<br>[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kongo.svg|40px]]
}}

===Pretenders to the throne 1914-2000===
* Álvaro XV Afonso of Kongo, also known as Nzinga (ruled 1915–1923)
* Pedro VII Afonso of Kongo (ruled 1923–1955)
* António III Afonso of Kongo (ruled 1955–1957)
* Isabel Maria da Gama of Kongo (f., 1st regency 1957–1962) wife of ''António III Afonso of Kongo''
* Pedro VIII Afonso of Kongo, also known as Mansala (ruled September to October 1962) ''son of António III Afonso of Kongo''
* Isabel Maria da Gama of Kongo (f., 2nd regency 1962–1975) wife of ''António III Afonso of Kongo''
* Interregnum, 1975–2000

===Pretenders to the throne since 2000===
* '''José II Henrique da Silva Meso''' (a claimant to the title since 19 November 2000 and said to be the grandson of Pedro VII and living in exile in [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]]).<ref name="Quast2021"/><ref>Nassoro Habib Mbwana Msonde, ''A Revised History for Advanced Level and Colleges: Part One'', Xlibris Corporation, 2017</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Boy|first=Once I. Was A. Clever|date=2020-07-11|title=Once I Was A Clever Boy: The Kingdom of Kongo|url=https://onceiwasacleverboy.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-kingdom-of-kongo.html|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Once I Was A Clever Boy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New King of Kongo.|url=https://alt.talk.royalty.narkive.com/fGbxfzzV/new-king-of-kongo|access-date=2021-08-24|website=alt.talk.royalty.narkive.com}}</ref>

The head of the nucleus of the Traditional Authorities of the Royal Court of Kongo is ''Afonso Mendes'' and is living in [[Mbanza-Kongo]]<ref name=ANGO>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=L8hFBabkdW4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/L8hFBabkdW4 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|language=pt|title=Autoridades tradicionais do Zaire propõem nova designação para a província. |work=ANGOP|date=23 July 2019|access-date=9 July 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

* '''Manuel Alvaro Afonso Nzinga''' (a claimant to the title since 2004 and living in exile in the [[United States]])<ref name="Quast2021">{{cite web |author1=Rudolph Andries Ulrich Juchter van Bergen Quast|title=The common origin of the five Orders of Christ |url=https://freiherrvonquast.wordpress.com/tag/king-nzinga-of-kongo/ |publisher=Adelsrecht |language=en |date=2 January 2021|quote=To my knowledge, Dom Jose Henrique Da Silva born 1942 or 1944, is a potential claimant. He is said to live in Cabinda, northern enclave of Angola. In addition, an American citizen, originally named Dom Manuel Alvaro Afonso Nzinga, grand duke of Nzinga, has a legitimate claim.}}</ref>

* '''King Nsola Meso Antônio''', King of [[Mbata Kingdom|Mbata]] and King of Kongo (ruled May 3, 2018 – October 9, 2021) In 2008, the Angolan constitution began to recognize the authority of traditional monarchs in its articles 223 and 224.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituição da República de Angola – Edição Especial 2022 – Embaixada da República de Angola no Japão |url=https://www.angola.or.jp/pt/2022/02/08/constituicao-da-republica-de-angola-edicao-especial-2022/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |language=pt-AO}}</ref> The now king of Mbata, Nzola Meso Antônio, reorganized the kingdom's court and began to establish diplomatic relations with the other kingdoms originally part of the Greater Congo and, on January 7, 2017, signed the Act of Unification, being crowned on May 3, 2018 as the King of Kongo. King Nsola Meso Antônio died on October 9, 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-10 |title=Morreu Nzolamesso António, o Rei que tentou impedir chuvas em Luanda » XAA |url=https://portalxaa.com/morreu-nzolamesso-antonio-o-rei-que-tentou-impedir-chuvas-em-luanda/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=portalxaa.com |language=pt-PT}}</ref> and was succeeded by the young prince Makitu, who was enthroned as '''King Makitu III''' on July 29, 2023, after a long and traditional succession process. The ceremony took place at the old São Miguel Fortress, known as Forte Velho de Luanda, and was attended by ambassadors from several countries, such as the [[United States]], [[Italy]], [[Israel]], [[Mozambique]], [[Norway]], and other traditional kingdoms such as [[Bailundo (kingdom)|Bailundo]] and [[Cuanhama]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PIqpptWf-o |title=Novo Rei Ascende na África |date=2023-09-16 |last=Canal Mundo Real |access-date=2024-11-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==== Usurpation ====
Following the usurpation of the title of King of Kongo by certain ill-intentioned individuals, the traditional authorities of Mbanza-Kongo issued a statement on April 17, 2024, declaring that any person claiming to be the King of Kongo is an imposter, as no king has been elected or resides in Mbanza-Kongo today. <ref>{{cite web | last1=Com | first1=Grxnet | title=Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Mbanza Kongo: Coordenador nega existência de Soberanos do Reino do Kongo | work=Jornal de Angola | url=https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/mbanza-kongo-coordenador-nega-existencia-de-soberanos-do-reino-do-kongo/ }}</ref>

"The head of the Department of Tourism at the Provincial Office for Culture, Tourism, Youth, and Sports of Zaire, Abia Graça Fortunato, explained that most of these individuals arrive in Mbanza Kongo as tourists and take advantage of the photos they take with the coordinator of the Lumbu and the director of Culture to carry out their deceptions.

Often, he noted, they welcome visits from both local and foreign tourists to the Museum of the Kings of Congo, where representatives of the Royal Court of the former Kingdom of Kongo work. Unfortunately, some people use these photos to present themselves as kings."

— Fernando Neto, 2024

* '''Tuzolana Sakibanza Ngiangalele''' (self-proclaimed monarch since October 5, 2019) is a [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congolese]] painter and former politician, married to Maman Fatuma Mugeni. Known for his artistic talent, he has received numerous awards and traveled widely to promote his work. Politically, he served as a councilor in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels and later worked as a diplomat for the African Union in Ethiopia. He eventually chose to leave these roles to focus on his community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He also claims the title of traditional leader of [[Kolo Fuma|Nkolo Fuma]] and has been involved in projects like Bana Bilaka, an initiative focused on grassroots economic development in the DRC. Despite his local leadership role, he has no recognized historical or blood ties to the monarchy of the Kingdom of Kongo. <ref>{{cite web | title=Pensées de Zabos: SA MAJESTE TUZOLANA SAKIBANZA NGIANGALELE, NTINU a KONGO, SONNE LA TROMPETTE DU RETOUR AU BERCAIL | date=2020 | url=https://zabos59.blogspot.com/2020/02/sa-majeste-tuzolana-sakibanza.html#more }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Sa majesté Ntinu kongo tuzolana SAKIBANZA ngiangalele en Action | website=[[YouTube]] | date=2 December 2021 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWgXa2DVYXU }}</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/mireille.akouala/posts/pfbid0vSjD8YXpWsBussfASnddWF1fiZWAZGhBav4ap3UZjByAan4cLUmJGfbQaefRMfBJl</ref>
*'''Mfumu Difima''' (self-proclaimed monarch of the Kongos of Congo Kinshasa since 2018) is a [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congolese]] customary chief as well as the president of the Commission Consultative de règlements des conflits Coutumiers CCRCC LUILA and then the president of the Conseil Supérieur de l'Autorité Traditionnelle et Coutumière CONATC RDC/AFRIQUE. With a degree in physical education, he proclaimed himself King of all Kongos in 2018 on the Pouvoirs d'Afrique programme. Today, he calls himself the King of the Kongos of the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] and continues to present himself outside the territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo as the king of the Kongo people.<ref>{{cite web | title=Roi Kongo Mfumu Difima: "La RDC doit bien préparer les élections" | website=[[YouTube]] | date=5 December 2018 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4iuSS6m0WU }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Commission Consultative de règlement des conflits Coutumiers : Sa Majesté Mfumu Difima Ntinu reconduit pour 3 ans | date=30 March 2023 | url=https://congoprofond.net/commission-consultative-de-reglement-des-conflits-coutumiers-sa-majeste-mfumu-difima-ntinu-reconduit-pour-3-ans/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Mfumu Difima satisfait du plan d'actions prioritaires des affaires coutumières 2022-202 | date=15 March 2022 | url=https://acp.cd/nation/mfumu-difima-satisfait-du-plan-dactions-prioritaires-des-affaires-coutumieres-2022-202/ }}</ref>
*'''Samuel Masambukidi''', also known as Samuel Nitufuidi Masambukidi Kulala kwamakanda II, is the founder of the Lumière du Christ church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the spiritual leader of the Masambukidist church. On October 30, 2025, he was crowned in Kinshasa, in Lingala, as the “Divine King of Kongo and King of the Congo Basin” by a group of Congolese from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The coronation has been widely contested and is considered an act of usurpation, as there is currently no legitimate King of Kongo recognized by the Kongo people or by the customary authorities across the region. Another self-proclaimed claimant, MenguMengu, also declared himself the “King representing Kongo-Central” and was present at the ceremony.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ln-PIfsBddM&pp</ref><ref>https://yabisonews.cd/restitution-doeuvres-darts-par-la-belgique-samuel-masambukidi-alerte-les-autorites-sur-les-consequences-facheuses-qui-en-decouleraient/</ref>

===Brazilian branch of Palmares===
The [[Quilombo dos Palmares]] was a Maroon Kingdom formed in the [[Captaincy of Pernambuco]] in what is now Northeast Brazil sometime around 1605 by princes and nobles from the [[Kingdom of Kongo]]. They had been captured during the [[Battle of Mbwila]], and were subsequently transported there as slaves. After escaping slavery, they resumed use of their royal and noble titles. The members of this branch probably belonged to the House of '''Awenekongo of the Nlaza kanda''' of [[António I of Kongo|Antonio I]].

* [[Ganga Zumba]], King (ruled 1630–1678). A son of Princess Aqualtune, daughter of an unidentified king of Kongo. She was present at the Battle of Mbwila.
* Ganga Zona, King (ruled 1678–1678). A brother of Ganga Zumba.
* [[Zumbi]], also known as Francisco, King (ruled 1678–1695). A nephew of Ganga Zumba, son of his sister Princess Sabina. Today, a National Hero in Brazil.
* Camuanga, King (ruled 1695–?). A son of Zumbi and the last known member of the lineage in the Americas.

==Further reading==
This list is constructed primarily from that found in Graziano Saccardo, '''Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei cappuccini'' (3 vols, Milan, 1982–83), vol. 3, pp.&nbsp;11–14. Saccardo bases his reconstruction on several king lists produced over time, by António da Silva, Duke of Mbamba in 1617, by António de Teruel in 1664, by Pedro Mendes in 1710 and by Francisco das Necessidades in 1844. In addition, many of the kings wrote letters and signed them with both their names and their numbers, and Saccardo has found many of these to verify the kinglists.

Saccardo's king list has been modified in the following manner:  the Kikongo names of the kings have been given in a Kikongo form following norms established in Joseph de Munck, ''Kinkulu kia Nsi eto''' (Tumba, 1956, 2nd ed, Matadi, 1971). The Christian names of the kings are given in modern Portuguese spelling. In addition, Saccardo's entries have been updated by a number of sources, most notably the king list, unknown to him found in the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro) Manuscritos, Lata 6, pasta 2. "Catallogo dos reis de Congo" MS of c. 1758.

==See also==
*[[Kingdom of Kongo]]
*[[Kongo Civil War]]
*[[Kanda (lineage)|Kanda]]
*[[Kinkanga]]
*[[Kimpanzu]]
*[[Kinlaza]]
*[[Água Rosada]]
*[[History of Angola]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rmki.kfki.hu/~lukacs/CONGO.htm full list with annotations]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080120014816/http://ellone-loire.net/obsidian/Centafr.html#Angola alternative list from regnal chronologies]}}
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Angola_native.html alternative list from worldstatesmen.org]
*[https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsAfrica/AfricaAngola.htm alternative list from the History Files]

{{RulersOfKongoKingdom}}{{Kingdom of Kongo|state=autocollapse}}{{Heads of state and government of Africa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Rulers of Kongo}}
[[Category:Lists of monarchs in Africa|Kongo]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Kongo]]
[[Category:Kongo people]]
[[Category:Manikongo of Kongo|*]]